HomeMy WebLinkAboutResolution 4679 Adopting the 2016 Urban Forestry Management Plan �r 88
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COMMISSION RESOLUTION NO. 4679
A .RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF BOZEMAN,
MONTANA, ADOPTING THE 2016 URBAN FORESTRY MANAGEMENT PLAN AND
EMERALD ASH BORER COURSE OF ACTION PLAN
WHEREAS, The Bozeman City Commission recognizes the importance of a healthy
municipal urban forest; and
WHEREAS, The Bozeman City Commission seeks to ensure proper management of `
the municipal urban forest; and
WHEREAS, The Bozeman City Commission seeks to plan and prepare for any �I
pending threats to the municipal urban forest; and
WHEREAS,the Bozeman Municipal Code tasks the Bozeman Tree Advisory Board
with assisting in conducting studies and other preliminary plans and work necessary to
recommend an urban forestry plan to the Bozeman City Commission for its acceptance;
and
;s
WHEREAS,The Bozeman Tree Advisory Board has reviewed and approved the 2016
Urban Forestry Management PIan and Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action Plan.
t
i
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the City Commission of the City of
Bozeman,Montana,that:
Frf
N
i
Section 1
That the 2016 Urban Forestry Management Plan and Emerald Ash Borer Course
of Action Plan, attached as Exhibit A and on file with the City Clerk's office, is
hereby adopted.
PASSED AND APPROVED by the City Commission of the City of Bozeman,
Montana, at a regular session thereof held on the 22nd day of February,2016.
CARSON TAYLOR
Mayor
•5
ATTE$T: , r
r ,
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
410 SULLIVAN
City Attorney
L
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P
,
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.FORESTRY
4R :.O C
i
[ URBAN FORESTRY MANAGEMENT PLAN
A plan to sustainably, holistically and efficiently manage
Bozeman's urban forest to realize the full expanse of benefits
urban trees can provide
{
1
Acknowledgements:
Mitch Overton: Director of Parks and Recreation Bozeman
Bozeman Tree Advisory Board
The Bozeman Citizenry
Jamie Kirby: Montana DNRC
This document was funded by an urban forestry program development grant from the State of
Montana-Department of Natural Resources&Conservation—Urban&Community Forestry Program
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Parks, Recreation,
Forestry& Cemetery
pf P^RT `HT pf y4T "�'""-`EPEES n G E S
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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Table of Contents
Abstract.........................................................................................................................................................4
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................4
Historyand People....................................................................................................................................6
Process and Plan Development.................................................................................................................7
Climateand Environment.........................................................................................................................7
PopulationDynamics................................................................................................................................8
Valueof Urban Forest...............................................................................................................................8
Organizationof Plan.....................................................................................................................................9
Goalsof the Plan.........................................................................................................................................10
Bozeman's Relationship with the Urban Forest..........................................................................................I 1
WhyUrban Trees........................................................................................................................................12
PublicHealth...........................................................................................................................................13
SocialBenefits........................................................................................................ .......13
Hydrology...............................................................................................................................................13
Environmental Energy Savings...............................................................................................................14
AirQuality..............................................................................................................................................14
EconomicValue......................................................................................................................................14
Bozeman's Urban Forest.............................................................................................................................16
TreeInfrastructure......................................................................................................................................17
4
Condition ...........18
SpeciesDiversity.................................................................................... ..................18 Ilr�i
AgeDiversity..........................................................................................................................................19
Age and Size Diversity Analyzed.......................................................
Increasing the Canopy Cover in Bozeman................... ........21
Tree Infrastructure Recommendations and Expected Outcomes
Management of Urban Forest.....................................................................................................................23
CurrentManagement..............................................................................................................................23
Analysis of Current Management...........................................................................................................25 I
PreferredManagement............................................................................................................................27
Superintendent of the Forestry Department Position..........................................................................27
if
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MaintainingPublic Trees....................................................................................................................28
ContractingWork................................................................................................................................34
Maintaining Private Trees...................................................................................................................35
BozemanPublic Schools.....................................................................................................................36
Budget/Funding............................................................................................................... .....36
...................
RiskManagement...................................................................................................................................38
Tree Characteristics Associated with Tree Failure.............................................................................39
RiskManagement Plan.......................................................................................................................40
Management of Urban Forest Recommendations...................................................................................42
CommunityEngagement............................................................................................................................43
ForestryAdvisory Board.........................................................................................................................44
Health and Welfare Benefits...............................................................................................................45
CommunityPlanning........................................................................................................ ......46
PlantingTrees.....................................................................................................................................46
Education............................................................................................................................................48
Coordination.......................................................................................................................................48
Assistance...........................................................................................................................................48
Bozeman School District(Planting Partnership)................................................................................49
Partnering with Montana State University..........................................................................................49
Community Engagement Recommendations..........................................................................................50
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................................51
Appendix 1. Job Description for Urban Forester/Superintendent of Forestry...........................................52
Appendix 2. Planting Trees in Paved Areas ..............................................................................................53
Appendix3. SWOT Analysis ....................................................................................................................54
References............................................................................................................. 55
......................................
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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Abstract
The Bozeman Urban Forest Management Plan(UFMP)aims to sustainably,holistically, and
efficiently manage Bozeman's urban forest and to illustrate the full expanse of benefits urban
trees can provide.This plan focuses on finding the most cost-effective ways to accomplish these
goals in Bozeman. The City of Bozeman and the public have given the urban forest in Bozeman
more attention and priority in recent years,resulting in more effective management and an
increase in the maintenance of public trees.This plan considers maintaining public trees an
essential element of successful urban forestry management,but it is only one component.This
plan emphasizes strategies to maximize the benefits the urban forest provides. These benefits
provide solutions to many of the issues faced by our modern-day society,especially in the
environmental,psychological, sociological,and economic areas.
The Bozeman UFMP is supplemented with the Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action
Plan,and together they offer a comprehensive approach to building a healthy urban forest and
preserving it from invasive pests. The Bozeman UFMP is comprised of three main parts: Tree
Infrastructure,Management of the Urban Forest,and Community Engagement.These three
components work together to build the most efficient urban forest in Bozeman.
Introduction
The Bozeman Urban r "
Forestry
Management Plan is
an updated version d
of the previously
created Tree City
Master Plan created
in 2011 by the
Bozeman Tree
Advisory Board and
adopted by the City
i
Commission.This
project is the
accumulation of South Church Avenue,Bogert Park
much work done by
the Bozeman Tree Advisory Board,the Director of Parks and Recreation, and the public.
Monthly tree board meetings were held preparing this plan during the six-month drafting period.
A series of four public meetings were conducted on the topics of tree infrastructure,management
of the urban forest,emerald ash borer, and community engagement. Public comments were
C
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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collect during the series of meetings. A draft version was created,and the final document was
produced from revisions of the draft.
Bozeman's Urban Forestry Management Plan presents the most cost-effective management
possible,yet it preserves the existing canopy cover,substantially grows canopy, and maximizes
benefits.Every opportunity to"do more with less" is stressed in this plan,and the budget
recommendations will result in greater overall efficiency while gaining a remarkable return on
investment.This plan represents an impartial overview of the current structure and offers a
management strategy that focuses on increasing work productivity while addressing issues
related to risk and liability.
An important component to the
efficacy of this plan is the
immediacy of its implementation.
This is because Bozeman's urban
forest is particularly vulnerable to
a looming forest pest,the Emerald `
Ash Borer. The sooner
recommendations are
implemented;the more prepared 1
Bozeman will be for such an
event. Without immediate action, A< t
Bozeman's urban forest will be
compromised,which will limit the
ability of the City to respond to or
handle large-scale impacts from
invasive pests as well as storm
events,urban development, and
risk management.Therefore, the
urgency of implementation is
critical and cannot be understated.
The urban forest is the only Elm Tree to Cooper Park
community infrastructure that increases in value over time.Bozeman's urban forest offers
immense benefits and is worth the investment.
Mission Statement
The City of Bozeman is committed to providing a healthy,safe, and aesthetically
pleasing community forest for its residents and visitors.By maintaining,managing, and
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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preserving its trees,the city raises its citizens' standard of living and maximizes the
benefits offered by its urban forest.
Vision Statement
Bozeman's community forest is an essential component of municipal infrastructure, one
that creates efficiencies and long-term solutions to achieving a sustainable community.
The community forest is cared for by the city and its people, creating a high quality of
life,a healthier citizenry, and making it a leader of towns in the Mountain West.
This plan does not address the technicalities of tree maintenance,such as pruning or planting
trees. Suggestions are made when deemed appropriate as to new trends or when a cost-saving
measure can be made.This plan format summarizes recommendations at the end of each of the
three sections. These recommendations are steps that can be prioritized and"checked off."
History and People
The City of Bozeman is Montana's fourth largest city,with a population of 39,860, according to
the 2012 census estimate, and it is the seat of Gallatin County.Bozeman has a rich history of
notable figures, starting with its founder and namesake, John Bozeman,who platted the town in
1864.William Clark passed though and camped in the area,documenting this location.
The city has its roots in agriculture, and many of its earliest institutions reflect that,including the
Agricultural College of the State of Montana, established in 1893 and later renamed Montana
State University.
The Bozeman
National Fish
Hatchery was
established in 3
1892 and is the
fourth oldest fish
hatchery in the '
f,
United States.
Much of the
P
Gallatin Valley
was planted with
peas in the early
1900s.Pea
canneries in
Bozeman
produced 75%of View of canopy in Bogert Park
the seed peas in the
Npp.
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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United States, and Bozeman was once known as the"sweet pea capital of the nation."The Sweet
Pea Festival,held the first weekend in August every year,is one of Montana's largest festivals
and a source of community pride.
Bozeman prides itself in being a great place to raise families and a healthy place to live and
work. It has been documented in many publications as the"most livable" and recognized for its
recreational opportunities. It is located in a valley surrounded by mountain ranges that create
beautiful surroundings and great recreation. Tourism is an important part of the Bozeman
economy,with its proximity to Yellowstone National Park and area ski resorts.Bozeman's
positive attributes have been noted in literature,film,and television media,ranging from author
John Steinbeck,filming locations for A River Runs Through It,and references in TV shows"The
Big Bang Theory" and"CS1:NY."
Montana State University is located in Bozeman and annually enrolls about 15,000 students.
This influences the character of the town in many ways, mostly giving the town a youthful feel
and adding to its vibrancy.
Process and Plan Development
During the development of this plan,four public meetings were held in City Hall. On three of
those occasions,there were other meetings occurring in different rooms at the same time as the
urban forest meetings. The other meetings were affordable housing, stormwater management,
and sustainable transportation. Urban trees have a direct relationship to every one of these topics:
• Urban trees provide cost-saving benefits and raise the quality of life for people,especially
where affordable housing is concerned.
• Trees reduce stormwater runoff.
• Trees make sustainable
transportation much easier by
slowing down traffic and
moderating the elements.
Trees were not mentioned at any one of
these individual meetings, and that is an
opportunity lost for the City of
Bozeman.An urban forester could be oll
involved in all of these planning Ili'
meetings to make Bozeman run more t9
efficiently. ,~
-25 F
Climate and Environment :
Bozeman is technically in the Zone 4Batway
climate zone represented in the gray.� P $� y Figure 1.USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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Zone 4A closely borders Bozeman and affects the trees that will grow. In the Plant Hardiness
Zones map,the purple represents Zone 4A and pink is Zone 3B.The climate zone map is based
on average extreme low temperatures.Bozeman's yearly average precipitation is 16.23 inches,
which is higher than surrounding areas in Montana but still considered a semi-arid climate.
The soil in Bozeman is generally a silty loam and conducive to tree growth. The soils are derived
from alluvial sources and are pH neutral to slightly alkaline. There are some poisoned soils in the
northeast part of Bozeman,but generally they are not an issue for tree growth.
Population Dynamics
Bozeman's population grew by 40%between 2000 and 2013 and continues to grow.The urban
forestry department in Bozeman has had no net change in its number of arborists since the year
2005. As Bozeman grows,the urban forestry department must keep pace with the amount of
development and the increasing demand on its resources.
Value of Urban Forest
The replacement value of Bozeman's municipal forest is$21 million. This is a substantial asset
and investment, one that requires maintenance, one that grows in value over time,and one that
exponentially pays its community back in benefits.
Urban forest management is a relatively new, yet vital,concept across the U.S.,as well as in
Bozeman.This is due to the change in how we, as a community,value our trees.New studies and
developments show clear ties to mental,social,and physical health benefits from the community II
forest. In addition,the ecological benefits of having trees in an urban environment are now more I
important than ever. Because of this greater understanding,managing an urban forest has
evolved from the number of trees and how often they need pruning to now figuring out how the
community can receive—and sustainably grow—the greatest benefits from then urban forest.
Implementing recommendations from this plan will benefit Bozeman particularly well.This is
because Bozeman has a resource in its urban forest that has much potential,meaning the true j
benefits of the urban forest have not been maximized.A stronger urban forest will mean a
stronger community in Bozeman.By investing in the urban forest and implementing the plan
right away,the City of Bozeman can make cost-effective,long-term solutions to human and
environmental issues. Such potentials include:
• Gain efficiencies and cost savings in city operations,namely hard infrastructure
• Improve water quality,and stormwater management !
• Increase human health and welfare
• Increase the health and biodiversity of the urban forest
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Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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• Differentiate Bozeman from most other Mountain West towns by further establishing
itself as a leader in sustainable practices and economic growth
• Combat climate change and increase environmental health
• Create a more environmentally literate population
• Create recreational opportunities
• Ensure Bozeman is a thriving community for future generations
• Lessen the negative impacts of development
• Lessen liabilities from neglecting urban trees
• Create food sources for people, overwintering birds, and wildlife
• Enhance stewardship opportunities for its citizenry and building community
• Proliferate social justice and sanctuary for the underserved in our community
It is now more important than ever to invest in the future of Bozeman because of the need to
improve human health and welfare. This plan offers realistic,achievable solutions to critical
community issues;however, if Bozeman is to realize the full array of environmental benefits, a
thought paradigm shift must take place. The urban forest must be thought of as an essential
component of Bozeman's infrastructure and must be included in the planning of Bozeman's
growth and development.
It is difficult to grow an urban forest when it is implemented as an afterthought. Bozeman is well
positioned to implement many of the recommendations made in this report in a relatively quick
timeframe. This is due to the receptive citizenry,the growth of Bozeman, and the timing of this
plan with respect to changes in the Urban Forestry Department.
Organization of Plan
This plan first gives the background necessary to understand why an urban forest is beneficial to
the community that lives in it and why a plan is needed to achieve the principles of a sustainable
urban forest. Once this background is understood,three management components are analyzed.
These components are:
• Tree infrastructure.This includes an assessment of the current condition and
characteristics of the urban forest.
• Management of the urban forest.This includes the people and departments charged
with caring for and implementing this plan. Such entities include the Urban Forestry
Department,designated city employees,elected officials, and Bozeman's Tree Advisory
Board.
• Community engagement.This is the relationship between the City of Bozeman and the
community that supports its endeavors. This management component shows the
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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important role the city has in engaging the public to raise awareness of the urban forest,
given that at least half of the urban forest is on private property.
After analyzing one of these components,the plan makes recommendations on how to most
efficiently improve in that area.
Goals of the Plan
The goal of this plan is to coordinate the management of Bozeman's urban forest. The plan
addresses environmental considerations; clarifies roles and responsibilities;and provides tools
for implementation, such as action items and suggested time frames. This plan creates a holistic
urban forest.A holistic urban forest is one that:
• Enhances the City of Bozeman through environmental and economic benefits.
• Is resilient to climate change and invasive pests.
• Is valued by the community as an essential resource and asset.
A sustainable urban forest is one that is healthy,diverse,continually being added to,and well
adapted to the local climate and urban conditions.A healthy urban forest requires maintenance,
and this plan
i
seeks to find the
most cost-
effective way of
maintaining the
urban forest. A
diverse urban nF
forest has a
variety of species,
which contributes
I
towards resilience 3 [
x
in the event of
insects and
diseases, as well
t r- Lf
as offers a rich A
View of Bozeman f
rom Pete's Hiil
canopy in various
sizes and appearance. Continuous planting will ensure trees grow to maturity at different stages
and will strengthen the age diversity of the urban forest.A well-adapted urban forest is one that
uses species that are resilient to pests and urban conditions and suited to withstand harsh
Montana climates.Urban trees face a unique set of challenges in an urban environment,
including mechanical damage, soil disturbances, and above-ground limitations.
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan .
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This plan has seven essential elements, and if implemented correctly,will save the City of
Bozeman millions of dollars in management costs,preserve the existing canopy, and greatly
expand the urban forest and the benefits it provides.Five of these elements directly prepare the
City of Bozeman for the arrival of the Emerald Ash Borer(EAB), and in doing so they create a
healthy, sustainable urban forest.The seventh element expands benefits and reduces liability.
The seven essential elements are as follows:
• Create an urban forester position to oversee Bozeman's urban forest.
• Plant a new generation of trees with appropriate species diversity.
• Establish a systematic and coordinated detection effort for EAB.
• Remove trees that are deemed hazardous,in poor condition,or in inappropriate locations.
• Establish a healthy and vibrant relationship between the community and Bozeman's
Urban Forestry Department.
• Complete and maintain the tree inventory.
• Implement a proactive maintenance cycle.
The plan is not organized around these elements,rather they are addressed in many ways and
though multiple management strategies throughout the plan. When necessary,they are
highlighted to show how the three management components(tree infrastructure,urban forest
management, and community engagement)work together symbiotically—not independent of
each other.
If EAB were to arrive in Bozeman without these essential elements being addressed,the city
would spend between$1.8 million and$7 million in response efforts and still potentially lose
9,000 of its 20,000 trees,as detailed in Bozeman's.,Emerald Ash Borer(EAB)Course of Action
Plan.The EAB Course of Action Plan operates as a supplementary plan to this UFMP and
elaborates on specific management decisions related to Bozeman's ash trees. Together,both
plans will complement each other when looking into the long-term care and planning for the
urban forest.
Bozeman's Relationship with the Urban Forest
The urban forest in Bozeman, Montana, is a cherished part of the city for its citizens and a
crucial part of the city infrastructure. The influence of the urban forest on quality of life and the
town's character cannot be overstated. The significance Bozeman places on its urban forest
differentiates it from other western towns and makes Bozeman a more attractive place for people
to visit and make their home.
