HomeMy WebLinkAbout FINAL Bozeman urban forestry management plan
[URBAN FORESTRY MANAGEMENT PLAN]
A plan to sustainably, holistically and efficiently manage
Bozeman’s urban forest to realize the full expanse of benefits
urban trees can provide
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Acknowledgements:
Mitch Overton: Director of Parks and Recreation Bozeman
Bozeman Tree Advisory Board
The Bozeman Citizenry
Jamie Kirby: Montana DNRC
This document was funded by an urban forestry program development grant from the State of
Montana - Department of Natural Resources & Conservation – Urban & Community Forestry Program
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Table of Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 4
History and People .................................................................................................................................... 6
Process and Plan Development ................................................................................................................. 7
Climate and Environment ......................................................................................................................... 7
Population Dynamics ................................................................................................................................ 8
Value of Urban Forest ............................................................................................................................... 8
Organization of Plan ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Goals of the Plan ......................................................................................................................................... 10
Bozeman’s Relationship with the Urban Forest.......................................................................................... 11
Why Urban Trees ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Public Health ........................................................................................................................................... 13
Social Benefits ........................................................................................................................................ 13
Hydrology ............................................................................................................................................... 13
Environmental Energy Savings ............................................................................................................... 14
Air Quality .............................................................................................................................................. 14
Economic Value ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Bozeman’s Urban Forest ............................................................................................................................. 16
Tree Infrastructure ...................................................................................................................................... 17
Condition ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Species Diversity .................................................................................................................................... 18
Age Diversity .......................................................................................................................................... 19
Age and Size Diversity Analyzed ........................................................................................................... 20
Increasing the Canopy Cover in Bozeman .......................................................................................... 21
Tree Infrastructure Recommendations and Expected Outcomes ............................................................ 22
Management of Urban Forest ..................................................................................................................... 23
Current Management .............................................................................................................................. 23
Analysis of Current Management ........................................................................................................... 25
Preferred Management ............................................................................................................................ 27
Superintendent of the Forestry Department Position .......................................................................... 27
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Maintaining Public Trees .................................................................................................................... 28
Contracting Work ................................................................................................................................ 34
Maintaining Private Trees ................................................................................................................... 35
Bozeman Public Schools ..................................................................................................................... 36
Budget/Funding....................................................................................................................................... 36
Risk Management ................................................................................................................................... 38
Tree Characteristics Associated with Tree Failure ............................................................................. 39
Risk Management Plan ....................................................................................................................... 40
Management of Urban Forest Recommendations ................................................................................... 42
Community Engagement ............................................................................................................................ 43
Forestry Advisory Board ......................................................................................................................... 44
Health and Welfare Benefits ............................................................................................................... 45
Community Planning .......................................................................................................................... 46
Planting Trees ..................................................................................................................................... 46
Education ............................................................................................................................................ 48
Coordination ....................................................................................................................................... 48
Assistance ........................................................................................................................................... 48
Bozeman School District (Planting Partnership) ................................................................................ 49
Partnering with Montana State University .......................................................................................... 49
Community Engagement Recommendations .......................................................................................... 50
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 51
Appendix 1. Job Description for Urban Forester/Superintendent of Forestry ........................................... 52
Appendix 2. Planting Trees in Paved Areas .............................................................................................. 53
Appendix 3. SWOT Analysis .................................................................................................................... 54
References ................................................................................................................................................... 55
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Abstract
The Bozeman Urban Forest Management Plan (UFMP) aims to sustainably, holistically, and
efficiently manage Bozeman’s urban forest and to illustrate the full expanse of benefits urban
trees can provide. This plan focuses on finding the most cost-effective ways to accomplish these
goals in Bozeman. The City of Bozeman and the public have given the urban forest in Bozeman
more attention and priority in recent years, resulting in more effective management and an
increase in the maintenance of public trees. This plan considers maintaining public trees an
essential element of successful urban forestry management, but it is only one component. This
plan emphasizes strategies to maximize the benefits the urban forest provides. These benefits
provide solutions to many of the issues faced by our modern-day society, especially in the
environmental, psychological, sociological, and economic areas.
The Bozeman UFMP is supplemented with the Bozeman Emerald Ash Borer Course of Action
Plan, and together they offer a comprehensive approach to building a healthy urban forest and
preserving it from invasive pests. The Bozeman UFMP is comprised of three main parts: Tree
Infrastructure, Management of the Urban Forest, and Community Engagement. These three
components work together to build the most efficient urban forest in Bozeman.
Introduction
The Bozeman Urban
Forestry
Management Plan is
an updated version
of the previously
created Tree City
Master Plan created
in 2011 by the
Bozeman Tree
Advisory Board and
adopted by the City
Commission. This
project is the
accumulation of
much work done by
the Bozeman Tree Advisory Board, the Director of Parks and Recreation, and the public.
Monthly tree board meetings were held preparing this plan during the six-month drafting period.
A series of four public meetings were conducted on the topics of tree infrastructure, management
of the urban forest, emerald ash borer, and community engagement. Public comments were
South Church Avenue, Bogert Park
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
collect during the series of meetings. A draft version was created, and the final document was
produced from revisions of the draft.
Bozeman’s Urban Forestry Management Plan presents the most cost-effective management
possible, yet it preserves the existing canopy cover, substantially grows canopy, and maximizes
benefits. Every opportunity to “do more with less” is stressed in this plan, and the budget
recommendations will result in greater overall efficiency while gaining a remarkable return on
investment. This plan represents an impartial overview of the current structure and offers a
management strategy that focuses on increasing work productivity while addressing issues
related to risk and liability.
An important component to the
efficacy of this plan is the
immediacy of its implementation.
This is because Bozeman’s urban
forest is particularly vulnerable to
a looming forest pest, the Emerald
Ash Borer. The sooner
recommendations are
implemented; the more prepared
Bozeman will be for such an
event. Without immediate action,
Bozeman’s urban forest will be
compromised, which will limit the
ability of the City to respond to or
handle large-scale impacts from
invasive pests as well as storm
events, urban development, and
risk management. Therefore, the
urgency of implementation is
critical and cannot be understated.
The urban forest is the only
community infrastructure that increases in value over time. Bozeman’s urban forest offers
immense benefits and is worth the investment.
Mission Statement
The City of Bozeman is committed to providing a healthy, safe, and aesthetically
pleasing community forest for its residents and visitors. By maintaining, managing, and
Elm Tree in Cooper Park
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
preserving its trees, the city raises its citizens’ standard of living and maximizes the
benefits offered by its urban forest.
Vision Statement
Bozeman’s community forest is an essential component of municipal infrastructure, one
that creates efficiencies and long-term solutions to achieving a sustainable community.
The community forest is cared for by the city and its people, creating a high quality of
life, a healthier citizenry, and making it a leader of towns in the Mountain West.
This plan does not address the technicalities of tree maintenance, such as pruning or planting
trees. Suggestions are made when deemed appropriate as to new trends or when a cost-saving
measure can be made. This plan format summarizes recommendations at the end of each of the
three sections. These recommendations are steps that can be prioritized and “checked off.”