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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Bozeman continues to 45
have a greater influence 40 How much do you 41
in the West among
destination mountain 35 value our urban
towns.The urban forest 30 forest?
is a major component of 25 21
this draw and separates
zo
Bozeman from other
towns in the state and 15 I
Rocky Mountain 10
region. Bozeman is 5
unique in that many J 1 1
other Montana towns o �.
Unvaluable Slightly Moderately Very Valuable Highly
look here for guidance Valuable Valuable valuable
on matters such as urban Figure 2
forest management and
economic growth.Bozeman is well positioned as one of the most desirable places to live and
visit.Investing in the urban forest is an essential part of realizing this future.
This plan was developed with guidance from public input.From this input, it is clear that the
people of Bozeman place a high value on their urban trees and exhibit a willingness to invest in
the urban forest. Ultimately,the people of Bozeman remain the driving force in supporting this I
Urban Forestry Management Plan. M
�I
Why Urban Trees
Urban trees
increase human
quality of life in .
many ways. Trees
in the urban
landscape provide
economic benefits
such as increased
property values,
reduced demand on iE
sewer systems
through reduced n
storm water runoff
and erosion,
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan i
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reduced wear on city streets,enhanced air quality,carbon sequestration,energy conservation
through shade and wind protection,and noise abatement.There are public health benefits offered
by urban trees,and investing in the community forest benefits everyone,not just the privileged,
thus adding an element of social justice. Other non-monetary yet important benefits of urban
trees include wildlife habitat for animals,especially birds, and the higher quality of life created
by having trees in the viewshed.
Public Health
Communities with a healthy urban forest will have a healthier population.People who live
around trees are three times more likely to be physically active and 40%less likely to be
overweight(Donovan, G.H et. al.). They also offer important air purification benefits. In a study
conducted by the U.S.Forest Service, it was found that communities that have lost massive
numbers of trees were linked to higher death rates. Urban trees also lower stress levels and even
improve recovery time for patients when given a view of trees.
Social Benefits
Urban trees contribute to important social and community dynamics. Trees provide an
opportunity for citizens to engage in an issue that benefits themselves,their neighbors, and the
entire landscape.Urban trees promote sustainable transportation in many ways.Trees slow down
vehicle traffic and help guide motorists,making them physically safer by providing a barrier, and
thus creating a naturally convenient design in transportation(Tarran, 2009).
Urban trees aid in reducing crime rates.Areas with high numbers of healthy trees can reduce
crime rates as much as 50%compared to areas with low levels of vegetation(Kuo and Sullivan,
2001). Moreover,a 10% increase in canopy cover can result in a 12%reduction in crime levels
(Troy,Grove and O'Niel-Dunne,2012).These trees also lower the fear of crime,thus lowering
stress levels(Donovan and Prestemon,2013).
Hydrology
Urban trees work symbiotically with other parts of the city infrastructure.Urban trees reduce the
demand on sewer systems during periods of stormwater runoff. Tree canopies absorb rainwater,
lessening the amount of water entering the sewer system. Much of the water that runs down the
trunk of a tree is taken up by the roots.As much as 80%of rainfall in the summer months can be
absorbed by trees on impervious surfaces with tree pits (Stringer and Ennos,2013). When a
raindrop is intercepted by a tree's canopy,it does not impact the soil,thus limiting erosion.
These valuable soils are retained, and the sewer system does not have to process the particulate
matter. An average mature ash tree will intercept 1,209 gallons of water every year with an
implied value of$13 per year per tree(McPherson et.al,2003).Trees also increase the soil's
capacity to store rainfall through transpiration,and they increase soil organic matter.
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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Environmental Energy Savings
Trees can also provide energy Sua).n.^_iHt. Winter Sun
conservation services in an Urban
environment. This is done by
shading buildings from the
summer's sun and insulating them
from the winter wind. Deciduous
_
trees are able to absorb radiant
energy from the sun in the
summer,yet in the winter they Figure 3
allow it through their leafless
branches. In winter,we value the sun's radiant energy,and because of this we should plant
strategically around our homes and buildings to realize the best energy savings(ISA website and
Matheny and Clark,2008). Trees planted on the west and north sides of buildings dissipate
winter winds coming from those directions.Air mass in a building with poor insulation can
change two to three times each hour, and even in well-sealed homes,the air mass can change
once every two to three hours. Trees that deflect winter wind can reduce air infiltration by up to
50%,resulting in a heating savings of 10 to 12%(Heister, 1986).
Air Quality
i
Trees improve air quality by absorbing gaseous
pollutants such as sulfur dioxide,nitrogen dioxide, "One acre of forest absorbs six
ozone,and smog. Trees also intercept particulates in tons of carbon dioxide and puts
the air associated with soil tillage, construction,and out four tons of oxygen."U.S.
erosion. These airborne contaminates have been Department of Agriculture
associated with asthma, heart and lung disease,and
cancer.Trees sequester carbon,initially through Op
photosynthesis,by converting carbon into sugars. Over time these sugars are made into woody
material, storing the carbon from the atmosphere. Trees release oxygen though photosynthesis
and lower air temperatures via shading and transpiring water into the air.These trees can also
block undesirable views while reducing noise, especially from vehicles and construction.
I
f
Economic Value
A study conducted by the U.S.
A well-maintained urban forest creates value.A survey Forest Service in Amherst,
by Arbor National Mortgage, Inc. found that a building Massachusetts,concluded that
lot with trees would"be as much as 20%more saleable trees on a lot can raise a lot's
than a house on a lot without trees."These investments in value as much as 15%.
trees pay off in perceived values and in tax revenue from N
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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increased lot values.Mature
trees also reduce the
temperatures of the streets
below and in turn,decrease the -
need for street maintenance
Y
from every seven to 10 years to
,z
every 20 to 25 years(Matheny
and Clark,2008).
Consumers in shopping districts
that are shaded by urban trees
tend to linger and shop longer
(Matheny and Clark, 2008). M"'
These consumers are also willing to Church Street shaded by ash trees
pay higher prices and tend to have
greater patronage for goods and services in these districts.
Landscaping with plants and trees positively influences businesses by:
• Increasing workplace productivity and morale
• Helping to recruit new employees
• Attracting new customers or new business tenants
• Being viewed as an employee benefit
• Playing a role in creating a corporate image
• Playing a role as a marketing tool
(Relf, 1996)
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Bozeman's Urban Forest
Bozeman's publicly owned forest can be assessed in many different ways.According to the i-
Tree analysis software,the average tree in Bozeman provides$111 in benefits annually.The
canopy cover from Bozeman's public trees offers benefits equivalent to$58 per person annually.
If no greater investment is made,these benefits will decrease.However,when invested in,the
benefits grow in an exponential manner in comparison to the amount of money spent.Bozeman's
tree infrastructure is an investment like any other infrastructure,such as public buildings and
sewer.Moreover,"unlike other public infrastructure components,properly planted and
maintained trees increase in value over time." (APWA. Urban Forest Management Practices)
Bozeman i
Total Annual Benefits of Public Trees by Species($)
124014
'Total Standard %of'lbtal
Seri- EnaU CO2 AirQualitlr Stxm alu Ae Vdm ($) E6nr $
Ash 154,799 31,287 23.155 147,525 1,081,053 1,437,820(K(A) 61.7
Ma& 32,27I 6;19 4,377 31.10 291,352 365.431(WA) 15-7
T Ito eteaffinitm 3.709 599 299 3.758 65,719 MAN(NIA) 32
Hmueylaaast 4,065 68D 164 3,963 75,134 93,948(MA) 3.6
Elm 8.250 1,532 1,423 $,454 51,257 71.413(NIA) 3_1
EuMemmotmbinash 3,762 70a 732 1,979 26044 33,9114(WA) 15
Camman daokerhemy 1.865 417 250 952 20,455 23.939(WA) 1.0
Q-iingaq- 4.521 905 307 4.017 33.073 42.723(NIA) IS
Oak 1,331 26D 132 LOU 2059 23,450(WA) 1.0
Crabapple 1.549 327 245 E05 14,691 17,618(WA) 0.8
Am®tarbasmaod 2.764 442 155 2.211 32,567 38,139(NIA) L6
Japanese tree lilac 542 114 44 195 10,540 11,435(WA) 05
Amormapk 86t1 I96 139 454 9,172 9,821(WA) OA
Son- 2.841 433 257 bt739 12,254 22.015(WA) 09
Ph= 511 SO 107 690 3,103 4,491{NIA) 0.2
CanDmaroad 2,651 499 452 2,949 13,467 19.917 QVA) 09
Do opemuhistebicrh 1.104 217 134 999 9,975 12,429(NSA) OS
Haarffiam 131 28 is 54 2,049 2.276(WA) 0.1
NoaBm)>ackbmy 307 4I 23 387 4,965 5.624(WA) 0.2
OhiobW se)e 482 83 27 373 4,835 5,IN(WA) 0.2
Tmarn aple 94 20 7 38 1,591 1.749(WA) 0_1
SwWmamrampine 28D 35 -34 569 2,027 2.877(WA) 0.1
Pine 295 43 2 698 2.726 3,750(WA) 0.2
POs 57 10 3 64 553 637(WA) 0.0
S3UM 515 97 95 596 2,293 3,596(NSA) 0.2
AusdanulWe 197 36 44 105 1,065 1.446 QUA) 0_1
ul ka& 161 28 -12 376 1,231 1.785(WA) 0.1
cammmkMipff 21 5 -14 210 439 66D(NSA) 0.0
131arkvrehoM 150 29 17 135 1.370 1.701(MA) 0.1 I
Samar 59 13 12 30 436 549(NIA) 0.0
Imipff 6 I -I 10 176 192(WA) 61)
DoVi ufr 151 22 -16 359 426 942(NSA) 0.0
Elarklacmt 206 35 42 246 555 1.094(WA) 0.0
Haosed estod 45 9 6 55 319 433(IVA) 0.0
AC SCENML 0 0 0 0 0 0(NSA) 0.0
Hates 44 9 6 39 311 407(NSA) 0.0 11
Westrnre&edar 28 5 -2 65 165 261(WA) 0.0
Ckyatide 7istal 230.555 45.416 32,072 222,719 1,797.704 2,328,466(WA) 100.0
Figure 4
1
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
17
Tree Infrastructure
Bozeman is fortunate to have an extensive urban forest offering numerous benefits. The current
inventory is continuously being updated but only one-half complete;hence, approximately
21,000 trees are recorded in Bozeman's municipally owned forest. This number does not include
the wild trees growing along stream banks and on undeveloped city-owned properties.
Bozeman l ad 3
C:amplete Population of Public Trees
L72315
DBH class (m)
Sgxde4 0-3 34 6-12 1213 IW4 24-10 3Dd$ "-a >42 T0711 Soil 4
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Gz�d r0 3i SF/l Fi,144 4.10 2,4t6 2,62R ata 204 61 44 21,00 f*D)
Figure 5
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
18
The urban forest is going to face increasing threats from climate change and invasive pests.
Climate change will result in increased storm severity,heat and drought periods, lower
temperature extremes, and changing weather patterns. These factors will exploit the weaknesses
in the urban forest.Addressing the health of the urban forest is among the highest priorities for
Bozeman.
Condition
In the past four years,the Urban Forestry Department provided maintenance on 3,805 trees. Out
of 21,000 trees,this represents 5.5%of the population. The majority of Bozeman's community-
owned forest has not been maintained,and the condition of the trees reflects this lack of
management. Roughly 50%of Bozeman's community-owned forest is in good condition,but this
figure is largely comprised of young trees that have a diameter of six inches or less,which
represents almost half of Bozeman's public forest.
Species Diversity
The major weakness in
Bozeman's urban forest is Species Diversity
its lack of species diversity.
In the downtown area,the Mountain Ash Aspen i
f 0 3/
urban forest is composed of other
approximately 75% ash Honey Locust
trees. Citywide, ash trees 4% r
make up 47%of the tree Linden i
population. Bozeman's 5%
downtown streets,
especially the through-
streets,are dominated by
ash. Church Avenue across
from Bogart Park is entirely
ash;Main Street,Willson, Figure 6
and Cleveland are
marginally better.
Generally,recommended species diversity is to have no more than 30%of any family,20%of
any genus,and 10%of any species represent the total tree population.This may not be fully
achievable in Bozeman;however the concept should be employed.
�j
Species diversity is important to any plant population for the ecology to thrive.Monocultures Is
harm the greater environment by inviting disease and depleting soil resources and diversification
of symbiotic animal life.The same principles hold true when looking at the population of trees in
an urban forest. When low species diversity is present,the tree population is especially f
vulnerable to insects and disease. If an insect or disease were to be introduced to an area and
affected the dominant species of that area, it would devastate the tree population.
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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19
Unfortunately,this is the problem Bozeman faces, and it is particularly disturbing in light of the
looming Emerald Ash Borer(EAB).Emerald Ash Borer is an invasive species that infests any
Fraxinus(ash)species. This pest will eventually kill every ash tree left untreated in Bozeman.
The EAB Course of Action Plan is to be used in conjunction with this plan, and for that reason
this UFMP plan will not go into great detail on matters of EAB.As the EAB Course of Action
Plan is carried out, species diversity goals will be addressed by the strategic reduction of the ash
tree population.
Age Diversity
Age diversity is another indicator of urban forest health and uses similar-sized trees of a
particular species for
comparison against the Size Distribution
total tree population. ---
'^ 40
a
With principles similar to oo
species diversity,no bO 10
more than 33%of one 0 other
age class(young, Ash
medium,or old)should ��y ��
comprise the urban
forest.This rule provides 0.3" 3-6" 6-12" 12-18" 18-24" >24"
a basic resource structure f Ash 16 21 16 17 23 7
so a younger age class is ■Maple 34 24 v24 7 4 7
always ready to replace So other 34 32 20 4 4 6
the older age classes. ■city wide total 2s zs zo 11 1z s
Because of a strong tree Figure 7
planting program,
Bozeman has a relatively young urban forest. Percent Of Species
It is important that when an older tree dies,a that are >12"
younger tree is planted in its place. When an other
17%
older tree is removed,there is a significant
loss of benefits, as a large tree provides three *Ash
to eight times the benefits that a small tree 83%
provides(Rogers,2011). In light of this,
Figure 8
Bozeman should continue its tree planting program
in order to build canopy cover and replace the aging
ash trees.
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
20
Age and Size Diversity Analyzed
Age and size distribution are important statistics and reveal useful information regarding
Bozeman's urban forest;
i
• The city-wide total age distribution is fairly in line with where it should be.However,
when interpreting the graph, it shows some concerning factors, especially when
compared to the species diversity graph(Figure 8).The vast majority of the mature trees
are in the downtown area,
reflected in the blue ash line.This
means 83%of Bozeman's mature Percent of Trees <3"
trees are ash, leaving Bozeman in Elm other
log
a very tenuous position Honey 7%
considering EAB. Locust
• When the ash trees are not 9%
considered,or the downtown area Linden
is taken out,Bozeman has far 10% Maple
29%
more young trees than old.This Figure 9
points to a young,growing forest,
and it would be good if the species being planted were diverse and appropriate.However,
"Percent of Trees <3 inches"shows otherwise.
• Many of the new plantings are in the newer developments and subdivisions,reflected in
the city-wide total line.When looking at species and size diversity graphs, ash trees still
are the majority of new trees planted.
This information depicts what species of trees to plant as well as what not to plant. It is likely
that public education would be very useful in conveying the liability of planting too many of any
one species,especially ash. Using the 30-20-10 species diversity rule should be the goal. In the
downtown area,the urban forest's age class is heavily weighted to mature trees. It is important to
plant new trees as well as facilitate good growing conditions for the established young trees.
Planting new trees most likely means locating planting spots and also pushing to remove decrepit
ash,thus making way for the new generation.
k
Plant trees for function and performance.A large tree with a broad-leaved canopy offers more
benefits over time.These trees can reach heights of 60 feet and life spans of 100 years, and �G
planting should be encouraged where root and canopy space is adequate. Small, ornamental trees
that require less growing space are a wise choice where root development or overhead
constraints exist.
,i
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
21
Increasing the Canopy Cover in Bozeman
Planting new trees with species diversity in mind is just one way to address overall urban forest
health. Consistently planting trees over time addresses age diversity,while planting more trees
increases canopy cover.
Canopy cover refers to the amount of land area covered by tree crowns, as viewed from the air.
This figure can also describe improvements toward quality of life.For example,a tree with a
large canopy in a park setting improves the park's quality because it provides an ideal spot to
have a picnic or sit while flaking a rest from summer activities. Similarly,trees over streets and
sidewalks reduce frequency of resurfacing streets and offer cooler temperatures in the vehicles
parked under them. The extent of community tree canopy cover is a good indicator of urban
forest sustainability(Clark et al., 1997).
Currently between 7%and 9%of Bozeman is under the canopy of publicly owned trees.
Bozeman would greatly benefit from increasing this number, or even doubling it.The ways to
increase canopy cover are to plant more trees and protect the trees in the ground.Planting more
trees can happen with community support, education,and citizen involvement. Also,enforcing
city ordinances for planting requirements will increase the number of trees planted. Moreover,
updating ordinances for new developments to have a plan to achieve a 33%canopy cover in 15
years will help address the goal of increasing canopy cover.
The second way to increase canopy cover is to protect the trees already in the ground so they can
thrive. It is important to enforce ordinances regulating who can work on public trees. Bozeman
does a good job of this.Furthermore,educating the public on reasons why they should protect
their own trees is important. Street tree stand age—meaning the age of a particular generation of
trees—is typically 20 to 60 years(Maco,McPherson,2002). Thus,maintaining a consistent
maximized canopy cover can be difficult because a stand will maximize its canopy and then
decline.If trees in poor condition or problem trees are removed and replaced with trees that have
appropriate mature canopy attributes for their location, a consistent canopy cover can be
achieved.
One possible option to strengthen the tree planting program is to develop and utilize city-run tree
lots or nurseries. The city has a nursery in the cemetery, and cost savings can be achieved to
make greater use of this and encourage neighborhoods to start their own nurseries in common
spaces. These programs can be very cost-efficient.
A greater partnership and relationship can be formed with our local nurseries to accomplish the
goal of a more species-diverse urban forest.Also,the city can be a greater resource to residents
looking to plant trees on their property. The city's cost-share and voucher programs have been
popular,and these are an easy avenue for educating people.These programs can be expanded to
plant more trees and should focus on trying a wider variety of species.Planting a new generation
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
22
of trees is an essential element of the Bozeman UFMP and is explored in detail later in this report
under"Community Engagement."
Tree Infrastructure Recommendations and Expected Outcomes
The following table states the primary issues needing attention,makes a variety of
recommendations, and provides expected outcomes.The outcomes can be used as checks to
evaluate if the recommendations are providing the desired outcomes. The issues are all
considered important;therefore no particular order is provided.
Issue Recommendation Expected outcome
Structuring and -Create a superintendent of forestry division/urban -Improved
strengthening forester position within city hierarchy. management,
City's Urban -Partner with other management plans,such as planning,and
Forestry sustainable transportation,water conservation. oversight for the
Department -Support the use of contracted arborists for initial aid urban forest
to bring tree maintenance cycle up to speed,and as -Internal cross-
first responders after storms. program support
-Higher level of tree
care and consistent
approach to tree
maintenance
Age diversity -Educate public as to the value of mature shade trees. -Sustainable,healthy
-Implement tree protection strategies, such as urban forest
requiring site plans for building permits and enact -Increased public
measures to prevent or minimize damage. awareness
-Use Montana's Big Tree Program as a way to
increase awareness of heritage trees.
-Structure tree planting program around species
diversity .
-Use"Right Tree,Right Place"model as tool for
public education.
Species -Equip local nurseries with information on -Sustainable,healthy
Diversity recommended planting species. urban forest
-Educate public on EAB and appropriate species to -Higher resilience
plant. from threats to the
urban forest
Increase -Enforce ordinances for planting street trees, -Sustainable, healthy
number of new especially in newer neighborhoods and for developers. urban forest
plantings -Maximize the amount of"plantable"space in new -A more robust urban
developments. forest with a better-
-Update ordinances for new developments with educated public
impervious surfaces to have a plan implemented to investing in it
achieve 33%canopy cover over 15 years. -Cost-effective
C
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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23
-Incorporate planting trees into capital improvement measures
programs,street and sidewalk improvements, and implemented
other city infrastructure projects. -Increased canopy
-Develop educational materials on the benefits of cover
urban trees and disperse them to neighborhood Trees better-adapted
meetings and in the community. to local climate
-Explore new methods such as gravel bed plantings
for tree-growing sites,community and volunteer-run
nurseries,etc.
-Expand tree voucher and cost-share programs and
awareness of these programs.
-Explore cost-share programs for schools and
nonprofits planting anywhere on their property.
-Work with utility companies to offer tree replacement
programs.
Preserving -Support ordinance specification on who can work on -Increased age
mature trees city trees. diversity
-Develop ordinances on who can work on private -Improved tree
trees. protection and
-Educate the public on the value of urban trees. preservation
-Create a heritage tree program to increase awareness
for legacy trees.
Sustainability -Explore urban wood use opportunities, i.e.use wood -Increased public
and utilization chips produced by tree service activities to mulch relations
trees. -Decreased wood
-Bring logs from non-diseased or uninfested removals waste
to a and where the ublic can have access to them.
Management of Urban Forest
Once the city understands the overall composition and condition of the urban forest in relation to
its population, it can then decide how to best manage the resource.This is an important
component of the Urban Forestry Department because it:
• Keeps the citizenry safe
• Creates a healthier tree population
• Models proper tree care
• Is one of the areas where cost efficiency is a premium and investing wisely is a priority
C;rrrrent Management
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
24
The current Urban Forestry
Department in Bozeman has four Completed Maintenance per
full-time staff.The department is
responsible for the care of all trees Yea r
on the city's land. This includes 4 Arborists performing this work
pruning,removal, storm cleanup, On this
Each arborist
and responding to maintenance calls schedule worked on
from the public.The department is Bozeman's
also responsible for integrating the trees are on
urban forest into city planning and a 13 year
pruning
growing the urban forest. It is the rotation.
responsibility of the Urban Forestry Stu Re125 al,
stump
llk
Department to do community removal,
outreach and education. 125 Plant,185
Planting on city ground can be
done by anyone who is following figure 10
city ordinances.The Urban
Forestry Department does plant trees and is responsible for planting projects on reconstructed
roads or new roads. The department plants all of the"Cost Share"trees.
The Urban Forestry Department has not grown at the same rate as the city. Since 2005,the city j
has employed four
arborists. Two
arborists were Population and Size of Forestry
hired in 1998, one Division
in 2005 and one
prior to 1998. In 45 --
September of 40
Population in
2014 the head of 5
3� thousdands for
the department 30 ------- Bozeman MT
(equivalent to the 25
City Forester) ®-20
retired,and size of forestry
15 --- division
subsequently one
10 -
of the seasonal
tree workers was 0 r
hired full-time. o
a� o° a� g� �� o° o° o° o° o, oti o'� o'�
Under the current ti �. ti ti � ti ti ti ti �. ti ti ti
structure, the Year
department's head is Figure 11 If
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan i
25
effectively the"crew boss,"although their title is Urban Forester.The department is under the
governance of Parks and Recreation. Strategic planning for the Urban Forestry Department,
municipal forest, and personnel management is executed by the head of Parks and Recreation.
30 28 What is your overall
Management of perception of the quality
the community ,
forest in Bozeman 25 Of Bozeman s urban
has been on a forest?
reactionary basis. 20 20
The department is
bogged down with
service calls and 15
trees that have 12
broken or 10
hazardous
6
branches.
5 3
Homeowners and
private tree care
0 ffm
companies poor,changes fair,room to Good,quality
y Very goad, Excellent,
maintain the needed improve is sufficient better than quality is
privately owned expected optimal
urban forest. Currently Figure 12
the only requirement
for a business to work on trees in city limits is to have a business license.
A tree board exists in Bozeman and is active. The board was formed in 1992 and formally
adopted into city code in 1993. The board meets a minimum of quarterly and a maximum of
monthly. It discusses recent matters concerning the urban forest and plays a role in developing
policy.The board has a wide range of talents and experience and a deep pool of knowledge.
Analysis of Current Management
The Urban Forestry Department does quality work but lacks in efficiency and public perception.
This is largely because it has suffered from lack of direction and the department's growth has not
kept pace with the growth of Bozeman as a community. The optimal pruning cycle is 5-7 years.
With the current pace,a tree will only be pruned every 13 years.Managing the municipal forest
on a reactionary basis is often a challenge and ultimately unsustainable. Often the department is
pulled from preventative maintenance work to respond to individual issues,creating an ever-
increasing backlog in work.
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
26
The department does not currently have the capacity to proactively manage the urban forest. This
is concerning from multiple standpoints:
• An increased level of liability exists from unmaintained trees.
• The trees are more susceptible to storm damage,having excessive limb load.
• The department will be ill-adapted to deal with unplanned events,such as disease or
infestations.
• The department will be unable deal with foreseeable events, such as Emerald Ash Borer.
The Urban Forestry Department in Bozeman is well established within the city system of
government,and this relationship is beneficial.Municipal trees in the ground are rarely disturbed
without consulting the department. Generally,the same is true for the public disturbing
municipal trees.For the public to work on a municipal tree,the head of the department must be
notified,the head must approve the tree work, and the person performing the work must be a
certified arborist as per the ANSI Standards and the International Society of Arboriculture.This
system has benefited the municipal forest.
The director of Parks and Recreation is assuming the role of implementing policy,vision,and
personnel management for the forestry department. The director's time and talents are not
efficiently used when meeting with municipal arborists in matters concerning the management of
the department;this creates a loss of efficiency for the city.
Bozeman's ordinances concerning trees are adequate. However, because they are largely not
enforced,they don't provide protection or help the urban forest grow the way they potentially
could.The current 35 32
enforcement How familiar are
mechanism in 30 you with the
Bozeman has the 25 22 Bozeman Tree
code enforcement ?0 Advisory Board
officer issuing
1, and their
citations for
violations or lack of 10 activities?
action. This 6 5
mechanism has the 3M MI'M
potential to work; o
however, there is a Never heard of Unfamiliar,I Familiar Somewhat Very familiar, I
them am not sure familiar, I try am active or
lack of what they do to keep up on have been
communication with their activity active
the point person in the Urban Figure 13 €
Forestry Department
detecting violations and fielding information from the public.
I
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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Currently,the Tree Advisory Board is revising the street tree-planting guide. The board does
great work but is probably underutilized. This is a willing group of people that could be doing
more to serve the urban forest with minimal direction or better utilization.
Preferred Management
Management of the department encompasses much more than instructing the crews on what trees
will be pruned each week. To implement the vision,goals, and objectives laid out in this plan, it
is recommended that a manager/superintendent(urban forester)position be created and filled in
the Urban Forestry Department. By doing this, the level of care of the public and private urban
forest will increase, as will the community support, creating a positive feedback loop This"urban
forest Manager"is a professional experienced in all aspects of arboriculture,providing a broad
managerial view and responsibilities to help the staff,city officials, and citizens get the most for
their investment in trees (Urban Forestry Best Management Practices for Public'Works
Managers: Staffing,2006).
Superintendent of the Forestry Department Position
The urban forest is considered part of the city's core infrastructure. One of the high-priority
recommendations from this plan would be creating a superintendent of the forestry department
position as soon as possible. This position is synonymous with what could also be called an
urban forester. The"superintendent of the forestry department"terminology is used to fit into the
existing Bozeman city job titling, and if possible,using the urban forester title would be
preferred as it is easily recognizable throughout municipal organizations.An urban forester is
necessary to execute many of the cost-saving elements and the community engagement
movement. The urban forester should be a part of any decision that is made affecting the city's
infrastructure. This includes decisions in planning,utilities,architecture,and development from
the beginning of planning processes. This person should see the urban forest from a 30,000-ft.
view, rather a 55-ft. view from the inside of the bucket truck. With a strong leader and advocate,
the community forest will become more of a solution for many community problems.Public
awareness of the urban forest can become of equal importance and provide social benefits on par
with transportation, services for the under-served,and other important growth concerns
particular to Bozeman.
A point person that manages the department will be able to stay abreast of the latest technology
developments.Many improvements have been made in recent years for efficiently managing the
urban forest with inventories, strategic planting, and modeling.Implementing these technologies
will make the department more efficient and the forest more sustainable.The department will
also be able to better maximize the benefits of a well-planned community forest.
Finding and hiring the correct person for the urban forester position will be an important, and
relatively easy,task to accomplish. When conducting the search,the Department of Natural
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
28
Resources&Conservation,International Society of Arboriculture,and the American Society of
Consulting Abborists have resources to assist in recruitment. It is also very possible the right
person exists in the department or lives in Bozeman.
The benefits of this option include(Urban Forestry Best Management Practices,2006):
• Deepen ties with the community
• Build institutional knowledge
• Someone who is always available,more flexible for other work assignments, and can i
respond to emergencies
• Someone who is directly responsible to citizens and their department
• Quality will improve over time with training to meet community standards
• Workforce is more stable
• Workforce is motivated by pride and residency and is knowledgeable about the
community
• More control over training and specializations
• Less administrative time needed to write and oversee contracts
• It will liberate the municipal arborists to do their work,instead of defining their own roles
in the department
Maintaining Public Trees
I!
Inventory
Bozeman has a half-completed inventory and completing this inventory is an important step in
maintaining public trees. Keeping track of maintenance performed on trees is important for
managing the population but also for liability reasons.Knowing the locations of all the trees,
especially the ash trees, is important for planning for EAB and implementing the EAB Course of
Action Plan.It is also important to know to location of available planting spots for the new p
generation of trees. The inventory will help save our mature tree population and save the city
millions of dollars in management costs.As detailed in the EAB plan,the city will proactively I
Y
manage ash trees in a systematic manner.Knowing the locations of these trees,which ones have !
been treated,and which ones need treatment will be of the utmost importance.Having a
completed inventory prior to the arrival of EAB is essential. Potentially,time is not on
Bozeman's side.
Proactive pruning cycle
Setting trees up on a five-to seven-year pruning rotation will increase the benefits offered by the
urban forest and reflect positively on the city.Proactively maintaining the trees will reduce the
workload of maintenance calls and decrease the amount of storm damage that occurs almost ¢
yearly in Bozeman.Proactively maintaining the community forest is one of the essential I,
li
I
I�
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan p
a
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29
elements of this plan.By implementing this elctnent,Bozeman is enacting a cost-effective
measure that maximizes the benefits of the urban forest.When not performing timely tree
maintenance on trees,an opportunity is lost in benefits received. (Hauer,2015)
Upon planting a tree,the cost of maintaining that tree initially outweighs the benefits received
from the tree.In addition to planting costs,watering and pruning the tree for good branch
structure after establishment are also costs. However,ensuring proper form and structure when
trees are small is less expensive than large-scale pruning when they mature. Such neglect results
in an even higher cost of either replacing a dead tree or long-term maintenance restoration
pruning after storm damage or due to general weak branch attachments (Gilman,2001).
Once the tree is mature,proactively maintaining trees on a five-to seven-year pruning rotation
becomes less costly than reactive (i.e. crisis)maintenance (Hauer,2015). The trees will still offer
benefits,but with regular pruning more benefits will be realized and fewer maintenance costs
will be experienced.A lack of regular maintenance results in a shorter lifespan of the tree. It also
creates higher maintenance costs due to increased storm damage,debris,pests,and branches
blocking intersections or roads. This concept is similar to changing the oil in a car.The car will
still run without proper maintenance for a while,but in the end regular servicing will result in a
lower cost by avoiding a major breakdown.
When considering this concept,an inverse relationship exists between maintenance costs and
return on investment.The more trees are maintained,the lower the cost. Also,the more often
trees are maintained,the higher the amount of benefits provided by the trees,thus a higher rate of
return.The optimal pruning cycle for trees is four to five years (Miller, 1981). In Bozeman,the
optimal time is pushed back because of the slightly shorter growing season.The optimal pruning
cycle is where the cost of maintaining the trees intersects with the return on investment.
The investment in pruning trees on a five-year pruning rotation yielded a$1.47 to $1.69 return
on the costs of pruning the trees.Moreover, every dollar deferred in pruning costs yielded a two-
fold increase in maintenance costs (Browning, 1997). When Bozeman is considering EAB,the
costs of managing an infestation is greatly reduced by having a healthier ash tree population.
Currently, Bozeman's Urban Forestry Department is not adequately staffed to proactively
maintain the community forest, and hiring additional arborists or contracting out
piuning/removals is recommended.
The City of Bozeman owns approximately 21,000 trees, based on the trees inventoried thus far.
A program to maintain the trees the city currently owns is a priority and should be implemented
before new tree planning takes place. Using the work history of Bozeman's four arborists for the
past four years,it would take a total of 13 arborists to accomplish the goal of pruning the
municipal trees on a seven-year pruning rotation. Hiring nine arborists is not realistic in
Bozeman, so efficiency must increase as well as management. Bozeman can accomplish the goal
of responsibly maintaining its trees within a realistic budget by first hiring a superintendent for
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
30
the Urban Forestry Department.This position will hold city arborists accountable for
performance and systematically implement pruning schedules.Additionally,the city should
consider ways to reach the recommended seven-year pruning cycle. The following alternatives
recommend either hiring two arborists in addition to the existing four or contracting out pruning
and removal.The following breakdown will articulate the changes to the department needed to
accomplish a proactive management.
Alternative 1: Hiring two additional arborists I
Number Number of trees to be Number of trees each Number of Cost
of trees pruned each year on a arborist will work on additional approximation
5-7 year rotation each year arborists
21,047 4,209-3,007 702-502 2 $120,000/year*
*Wages are$30,000/year/arborist.Wages are doubled to account for benefits, taxes and
insurance.
For hiring two additional arborists,these figures double the number of trees each arborist will
work on each day compared to the past four years.However, it is still very reasonable, and only
two additional arborists are hired.These figures only assume the arborists are working 100 days
per year. At 20 work days per month,this is five months of pruning trees. The department still
has seven months to not work on extremely cold days,hang Christmas lights, chip Christmas
trees, shovel snow from sidewalks, and other activities with which the forestry department is
currently tasked.
3
Proactive management can also be achieved by using the same allocated funds to contract out the
tree maintenance.Pros and cons are highlighted later on in this report.In either management
approach,hiring an urban forester is still recommended in order to wisely execute the actions.
The numbers given here assume the same work performance from the four existing municipal
arborists.
Alternative 2: Contracting out maintenance
Number Number of trees to Number of trees Number of trees to Cost to be allocated
of trees be pruned each year to be pruned be contracted out for contract work
on a 5-7 year each year in every year for 5-7
rotation house for 5-7 years
ears
21,047 4,209 -3,007 2,808 - 2,007 1 1,401- 1,000 $120,000/year
s
f((
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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By implementing a proactive pruning schedule,the department will set the number of trees to be
pruned.At the end of the year,the department will assess and review its goal number of trees to
be pruned and gauge the level of success. This unbiased number will represent the potential
performance and efficiency of the department and thus provide measurable reports to the city
commissioners and public who have invested in the department. This yearly work plan will
include all tree-related activities for street and park trees, including tree planting,
maintenance/pruning,tree replacement,inspections, and tree removals.
Alternative 3: Catch-up period
A third and less-sustainable alternative would be to contract the pruning and removals of all
publicly owned trees, accomplishing this task in two to three years. After all of the tree work in
Bozeman has been executed, in theory,the Bozeman Urban Forestry Department would then be
able to keep up with tree work.A superintendent position would still be needed to manage a
sustainable urban forest, as articulated in"Community Engagement."This option is only short-
term and would not likely address the long-term care and needs of the urban forest. Once the
work is completed,Bozeman would have spent a lot of money and would still have an urban
forest with poor species diversity.They would lack the ability to move forward with planting
new trees because resources were allocated to maintenance,most likely at the expense of
creating a sustainable,holistic urban forest.
Number Number of trees to Number of trees to Number of trees to be Cost at
of trees be pruned each be pruned in house contracted out each year $150/tree/year
year for 2.5 years* each year for 2.5 for 2.5 years
years
21,047 1 8,419 1 2,500 1 5,919 1 $887,850/ ear
*Alternative 3. This expenditure only is in place for 2-3 years while the first two alternatives are
yearly costs.