History and People
The City of Bozeman is Montana’s fourth largest city, with a population of 39,860, according to
the 2012 census estimate, and it is the seat of Gallatin County. Bozeman has a rich history of
notable figures, starting with its founder and namesake, John Bozeman, who platted the town in
1864. William Clark passed though and camped in the area, documenting this location.
The city has its roots in agriculture, and many of its earliest institutions reflect that, including the
Agricultural College of the State of Montana, established in 1893 and later renamed Montana
State University.
The Bozeman
National Fish
Hatchery was
established in
1892 and is the
fourth oldest fish
hatchery in the
United States.
Much of the
Gallatin Valley
was planted with
peas in the early
1900s. Pea
canneries in
Bozeman
produced 75% of
the seed peas in the
View of canopy in Bogert Park
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
United States, and Bozeman was once known as the “sweet pea capital of the nation.” The Sweet
Pea Festival, held the first weekend in August every year, is one of Montana’s largest festivals
and a source of community pride.
Bozeman prides itself in being a great place to raise families and a healthy place to live and
work. It has been documented in many publications as the “most livable” and recognized for its
recreational opportunities. It is located in a valley surrounded by mountain ranges that create
beautiful surroundings and great recreation. Tourism is an important part of the Bozeman
economy, with its proximity to Yellowstone National Park and area ski resorts. Bozeman’s
positive attributes have been noted in literature, film, and television media, ranging from author
John Steinbeck, filming locations for A River Runs Through It, and references in TV shows “The
Big Bang Theory” and “CSI: NY.”
Montana State University is located in Bozeman and annually enrolls about 15,000 students.
This influences the character of the town in many ways, mostly giving the town a youthful feel
and adding to its vibrancy.
Process and Plan Development
During the development of this plan, four public meetings were held in City Hall. On three of
those occasions, there were other meetings occurring in different rooms at the same time as the
urban forest meetings. The other meetings were affordable housing, stormwater management,
and sustainable transportation. Urban trees have a direct relationship to every one of these topics:
Urban trees provide cost-saving benefits and raise the quality of life for people, especially
where affordable housing is concerned.
Trees reduce stormwater runoff.
Trees make sustainable
transportation much easier by
slowing down traffic and
moderating the elements.
Trees were not mentioned at any one of
these individual meetings, and that is an
opportunity lost for the City of
Bozeman. An urban forester could be
involved in all of these planning
meetings to make Bozeman run more
efficiently.
Climate and Environment
Bozeman is technically in the Zone 4B
climate zone, represented in the gray.
-25F
-30F
-35F
Figure 1. USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Zone 4A closely borders Bozeman and affects the trees that will grow. In the Plant Hardiness
Zones map, the purple represents Zone 4A and pink is Zone 3B. The climate zone map is based
on average extreme low temperatures. Bozeman’s yearly average precipitation is 16.23 inches,
which is higher than surrounding areas in Montana but still considered a semi-arid climate.
The soil in Bozeman is generally a silty loam and conducive to tree growth. The soils are derived
from alluvial sources and are pH neutral to slightly alkaline. There are some poisoned soils in the
northeast part of Bozeman, but generally they are not an issue for tree growth.
Population Dynamics
Bozeman’s population grew by 40% between 2000 and 2013 and continues to grow. The urban
forestry department in Bozeman has had no net change in its number of arborists since the year
2005. As Bozeman grows, the urban forestry department must keep pace with the amount of
development and the increasing demand on its resources.
Value of Urban Forest
The replacement value of Bozeman’s municipal forest is $21 million. This is a substantial asset
and investment, one that requires maintenance, one that grows in value over time, and one that
exponentially pays its community back in benefits.
Urban forest management is a relatively new, yet vital, concept across the U.S., as well as in
Bozeman. This is due to the change in how we, as a community, value our trees. New studies and
developments show clear ties to mental, social, and physical health benefits from the community
forest. In addition, the ecological benefits of having trees in an urban environment are now more
important than ever. Because of this greater understanding, managing an urban forest has
evolved from the number of trees and how often they need pruning to now figuring out how the
community can receive—and sustainably grow—the greatest benefits from their urban forest.
Implementing recommendations from this plan will benefit Bozeman particularly well. This is
because Bozeman has a resource in its urban forest that has much potential, meaning the true
benefits of the urban forest have not been maximized. A stronger urban forest will mean a
stronger community in Bozeman. By investing in the urban forest and implementing the plan
right away, the City of Bozeman can make cost-effective, long-term solutions to human and
environmental issues. Such potentials include:
Gain efficiencies and cost savings in city operations, namely hard infrastructure
Improve water quality, and stormwater management
Increase human health and welfare
Increase the health and biodiversity of the urban forest
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Differentiate Bozeman from most other Mountain West towns by further establishing
itself as a leader in sustainable practices and economic growth
Combat climate change and increase environmental health
Create a more environmentally literate population
Create recreational opportunities
Ensure Bozeman is a thriving community for future generations
Lessen the negative impacts of development
Lessen liabilities from neglecting urban trees
Create food sources for people, overwintering birds, and wildlife
Enhance stewardship opportunities for its citizenry and building community
Proliferate social justice and sanctuary for the underserved in our community
It is now more important than ever to invest in the future of Bozeman because of the need to
improve human health and welfare. This plan offers realistic, achievable solutions to critical
community issues; however, if Bozeman is to realize the full array of environmental benefits, a
thought paradigm shift must take place. The urban forest must be thought of as an essential
component of Bozeman’s infrastructure and must be included in the planning of Bozeman’s
growth and development.
It is difficult to grow an urban forest when it is implemented as an afterthought. Bozeman is well
positioned to implement many of the recommendations made in this report in a relatively quick
timeframe. This is due to the receptive citizenry, the growth of Bozeman, and the timing of this
plan with respect to changes in the Urban Forestry Department.
Organization of Plan
This plan first gives the background necessary to understand why an urban forest is beneficial to
the community that lives in it and why a plan is needed to achieve the principles of a sustainable
urban forest. Once this background is understood, three management components are analyzed.
These components are:
Tree infrastructure. This includes an assessment of the current condition and
characteristics of the urban forest.
Management of the urban forest. This includes the people and departments charged
with caring for and implementing this plan. Such entities include the Urban Forestry
Department, designated city employees, elected officials, and Bozeman’s Tree Advisory
Board.
Community engagement. This is the relationship between the City of Bozeman and the
community that supports its endeavors. This management component shows the
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
important role the city has in engaging the public to raise awareness of the urban forest,
given that at least half of the urban forest is on private property.
After analyzing one of these components, the plan makes recommendations on how to most
efficiently improve in that area.
Goals of the Plan
The goal of this plan is to coordinate the management of Bozeman’s urban forest. The plan
addresses environmental considerations; clarifies roles and responsibilities; and provides tools
for implementation, such as action items and suggested time frames. This plan creates a holistic
urban forest. A holistic urban forest is one that:
Enhances the City of Bozeman through environmental and economic benefits.
Is resilient to climate change and invasive pests.
Is valued by the community as an essential resource and asset.