After this "catch up"period has been executed,Bozeman can then address hiring two additional
arborists or contracting out work as needed.
The Urban Forestry Department is quite competent as to tree care activities,and this report will
not discuss this aspect or what a tree needs to be correctly maintained. Rather,it will explore
areas where greater efficiencies can be made.
Tree pruning should be done year round. Of course, on particularly cold or snowy days,working
on trees is not productive. Pruning trees in the winter offers many benefits,such as being able to
better see branch structure and minimizing damage to the tree since it is dormant.
Ensuring that trees with a caliper less than 6 inches receive special attention for structural
pruning will save considerable resources over time. When pruning a young tree,many long-term
benefits are realized by eliminating potential weak branch attachments, rubbing or crossing
branches,removing co-dominant leaders,or improving the general shape of the canopy. On
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
32
young trees this task can take only 10 minutes while a large tree can take much longer and is
more expensive.Trees should not be pruned at planting except for dead, damaged branches or
serious structure problems. It is appropriate to prune for structure after the tree has established
itself for a year.By doing this,the tree will have much less liability and experience less storm
damage when it reaches maturity.
Removals
Removing trees that are in poor condition or poor locations is a part of proactively managing the
community forest. Keeping current on the removal schedule is an essential element of this plan
because it plays a crucial role in preparing for EAB. When EAB arrives, the removal schedule of
ash trees in poor condition or bad locations is enacted,as outlined in the EAB Course of Action s
Plan.Thus,reducing that workload in advance will help the city tremendously. Currently there
are 78 tree slated to be removed this year and another 300 mature ash trees in poor condition,
according to the half-completed inventory. This plan does not recommend increasing a line-item
budget for removals,but it does recommend increasing the number of removals on a yearly basis
by increasing efficiencies produced by creating the urban forester position.The department will
get its crew boss arborist back to managing the crew,where their talents are suited,and doing
what their job description states.In effect,the department will be doing much more in relation to
what investments have been made.
Planting
Planting trees reflects well on a forestry department and creates a positive public perception.
Planting a new generation of trees is an essential element of this plan.How to most efficiently
execute this element is described in"Community Engagement,"p. 48. Choosing the right tree
for the right place is an important consideration when planting,especially with street trees. It is
important to remember that planting a large tree can deliver as much as eight times the value of a
small growing tree or a medium stature tree. On Bozeman streets and in parks, it is important to
understand the site,how the tree will be maintained,and then select the right tree. The following
are considerations for choosing trees at specific locations (Clark and Matheny,2008):
F
• Available growing space—above ground(horizontal and vertical), below ground(soil
volume), and ground level(distance to pavement)
• Light—daily and seasonal !_
• Wind—daily and seasonal
• Soil—structure and texture,drainage,pH,chemistry
• Surface cover turf,mulch,herbaceous or woody plants
• Irrigation—quality and quantity
• Management—pest control
• Use---litter, canopy(above street)
f
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
33
On downtown roads such as Main Street, where much of the surface is impervious,trees have a
shorter lifespan due to compaction, lack of water, and restricted root growth. If these streets
were to be redone or upgraded,installing acceptable planting space for trees is advisable. (See
greater detail in Appendix 2.)
Another way to encourage root growth in paved areas is to implement the use of pervious
pavements (Volder et al. 2009;Morgenroth and Visser,2011;Mullaney and Lucke,2014).These
pervious pavements make stormwater and oxygen available to the soils and tree roots. This
approach is greatly beneficial to tree growth but also reduces stormwater runoff.
Planting trees in residential parts of the city,especially in new neighborhoods,also needs to be
addressed. These trees are of equal priority, and resources should be allocated appropriately.
Trees planted in neighborhood areas will be greatly valued by the residents, and in turn they
would provide care.These areas have many families that will benefit from more urban trees, and
many times these trees are less susceptible to vandalism and damage.Public perception of the
Urban Forestry Department will be higher because the residents,many of whom are invested in
their communities and neighborhoods, will see the direct benefits of municipal investment.
The residents in these areas should utilize the tree voucher and cost-share programs. These trees
have greater survival rates because the residents have an invested interest in seeing the trees
reach maturity. When a tree is removed,having a plan for its replacement should be a part of the
removal process. This can be as simple as enforcing ordinances or alerting the homeowner of the
tree voucher or cost-share programs.
Detection
Detection and monitoring for invasive species or disease is
an essential element of
this plan. One invasive
species of particular
concern is Emerald
Ash Borer(EAB).
Detecting the arrival
of EAB as early as
Bouldercolorado.gov possible is very
important. EAB traps are installed
in ash trees to detect and monitor the infestation.The use of traps may help Bozeman detect EAB
very early in its arrival, which would give better chances to manage and contain the infestation.
If EAB is detected early,more trees could be saved,which could potentially save the city
millions of dollars.Additionally,a technique called"destructive branch sampling,"is another
effective detection method. This method is currently being used by the Urban Forestry
Department and should be continued. The Bozeman EAB Community Response Plan provides
more detail on management and monitoring techniques.
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management flan
34
The superintendent of the Urban Forestry Department should be designated as a reliable and
qualified resource for the community, serving as a primary contact for suspected EAB reports.
This will establish a consistent protocol.This person will coordinate with Montana State
University's detection efforts, neighboring communities like Belgrade, and any other significant
landowners in the Gallatin Valley monitoring for EAB.The importance of a diligent and
consistent monitoring effort cannot be understated.Upon detection,the response plan detailed in
the EAB Course of Action Plan can be implemented immediately.
Contracting Work
On certain projects,Bozeman may consider contracting out work. Contracting out this work has
certain advantages, as detailed below:
• Cost savings. In many cases,private tree care, for even very big cities, can be less
expensive.
• Funds are paid only if work is performed to specifications and satisfaction.
• Labor is performed for peak demands.
• Contractor provides all equipment,repair,maintenance, and downtime costs.
• Insurance and worlcman's compensation is provided by the contractor.
• Contractor provides all training, supervision,and certifications.
• Liability for damages is the contractor's responsibility.
Contractors can be used as a complement towards operations in municipal tree care.There are
reputable tree services in Bozeman with certified arborists that are capable of performing any
project the city might have. This approach may be useful upon the arrival of EAB and when
planned removals are a priority. Also,it may be cost efficient to contract out for bulk pricing the
treatment of trees for EAB.In such a scenario, it is possible a tree service in Bozeman would
donate its service to support the department and the urban forest.
i
According to the booklet titled"Urban Forestry Best Management Practices for Public Works
Managers: Staffing,"often a combination of using both in-house personnel and contractors is
chosen to ensure that the urban forest management services provided are performed at the lowest
possible cost, as efficiently as possible,and with the greatest level of expertise. Upon using a
contractor,it is important to ensure they are qualified and maintain proper certifications,such as
having an ISA Certified Arborist or similar credentials on staff. To verify ISA Certification, go
to http://www.isa-arbor.com/.
s
At a Bozeman public meeting during plan development,discussion arose about shifting the
pruning and removals from the Bozeman Urban Forestry Department to contract work. This s
option arises from a few public members who feel the urban forest has not been maintained to a
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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35
level of their satisfaction. While understandable,this option cannot be relied upon solely to
maintain public trees because it does not manage the public forest. It merely puts a Band-Aid on
a problem, is shortsighted,not cost effective, and does not maximize the benefits of urban trees.
This plan outlines the most cost-effective way to create a sustainable,healthy,and holistic urban
forest; and to do that,the superintendent position in the forestry department must be created.
The superintendent/urban forester position will increase efficiency within the department and
contract out work when deemed appropriate. Bozeman's urban forest can eventually reach a
proactive five-to seven-year pruning rotation. Contracting out work should be kept as a
management option when the superintendent determines it's necessary and/or cost effective.
Maintaining Private Trees
As the level of care of the 45
public trees increases in Should there be a 41
Bozeman,the private tree
40 certification standard for
care will, in turn, rise. This is 35 private tree care
because the city will be companies performing
modeling good tree care and 30
tree care on private
the private property owners 25
will be educated through property?
this. Also inevitably, with 20 18
the implementation of this
15
plan,the Urban Forestry 10
Department will have a 10
greater influence on the
community, and the citizenry 0
will be will be more 0 -0
educated as to the benefits of No No opinion Yes
a healthy urban forest. Figure 14
The only recommendation this report makes as to the care of private trees is that anyone hired to
work on trees—private or public,within the city limits—be a certified arborist or tree worker. If
a private company is hired to perform tree work,the arborist working for the company must
maintain a minimum set of credentials.A large majority of survey respondents indicated they
wanted this, as it will raise the level of care in the entire urban forest.
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
36
Bozeman ... .
Public Schools
An area for
opportunity for
the city is to
work more
closely with
L•
Bozeman ;
Public School
District(BSD).
The public
schools in
Bozeman have
their own Figure 14 2015 Arbor Day event at Bozeman Public Library
jurisdiction as to
tree care,and the city is not responsible for the planting or maintenance of trees on school
property.Trees are priority for BSD and they have a maintenance fiend for trees. Bozeman
School District has additional concerns when planning trees on their property, such as not
blocking line of sight and raised crown heights.However,BSD still has a reliance on the city to
lead and instruct on best management practices and appropriate species to plant.The city relies
on BSD to provide continuity to the urban forest. For example, if the city has tree-lined streets
with large canopy trees and an adjacent school property has no trees or smaller-stature trees,
there is an opportunity to work with the school on planting suitable trees.The city has an
invested interest in a strong working relationship with BSD,to provide expert counsel and
possibly provide resources for additional plantings.Partnering with the schools will improve
relationships and strengthen the ties to the community.This is a natural fit for incorporating an
urban forest curriculum into the schools.For example,the city could offer presentations and
information to science classes or perhaps donate removed hardwood trees for use in woodshop
classes and in turn receive products such as benches to display in local parks.
Budget/Funding
i
Additional funding will he required to implement many of the recommendations in this report.
Budget increases will allow for the addition of the superintendent position in the Urban Forestry
Department and the implementation of a proactive management approach.
Investment Estimated expenditure salar
Superintendent of the Forestry Department(Urban $50,000-$65,000
Forester
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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37
Arborists(2)or contract out pruning and removal work $30,000 X 2 or$60,000
The Bozeman Urban Forestry Department's budget is approximately$450,000 per year.A
modest 30%increase of$l 35,000 per year and corresponding tree assessment is recommended
to implement the Bozeman UFMP. Currently,the average city lot is assessed around$16 per
year to maintain the public trees. The recommendation is to raise the assessment by
approximately$5 per year. This new assessment is comparable to other Montana communities,
such as Helena and Billings.
A level of funding exists 45
where an acceptable level of 39 Do you believe
investment in the urban 40
forest is made and it the City's
35 current funding
maximizes the benefits, g
"Cost-efficiency in relation 30 29 mechanism is
to benefits provided can 25 sufficient to
make a difference. grow our
Maintaining program 20
funding is intimately tied to is
community
demonstrating the forest?
importance of the urban 10
forest to the health, safety,
and economic vitality of the 5
community, and the 0
effectiveness of the program Yes No
in providing those goods and Figure 15
services"(Matheny,Clark
2008).
Additional ways to implement funding for community trees include (Urban Forestry Best
Management Practice,2006):
• Grants. Grants play an important role in funding the current street tree-planting program
and will continue to do so in the future.The superintendent/urban forester can help apply
for and acquire grants.However these are not static sources of funding and cannot be
solely relied upon to support a local urban forestry program.
• Taxes, special assessments and tax districts
• Capital improvement project funds
• Tree work permits, development and inspection fees. When a development occurs with
private business or developers,the urban forest goals should be considered and fees
assessed appropriately.
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
38
• Compensatory payments when a public tree is damaged by a car or by construction
activity
• Utility bill donations.Residents could be encouraged to fund tree programs by rounding
up their utility bill or voluntarily adding a small fixed amount, such as 50 cents,to each
bill.
• Milllevy(s)
• Gas tax
• Partnerships with utilities
• Community groups
• Corporate and Iocal business donations and sponsorships
Risk Managei-nent
Risk Management is defined as follows: "Risk is simply a measurement of potential of deviation
of an expected outcome, and the consequence of this deviation may either be good (resulting in
opportunity) or bad (resulting in loss). The process of dealing with this uncertainty and trying to
achieve the best outcome ... in a changing environment is the essence of risk management"
(Reiss,2004).
There is an inherent risk with all trees.We choose to live among trees because their benefits far
outweigh their potential risk if managed appropriately(Rogers, 2011). Controlling risk can be
articulated in five ways according to Young(2002):
J
• Risk avoidance.Ex.planting the right tree in the right spot, and not putting structures or
people under a tree with structural defects.
• Loss prevention.Ex.performing all regular maintenance and care such as pruning.
• Loss reduction.Ex. having a plan to deal with emergency situations such as in a storm.
• Uncertainty reduction.Ex. obtaining risk evaluations from qualified risk assessors or
removing tree if risk level is not tolerable.
• Risk transfer.Ex.contracting with a tree risk consultant.
(Clark and Matheny,2008)
u,
Managing liability is of main concern.Acknowledging that it is the duty of the city to maintain
the public trees, Bozeman must maintain the trees to a reasonable standard of care. Bozeman
must account for the hazardous tree conditions existing today or those that may develop in the
future.If the standard of care falls below what is reasonable and prudent, liability resulting from
injuries or damages may result.The standard of care is one component of a risk management
document.
When a tree is identified as having a defect or being hazardous,the factors that must be
considered when deciding on the best option for that tree will include: involving the public as a
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan i
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39
legitimate partner,planning/evaluating performance, and collaborating with other credible
sources (Covello and Allen, 1998).
Tree Characteristics Associated with Tree Failure
Bozeman has variable weather conditions,making it a place where there is a potential for tree
failure.Tree characteristics and weather to consider will include:
• Unusual storms with strong winds, snow
• Winds or snow from prevailing direction w
• Weak branch attachment
• Decay/loss of structure
• Crown decline or root decline
• Diseases associated with either: (..'
o Excessive end weight on branches
o Excessive root loss or defects :,,
x
• Leaning trees
s �
• Cracks k
4
There are many considerations when deciding to j
remove a tree.First,the urban forester's
recommendations will be considered.Next influences
such as site conditions and weather,which affect the
likelihood of failure, are considered.These conditions Figure 15 Obvious structural defect.
include:
• Climate and seasonal precipitation
• Site management history, including changes in grade or root injury
• Soil drainage conditions
• History of other tree failures
• Obstructions to tree development such as pavement or structures
(Clark and Matheny,2008)
Tree risk involves the potential for a tree or part of a tree to cause harm or damage to a target,
and public trees are located in areas where objects and people are consistent targets. Educating
the public is an important step when deciding if a specimen tree is to be removed,as emotion can
influence this decision making process.
The risk pertaining to the public could take the form of:
• Tree failure
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
40
• Grey infrastructure damage, including sidewalks and pavement,underground services,
and overhead utilities
• Line of sight along streets
• Vehicle clearance over streets and sidewalks
• Emergency planning
• People in parks or community space
(Clark and Matheny,2008)
Risk Management Plan
Having a risk management plan in place is beneficial to limit liabilities.An actual risk policy
statement could be developed by the Urban Forestry Department and approved by the tree board
and city commission. Implementing the plan will be the duty of the urban forester.A policy
statement concerning risk should include:
• A statement of commitment by the top officials stating they believe risk management is
important and identifying the overall purpose of risk management
• A statement designating who is responsible for risk management and their authority
• A charge to select and implement risk control and how to finance it
• A demand audit and report on risk management efforts
(Young,2002)
The International Society of Arboriculture has developed a Tree Risk Assessment Qualification
(TRAQ)for certified arborists to assess and evaluate risk and to recommend mitigation to
achieve the acceptable level of associated risk.A plan for risk management should incorporate
the Best Management Practices(ISA) and the ANSI A300(Part 9) Standard Practices on Tree
Risk Assessment,guided by TRAQ methodology and procedure.
,E
it
Proposed risk management policy statement for Bozeman: h
Bozeman has an active policy in mitigating potentially high-risk trees on city property.
To prevent harm or damage to potential targets,the Forestry Division will strive to
eliminate,in a timely fashion,any tree that poses an unacceptable level of risk. Proactive j
management of the community forest is an effective tool to ensure all city-owned trees
have been maintained to a reasonable standard of care. Identifying potential high-risk l`
�j
trees will rely on any of the following:public concern,the periodic updating of the tree
inventory,maintenance performed by city arborists,or maintenance performed by
contracted private arborists. The city urban forester will facilitate the communication and
documentation for the management of high-risk trees,and make the final judgment
concerning mitigation measures taken for trees exhibiting an unacceptable level of risk.
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
i�
j�
41
In addition to the risk management policy statement,a standard of care should be established.
The practice most likely will be carried out by an arborist conducting the pruning.
Proposed Standard of Care for Bozeman:
Bozeman will provide a reasonable level of care for all trees residing on publicly owned
spaces and adjacent vegetation that may impact safe public passage. This may occur
through outsourcing contracts and/or through the development of in-house expertise. The
arborist performing the maintenance will be technically proficient in current
arboriculturai techniques,recognized through International Society of Arboriculture
(ISA). While maintaining a tree of concern,a systematic inspection shall occur by
examining the canopy of the tree and performing a vertical 360-degree inspection.The
inspection shall be documented and captured in an inventory update.The urban forester
shall determine the risk of the tree of concern based upon the observations and
recommendations according to the Risk Policy Statement. The tree in concern shall be
removed or treated as deemed appropriate.The arborists' practices shall adhere to the
industry standards according to International Society of Arboriculture's Best
Management Practices and adhere to the ANSI A300 pruning guide and the Z133.1
safety practices.Pruning goals should reduce failures of limbs.
Proactively addressing risk is imperative. Pruning a tree at a young age to develop good branch
structure and planting the appropriate tree in the appropriate location is always good practice.
Maintaining records of all treatments for the tree is in the best interest of the city as it
demonstrates performance of duty and builds a history for each individual tree.
d
t
I
c
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman t lrban Forestry Management Plan
42
Management of Urban Forest Recommendations
This table is to be used as a quick source for a list of actions that can be"checked off'or a list of
goals to be implemented by the forestry division.
Issue Recommendation Expected outcome
Maintaining -Create superintendent/urban forester position in -A more efficiently
the urban the forestry department position to implement managed department
forest and Bozeman UFMP. -A healthier urban forest
increasing the -Implement a 5-7 year pruning rotation for public -An increased number of
level of care trees. trees worked on every
-Focus especially on young tree pruning as a way year
to diminish structural problems and pruning needs
as the tree matures.
-Develop a plan for replacing removed trees.
-incorporate open planting spots into the tree
inventory.
-Promote honorary or memorial tree planting.
-Post the vision and mission statements in forestry
office to motivate and remind.
Funding for -Increase funding for department by increasing the -Ability to meet present
Urban Forestry tree assessment fees or implementing similar workload requirements
Department funding strategy. -Efficient and timely
-Explore new funding sources. Ex.partnering with response to the
health care organizations,community welfare expectations of residents
organizations,private organizations such as -Ability to successfully
alternative energy,downtown businesses,etc. fulfill mission and vision
-Explore state and national grants for urban
forestry.
Increase the -Require that tree services working on privately -Higher level of care of
level of care of owned trees use qualified and licensed tree care the urban forest
privately companies. -Minimize and prevent
owned trees -Model proper tree care by implementing a 5-7 poor tree care practices
year pruning rotation of municipal trees.
Consistency of -Work with BSD to create congruency and build -A higher level of care
care in the support for the urban forest. of the urban forest 14
urban forest -Create a public outreach and communication plan. -Increased exposure and jl
awareness to the benefits
of urban forests
Support -Limit impervious surfaces where possible. -Healthier more robust j
conditions -Establish monitoring schedule to inspect newly urban forest j
conducive to planted trees and improve grow space around -Potentially increased
tree growth existing trees(i.e.mulch,protection measures, lifespan of trees !
widening cutouts,etc.)
-Use pervious paving surfaces when possible.
-Develop tree care adoption/watering program !
with residents in needed areas.
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan �
1
43
Community Engagement
The third component of a holistic, sustainable urban forestry program in Bozeman is community
engagement.It is the community that builds and supports its urban forest, and it's the community
that reaps the benefits from the urban forest.Establishing a vibrant relationship between the
community and the Urban Forestry Department is
an essential element in this plan and a key
component to the plan's success.More and more a.
research shows that many of the issues we face in
our world today can be addressed by the urban
forest. The urban forest helps combat climate
change and alleviate resource demands, among
other environmental issues. It also builds
community,educates the youth,provides social
justice,and promotes a healthy lifestyle for
everyone.
The urban forest is our habitat; it is where we live. If Bozeman were to have a point person
whose job it was to raise public awareness of the urban forest, a positive feedback loop would
start. The more people that are involved,the more support the department will have,and the
more resources it can draw from.
F
f f
a
4
A. 4
. .
Thus the cycle continues. A campaign that articulates the benefits of the urban forest will make
it fashionable and in the best interest of business to support the community forest.
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
44
Bozeman's culture
includes trees, 40
35 What is your level of
which highlights the 35 m
importance of 30 involvement with tree-
community related community
engagement. 25
events.
Partnering with the 20 16
community possibly 15
offers the most E
potential in this 10 8
5
whole plan. The key 5 4 Est,
u.
here is for the o
Bozeman Urban Not interested Rarefy Take it or Somewhat Highly
Forestry Department involved leave it involved involved
to be a leader and a Figure 16
key player in this
culture of trees.
Churches and civic groups often have a network of people ready to perform community projects.
Having"shovel-ready"projects for these organizations would be advantageous and reflect well
upon the Urban Forestry Department.
A point person for community outreach in the Urban Forestry Department will be able to keep up
on the latest technology developments in social media and community engagement. Use of such
technology,such as smartphone apps and online inventory management,will help illustrate the
benefits coming from Bozeman's urban forest. The department will become a primary resource
for community education,and in turn the community will develop support for the department.
f
A trained volunteer workforce could accomplish a multitude of tree-care activities, including
f
planting,mulching,watering, and maintenance.This would raise the vitality of the urban forest !
E
and aid the Urban Forestry Department.A coordinated effort between a volunteer group and the
department could also keep the inventory and work maintenance records updated. These records
and relationships could be sourced through the forestry website.
I'
i
Forestry Advisory Board
II
The Forestry Advisory Board in Bozeman is a wealth of talent and knowledge and an asset to the
I
community.Here again much potential exists because the board is underutilized.Projects that
would suit the board well include:
• Technical review of management of trees or developing management strategies
i
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
1
45
• Development of technical literature or public outreach material
• Community education programs in the schools,at the Museum of the Rockies,or
partnering with education groups like Montana Outdoor Science School
• Tree planting or volunteer programs with neighborhoods or interested groups
• Media relationships or developing periodic PSAs
• Assist with certain implementation phases from this plan
This is a ready workforce that is available to the city with minimal investment.Moreover, it is
likely that on certain projects,especially community events,the tree board members will enlist
their families and/or friend networks to be involved and engaged.This group would work closely
with the city urban forester position.
Health and Welfare Benefits
Bozeman's investment in the community forest has further potential to serve its population,
especially the underserved through the concept of community orchards. Bozeman currently
plants trees with edible fruit.However,this practice should be expanded. Fruit trees provide a
healthy food source for Bozemanites and are a healthy alternative to processed foods.
Organizations such as the Alliance for Community Trees offer grants to help develop and plan
community orchards,which could be a unique program for the community.
The urban forest lowers heating and cooling bills by shading houses from the summer's sun and
blocking the winter's wind,which could be very important for those who depend on energy
efficiency. The average ash tree
provides $145 per year in energy saving `` .
benefits such as heating and cooling
according to the i-Tree analysis for .
Bozeman's public trees. The community y
forest also improves psychological- :
social well-being and promotes a
healthy lifestyle that benefits all,
especially those who don't have the
opportunity to recreate in Bozeman's
outdoors.
This aspect of the urban forest provides an important opportunity for the city to partner with
local nonprofits that work with the underserved.A healthy urban forest can help build a healthy
community. By partnering with these organizations,Bozeman's Urban Forestry Department can
gain access to this key part of the population. This is an important relationship and a potential
source.for supplemental funding to the department.
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
46
Considering the options cities have for creating affordable housing, it has been the case that park
space and urban trees are often not incorporated or the requirements are less stringent in these
developments.This is the exact opposite of what is cost effective, for a multitude of reasons.
Trees should be incorporated even more in affordable housing situations because trees increase
the standard of living for people who reside around them. Cost savings in other aspects of
affordable housing are made up for when a proper investment is made in the urban forest.
Community Planning
Trees should be considered as an essential component in the planning of Bozeman's growth.
Trees have special requirements for both above-ground and below-ground space. Healthy soils
need to be made available as well as efficient watering mechanisms.These elements are difficult i
to implement after construction has begun and are much easier to incorporate early in the
planning process. An effort of outreach to designers and architects as to the importance and
requirements of trees needs to take place. A strong city contact,such as the superintendent/urban
forester, will aid in this process, both in city workings and in the private sphere.
Regular meetings should be scheduled with homeowner associations to encourage and instruct
neighborhoods on how to manage their trees. The city will be a resource for the neighborhoods
and will raise the overall quality of the urban forest by increasing the level of care of privately
owned trees.
The community could be engaged though the forestry website where they can view and perhaps
s
contribute updates to the inventory of the urban forest.By doing this,the community can take
ownership of the urban forest and see how their trees function as part of the big picture of
Bozeman's urban forest.There
would also be an education 5° 46
piece for the community 45 Do you believe there
associated with this online 40 should be more or fewer
inventory,furthering the goal 35
trees in our municipally
of a healthy urban forest. 30
owned forest?
25
20
Planting Trees 20
15
Plantinggeneration of
a new g 10 �
trees is one of the essential 5 2 I
elements this plan recommends o _ =I
for creating a healthy and
More Sufficient Fewer
sustainable urban forest.By
doing this,it creates an urban Figure 17
Gallatin Tree Care February201 b Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan i
Y g
I
47
forest for future generations of Bozemanites,prepares the urban forest for the arrival of EAB,
and improves the population dynamics of the urban forest in Bozeman. The forestry division
currently plants many trees though its cost-share program. Instead of recommending the forestry
division budget for a great increase in planting a new generation of trees,the Bozeman UFMP
relies on the public to incur the cost of planting the trees while being guided by the city urban
forester. This is done by the urban forester forming relationships with largely untapped
resources:
• The public
• Businesses
• School and parent organizations
• Neighborhood groups/HOAs
• Downtown Bozeman and Chamber of Commerce/tourism industry
• Churches/civic organizations
• Nonprofits of every kind, including: The CO-OP,Friends of... ,Cancer Support,
Craighead Institute,Polar Bears International, Montana Environmental Education
Association,etc.
• Bozeman Health, Community Health Partners, Bozeman Creek, and other healthcare
groups
• Environmental and recreational groups, e.g. trail improvement, parks/recreation,biking,
hiking,running, etc. etc.
Forming these relationships would be the job of the urban forester, a position that this plan
recommends creating. Bozeman's Urban Forestry Department is maintaining more trees,
integrating itself into the city
workings,planting more 45
trees,maximizing the 40 40 Would you like to
benefits of the urban forest, be more involved
and gaining support for the 35
department all by creating 30 28 with the
one position. 25 community-owned
forest and
To plant a new generation of 20
associated
trees, it is the city's i5
responsibility to coordinate community
this undertaking. Once i0 events?
Bozeman's residents know 5
and understand the need, 0
direction and motivation Yes No
Figure 18
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
48 p
I!
must be given by identifying the engines that will enable tree planting. Coordination needs to
take place so species diversity goals are met and the groups planting trees are doing so correctly.
Any assistance needed is addressed by providing resources or creating new entities such as
neighborhood nurseries.These steps are detailed in the following paragraphs.
Education
A massive education movement must be initiated to educate the public as to the benefit of urban
trees and what is at risk concerning EAB. Training workshops or guidance for proper selection
and planting would be promoted. In terms of planting trees,partnerships formed with the
community will fit into one of two categories: those doing the planting and those serving a
supporting role. Some of the groups will probably fit into both categories.These groups must be
identified and utilized according to their skills and available resources(i.e. equipment,materials,
etc.). These groups include civic groups, school/parent groups,homeowner associations, etc.
Trees and materials will come from the supportive groups, such as Downtown Bozeman,
healthcare organizations,nonprofits,businesses, etc. These newly formed relationships are vital
towards bettering our community and must be publicly recognized to continue their involvement.
Coordination
Ultimately these newly planted trees will reflect on the integrity of the Urban Forestry
Department. Is there appropriate species diversity?Are the trees planted correctly and in good
locations?All groups buying trees and planting trees must be educated on how to do so correctly.
Possibly all the tree purchasing would be done though the City of Bozeman to ensure proper
species diversity. If all tree purchasing is not done though the city,then some mechanism must
be set in place to accomplish species diversity. Planting clinics can be held for those doing the
planting, or an urban forestry arborist could be present at planting time to give direction and
assistance.A monitoring schedule may also be necessary to inspect new tree plantings
periodically in the first few years following planting.
Assistance
l
Currently Bozeman runs the cost-share and tree voucher programs,which are two popular �C
programs for planting trees. These programs could be expanded in their current state if desired, j)
but this plan does not rely on these programs to plant a new generation of trees. This plan does
recommend creating provisions for these programs, such as access to city nursery trees or
assistance to start nurseries on their own on city property. The neighborhood groups could be '
responsible for transplanting the trees on their own or contracting with a tree service.A gravel
bed system could be utilized if appropriate. If neighborhoods had access to the city nursery in its
current state,mechanized equipment would need to be employed.A ain,education will be '
g Is
needed to ensure species diversity and proper placements of the trees.
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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Bozeman School District(Planting Partnership)
Bozeman is fortunate to have a citizenry that is active in the natural surroundings and is largely
environmentally literate. Students will take their knowledge home and educate their parents,
furthering the cause.An educational program could be spearheaded by the city urban forester
and aided greatly by the Tree Board.
Tree planting programs on school grounds would also be beneficial.Planting orchards is a great
way to engage students and is currently being done at a couple of the schools.These efforts are
mostly carried out by the parent organization at the school. These efforts could be furthered by
the Urban Forestry Department
Montana Outdoor Science School (MOSS)would be a potential partner for educating in the
schools.Instructors could be provided by MOSS and a curriculum provided by the city,MOSS,
or teachers. This partnership could go further than the schools,and the urban forester could
become a resource for MOSS's summer camps and adult education programming.
Partnering with Montana State University
Partnering with Montana State University(MSU) is a natural alliance.They have an urban forest
within their own campus and an urban forestry department. Montana State University has a large
number of ash trees and is facing the same lack of species diversity that exists in the municipal
forest.Montana State could also monitor for EAB and assist in the effort for detection of pests
and diseases.
MSU is currently a Tree Campus USA and has an active work plan. Like-the relationship with
BSD,the city and MSU would benefit from a continuity of tree planting and tree maintenance.
Best management practices and ecological advances in the urban forest could be studied and
shared between both entities.A common philosophy and appreciation for the urban forest
currently exists,and positive outcomes will result from a closer relationship.
MSU students can also be used as a resource:
• Help teach an urban forestry curriculum in the public schools and in the community
• Students clubs could take on tree planting projects
• Develop research projects relating to urban forestry
• Assist in developing a marketing plan for the city urban forestry department and the
benefits of the urban forest
• Help develop modeling and survey techniques relating to the urban forest
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
50
Community Engagement Recommendations
The following action list is a summary of recommendations to promote and strengthen
relationships with the community.
Issue Recommendation Expected outcome
Public Education -Create a superintendent/urban forester -A coordinated volunteer
position in the forestry department within the workforce u'
city hierarchy to spearhead these programs. -A new generation of urban
-Engage the Tree Advisory Board to start an foresters
urban forest community awareness program. -A more engaged citizenry
-Create a school program for K-12
engagement.
-Partner with MOSS for public education in
the schools,at the Museum of the Rockies, in
the community,or at their summer camps.
-Always have a special project in the works
and keep information updated on the city
webpage.
-Work with MSU to create congruency and
explore possibilities for continued education
regarding urban forestry.
Raise public -Start a community urban forest newsletter or -An urban forestry
awareness for the the electronic equivalent to educate, keep the department that is the
urban forestry public current, and recognize local leader of the tree culture in
department businesses that have contributed. Bozeman
-Brand the Urban Forestry Department using -A high public perception
social media,website,and utilizing local of the Urban Forestry
marketing companies. Department in Bozeman
-Use partner groups to help to raise -An urban forestry
awareness and funds. department that receives
-Recognize partners that contribute to the monetary and labor support
urban forest department on the city's website from the community
or on materials.
Raise public -Work with public health departments and -A sustainable,holistic
awareness for the medical organizations for funding and to healthy urban forest
benefits of trees raise awareness of the health benefits to the t
urban forest.
-Work with environmental and climate
change organizations to focus on how the
urban forest can be a part of the solution.
-Meet with the Downtown Business
Association and businesses to discuss tree
canopy and preservation goals. f
-Seek financial support for department. lj
-Possibly set up a nonprofit the community
s
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
51
and businesses can donate to.
-Create an online community engagement
page on the forestry website where the public
can view the city-wide urban forest
inventory.
-Save firewood and lumber from tree
removals to provide to the community.
-Register historical trees on Montana's big
tree list.
-Create a legacy tree recognition program in
Bozeman.
-Meet with HOAs to educate and provide
assistance for caring for the urban forest.
Continuity of -Strengthen relationship with BSD and offer -A stronger relationship
urban forest and expert council, with community
synergetic -Strengthen relationship with MSU for organizations
relationships expertise and student resources.
Conclusion
Investments in the urban forest offer a cost-efficient expenditure by working symbiotically and
reducing stress on other parts of the city infrastructure while offering benefits of their own
accord.
The Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan makes recommendations on how to most
efficiently make improvements to Bozeman's Urban Forestry Department and in turn raise the
quality of Bozeman's urban forest.Much good work is currently being done and much potential
exists for managing Bozeman's urban forest. This plan relies heavily on some changes to the
department and community involvement. By doing this,the tree infrastructure in Bozeman will
be healthier and more robust. Incorporating the recommendations made here will create a
sustainable, holistic,and healthy urban forest,providing benefits for all who inhabit it.
A key step to realizing the potential that exists is to create and fill the superintendent of urban
forestry position. This person is charged with executing the second key principle of this plan:
planting a new generation of trees.This is done by engaging the public, gaining the support of
the forestry division, and becoming a resource for the community.
Investing in the urban forest is a worthwhile endeavor for its citizenry.Maybe more importantly,
it is even more valuable for future generations and the climate.Previous generations invested
greatly in planting all of the mature trees Bozeman now has,and now is the time to continue that
legacy.
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
52
G
Appendix 1. Job Description for Urban Forester/Superintendent of Forestry
This person will possess a unique set of qualities and physical abilities. Some of the qualities to
hire for will be:
• Leadership. This person will communicate the vision and benefits of trees to
stakeholders. Working with the city bureaucracy will be a part of this job, and
cooperating with and obtaining commitment from these departments is crucial.
Maintaining open lines of communication with stakeholders and the public is important
to build relationships. This person will delegate responsibilities and provide motivation
for subordinates to execute their jobs effectively.
• Team Orientation. This person will work effectively with others and actively contribute
to group and organizational goals.They will take ownership and share responsibility of
projects and utilize strengths of individuals within the group with which they are
working.
• Customer Service.Ultimately,this person works for the public,and when this person is
out in the community,they will serve as a useful resource to residents.This person will
assume ownership for the municipal trees and greater urban forest.They will respond to
the public's concerns and the trees' needs.
• Problem Solving/Decision Making.This person will make decisions using the
information they have in a timely manner.They will use the resources they have and
involve the appropriate people.
• Interpersonal Communication.This person will listen well to others and ask the
appropriate questions when they need clarification.This person will receive and give
suggestions well. Bozeman has an eclectic citizenry, and adapting to different
communication styles will prove useful. This person will recognize and manage conflict
as appropriate.
• Flexibility. This person will be able to adjust their behavior when faced with changing or
uncertain situations. They will still be effective when adapting to change and dealing with
ambiguity.They will acquire new information to meet changing demands.