A sustainable urban forest is one that is healthy, diverse, continually being added to, and well
adapted to the local climate and urban conditions. A healthy urban forest requires maintenance,
and this plan
seeks to find the
most cost-
effective way of
maintaining the
urban forest. A
diverse urban
forest has a
variety of species,
which contributes
towards resilience
in the event of
insects and
diseases, as well
as offers a rich
canopy in various
sizes and appearance. Continuous planting will ensure trees grow to maturity at different stages
and will strengthen the age diversity of the urban forest. A well-adapted urban forest is one that
uses species that are resilient to pests and urban conditions and suited to withstand harsh
Montana climates. Urban trees face a unique set of challenges in an urban environment,
including mechanical damage, soil disturbances, and above-ground limitations.
View of Bozeman from Pete’s Hill
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
This plan has seven essential elements, and if implemented correctly, will save the City of
Bozeman millions of dollars in management costs, preserve the existing canopy, and greatly
expand the urban forest and the benefits it provides. Five of these elements directly prepare the
City of Bozeman for the arrival of the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB), and in doing so they create a
healthy, sustainable urban forest. The seventh element expands benefits and reduces liability.
The seven essential elements are as follows:
Create an urban forester position to oversee Bozeman’s urban forest.
Plant a new generation of trees with appropriate species diversity.
Establish a systematic and coordinated detection effort for EAB.
Remove trees that are deemed hazardous, in poor condition, or in inappropriate locations.
Establish a healthy and vibrant relationship between the community and Bozeman’s
Urban Forestry Department.
Complete and maintain the tree inventory.
Implement a proactive maintenance cycle.
The plan is not organized around these elements, rather they are addressed in many ways and
though multiple management strategies throughout the plan. When necessary, they are
highlighted to show how the three management components (tree infrastructure, urban forest
management, and community engagement) work together symbiotically—not independent of
each other.
If EAB were to arrive in Bozeman without these essential elements being addressed, the city
would spend between $1.8 million and $7 million in response efforts and still potentially lose
9,000 of its 20,000 trees, as detailed in Bozeman’s Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) Course of Action
Plan. The EAB Course of Action Plan operates as a supplementary plan to this UFMP and
elaborates on specific management decisions related to Bozeman’s ash trees. Together, both
plans will complement each other when looking into the long-term care and planning for the
urban forest.
Bozeman’s Relationship with the Urban Forest
The urban forest in Bozeman, Montana, is a cherished part of the city for its citizens and a
crucial part of the city infrastructure. The influence of the urban forest on quality of life and the
town’s character cannot be overstated. The significance Bozeman places on its urban forest
differentiates it from other western towns and makes Bozeman a more attractive place for people
to visit and make their home.
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Bozeman continues to
have a greater influence
in the West among
destination mountain
towns. The urban forest
is a major component of
this draw and separates
Bozeman from other
towns in the state and
Rocky Mountain
region. Bozeman is
unique in that many
other Montana towns
look here for guidance
on matters such as urban
forest management and
economic growth. Bozeman is well positioned as one of the most desirable places to live and
visit. Investing in the urban forest is an essential part of realizing this future.
This plan was developed with guidance from public input. From this input, it is clear that the
people of Bozeman place a high value on their urban trees and exhibit a willingness to invest in
the urban forest. Ultimately, the people of Bozeman remain the driving force in supporting this
Urban Forestry Management Plan.
Why Urban Trees
Urban trees
increase human
quality of life in
many ways. Trees
in the urban
landscape provide
economic benefits
such as increased
property values,
reduced demand on
sewer systems
through reduced
storm water runoff
and erosion,
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5
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10
15
20
25
30
35
40
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Unvaluable Slightly
Valuable
Moderately
Valuable
Very Valuable Highly
Valuable
How much do you
value our urban
forest?
Figure 2
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
reduced wear on city streets, enhanced air quality, carbon sequestration, energy conservation
through shade and wind protection, and noise abatement. There are public health benefits offered
by urban trees, and investing in the community forest benefits everyone, not just the privileged,
thus adding an element of social justice. Other non-monetary yet important benefits of urban
trees include wildlife habitat for animals, especially birds, and the higher quality of life created
by having trees in the viewshed.
Public Health
Communities with a healthy urban forest will have a healthier population. People who live
around trees are three times more likely to be physically active and 40% less likely to be
overweight (Donovan, G.H et. al.). They also offer important air purification benefits. In a study
conducted by the U.S. Forest Service, it was found that communities that have lost massive
numbers of trees were linked to higher death rates. Urban trees also lower stress levels and even
improve recovery time for patients when given a view of trees.
Social Benefits
Urban trees contribute to important social and community dynamics. Trees provide an
opportunity for citizens to engage in an issue that benefits themselves, their neighbors, and the
entire landscape. Urban trees promote sustainable transportation in many ways. Trees slow down
vehicle traffic and help guide motorists, making them physically safer by providing a barrier, and
thus creating a naturally convenient design in transportation (Tarran, 2009).
Urban trees aid in reducing crime rates. Areas with high numbers of healthy trees can reduce
crime rates as much as 50% compared to areas with low levels of vegetation (Kuo and Sullivan,
2001). Moreover, a 10% increase in canopy cover can result in a 12% reduction in crime levels
(Troy, Grove and O’Niel-Dunne, 2012). These trees also lower the fear of crime, thus lowering
stress levels (Donovan and Prestemon, 2013).
Hydrology
Urban trees work symbiotically with other parts of the city infrastructure. Urban trees reduce the
demand on sewer systems during periods of stormwater runoff. Tree canopies absorb rainwater,
lessening the amount of water entering the sewer system. Much of the water that runs down the
trunk of a tree is taken up by the roots. As much as 80% of rainfall in the summer months can be
absorbed by trees on impervious surfaces with tree pits (Stringer and Ennos, 2013). When a
raindrop is intercepted by a tree’s canopy, it does not impact the soil, thus limiting erosion.
These valuable soils are retained, and the sewer system does not have to process the particulate
matter. An average mature ash tree will intercept 1,209 gallons of water every year with an
implied value of $13 per year per tree (McPherson et.al, 2003). Trees also increase the soil’s
capacity to store rainfall through transpiration, and they increase soil organic matter.
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
A study conducted by the U.S.
Forest Service in Amherst,
Massachusetts, concluded that
trees on a lot can raise a lot’s
value as much as 15%.
Environmental Energy Savings
Trees can also provide energy
conservation services in an urban
environment. This is done by
shading buildings from the
summer’s sun and insulating them
from the winter wind. Deciduous
trees are able to absorb radiant
energy from the sun in the
summer, yet in the winter they
allow it through their leafless
branches. In winter, we value the sun’s radiant energy, and because of this we should plant
strategically around our homes and buildings to realize the best energy savings (ISA website and
Matheny and Clark, 2008). Trees planted on the west and north sides of buildings dissipate
winter winds coming from those directions. Air mass in a building with poor insulation can
change two to three times each hour, and even in well-sealed homes, the air mass can change
once every two to three hours. Trees that deflect winter wind can reduce air infiltration by up to
50%, resulting in a heating savings of 10 to 12% (Heister, 1986).
Air Quality
Trees improve air quality by absorbing gaseous
pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
ozone, and smog. Trees also intercept particulates in
the air associated with soil tillage, construction, and
erosion. These airborne contaminates have been
associated with asthma, heart and lung disease, and
cancer. Trees sequester carbon, initially through
photosynthesis, by converting carbon into sugars. Over time these sugars are made into woody
material, storing the carbon from the atmosphere. Trees release oxygen though photosynthesis
and lower air temperatures via shading and transpiring water into the air. These trees can also
block undesirable views while reducing noise, especially from vehicles and construction.
Economic Value
A well-maintained urban forest creates value. A survey
by Arbor National Mortgage, Inc. found that a building
lot with trees would “be as much as 20% more saleable
than a house on a lot without trees.” These investments in
trees pay off in perceived values and in tax revenue from
“One acre of forest absorbs six
tons of carbon dioxide and puts
out four tons of oxygen.” U.S.
Department of Agriculture
Figure 3
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
increased lot values. Mature
trees also reduce the
temperatures of the streets
below and in turn, decrease the
need for street maintenance
from every seven to 10 years to
every 20 to 25 years (Matheny
and Clark, 2008).
Consumers in shopping districts
that are shaded by urban trees
tend to linger and shop longer
(Matheny and Clark, 2008).
These consumers are also willing to
pay higher prices and tend to have
greater patronage for goods and services in these districts.
Landscaping with plants and trees positively influences businesses by:
Increasing workplace productivity and morale
Helping to recruit new employees
Attracting new customers or new business tenants
Being viewed as an employee benefit
Playing a role in creating a corporate image
Playing a role as a marketing tool
(Relf, 1996)
Church Street shaded by ash trees
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Bozeman’s Urban Forest
Bozeman’s publicl y owned forest can be assessed in many different ways. According to the i-
Tree analysis software, the average tree in Bozeman provides $111 in benefits annually. The
canopy cover from Bozeman’s public trees offers benefits equivalent to $58 per person annually.
If no greater investment is made, these benefits will decrease. However, when invested in, the
benefits grow in an exponential manner in comparison to the amount of money spent. Bozeman’s
tree infrastructure is an investment like any other infrastructure, such as public buildings and
sewer. Moreover, “unlike other public infrastructure components, properly planted and
maintained trees increase in value over time.” (APWA. Urban Forest Management Practices)
Figure 4
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Tree Infrastructure
Bozeman is fortunate to have an extensive urban forest offering numerous benefits. The current
inventory is continuously being updated but only one-half complete; hence, approximately
21,000 trees are recorded in Bozeman’s municipally owned forest. This number does not include
the wild trees growing along stream banks and on undeveloped city-owned properties.
Figure 5
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
The urban forest is going to face increasing threats from climate change and invasive pests.
Climate change will result in increased storm severity, heat and drought periods, lower
temperature extremes, and changing weather patterns. These factors will exploit the weaknesses
in the urban forest. Addressing the health of the urban forest is among the highest priorities for
Bozeman.
Condition
In the past four years, the Urban Forestry Department provided maintenance on 3,805 trees. Out
of 21,000 trees, this represents 5.5% of the population. The majority of Bozeman’s community-
owned forest has not been maintained, and the condition of the trees reflects this lack of
management. Roughly 50% of Bozeman’s community-owned forest is in good condition, but this
figure is largely comprised of young trees that have a diameter of six inches or less, which
represents almost half of Bozeman’s public forest.
Species Diversity
The major weakness in
Bozeman’s urban forest is
its lack of species diversity.
In the downtown area, the
urban forest is composed of
approximately 75% ash
trees. Citywide, ash trees
make up 47% of the tree
population. Bozeman’s
downtown streets,
especially the through-
streets, are dominated by
ash. Church Avenue across
from Bogart Park is entirely
ash; Main Street, Willson,
and Cleveland are
marginally better.
Generally, recommended species diversity is to have no more than 30% of any family, 20% of
any genus, and 10% of any species represent the total tree population. This may not be fully
achievable in Bozeman; however the concept should be employed.
Species diversity is important to any plant population for the ecology to thrive. Monocultures
harm the greater environment by inviting disease and depleting soil resources and diversification
of symbiotic animal life. The same principles hold true when looking at the population of trees in
an urban forest. When low species diversity is present, the tree population is especially
vulnerable to insects and disease. If an insect or disease were to be introduced to an area and
affected the dominant species of that area, it would devastate the tree population.
Ash
47%
Maple
17%
Elm
11%
Linden
5%
Honey Locust
4%
Mountain Ash
3%
Aspen
3%
other
10%
Species Diversity
Figure 6
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Unfortunately, this is the problem Bozeman faces, and it is particularly disturbing in light of the
looming Emerald Ash Borer (EAB). Emerald Ash Borer is an invasive species that infests any
Fraxinus (ash) species. This pest will eventually kill every ash tree left untreated in Bozeman.
The EAB Course of Action Plan is to be used in conjunction with this plan, and for that reason
this UFMP plan will not go into great detail on matters of EAB. As the EAB Course of Action
Plan is carried out, species diversity goals will be addressed by the strategic reduction of the ash
tree population.
Age Diversity
Age diversity is another indicator of urban forest health and uses similar-sized trees of a
particular species for
comparison against the
total tree population.
With principles similar to
species diversity, no
more than 33% of one
age class (young,
medium, or old) should
comprise the urban
forest. This rule provides
a basic resource structure
so a younger age class is
always ready to replace
the older age classes.
Because of a strong tree
planting program,
Bozeman has a relatively young urban forest.
It is important that when an older tree dies, a
younger tree is planted in its place. When an
older tree is removed, there is a significant
loss of benefits, as a large tree provides three
to eight times the benefits that a small tree
provides (Rogers, 2011). In light of this,
Bozeman should continue its tree planting program
in order to build canopy cover and replace the aging
ash trees.
Ash
other0
10
20
30
40
Pe
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
r
e
e
s
0-3"3-6"6-12"12-18"18-24">24"
Ash 16 21 16 17 23 7
Maple 34 24 24 7 4 7
other 34 32 20 4 4 6
City wide total 25 25 20 11 12 5
Size Distribution
Ash
83%
other
17%
Percent of Species
that are >12"
Figure 7
Figure 8
20
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Age and Size Diversity Analyzed
Age and size distribution are important statistics and reveal useful information regarding
Bozeman’s urban forest:
The city-wide total age distribution is fairly in line with where it should be. However,
when interpreting the graph, it shows some concerning factors, especially when
compared to the species diversity graph (Figure 8). The vast majority of the mature trees
are in the downtown area,
reflected in the blue ash line. This
means 83% of Bozeman’s mature
trees are ash, leaving Bozeman in
a very tenuous position
considering EAB.
When the ash trees are not
considered, or the downtown area
is taken out, Bozeman has far
more young trees than old. This
points to a young, growing forest,
and it would be good if the species being planted were diverse and appropriate. However,
“Percent of Trees <3 inches” shows otherwise.