• Performance Management. This person will distinguish between good and bad
performances and adjust the plan going forward.Providing feedback and receiving
feedback are important qualities in being an effective superintendent of the Urban
Forestry Department.This person will also acquire the appropriate help for each task.
• Arborieultural Aptitude.While this person won't be working in trees as much,having
that experience and knowing current practices are a priority. F
3
(adapted from Indiana University Human Resources Services,2005) '
s
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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53
A list of job duties will include the following.All are important while the first three are crucial:
• Must be proficient in arboricultural duties such as, but not limited to,pruning techniques,
removing trees,diagnosing disease,and plant health care
• Coordinate with other departments in Bozeman to direct all tree-related activities
• Engage the public to build a culture of trees, and enlist the community to plant a new
generation of trees
• Alert the code enforcement officer of violations of Iaws,ordinances,rules, and
regulations
• Influence the interests of the Urban Forestry Department and express the benefits of
urban trees
• Prepare and supervise budgets
• Prepare and supervise planning documents
• Analyze programs and policies
• Manage employee selection, supervision, and employee relations
• Manage department operation and maintenance
• Manage, analyze,and update the urban forest inventory software program
• Maintain contracts with groups and people outside of the municipality
• Fit short-term work plans into the long-term UFMP
Appendix 2. Planting Trees in Paved Areas
A minimum of 100 cubic feet of irrigated soil is needed to sustain long-term tree growth
(DeGaetano,2000). In these planters, after 2 feet in depth is reached,an increase in soil surface
area is of greater benefit than greater depth. This would make a realistic planter size a minimum
of 2 feet deep, 3 feet wide,and 16 feet long.
If a city street is ever reconstructed,the city should consider suspended pavement sidewalks,
which are an ideal way to provide future planting locations. This suspended pavement sidewalk
does not bear extreme loads and is placed over non-compacted soils in hardscapes.According to
a study conducted by Bartlett Tree Research Lab (2006),trees with room to grow their roots
under concrete in sidewalks were"larger,faster growing,had better color,and more root growth
than most other treatments."On these pavement plantings, or any plantings in sidewalks,
surrounding pavement should slope away from the planters,thus not sending contaminated water
into the tree. The following is a description of what this might look like.
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
54
Sidewalk Street
Planter
4"Perforated Pipe with Connected to
Drip Irrigation or Connected Atmosphere
to Harvested Stormwater_. _ Pavement
PavementConcrete.,.:.,., ( Base Course
Aeration Zone—
Root `Lone
Drainage—
4"Sand Blanket \�- Panel Drain Planting
(as required) (as required) Compacted
Soil Subgrade
Appendix 3. SWOT Analysis
Strengths
-Place for community engagement and building
- Synergetic relationships with other city infrastructure
-Provides essential canopy cover in parks and on streets
- Competent forestry division
-Dedicated,passionate and educated citizenry that supports the urban forest
-Tree board
i
Weakness i
i
-Age and species diversity
-Forestry division prioritization in city government
-Enforcement of city ordinances involving trees
Opportunities
-Potential for a new generation of trees
-Added cost savings to city though appropriate management of the urban forest
-Volunteer opportunities in the urban forest though the coordination of the Urban Forester
-Environmental benefits
3
Threats
-Climate and environmental stressors
-Damage to sidewalks and roads
1
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
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-Exotic pests and diseases
-Forestry Division not growing in proportion the population of Bozeman
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[ EMERALD ASH BORER COURSE OF ACTION PLAN
A plan to prepare Bozeman for the emerald ash borer and I.
i
efficiently manage the city's ash tree population during the
infestation while creating a sustainable, healthy urban forest. �j
z
Acknowledgements:
Mitch Overton: Director of Parks and Recreation Bozeman
Bozeman Tree Advisory Board
The Bozeman Citizenry
Jamie Kirby: Montana DNRC
This document was funded by an urban forestry program development grant from the State of
Montana-Department of Natural Resources&Conservation—Urban &Community Forestry Program
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action Plan
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Table of Contents
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................4
Organizationof Plan.....................................................................................................................................6
Aboutthe Emerald Ash Borer(EAB)...........................................................................................................6
Managementof Tree Infrastructure..............................................................................................................8
TreeInventory...........................................................................................................................................8
Detection...................................................................................................................................................9
Management of EAB and Achieving Goal Species Diversity................................................................10
Economics of Ash Trees and EAB .........................................................................................................11
Management of Ash Trees 10 Inches in Caliper and Over.....................................................................12
Management of Ash Tree 9 Inches in Caliper and Under.......................................................................14
Removals ................................................................................................................................................16
Quarantine...............................................................................................................................................17
Contracting Out Removals vs.Keeping Removals In-House.................................................................17
Contracting Out Tree Treatment vs. Keeping Treatments In-House......................................................18
InsecticideTreatment Options................................................................................................................19
E
Biologicalcontrol....................................................................................................................................20
Funding/Budget.......................
E
ResponsePlan.........................................................................................................................................22
Re-evaluate.............................................................................................................................................22
f
Management of Tree Infrastructure Recommendations...................... j
CommunityEngagement............................................................................................................................23
PublicEducation.....................................................................................................................................24
Managementof Private Trees.............................................................................................................25
PoliticalSupport......................................................................................................................................26
TreeReplacement...................................................................................................................................26
Community Engagement Recommendations..............................................................................................27
References...................................................................................................................................................27
Appendix I Cost breakdown of management options................................................................................28
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action Plan i
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Introduction
A major weakness of Bozeman's urban forest is its lack of species diversity. In the downtown
area,the urban forest is composed of approximately 80%ash trees. City wide,ash trees make up
around 50%of the tree population. The tree population on any of Bozeman's downtown streets,
especially the through streets, is dominated by ash. Church Avenue across from Bogert Park is
entirely ash.Main
Street,Willson, and
Cleveland are
marginally better.
Species diversity is a
important to any plant
population for the
ecology to thrive. ° ,
Monocultures in any
plant community harm
the greater
environment by
inviting disease and
depleting soil resources
and diversification of
symbiotic animal life. church street ash trees
The same principles hold
true when looking at the population of trees in an urban forest. When low species diversity is
present,the tree population is especially vulnerable to insects and disease. If an insect or disease
were to be introduced to the area that affects the dominant species,it will devastate the tree
population. This situation would reduce the quality of life for the people who live around these
trees, and it would ruin benefits and cost savings the trees provide to the community.
Unfortunately,this is the problem Bozeman faces, and it is particularly disturbing in light of the
looming emerald ash borer(EAB).Emerald ash borer is an invasive species that infests Fraxinus
species. This pest was first introduced in the U.S. outside Detroit,Michigan, in 2002 and has
spread throughout the Midwest, East and now the West.
The EAB can fly; however this mode of dispersion is limited. Generally,EAB can only fly one
half-mile from where it was hatched. The spread of this bug is largely due to human means. It
can be spread by transporting ash firewood and ash wood products. Rake handles,baseball bats,
and pallets are all made from ash wood.As these products are distributed around the country,the
risk of distributing the pest is elevated. Bozeman has a freight train route through town, also
increasing our vulnerability.Infestations and pest outbreaks are almost always worse and spread
faster than what was expected.Meaning, by the time a community realizes the extent of the
infestation, it is often too late. For this reason,focusing on creating a healthy,sustainable urban
forest ahead of EAB in Bozeman should be a priority.
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action Plan
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The City of Bozeman faces many challenges when planning for EAB given the importance of
our urban forest and sheer number of ash tree we have. Given that it is almost inevitable EAB
will be introduced to Bozeman,we must approach this threat on many fronts.The impacts the
city must consider are:
a. Public safety
• When an ash tree or a limb dies, it becomes extremely hazardous. The grain of the
wood in ash trees can cause the tree to fail with little or no cause or warning.
• The city will become vulnerable to lawsuits from destruction caused by neglected ash
trees.
b. Public health
• Increased rates of cardiovascular disease from decreased air quality
• Increased rates of lower cardiovascular disease from decreased air quality
c. Economic
• Loss of benefits provided by urban trees
• Substantial costs of removing many ash trees and stumps
• Substantial biannual costs associated with treating trees
• Decrease in value of properties without mature trees
• Increased stormwater volume
• Increased water usage
• Higher utility bills for residents
d. Environmental
• Decreased air quality from the loss of 75%canopy cover in Bozeman
- Particulates not being filtered from air
Carbon dioxide not being absorbed
- Oxygen not being emitted
e. Political
• Losing many mature trees will create a negative political perception of the city and
the Urban Forestry Department.
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When EAB arrives in Bozeman,it is in the best interest to keep the ash trees that provide most of
the urban forest benefits.Moreover, from a management cost perspective,treating trees for the
duration of the pest outbreak or the lifespan of the tree is more cost effective than removing them
in certain size classes of trees.Also consider the cost of replacing the tree and the time it would
take for the tree to reach parity of the lost tree. Timely treatment of these assets preserves the
benefits they offer the community,and this management philosophy will ultimately make money
for the City of Bozeman.
This report details planning for EAB and managing it once it arrives.This is an issue that will
initially cost the City of Bozeman money and must be dealt with.If this is done,the urban forest
in Bozeman will continue to be a source of pride,offer benefits that far outweigh the cost,and
remain a healthy urban forest. If proper planning and management is not executed,the city will:
a
i
• Experience exponential death of its ash trees
• Threaten public safety
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Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action Plan
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• Devastate the budget of the urban forestry department for years
• Lose many of the benefits the urban forest provides
This EAB Course of Action Plan operates on the foundation of Bozeman's newly created Urban
Forestry Management Plan(UFMP). The recommendations made in this report assume the
appropriate personnel are in place, as recommended in the UFMP.By doing this,Bozeman will
create the most efficient Urban Forestry Department possible and ultimately create millions of
dollars in benefits for the city. This investment in city infrastructure addresses Bozeman's most
current needs in our modern-day society.
The city will be the driving force for educating the public on the dangers of this pest. Once EAB
arrives, it will be the city's responsibility to educate the public on management options. If this is
executed well and efficiently,we will be implementing the most cost-effective approach,
preserving the most canopy cover,and making our community forest healthier for it.
Organization of Plan
The Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer(EAB)Course of Action Plan operates in conjunction with the
Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan.Together they create a holistic, sustainable urban
forest in the most efficient way possible.
This EAB plan is broken in to two main parts:"Management of the Tree Infrastructure" and
"Community Engagement." The two components cannot operate without the other and should be
executed simultaneously.However, there is a natural division.
About the Emerald Ash Borer
The emerald ash borer(EAB)is considered
to be the most destructive forest pest ever
seen in North America.The emerald ash l
borer(Agrilus planipennis) is a beetle
originally from Asia.It most likely was p-
transported in hardwood packaging,such - !'
as a crate. Emerald ash borer was first
detected outside Detroit,Michigan, in 2002 r-.
and since then has spread throughout the
East,Midwest, South, and now the West. I
The areas shaded in green in Figure l have `4
v R
EAB, and the states in the sage green are in
immediate danger of EAB's arrival. The Figure 1
earliest year that EAB was found to be
responsible for an ash tree death was as early as 1997 (Seigert et al, 2014). It attacks any
Fraxinus species, and any size tree is vulnerable to attack.
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action Plan
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Emerald ash borer larvae bore holes into the cambium of
ash trees,disrupting the flow of water and nutrients. This
causes initial dieback and eventually kills the tree.
ry9 An ash tree infested by EAB exhibits dieback in the canopy
: above the infested portion of the tree. One-third to one-half
of the canopy may
die in one year.A
tree may be treated if it shows less than 30%canopy ` A.A
dieback,and this can prevent further damage. Smaller
trees may be killed by EAB in one or two years while
'Y >;
Iarger trees will die in three to four years if left k °
F
untreated. }"Y l 7 '
The EAB emerges from a tree in late May though mid- f k
June and begins to lay eggs two weeks after
emergence. The eggs hatch in one to two weeks and
begin feeding on the cambium,thus disrupting the flow in the phloem and girdling the tree.
(emeraldashborer.info.)
i
aM
s
i
S
t
Figure 2
a
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action flan
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The population of EAB will stop growing if it runs out of a food source, experiences extreme
low temperatures,or experiences human intervention.Ash trees are not native to the Bozeman
area, in turn limiting the natural dispersion of EAB. Ash trees have largely been planted in
landscaped areas; therefore, an island of ash trees is present, limiting the insect's ability to travel
from ash tree population to ash tree population.The U.S.Forest Service,Northern Research
Station concluded that sustained temperatures of-30F are required to kill EAB. These
temperatures are rare in the Bozeman area.Emerald ash borer larvae(immatures)have high
concentrations of glycerol and other antifreeze compounds, allowing them to survive extremely
low temperatures within the tree.Human intervention is therefore the effective method to limit
the expansion of EAB populations. This is done by treating ash trees to be retained and removing
ash trees marked as such. In addition, introduced natural enemies of EAB have helped to slow
population growth.
Management of Tree Infrastructure
Bozeman's urban forest consists of approximately 21,000 trees,47%of which are ash.The
following sections provide the necessary knowledge and steps to be taken to prepare Bozeman
and manage Bozeman's ash tree population though the EAB infestation.
Tree Inventory
As of 2014 Bozeman has inventoried approximately half of its publicly owned trees. This is a
good start, and completing the inventory is essential for planning and managing it once EAB
arrives. First,the city needs to know how many ash trees it has since all of its management
decisions and budgets will be based on this number.The inventory is a database that is Ivey for
budgeting,limiting liability, and managing the urban forest. The existing inventory incorporates
many of the categories below, and it will be beneficial to also add categories particular to EAB.
Planned Maintenance
Once it is decided which ash trees will be retained,the rest of the trees will eventually be
removed. Some of the ash trees that are in poor condition or are in conflict can be removed prior
to the emergence of EAB. Once EAB arrives,the infested trees will need to be immediately
removed. Trees not yet showing signs of infestation will be treated to delay their removal.All of
this planned maintenance should be documented in the inventory. It allows for the plan to
continue being executed regardless of personnel changes.
This section of the inventory will document the trees that will be preserved though the infestation
and will help prevent any errors or loss of the city assets. If a tree is to be treated in order to
delay its death due to workload constraints,this is where it will be documented.
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action Plan
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a
Completed Maintenance
The ash trees that are removed are documented to keep track of budgeting for future years of the
EAB infestation.Each removal should document the resources expended, such as how many
people,equipment required,and time spent, including the stump removal.
Trees that receive treatments must be documented accordingly for the same budgeting reasons.
In addition,it aids in scheduling the next treatment or when to next inspect the tree for signs
infestation.
Inspections
Regular inspections will lessen liability.For example,if a tree were regularly inspected and
documented with photos to be structurally sound,yet it failed and caused damage,the city could
use the inventory records to show their diligence in monitoring tree infrastructure.
Condition
Documenting the condition of a tree in the inventory will aid in making management decisions.
Open Planting Spots
Knowing how the number and location of appropriate planting spots may be the most important
aspect in moving forward after EAB runs its course. In Bozeman,it will be fairly obvious which
streets or parks are in need of trees, but it will be important to plant trees systematically
throughout the entire city using the inventory.
Detection
Detecting the presence and monitoring the severity of the EAB
infestation is an essential part of this plan.Multiple detection
methods should therefore be employed.Emerald ash borer
traps,which are baited with pheromones,are installed in ash j
F
trees to detect and monitor the infestation.The continued use of
traps should be implemented because it will further the
possibility of early detection, and the possibility will exist to
suppress and
contain the
NIB
infestation.
The traps are
r not time consuming or overly expensive. This
this method should be aided by"branch
Y sampling."Branch sampling requires the
removal of two live branches(2-6"diameter)
Gasoufdercolorado,gov -uary 2016 Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action Plan
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ZO
from the south side in the mid height of the canopy. The bark is removed from the branches with
a knife.Any visible signs of EAB:feeding galleries,D-shaped exit holes,or EAB in the larval or
beetle form are noted. This method is being utilized now and should be continued. However, it is
time consuming and labor intensive. It should be used but not as the sole monitoring method
because of the limited labor and money the forestry division possesses.
Many cities and states have indicated that tree mortality did not occur until years three through
five of EABs arrival. (Siegert et al., 2007;McCullough and Mercader,2012).This highlights the
need for consistent detection because most likely by the time tree mortality occurs or the
presence of"D"shaped holes in the trunk due to EAB are detected,the EAB damage is extreme
and successful treatment of the tree is al the more difficult.
A point person in the department should be designated to be a reliable and qualified resource for
the community and to provide identification when EAB is reportedly suspected.This way our
efforts are coordinated and a protocol is being developed.This person will coordinate with
Montana State University's detection efforts,Belgrade, and any other significant land owners in
the Gallatin Valley monitoring for EAB.The importance of a diligent and consistent monitoring
effort cannot be understated.Upon detection,our response plan can be implemented
immediately.
After the arrival of EAB, monitoring should continue to keep track of the severity of the
infestation.With consistent monitoring techniques,a graph of EAB population levels can be
created.The city will reach its desired ash tree population and continue to treat the remainder of
its ash trees for the amount of years needed.During this period,the city will want to see EAB
levels decline and ideally reach zero.
Management of EAB and Achieving Goal Species Diversity
The newly created Urban Species Diversity
Forestry Management Plan
for Bozeman sets goals for Aspen
0
the urban forest to increase Mountain Ash °
other
species diversity and age 3%
diversity.Planning for Honey Locust ;
4% Linden
EAB creates an
opportunity to achieve s%
those goals in a timely
manner. The current
species distribution is
heavily weighted by ash
trees (47%).Progress can Figure 3
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action Plan
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be made to achieve the goal of having no more than 20%of any one genus. Some ash trees will
be lost in our urban forest due to EAB, and this loss will address our lack of species diversity.
However,species diversity is achieved through appropriately planting new trees,which will be
key in creating a sustainable urban forest and improving its health.
Economics of Ash Trees and EAB
Urban trees offer the community many economic benefits,which must be calculated to make
fiscally sound decisions on how to manage EAB. Costs to consider include the cost of treating
ash trees to preserve them through the outbreak(or until the city is ready to remove the tree) and
the cost of removing the tree and grinding the stump.
There are approximately 10,000 ash trees in Bozeman, and they comprise 47%of the urban
forest.This plan will work with the 10,000 ash tree number until the tree inventory is completed.