Many of the new plantings are in the newer developments and subdivisions, reflected in
the city-wide total line. When looking at species and size diversity graphs, ash trees still
are the majority of new trees planted.
This information depicts what species of trees to plant as well as what not to plant. It is likely
that public education would be very useful in conveying the liability of planting too many of any
one species, especially ash. Using the 30-20-10 species diversity rule should be the goal. In the
downtown area, the urban forest’s age class is heavily weighted to mature trees. It is important to
plant new trees as well as facilitate good growing conditions for the established young trees.
Planting new trees most likely means locating planting spots and also pushing to remove decrepit
ash, thus making way for the new generation.
Plant trees for function and performance. A large tree with a broad-leaved canopy offers more
benefits over time. These trees can reach heights of 60 feet and life spans of 100 years, and
planting should be encouraged where root and canopy space is adequate. Small, ornamental trees
that require less growing space are a wise choice where root development or overhead
constraints exist.
Ash
35%
Maple
29%
Linden
10%
Honey
Locust
9%
Elm
7%
other
10%
Percent of Trees <3"
Figure 9
21
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Increasing the Canopy Cover in Bozeman
Planting new trees with species diversity in mind is just one way to address overall urban forest
health. Consistently planting trees over time addresses age diversity, while planting more trees
increases canopy cover.
Canopy cover refers to the amount of land area covered by tree crowns, as viewed from the air.
This figure can also describe improvements toward quality of life. For example, a tree with a
large canopy in a park setting improves the park’s quality because it provides an ideal spot to
have a picnic or sit while taking a rest from summer activities. Similarly, trees over streets and
sidewalks reduce frequency of resurfacing streets and offer cooler temperatures in the vehicles
parked under them. The extent of community tree canopy cover is a good indicator of urban
forest sustainability (Clark et al., 1997).
Currently between 7% and 9% of Bozeman is under the canopy of publicly owned trees.
Bozeman would greatly benefit from increasing this number, or even doubling it. The ways to
increase canopy cover are to plant more trees and protect the trees in the ground. Planting more
trees can happen with community support, education, and citizen involvement. Also, enforcing
city ordinances for planting requirements will increase the number of trees planted. Moreover,
updating ordinances for new developments to have a plan to achieve a 33% canopy cover in 15
years will help address the goal of increasing canopy cover.
The second way to increase canopy cover is to protect the trees already in the ground so they can
thrive. It is important to enforce ordinances regulating who can work on public trees. Bozeman
does a good job of this. Furthermore, educating the public on reasons why they should protect
their own trees is important. Street tree stand age—meaning the age of a particular generation of
trees—is typically 20 to 60 years (Maco, McPherson, 2002). Thus, maintaining a consistent
maximized canopy cover can be difficult because a stand will maximize its canopy and then
decline. If trees in poor condition or problem trees are removed and replaced with trees that have
appropriate mature canopy attributes for their location, a consistent canopy cover can be
achieved.
One possible option to strengthen the tree planting program is to develop and utilize city-run tree
lots or nurseries. The city has a nursery in the cemetery, and cost savings can be achieved to
make greater use of this and encourage neighborhoods to start their own nurseries in common
spaces. These programs can be very cost-efficient.
A greater partnership and relationship can be formed with our local nurseries to accomplish the
goal of a more species-diverse urban forest. Also, the city can be a greater resource to residents
looking to plant trees on their property. The city’s cost-share and voucher programs have been
popular, and these are an easy avenue for educating people. These programs can be expanded to
plant more trees and should focus on trying a wider variety of species. Planting a new generation
22
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
of trees is an essential element of the Bozeman UFMP and is explored in detail later in this report
under “Community Engagement.”
Tree Infrastructure Recommendations and Expected Outcomes
The following table states the primary issues needing attention, makes a variety of
recommendations, and provides expected outcomes. The outcomes can be used as checks to
evaluate if the recommendations are providing the desired outcomes. The issues are all
considered important; therefore no particular order is provided.
Issue Recommendation Expected outcome
Structuring and
strengthening
City’s Urban
Forestry
Department
-Create a superintendent of forestry division/urban
forester position within city hierarchy.
-Partner with other management plans, such as
sustainable transportation, water conservation.
-Support the use of contracted arborists for initial aid
to bring tree maintenance cycle up to speed, and as
first responders after storms.
-Improved
management,
planning, and
oversight for the
urban forest
-Internal cross-
program support
-Higher level of tree
care and consistent
approach to tree
maintenance
Age diversity -Educate public as to the value of mature shade trees.
-Implement tree protection strategies, such as
requiring site plans for building permits and enact
measures to prevent or minimize damage.
-Use Montana’s Big Tree Program as a way to
increase awareness of heritage trees.
-Structure tree planting program around species
diversity .
-Use “Right Tree, Right Place” model as tool for
public education.
-Sustainable, healthy
urban forest
-Increased public
awareness
Species
Diversity
-Equip local nurseries with information on
recommended planting species.
-Educate public on EAB and appropriate species to
plant.
-Sustainable, healthy
urban forest
-Higher resilience
from threats to the
urban forest
Increase
number of new
plantings
-Enforce ordinances for planting street trees,
especially in newer neighborhoods and for developers.
-Maximize the amount of “plantable” space in new
developments.
-Update ordinances for new developments with
impervious surfaces to have a plan implemented to
achieve 33% canopy cover over 15 years.
-Sustainable, healthy
urban forest
-A more robust urban
forest with a better-
educated public
investing in it
-Cost-effective
23
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Management of Urban Forest
Once the city understands the overall composition and condition of the urban forest in relation to
its population, it can then decide how to best manage the resource. This is an important
component of the Urban Forestry Department because it:
Keeps the citizenry safe
Creates a healthier tree population
Models proper tree care
Is one of the areas where cost efficiency is a premium and investing wisely is a priority
Current Management
-Incorporate planting trees into capital improvement
programs, street and sidewalk improvements, and
other city infrastructure projects.
-Develop educational materials on the benefits of
urban trees and disperse them to neighborhood
meetings and in the community.
-Explore new methods such as gravel bed plantings
for tree-growing sites, community and volunteer-run
nurseries, etc.
-Expand tree voucher and cost-share programs and
awareness of these programs.
-Explore cost-share programs for schools and
nonprofits planting anywhere on their property.
-Work with utility companies to offer tree replacement
programs.
measures
implemented
-Increased canopy
cover
-Trees better-adapted
to local climate
Preserving
mature trees
-Support ordinance specification on who can work on
city trees.
-Develop ordinances on who can work on private
trees.
-Educate the public on the value of urban trees.
-Create a heritage tree program to increase awareness
for legacy trees.
-Increased age
diversity
-Improved tree
protection and
preservation
Sustainability
and utilization
-Explore urban wood use opportunities, i.e. use wood
chips produced by tree service activities to mulch
trees.
-Bring logs from non-diseased or uninfested removals
to a yard where the public can have access to them.
-Increased public
relations
-Decreased wood
waste
24
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
The current Urban Forestry
Department in Bozeman has four
full-time staff. The department is
responsible for the care of all trees
on the city’s land. This includes
pruning, removal, storm cleanup,
and responding to maintenance calls
from the public. The department is
also responsible for integrating the
urban forest into city planning and
growing the urban forest. It is the
responsibility of the Urban Forestry
Department to do community
outreach and education.
Planting on city ground can be
done by anyone who is following
city ordinances. The Urban
Forestry Department does plant trees and is responsible for planting projects on reconstructed
roads or new roads. The department plants all of the “Cost Share” trees.
The Urban Forestry Department has not grown at the same rate as the city. Since 2005, the city
has employed four
arborists. Two
arborists were
hired in 1998, one
in 2005 and one
prior to 1998. In
September of
2014, the head of
the department
(equivalent to the
City Forester)
retired, and
subsequently one
of the seasonal
tree workers was
hired full-time.
Under the current
structure, the
department’s head is Figure 11
Pruning,
530
Removal,
125
Plant, 185
Stump
removal,
125
Young tree
pruning,
670
Completed Maintenance per
Year
4 Arborists performing this work
On this
schedule
Bozeman's
trees are on
a 13 year
pruning
rotation.
Each arborist
worked on
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Year
Population and Size of Forestry
Division
Population in
thousdands for
Bozeman MT
Size of forestry
division
Figure 10
25
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
effectively the “crew boss,” although their title is Urban Forester. The department is under the
governance of Parks and Recreation. Strategic planning for the Urban Forestry Department,
municipal forest, and personnel management is executed by the head of Parks and Recreation.
Management of
the community
forest in Bozeman
has been on a
reactionary basis.
The department is
bogged down with
service calls and
trees that have
broken or
hazardous
branches.
Homeowners and
private tree care
companies
maintain the
privately owned
urban forest. Currently
the only requirement
for a business to work on trees in city limits is to have a business license.
A tree board exists in Bozeman and is active. The board was formed in 1992 and formally
adopted into city code in 1993. The board meets a minimum of quarterly and a maximum of
monthly. It discusses recent matters concerning the urban forest and plays a role in developing
policy. The board has a wide range of talents and experience and a deep pool of knowledge.
Analysis of Current Management
The Urban Forestry Department does quality work but lacks in efficiency and public perception.
This is largely because it has suffered from lack of direction and the department’s growth has not
kept pace with the growth of Bozeman as a community. The optimal pruning cycle is 5-7 years.
With the current pace, a tree will only be pruned every 13 years. Managing the municipal forest
on a reactionary basis is often a challenge and ultimately unsustainable. Often the department is
pulled from preventative maintenance work to respond to individual issues, creating an ever-
increasing backlog in work.
14 13
27
12
2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Poor Fair Good Very Good Excellent
How would you
rate the care of
Bozeman’s
municipally owned
trees?
6
28
20
12
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Poor, changes
needed
fair, room to
improve
Good, quality
is sufficient
Very good,
better than
expected
Excellent,
quality is
optimal
What is your overall
perception of the quality
of Bozeman’s urban
forest?
Figure 12
26
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
The department does not currently have the capacity to proactively manage the urban forest. This
is concerning from multiple standpoints:
An increased level of liability exists from unmaintained trees.
The trees are more susceptible to storm damage, having excessive limb load.
The department will be ill-adapted to deal with unplanned events, such as disease or
infestations.
The department will be unable deal with foreseeable events, such as Emerald Ash Borer.
The Urban Forestry Department in Bozeman is well established within the city system of
government, and this relationship is beneficial. Municipal trees in the ground are rarely disturbed
without consulting the department. Generally, the same is true for the public disturbing
municipal trees. For the public to work on a municipal tree, the head of the department must be
notified, the head must approve the tree work, and the person performing the work must be a
certified arborist as per the ANSI Standards and the International Society of Arboriculture. This
system has benefited the municipal forest.
The director of Parks and Recreation is assuming the role of implementing policy, vision, and
personnel management for the forestry department. The director’s time and talents are not
efficiently used when meeting with municipal arborists in matters concerning the management of
the department; this creates a loss of efficiency for the city.
Bozeman’s ordinances concerning trees are adequate. However, because they are largely not
enforced, they don’t provide protection or help the urban forest grow the way they potentially
could. The current
enforcement
mechanism in
Bozeman has the
code enforcement
officer issuing
citations for
violations or lack of
action. This
mechanism has the
potential to work;
however, there is a
lack of
communication with
the point person in the Urban
Forestry Department
detecting violations and fielding information from the public.
3
32
22
6 6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Never heard of
them
Unfamiliar, I
am not sure
what they do
Familiar Somewhat
familiar, I try
to keep up on
their activity
Very familiar, I
am active or
have been
active
How familiar are
you with the
Bozeman Tree
Advisory Board
and their
activities?
Figure 13
27
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Currently, the Tree Advisory Board is revising the street tree-planting guide. The board does
great work but is probably underutilized. This is a willing group of people that could be doing
more to serve the urban forest with minimal direction or better utilization.
Preferred Management
Management of the department encompasses much more than instructing the crews on what trees
will be pruned each week. To implement the vision, goals, and objectives laid out in this plan, it
is recommended that a manager/superintendent (urban forester) position be created and filled in
the Urban Forestry Department. By doing this, the level of care of the public and private urban
forest will increase, as will the community support, creating a positive feedback loop This “urban
forest Manager” is a professional experienced in all aspects of arboriculture, providing a broad
managerial view and responsibilities to help the staff, city officials, and citizens get the most for
their investment in trees (Urban Forestry Best Management Practices for Public Works
Managers: Staffing, 2006).
Superintendent of the Forestry Department Position
The urban forest is considered part of the city’s core infrastructure. One of the high-priority
recommendations from this plan would be creating a superintendent of the forestry department
position as soon as possible. This position is synonymous with what could also be called an
urban forester. The “superintendent of the forestry department” terminology is used to fit into the
existing Bozeman city job titling, and if possible, using the urban forester title would be
preferred as it is easily recognizable throughout municipal organizations. An urban forester is
necessary to execute many of the cost-saving elements and the community engagement
movement. The urban forester should be a part of any decision that is made affecting the city’s
infrastructure. This includes decisions in planning, utilities, architecture, and development from
the beginning of planning processes. This person should see the urban forest from a 30,000-ft.
view, rather a 55-ft. view from the inside of the bucket truck. With a strong leader and advocate,
the community forest will become more of a solution for many community problems. Public
awareness of the urban forest can become of equal importance and provide social benefits on par
with transportation, services for the under-served, and other important growth concerns
particular to Bozeman.
A point person that manages the department will be able to stay abreast of the latest technology
developments. Many improvements have been made in recent years for efficiently managing the
urban forest with inventories, strategic planting, and modeling. Implementing these technologies
will make the department more efficient and the forest more sustainable. The department will
also be able to better maximize the benefits of a well-planned community forest.
Finding and hiring the correct person for the urban forester position will be an important, and
relatively easy, task to accomplish. When conducting the search, the Department of Natural
28
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Resources & Conservation, International Society of Arboriculture, and the American Society of
Consulting Arborists have resources to assist in recruitment. It is also very possible the right
person exists in the department or lives in Bozeman.