These 10,000 trees have an importance value of 60%because many of the ash trees are mature.
The tree genus that has the second highest importance value is maple,which has a 15%value.As
can be seen in the figure below,there are a disproportionately large number of ash trees.
$ezfman
Importance Values of Public Trees
12Wr2014
Mmbaof %dTbtal lzafArea %afMad ciawycmer l VMW ingwslaece
spedes Tt-ees `Dees (fr) LeafAxm (W) C-ap}'Cm- Vah2
Ash 9.88F 4697 37.M.095 6935 8,048,809 66.11 60,84
1.lagle 3.662 17.40 7.491,142 13A 1,697280 13.96 15,01
ldttleleaflin� 1,072 5.09 642247 1.17 161.335 1.33 253
Howylwust 028 4.41 714.104 130 219,156 1.90 250
Elm 762 3.62 2321,W IM 466.694 3.84 390
Eampam mamuh ash 709 3.36 759,985 1.44 303,266 149 2.43
C=nn d&edmMy 632 3.00 311.339 057 16D,071 1.32 1.63
1)-I*aspen 455 2-17 960,005 157 206.990 1.70 121
Oak 429 103 MAD 0.42 61,433 0.51 099
C7aha& 42a 203 20,501 052 130.999 1.08 121
Tbtal 21.050 lOD.OD 54.777.926 10100 12,156.409 100,00 10D.00
Table 1,Figure 4
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The vast majority of the mature trees are in the
downtown area,as reflected in "Percent of Species Percent of Species
that are>12 inches"pie chart. This means 83%of '
Bozeman's mature trees are ash, leaving Bozeman that are >12'
in a very tenuous position.Ash trees provide more other
than$1.4 million in annual benefits,with the 17%
--W
average individual tree providing$145 in annual j
benefits to the Bozeman community. Figure 6 ash I
I
details the value of Bozeman's ash trees. 83%
Figure 4
1
}
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Bozeman
TotalAnnual Benefits of Public Trees by Species($)
124014
'Shane Suadud %afTWI
Sped- E_e Y CO2 AirQaft Stwmmater Arsah c;Od� ($) Eaw 5
A.sh 154,744 31A7 23,155 147.525 101,03 1,437,920(N?A) 61.7
Baz€xnan
r'tiimw l Benefits of Public Trees by Species($/tree)
Sped- EU-" CO2 AIrQmlity Sta� Ars&aa Dtbm� 3'Wd0),S.=dudEEmr
Ash 15.46 3.16 234 14.42 1034 145A3(WA)
Table 2,Figure 5
The cost of removing ash trees is substaintial.The City of Kalispell is seeking bids to remove
the above-ground portion of 24 elm street trees killed by Dutch Elm Disease. They budgeted
$24,000 for this,or$1,000 per tree. In the end,they ended up paying$750 per tree for the
removal of the above-ground portion. Using the budgeted numbers of Kalispell,Bozeman would
spend $10 million to remove its 10,000 ash trees,not including stump griding and replanting.
Management of Ash Trees 10 Inches in Caliper and Over
Fifty percent of Bozeman's ash trees have a caliper over 10 inches.For the sake of calculations,
this report will assume the cost of removing an ash tree, including a stump with a caliper more
than 10 inches,is$850.The cost of removing an ash tree with a stump with a caliper under 10
inches will be$125.Note that this is a one-time cost.
Economically, it is worth it to treat trees with a caliper over 10 inches that are in good condition
and in an appropriate location for the service life of the tree or the duration of the outbreak. Trees
with a caliper smaller than 10 inches most likely are not worth treating because of the long
lifespan ahead of them and the number of years the tree will need treatments. Also,these smaller
trees do not offer the benefits the bigger ones do, and they can be replaced with a tree requiring
less maintenance and offering similar benefits.The city should use the 10-inch caliper number as
a general rule. There will be property owners with public ash trees with a caliper of 9 inches or
smaller in front of their properties who may want their ash trees treated. In these cases,
technically, it would be the property owners' responsibility to treat the trees if they did indeed
want to retain them. The city will want to adopt smaller publicly owned ash trees that present
merit for treating.There will be costs if the trees die, and the benefits lost may outweigh the cost
of treating the tree. These trees will be considered on a case-by-case basis by the
city official. Coordination and communication will be crucial between the entities.
If the city budgets$100,000 per year for the removal of ash trees,this will remove approximately
118 trees every year.There will also be a cost associated with purchasing replacement trees and
installing them. This cost will not be calculated into the cost of EAB scenarios because it is
unclear who will assume that cost.
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Preventative treatment is a viable option for saving an ash tree. With the correct timing and
chemical, one treatment will last for two years. (More on this topic in"Treatment Options.")
Treating a tree with a caliper over 10 inches will cost$52.This application is administered every
two years for a cost of$26 per tree per year.
Figure 7 shows management options available to the city.As can be seen,the more healthy trees
that are treated,the less money that will be spent over time. In other words, it is less expensive
and tree benefits are retained by treating and saving our ash tree population. This is because the
removal cost is more than treating the trees,even over time. Moreover,the benefits of the city's
mature trees are retained by treating every mature ash tree that is in good condition and in
an appropriate location. The"Benefits-Costs"line shows the benefits of ash trees minus the cost
of treating them through the life of the tree or the duration of the outbreak. Seven percent of
Bozeman's mature ash tree population is either in poor health or a poor location; these trees will
not be treated and will be removed. By treating the remaining 93%of mature ash trees,Bozeman
comes out ahead by$42 million over 44 years.
Management Options
$45
$40
$35
$30 —
N $25 iy
o $20ammmcosts to City
2 $15 —Benefits-Costs
$10
$5 -
$0
No trees 10% 50% 93% i
retained Treated Treated Treated
s
Figure 6
i
The example scenarios below take into account the cost for managing EAB though its infestation
cycle. The following are taken into account:
• Treatments are calculated for 12 years in every scenario.
• The removals will not all happen in one year, so treatments will need to be administered to all
trees except for the trees scheduled for removal. In other words,the city is dictating when the
tree dies, not EAB. F
• Only trees with a caliper of 10 inches or greater are tabulated E
• Tree benefits are experienced until a tree dies and are calculated at$223 per tree per year because
only the mature trees are taken into account.
• Tree costs and benefits are calculated for 44 years in every scenario because in the"no trees
retained" scenario,that is the length of time it would take to remove all of the city-owned ash
trees at$100,000 per year. r
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action Plan ;
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*Charts of maintenance schedules are in the appendices.
*After the ash tree population has been reduced to the goal number,the remaining ash trees are
treated for years to starve the remainder of the EAB population and control the insect.
There are some variables to be considered with the outcome of these options:
• With the"no trees retained" option,we are left with no ash trees and 10,000 open planting spots.
The replacement trees will eventually offer benefits that are not calculated here.There is no
guarantee the replacement tree population will have a greater species diversity.A mass
public education program must be undertaken to prevent Bozeman from being in the same
predicament when the next disease
outbreak or insect infestation occurs.
• With"10%retained,"we are left with
500 ash trees and many of the same
considerations as with"no trees
retained"
• With"50%trees retained,"Bozeman III -
still faces a major replanting effort. The -
ash tree population changes from ,
approximately 50%to 33%.
• With"90%of ash trees retained,"we are
left with canopy cover. It is understood
that Bozeman is retaining the 90%that
are in the best condition and retaining
much of its mature tree population.
As can be seen in the scenarios
presented, by far the least expensive way
to manage EAB is to retain 90%of our
mature tree population. Moreover,
retaining 90%of our current mature ash
tree population retains the benefits our
urban forest provides.The 10%of
Bozeman's mature ash tree population that would be removed is represented by trees in poor
condition or inappropriate locations.Losing mature ash trees that are in good condition and
planted in appropriate locations is not an option for Bozeman from an economic and
liability standpoint.
Management of Ash Trees 9 Inches in Caliper and Under
The management of ash trees with a caliper of nine inches and smaller is largely a removal
schedule as they are infested, or if they are infested. (The picture above is a 7-inch caliper ash
tree,provided to give the reader a reference for the trees being described in this section.)The
reasoning for this approach is that ash trees with smaller calipers:
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action Plan
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• Do not offer the same benefits larger trees do
• Have a life expectancy that is much longer and potentially require a longer period of
treatments
• Do not present as large of a public hazard upon death as larger trees
• It is not realistic for the city to treat more than 5,000 trees for many years.
Ash trees with smaller calipers that die will still need to be removed and replaced in a timely
manner; however,the city's liability is more manageable.After the city removes the tree,the
homeowner or HOA responsible for replacing the tree can then take appropriate actions.
The potential exists for the city to lose all of its 5,000 smaller-caliper ash trees;however,at this
point in EAB theory,the potential is small.There are many reasons for this theory.
First,some percentage of homeowners will decide the publicly owned ash tree in front of their
property is worth treating and preserving through the outbreak or for the lifespan of the tree. In
these cases they can petition the city to adopt their tree into the treatment cycles,and the city can
accept their tree or determine the tree does not fit into their goals of managing EAB. More than
likely, it will be in the city's best interest to treat the tree because it will avoid animosity and be
cost effective.The alternative is that if the tree did indeed die,the city would be left with the cost
to remove the tree and stump,a loss in tree benefits,and possible problems with replanting.
f
Second, a management program exists entitled Slow Ash Mortality(SLAM),whereby treating a
percentage of the ash trees leaves the remaining ash trees at minimal risk of being infested.
SLAM is a project involving many state and national organizations and makes the case that by
treating around 20%of the entire ash tree population,EAB cannot establish a critical bug
population to cause tree mortality.This is because ash trees can survive a very low level of EAB
infestation.The amount of damage done to the vascular system is not enough to kill a tree. In
implementing this management program,there is the variable that you do not know what
percentage of the privately owned ash tree population will be treated.Bozeman's EAB Plan
recommends treating approximately half of its ash tree population, and this would equate to
approximately 25%of the entire ash tree population in the city. Some property owners will treat
their ash trees, but the percentage of privately owned ash trees that would be treated is difficult to
determine.Also, how consistent and diligent property owners will be as to treating their trees
over time is hard to predict. Using these numbers, SLAM management principles would be
i
applicable and losses would be minimal. This report does not employ SLAM management
practices for a variety of reasons but mainly because too much is at risk with not treating some of
Bozeman's large-caliper ash trees and it is not the most current management approach. However,
if SLAM management principles are valid, it's all the better,and Bozeman's losses will be
minimal to non-existent by employing this plan's recommendations.
E
if
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action Plan
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The third reason the city probably will not lose its entire small ash tree population is that it is
possible that property owners will choose to hire privately owned tree care companies to treat the
publicly owned trees near their property.This scenario might occur if the city chooses not to
adopt the tree into their treatment cycle and the property owner still deems the trees worth the
investment. The city might choose to adopt the tree into their treatment cycle in future years if
the tree reaches the caliper requirement.
If the city did indeed need to remove its entire 5,000 small-caliper ash tree population, it would
-- -.r cost the city almost$700,000.This number spread
out over 15 years averages almost$45,000 per year.
3
If the city implements the updated Bozeman Urban
Forestry Management Plan and proactively
implements this EAB Plan,this report does not
recommend extra budgeting for the removal of ash
trees with smaller calipers. This is due to the reasons
stated above.It is possible losses will be minimal
and efficiencies created by the Bozeman UFMP will
better equip the Bozeman Urban Forestry
Department to "do more"with the allocated funds.
'3
Removals
Ash trees in poor condition or in bad locations do
fnot fit into the criteria for treating and will most
� N like/ be infested die and need to be removed upon
y � p
the arrival of EAB. Efficient and timely
implementation of the removal component of the
EAB plan is crucial for reasons of public safety and also for controlling the EAB infestation.
Dead ash limbs are particularly susceptible to failure because of their grain.Many reports of limb
failure exist where seemingly no weather event played a role in triggering the failure. This is
alarming in the fact that dead ash trees may fail at any time with no warning.For this reason,
from a liability standpoint,dead ash trees that present hazards must be removed immediately.
The City of Bozeman Urban Forestry Department currently has 78 mature ash trees slated for
removal due to poor condition and in addition, approximately 400 ash trees that are in poor
condition and/or bad locations.These trees will eventually be on the schedule for removal,and
keeping current or ahead of schedule on the existing removals will prepare Bozeman for the
arrival of EAB. On average, 1%to 2%of a tree population will phase from fair condition to poor
condition and the service life of the tree will be over. This would represent approximately 100
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action Plan
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ash trees per year.Anticipating ash tree removals due to poor condition should be accounted for
when managing a tree population. This is especially true in light of preparing for the arrival of
EAB.
EAB will prefer to attack already stressed trees.Herein lies an element of strategy. Once EAB
arrives,Bozeman will want to delay the planned removal schedule of dead or dying ash trees
until late summer and fall.This way, if the wood is disposed of properly, the city will be killing
off all these bugs that have bored into trees in poor condition. These trees are known as"sink
trees." Some ash tree population managers have intentionally girdled ash trees slated for removal
in hopes of attracting EAB,then killing them with the removal of the tree. This is not necessarily
recommended in this plan because Bozeman will have enough work without creating potentially
more removals. Ash trees already in poor condition should be considered sink trees. Of course,
public safety will take precedent over strategy, and dead trees that pose a risk should be removed
immediately,no matter the time of year.
Quarantine
Wood from removed,infested ash trees should be dealt with in a coordinated way.When the city
removes an infested tree, a yard should be designated for storing this material.Branches and
smaller-caliper brush are chipped and should be aged before considered safe for repurposing or
disposing of normally.Trunks containing EAB larvae also carry the risk of spreading the bug, so
a single spot is chosen to limit further dispersal of EAB.The city may want to open this yard for
homeowners and tree services to dispose of infested logs.
Transporting ash firewood or logs becomes a major concern. Gallatin County will need to
implement a"no transportation of ash wood"outside of the county. The city will coordinate with
the county to execute such actions.Fines could be implemented for violating such quarantines.
Bozeman may want to partner with Belgrade to coordinate the disposal of ash tree trunks.
I
If EAB was to move into Montana but not Bozeman,the city will want to establish added
measures of monitoring transported ash wood.Many of these actions have more to do with
"community engagement."One step might be licensing all firewood dealers selling wood within
city limits. Again this would require a community engagement aspect to inform the community
to buy firewood from a safe source.
Contracting Out Removals vs.Keeping Removals In-House
Contracting out removals will likely present a cost-efficient approach to dealing with EAB-
related removals.These are removals that might be unplanned,due to an EAB loss,or that do not
fit into the department's already increased workload. Contracting out removals will also enable
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action Plan
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the Urban Forestry Department to keep up with their pruning rotation and normal workload
activities.
Ash trees that will inevitably be removed or are scheduled for removal prior to the arrival of
EAB will fit into the normal workload of the Forestry Department and will likely be best kept in-
house.
Contracting Out Tree Treatment vs. Keeping Treatments Irr-House
Thousands, if not tens of thousands, of ash trees will be treated for EAB prevention every year
once EAB arrives. Bulk pricing for treating trees with Tree-age(emamectin benzoate)will
inevitably be an important cost-saving measure. The City of Bozeman has historically contracted
out its pesticide applications. This would be an acceptable and possibly cost-saving approach for
treating the public ash trees. This is because contractors will likely be treating private trees and
can create an efficiency by treating public trees while already in the area.If the city does contract
out treating ash trees, it will want to make sure the contract has the ability to be flexible to add or
subtract trees from the stated amount.This will allow for effective treatment to be timed with
EAB's life cycle,which will maximize treatment effects.Also, if treatments are contracted out, it
is essential the timing of the treatments be correct. The city will want to ensure the work is well-
defined with its targeted application dates.
Some time will be saved if the city decides to treat its own trees because the department will set
out to treat certain streets and sections of town, and they will not need to put much time into
coordinating these efforts. If the work is contracted out,the city will need to spend a certain
amount of time marking the trees to be treated, the trees' calipers, and locations.These details
will be important for writing the RFP.
If the city does plan on treating its own trees,a couple considerations need to be addressed:
• The Urban Forestry Department will need to get one of its arborists or its urban forester
licensed by the State of Montana to apply pesticides.
• Injection equipment and the appropriate insecticide will need to be purchased.
• The city will need to allocate three two-person crews for four weeks to treat 2,250 trees
every year in the middle of summer.This presents a loss in productivity in the heart of
the working season for the department.
It is likely there will be homeowners who have publicly owned ash trees in front of their property
and want them saved but the trees don't fit into the criteria of trees the city is planning on
treating.In these cases,three options are presented here:the homeowner must have them treated
by a private company and pay for the service out of pocket,the city assumes responsibility for
treating the tree, or the tree is left to be infested. If the tree dies, it is the city's responsibility to
remove it.A decision must be made,most likely on a case-by-case basis,whether or not to treat
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it.if the tree is close to the 10-inch caliper,in a good location and in good condition,the tree will
likely be a good candidate for saving to preserve the benefits of canopy cover and avoid the costs
of removing the tree. The city will most likely have to remain flexible and have the ability to
adjust to situations like these with a possible added workload.
Insecticide Treatment Options
Treating ash trees to prevent attacks or further attack from EAB is an effective approach to
controlling the spread of EAB and saving the tree. There are different methods of treating trees
including soil drenches, basal trunk sprays, and trunk injections. Each method requires two to
four weeks for uptake to protect the entire tree against EAB.All methods are systemic and
effective for protecting an ash tree from an EAB infestation; each has positives and negatives.