The benefits of this option include (Urban Forestry Best Management Practices, 2006):
Deepen ties with the community
Build institutional knowledge
Someone who is always available, more flexible for other work assignments, and can
respond to emergencies
Someone who is directly responsible to citizens and their department
Quality will improve over time with training to meet community standards
Workforce is more stable
Workforce is motivated by pride and residency and is knowledgeable about the
community
More control over training and specializations
Less administrative time needed to write and oversee contracts
It will liberate the municipal arborists to do their work, instead of defining their own roles
in the department
Maintaining Public Trees
Inventory
Bozeman has a half-completed inventory and completing this inventory is an important step in
maintaining public trees. Keeping track of maintenance performed on trees is important for
managing the population but also for liability reasons. Knowing the locations of all the trees,
especially the ash trees, is important for planning for EAB and implementing the EAB Course of
Action Plan. It is also important to know to location of available planting spots for the new
generation of trees. The inventory will help save our mature tree population and save the city
millions of dollars in management costs. As detailed in the EAB plan, the city will proactively
manage ash trees in a systematic manner. Knowing the locations of these trees, which ones have
been treated, and which ones need treatment will be of the utmost importance. Having a
completed inventory prior to the arrival of EAB is essential. Potentially, time is not on
Bozeman’s side.
Proactive pruning cycle
Setting trees up on a five- to seven-year pruning rotation will increase the benefits offered by the
urban forest and reflect positively on the city. Proactively maintaining the trees will reduce the
workload of maintenance calls and decrease the amount of storm damage that occurs almost
yearly in Bozeman. Proactively maintaining the community forest is one of the essential
29
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
elements of this plan. By implementing this element, Bozeman is enacting a cost-effective
measure that maximizes the benefits of the urban forest. When not performing timely tree
maintenance on trees, an opportunity is lost in benefits received. (Hauer, 2015)
Upon planting a tree, the cost of maintaining that tree initially outweighs the benefits received
from the tree. In addition to planting costs, watering and pruning the tree for good branch
structure after establishment are also costs. However, ensuring proper form and structure when
trees are small is less expensive than large-scale pruning when they mature. Such neglect results
in an even higher cost of either replacing a dead tree or long-term maintenance restoration
pruning after storm damage or due to general weak branch attachments (Gilman, 2001).
Once the tree is mature, proactively maintaining trees on a five- to seven-year pruning rotation
becomes less costly than reactive (i.e. crisis) maintenance (Hauer, 2015). The trees will still offer
benefits, but with regular pruning more benefits will be realized and fewer maintenance costs
will be experienced. A lack of regular maintenance results in a shorter lifespan of the tree. It also
creates higher maintenance costs due to increased storm damage, debris, pests, and branches
blocking intersections or roads. This concept is similar to changing the oil in a car. The car will
still run without proper maintenance for a while, but in the end regular servicing will result in a
lower cost by avoiding a major breakdown.
When considering this concept, an inverse relationship exists between maintenance costs and
return on investment. The more trees are maintained, the lower the cost. Also, the more often
trees are maintained, the higher the amount of benefits provided by the trees, thus a higher rate of
return. The optimal pruning cycle for trees is four to five years (Miller, 1981). In Bozeman, the
optimal time is pushed back because of the slightly shorter growing season. The optimal pruning
cycle is where the cost of maintaining the trees intersects with the return on investment.
The investment in pruning trees on a five-year pruning rotation yielded a $1.47 to $1.69 return
on the costs of pruning the trees. Moreover, every dollar deferred in pruning costs yielded a two-
fold increase in maintenance costs (Browning, 1997). When Bozeman is considering EAB, the
costs of managing an infestation is greatly reduced by having a healthier ash tree population.
Currently, Bozeman’s Urban Forestry Department is not adequately staffed to proactively
maintain the community forest, and hiring additional arborists or contracting out
pruning/removals is recommended.
The City of Bozeman owns approximately 21,000 trees, based on the trees inventoried thus far.
A program to maintain the trees the city currently owns is a priority and should be implemented
before new tree planning takes place. Using the work history of Bozeman’s four arborists for the
past four years, it would take a total of 13 arborists to accomplish the goal of pruning the
municipal trees on a seven-year pruning rotation. Hiring nine arborists is not realistic in
Bozeman, so efficiency must increase as well as management. Bozeman can accomplish the goal
of responsibly maintaining its trees within a realistic budget by first hiring a superintendent for
30
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
the Urban Forestry Department. This position will hold city arborists accountable for
performance and systematically implement pruning schedules. Additionally, the city should
consider ways to reach the recommended seven-year pruning cycle. The following alternatives
recommend either hiring two arborists in addition to the existing four or contracting out pruning
and removal. The following breakdown will articulate the changes to the department needed to
accomplish a proactive management.
Alternative 1: Hiring two additional arborists
Number
of trees
Number of trees to be
pruned each year on a
5- 7 year rotation
Number of trees each
arborist will work on
each year
Number of
additional
arborists
Cost
approximation
21,047 4,209 - 3,007 702 - 502 2 $120,000/year*
*Wages are $30,000/year/arborist. Wages are doubled to account for benefits, taxes and
insurance.
For hiring two additional arborists, these figures double the number of trees each arborist will
work on each day compared to the past four years. However, it is still very reasonable, and only
two additional arborists are hired. These figures only assume the arborists are working 100 days
per year. At 20 work days per month, this is five months of pruning trees. The department still
has seven months to not work on extremely cold days, hang Christmas lights, chip Christmas
trees, shovel snow from sidewalks, and other activities with which the forestry department is
currently tasked.
Proactive management can also be achieved by using the same allocated funds to contract out the
tree maintenance. Pros and cons are highlighted later on in this report. In either management
approach, hiring an urban forester is still recommended in order to wisely execute the actions.
The numbers given here assume the same work performance from the four existing municipal
arborists.
Alternative 2: Contracting out maintenance
Number
of trees
Number of trees to
be pruned each year
on a 5-7 year
rotation
Number of trees
to be pruned
each year in
house for 5-7
years
Number of trees to
be contracted out
every year for 5-7
years
Cost to be allocated
for contract work
21,047 4,209 - 3,007 2,808 - 2,007 1,401 – 1,000 $120,000/year
31
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
By implementing a proactive pruning schedule, the department will set the number of trees to be
pruned. At the end of the year, the department will assess and review its goal number of trees to
be pruned and gauge the level of success. This unbiased number will represent the potential
performance and efficiency of the department and thus provide measurable reports to the city
commissioners and public who have invested in the department. This yearly work plan will
include all tree-related activities for street and park trees, including tree planting,
maintenance/pruning, tree replacement, inspections, and tree removals.