•Applied directly into ground
• Should not be ap:pNed to excessively wet g�ou:nd as can
result in poor uptake due'i.0 dilution
+ Should not be applied to excessively dry ground because of
a - 'resulting'poor uptake
• Should not be applied where flowers are present to prevent:
'in 0Iry top olonat
or$
-Should::not be applied where the water"table[s shallow or
there;is risk of con.taminaung bodies of water
• ntheecvenSoil corditions.are not afactor ef ess:
• Drilling is required to administer chemi)c s,icre.atin.g 10jury #
to trunk:
•Requires specialized injecting equipment
• Absorbed and distributed around the tree more quickly
E
+ Spray the louver w;6 feet of trunk.,• i
*,Easy and quick to apply
Does not wound the tree
Does not enterthe so-1
•Sprayer must be calibrated'to ensure pro"per dosage,
There are three chemicals that can be injected into a trunk: azadirachtin, emamectin benzoate,
and imidacloprid.This report does not address the technicalities of each chemical; rather,it gives
recommendations as to the most effective and cost-conducive approach.During periods of low
infestation,any treatment application can be considered with an emphasis towards efficiency and
the cheapest method.Trunk injections of emamectin benzoate(EB)are the safest and most
I
effective way to treat ash trees and should be used during heavy periods of infestation. Recent
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studies show no long-term damage has resulted from drilling sites where chemicals have been
administered.A trunk injection of EB is the only method of protecting ash trees for two years,
and in some recent studies,EB was effective for three years.Emamectin benzoate has shown to
provide the highest level of control in side-by-side studies. This treatment option could be used
through all stages of the EAB infestation and most likely will be the cost-effective approach
considering it can be applied once every three years during low infestation periods. It should be
noted the label states treatments are good for two years,so three is not a guarantee. Emamectin
benzoate is derived from a bacterium and has a low toxicity to mammals.Emamectin benzoate is
immobile in soil and has a low potential to bioaccumulate.
Upon detection of EAB,treatment should begin with the trees in the immediate area first and
spread out from the point of detection.Treatments may be administered to trees showing less
than 30%dieback. In these cases,the tree's vascular system is only partially damaged and
limiting further infestation will result in a viable tree.
Biological control
The USDA has tested and developed protocols for the introduction of three biological control
insects to help slow the population increase of EAB (EAB Management Plan for Boulder
County,2015). Oobius agrili, Spathius agrili, and Tetrastichus plannipennisi are insects known
to exist in EAB's native range and parasitize either the EAB eggs or larvae.These insects vary a
bit in their efficacy but complete multiple lifecycles in one year's time,helping to reduce EAB
either during the egg or larval phase of development. Although biological control can reduce
EAB densities,these biological control agents have not been effective in significantly reducing
EAB populations below damaging levels.
Funding/Budget
Healthy trees(demonstrating little or no symptoms)will be targeted for treatment. Bozeman
must have the proper budgeting in place for treating trees. The city will not be able to keep up
with removals if EAB dictates when the tree dies.By treating the trees not showing signs,the
city determines when or if the removal is to take place,depending on the management decision
for the individual tree.This proactive approach preserves the budget and dramatically lessens the
liability of having dead ash trees without the capacity to remove them.
The City of Bozeman is fortunate to be planning for EAB ahead of its arrival; many towns in the
Midwest did not have this luxury. As detailed above, by far the most economically beneficial
approach to dealing with EAB is to preserve as many ash trees that are 10 inches in caliper and
over, in good condition, and growing in appropriate locations. This approach will cost the least
and offer the most benefits.In Bozeman's case, they will come out ahead some$40 million.
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Ash trees in poor condition can be removed as soon as they fit into the work schedule. It is
prudent to remove problem ash trees rather than waiting until EAB necessitates it. This will
lessen the budgeting and workload impacts once EAB arrives.It will also address species
diversity problems and create new planting spots, as this is good management for any urban
forest.
In planning for EAB, all of the actions fit into the recommendations made in the Bozeman Urban
Forestry Management Plan. These actions focus especially on maintaining the appropriate
removal schedule of ash trees in poor condition or in bad locations, completing the inventory,
detection efforts, and planting new trees with appropriate species diversity.Implementing
Bozeman's UFMP will lessen the immediacy of this plan because it will create a healthier and
more sustainable urban forest. Moreover,implementing Bozeman's UFMP could save Bozeman
millions of dollars by creating a sustainable urban forest by the time EAB arrives,and ;
accordingly,the full scope of this plan would never need to be implemented.Bozeman's UFMP
recommends creating a superintendent position in the Urban Forestry Department and filling it
appropriately.This step is crucial to the implementation of the Bozeman UFMP and to the
implementation of this EAB plan, especially for executing the community engagement
component.This position also will coordinate with Montana State University and Bozeman
School District to aid in detection efforts and community awareness.Lastly, a single person must
be responsible for coordinating and executing EAB activities.The one line item for budgeting in
anticipation of EAB is in detection efforts. It is essential to secure funds to implement this plan
prior to EAB's arrival in Bozeman.Again,this plan is executed assuming the UFMP has been
adopted and funded. With the Bozeman UFMP fully executed,it is possible and likely that the
budget recommended in the EAB plan will never need to be fully implemented.
Action Anticipated expense
Detection $500/year
Implementation of BZN UFMP $120K increase to$570K/year
Once EAB is detected in Bozeman,additional funding will be needed to implement the EAB
plan.This includes treatments,removals,and community engagement. A year-by-year
breakdown and totals are available in the appendices.
l
Action Anticipated expense '
Monitoring $750/year during infestation and beyond
Treatment cycle Avg. $100,000/ ear for 12 years
Removal of trees>10 inches caliper $100,300/four years and$23,800 on the fifth year
Removal of trees<9 inches caliper $6,250/year for duration of outbreak
Community engagement $3,000/year for duration of outbreak i
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Response Plan
Upon detection of EAB, a response plan should be implemented immediately.Many of the steps
will happen simultaneously. For example the community awareness component and determining
the size and severity of the infestation will occur first and at the same time.
Proposed response plan:
1. Determine size or area of infestation and relative severity. If population is very low and
detection is in year one, continue to two. If population is detected in more than one
location of Bozeman and is beyond year one,continue to step three.
• Sample trees using a variety of tools to determine which trees are infested and the
intensity. Do this in all trap locations and inform all detection partnering
organizations.
2. Population of EAB is very low; implement EAB Course of Action Plan.
• Attempt to suppress population by removing infested tree(s)and bringing them to
designated area.
• Targeted use of insecticides on public ash trees in area. Treatments schedule is on a
two-year rotation.
• Alert homeowners in immediate area to treat privately owned ash trees.
3. Community awareness component once EAB has arrived:
• Enact preplanned communication strategy.
• Prepare for all questions and critics of plan.
• Engage news agencies to run stories on EAB.
4. An established population is detected; implement full treatment of ash trees.
• Treatment schedule for ash trees
• Removal schedule for ash trees
• Monitoring schedule:note changes, spread, and impacts
• Continued monitoring and detection efforts: address as necessary
Re-evaluate
One part of the overall strategy is being able to adapt as conditions in the urban forest change
upon the arrival of EAB. The superintendent of the Urban Forestry Department must be able to
revise the strategy based on new information without needing approval from city government.
Some of the practices will work well while others will not be effective approaches to creating a
healthier urban forest. Questions that must be asked,perhaps on a quarterly basis,include:
• What is working well?
• What needs improvement?
• What lessons are being learned?
Most likely, new information and technology will be developed between the time this report is
adopted by Bozeman's City Commissioners and the arrival of EAB.The plan must be
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implemented and budgeted for, and there must be a mechanism to update the plan with
developments in technology and experience.
Management of Tree Infrastructure Recommendations
Issue Recommendation
Tree inventory -Complete tree inventory.
-Add"open planting spots"to inventory.
Detection -Implement a consistent detection effort by designating a point person in
the department to inspect traps and reports from the community.
-Coordinate detection efforts with MSU and State of Montana.
Budget -Budget necessary money for detection efforts, removals,and treating
trees.
Who will perform Make decisions as to how much, if any,and what work will be contracted
work out.
Potential loss of 83% -Upon detection of EAB in Bozeman, treat all ash trees that have a
of mature trees caliper of 10 inches and over with most effective treatments.
-Treat trees that are in good condition and are growing in a good location.
-Treat every third year during periods of low infestation and every other
year during periods of moderate to high infestation.
-Trees are split into two groups of treatments to keep a consistent budget
and workload.
-Special accommodations will be considered for property owners with
boulevard ash trees that do not fit into the criteria for the city to treat but
are close.
i
Species diversity and -Remove ash trees in poor condition.
age diversity . -Remove ash trees in bad locations. 1
-Implement sink tree removal techniques.
-Plant new trees with good species diversity and do not plant ash.
-Keep current with existing removal schedule.
Planting new trees -Expand city tree planning programs to people who have lost ash trees.
-Plant a new generation of trees with appropriate species diversity using
recommendations in Bozeman UFMP.
h
Community Engagement f
i
Urban forestry starts with community engagement and culminates in community engagement.
This is because it is the community that builds, supports,and realizes the benefits from the urban
forest. It is the community that must be informed and educated by the City of Bozeman on ways
to build a healthier urban forest and protect their own ash trees.
3
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In a sense,the city is partnering with the community to manage the ash tree population.Both
must manage their urban forest in concert for either one to be successful in executing their plans.
For example,the city must rely on the public to report suspected beetles or infested trees.Efforts
will be maximized if both the city and private land owners coordinate efforts for EAB treatment
and management. It will be the city's responsibility to coordinate and network with all
organizations, including landowners,MSU,Belgrade,Bozeman School District,interest groups,
conservation groups,etc.A clear and consistent message must be communicated to all entities.
Public Education
In preparing for EAB the public should be educated about the risk of EAB and the elements of a
healthy, sustainable urban forest.By creating a healthy urban forest,Bozeman is preparing itself
for EAB.This plan's immediacy is critical: the work done now will minimize the impacts in the
future and create a healthy urban forest for future generations. Education and public outreach is
the focus of Bozeman's Urban Forestry Management Plan.
Once EAB is detected in Bozeman,the public should be informed with a clear and consistent
message. This public announcement must be completely ready to be broadcast at any moment.
The Public Service Announcement should have the following elements:
• Clear and concise scientific information
• What Bozeman is doing and why
• Description of effective EAB treatments and relevant costs.
Bozeman should anticipate questions and concerns about the EAB Plan. Surely,whoever is
administering treatments to the trees will have encounters with the public,and this team should
have adequate resources to properly address public concerns. The Urban Forestry Department
should be equipped with a planned message to handle potential conflicts with the public.
Educating the public now, before EAB's arrival, can minimize many of these concerns.
Bozeman's superintendent of urban forestry should be able to synthetize constructive criticism
and make adjustments to the plan. Much unfounded information exists surrounding EAB, and the
City of Bozeman should focus on the most efficient and practical management techniques.
Once EAB is detected in Bozeman,public meetings will be beneficial. During the development
of this plan, a well-attended public meeting was held and members of the public were very
engaged. These meetings should inform the public of the dangers of EAB,what the city is doing,
and what management options homeowners have. By engaging the public,the city will also gain
support for the plan and the department.This furthers the goal of creating a healthy urban forest
and maximizing the benefits urban trees provide.Property rental agencies should be informed so
they can contact all of their property owners to make management decisions.
The media will be beneficial in Bozeman communicating information about EAB. Public service
announcements(PSAs) should be written and proofed,and a list of all media outlets that can
publicize a PSA should be compiled ahead of time. The news channels and newspaper should be
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engaged to run stories on EAB,and the superintendent should be ready to respond to media
inquiries.Any additional strategies for communication should be planned ahead of time so they
can be executed in a timely and efficient manner.
s
fl
Management of Private Trees
The public will need to be educated on the city's plan to coordinate and maximize management
efforts.In any given management option scenario,the city will reach a desired ash tree
population and treat the remainder of its ash trees on a more conservative treatment cycle for a
number of years.During this period it is extremely important that privately owned ash trees are
treated similarly. It is crucial to continue monitoring and detection efforts during this phase of
the plan. Problems that could arise during this period of eradication include:
• New property owners may not have ash tree management plans or knowledge of EAB.
• Absentee owners or property owners of rental units may not manage their trees.
By this point in the plan,the vast majority of ash trees that have not been managed will most
likely have died and these"variable"trees will be less of a factor. Contacting rental agencies in
Bozeman and alerting them of the management options they have will possibly diminish the risk i
of these"variable"trees. Depending on when EAB arrives,it is possible that Bozeman's 47%
ash species diversity will have moderated itself through proper proactive management of the
urban forest and EAB will be less of a factor.
There will be privately owned trees in Bozeman that will die as a result of infestation and present
a considerable public hazard. Again,these trees will possibly be on rental lots and on absentee
owners' lots.This presents a dilemma: should the City of Bozeman be able to enforce the timely
removal of a dead privately owned ash tree?From a public safety perspective,probably. From a
3
property rights perspective,which is prevalent in Montana,the answer is not so clear.There must
be a balance between public safety and perceived government overreach. The city could run a
survey,accessible from the city website,asking this question prior to the arrival of EAB. Or this
question could be presented to the city commission,and maybe they will have a clear
understanding of what the appropriate actions should be. If the city does determine a need to
implement an ordinance enforcing the removal of dead ash trees,a subsidy could be created to
help those who cannot afford to have an ash tree removed from their property.Moreover,it is
possible the State of Montana will be a resource for aid to the public in need of ash tree
management.
i
There is an interest to preserve as many mature ash trees as possible, both public and private,that
are in good condition.If Bozeman's species diversity has not changed by the time EAB arrives, a
cost-share program for treating privately owned trees would be in Bozeman's best interest. This
would wort-,if Bozeman contracts out its treatments by negotiating a bulk treatment price;or if
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action Plan ;`
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conducting its own treatments, these cost-share trees could be incorporated into the treatment
cycle.
Political Support
Decision makers in Bozeman will play a crucial role in the management of EAB.A"State of the
Forest"report to the city commissioners will be essential while the EAB plan is being
implemented and its effectiveness is being evaluated.The more the city commissioners know
about the conditions on the ground,the better partners they will be in creating a healthy urban
forest population. This will also help their political goals by being informed about a pertinent
issue related to the urban environment.Also,the more they are informed by periodic commission
briefings,the easier it will be to make management decisions because of their knowledge of the
gravity of the situation.
Online surveys should be conducted during the implementation of the plan to alert the
commissioners as to the public's support and willingness to save our forest through proactive
management.
Tree Replacement
When the city ultimately loses or removes hundreds or thousands of street trees,the
responsibility of replacing these trees comes into question. City ordinances state the property
owner must keep a certain number of trees planted in their boulevard,so it will be the property
owner's responsibility to replant. Of course,there are some extending circumstances here:
• It is possible that local nurseries will not be able to keep up with demand and there will
not be quality nursery stock.
• A property owner might not have the money to replace one or many trees.
• The property owner might not be aware of their responsibility to replant.
The city will play a very important role in guiding the species diversity of the new plantings.
Increasing species diversity will also be important to minimize impacts of future insect pest
invasions in the urban environment. Certain provisions the city might consider are:
• Providing incentives for planting new trees:
a. Discount or eliminate the tree tax for one year.
b. Expand tree planting programs for people who have lost ash trees.
c. Expand the use of the city nursery for replanting ash trees.
• Making a timeline for when trees must be replanted:
a. Extending the timeline for people who cannot afford to replant for one year.
Requirements to qualify for an extended timeline could be that the property owner
is currently on a Medicaid,MHK,WIC or other assistance program.
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Community Engagement Recommendations
Issue Recommendation
Detection/Monitoring -Coordinate detection efforts between citizenry,MSU, Belgrade, and
other interest groups.
-Implement a strategic and consistent detection effort.
-Res and to community reports of beetles or infestations.
Education of EAB -Engage public to create a healthy sustainable urban forest in
and elements of a preparation of EAB.
health urban forest -Conduct the community engagement program outlined in the 13ZN
UFMP.
Alerting community -Enact preplanned strategic communication plan.
of arrival of EAB
Planting programs -Enact public planting effort outlined in BZN UFMP.
Additional -Consider ordinances enforcing timely removals of dead trees.
precautions -Consider regulating or certifying firewood dealers selling firewood in
Bozeman.
i
References
Crook,D.J;Francese, J.A.;Rietz,M.L.; Lance,D.R.;Hull-Sanders,H.M.;Mastro,V.C.; Silk,
P.J.; and Ryall,K.L.Improving detection tools for emerald ash borer(Coleoptera:Buprestidae):
comparison of multifunnel traps,prism traps,and lure types at varying population densities.
Journal of Economic Entomology, 107(4):2014,pp. 1496-1501.
Emerald Ash Borer Management Plan for Boulder County Managed Ash. 2015 €
Exploring Connections Between Trees and Human Health, Science Findings,Pacific Northwest
Research Station, U.S.Forest Service, Jan./Feb.2014,
http://www.fs.fed.uLpnw/sciencef/scifi 158.pdf.
hup:Hwww.eineraidashborer.info/fa,q.
Herms,Daniel; McCullough D.; Smitley,R.; Sadof, C.; Cranshaw, W. Insecticide options for h
protecting Ash Trees from Emerald Ash Borer,North Central IPM Center Bulletin,2014.
i
Management Plan,Rainbow Treecare Scientific Advancements
McCullough,Deborah and Mercader,Rodrigo. Evaluation of potential strategies to Slow Ash
Mortality(SLAM) caused by emerald ash borer(Agrilus Planipennis): SLAM in an urban forest,
International Journal of Pest Management,Vol. 58,No. 1, January—March 2012, 9-23
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action Plan
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28
Ryall,K.L.; Silk, P.J.; Mayo,P.; Crook,D.;Khrimian,A.; Costd,A.; Sweeney J.; Scarr,T.
Attraction of Agrilus planipennis(Coleoptera:Buprestidae)to a volatile pheromone: effects of
release rate,host volatile,and trap placement.Environmental Entomology,41(3):648-56,2012.
Siegert,Nathan;Telewski,F.;McCullough,D. Dendrochronological reconstruction of the
epicentre and early spread of emerald ash borer in North America,Diversity and Distributions,
Vol.20,Issue 7,July 2014,pp. 847-858.
Appendix 1.Cost breakdown of management options
Management Removal Treatment Cost.* Tree Benefits that Total cost Benefits-
Option Cost. $26/tree/year for are retained for the $ Costs
$850/tree, duration of EAB duration of the
*one time infestation outbreak. $
No trees 4,250,000 1,547,666 23,068,458 5,760,266 17,308192
retained
10%of trees 3,811,400 1,547,666 23,331,598 5,359,066 17,972,532
retained
50%of trees 2,106,300 1,547,666 29,146,992 3,653,966 25,493,026
retained
90%of trees 425,000 1,742,146 42,329,860 2,167,146 40,162,714
retained
*note cost of removal includes stump grinding
Gallatin Tree Care,February 2016 Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action Plan