Alternative 3: Catch-up period
A third and less-sustainable alternative would be to contract the pruning and removals of all
publicly owned trees, accomplishing this task in two to three years. After all of the tree work in
Bozeman has been executed, in theory, the Bozeman Urban Forestry Department would then be
able to keep up with tree work. A superintendent position would still be needed to manage a
sustainable urban forest, as articulated in “Community Engagement.” This option is only short-
term and would not likely address the long-term care and needs of the urban forest. Once the
work is completed, Bozeman would have spent a lot of money and would still have an urban
forest with poor species diversity. They would lack the ability to move forward with planting
new trees because resources were allocated to maintenance, most likely at the expense of
creating a sustainable, holistic urban forest.
Number
of trees
Number of trees to
be pruned each
year for 2.5 years*
Number of trees to
be pruned in house
each year for 2.5
years
Number of trees to be
contracted out each year
for 2.5 years
Cost at
$150/tree/year
21,047 8,419 2,500 5,919 $887,850/year
*Alternative 3. This expenditure only is in place for 2-3 years while the first two alternatives are
yearly costs.
After this “catch up” period has been executed, Bozeman can then address hiring two additional
arborists or contracting out work as needed.
The Urban Forestry Department is quite competent as to tree care activities, and this report will
not discuss this aspect or what a tree needs to be correctly maintained. Rather, it will explore
areas where greater efficiencies can be made.
Tree pruning should be done year round. Of course, on particularly cold or snowy days, working
on trees is not productive. Pruning trees in the winter offers many benefits, such as being able to
better see branch structure and minimizing damage to the tree since it is dormant.
Ensuring that trees with a caliper less than 6 inches receive special attention for structural
pruning will save considerable resources over time. When pruning a young tree, many long-term
benefits are realized by eliminating potential weak branch attachments, rubbing or crossing
branches, removing co-dominant leaders, or improving the general shape of the canopy. On
32
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
young trees this task can take only 10 minutes while a large tree can take much longer and is
more expensive. Trees should not be pruned at planting except for dead, damaged branches or
serious structure problems. It is appropriate to prune for structure after the tree has established
itself for a year. By doing this, the tree will have much less liability and experience less storm
damage when it reaches maturity.
Removals
Removing trees that are in poor condition or poor locations is a part of proactively managing the
community forest. Keeping current on the removal schedule is an essential element of this plan
because it plays a crucial role in preparing for EAB. When EAB arrives, the removal schedule of
ash trees in poor condition or bad locations is enacted, as outlined in the EAB Course of Action
Plan. Thus, reducing that workload in advance will help the city tremendously. Currently there
are 78 tree slated to be removed this year and another 300 mature ash trees in poor condition,
according to the half-completed inventory. This plan does not recommend increasing a line-item
budget for removals, but it does recommend increasing the number of removals on a yearly basis
by increasing efficiencies produced by creating the urban forester position. The department will
get its crew boss arborist back to managing the crew, where their talents are suited, and doing
what their job description states. In effect, the department will be doing much more in relation to
what investments have been made.
Planting
Planting trees reflects well on a forestry department and creates a positive public perception.
Planting a new generation of trees is an essential element of this plan. How to most efficiently
execute this element is described in “Community Engagement,” p. 48. Choosing the right tree
for the right place is an important consideration when planting, especially with street trees. It is
important to remember that planting a large tree can deliver as much as eight times the value of a
small growing tree or a medium stature tree. On Bozeman streets and in parks, it is important to
understand the site, how the tree will be maintained, and then select the right tree. The following
are considerations for choosing trees at specific locations (Clark and Matheny, 2008):
Available growing space—above ground (horizontal and vertical), below ground (soil
volume), and ground level (distance to pavement)
Light—daily and seasonal
Wind—daily and seasonal
Soil—structure and texture, drainage, pH, chemistry
Surface cover—turf, mulch, herbaceous or woody plants
Irrigation—quality and quantity
Management—pest control
Use—litter, canopy (above street)
33
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
On downtown roads such as Main Street, where much of the surface is impervious, trees have a
shorter lifespan due to compaction, lack of water, and restricted root growth. If these streets
were to be redone or upgraded, installing acceptable planting space for trees is advisable. (See
greater detail in Appendix 2.)
Another way to encourage root growth in paved areas is to implement the use of pervious
pavements (Volder et al. 2009; Morgenroth and Visser, 2011; Mullaney and Lucke, 2014). These
pervious pavements make stormwater and oxygen available to the soils and tree roots. This
approach is greatly beneficial to tree growth but also reduces stormwater runoff.
Planting trees in residential parts of the city, especially in new neighborhoods, also needs to be
addressed. These trees are of equal priority, and resources should be allocated appropriately.
Trees planted in neighborhood areas will be greatly valued by the residents, and in turn they
would provide care. These areas have many families that will benefit from more urban trees, and
many times these trees are less susceptible to vandalism and damage. Public perception of the
Urban Forestry Department will be higher because the residents, many of whom are invested in
their communities and neighborhoods, will see the direct benefits of municipal investment.
The residents in these areas should utilize the tree voucher and cost-share programs. These trees
have greater survival rates because the residents have an invested interest in seeing the trees
reach maturity. When a tree is removed, having a plan for its replacement should be a part of the
removal process. This can be as simple as enforcing ordinances or alerting the homeowner of the
tree voucher or cost-share programs.
Detection
Detection and monitoring for invasive species or disease is
an essential element of
this plan. One invasive
species of particular
concern is Emerald
Ash Borer (EAB).
Detecting the arrival
of EAB as early as
possible is very
important. EAB traps are installed
in ash trees to detect and monitor the infestation. The use of traps may help Bozeman detect EAB
very early in its arrival, which would give better chances to manage and contain the infestation.
If EAB is detected early, more trees could be saved, which could potentially save the city
millions of dollars. Additionally, a technique called “destructive branch sampling,” is another
effective detection method. This method is currently being used by the Urban Forestry
Department and should be continued. The Bozeman EAB Community Response Plan provides
more detail on management and monitoring techniques.
Bouldercolorado.gov
34
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
The superintendent of the Urban Forestry Department should be designated as a reliable and
qualified resource for the community, serving as a primary contact for suspected EAB reports.
This will establish a consistent protocol. This person will coordinate with Montana State
University’s detection efforts, neighboring communities like Belgrade, and any other significant
landowners in the Gallatin Valley monitoring for EAB. The importance of a diligent and
consistent monitoring effort cannot be understated. Upon detection, the response plan detailed in
the EAB Course of Action Plan can be implemented immediately.
Contracting Work
On certain projects, Bozeman may consider contracting out work. Contracting out this work has
certain advantages, as detailed below:
Cost savings. In many cases, private tree care, for even very big cities, can be less
expensive.
Funds are paid only if work is performed to specifications and satisfaction.
Labor is performed for peak demands.
Contractor provides all equipment, repair, maintenance, and downtime costs.
Insurance and workman’s compensation is provided by the contractor.
Contractor provides all training, supervision, and certifications.
Liability for damages is the contractor’s responsibility.
Contractors can be used as a complement towards operations in municipal tree care. There are
reputable tree services in Bozeman with certified arborists that are capable of performing any
project the city might have. This approach may be useful upon the arrival of EAB and when
planned removals are a priority. Also, it may be cost efficient to contract out for bulk pricing the
treatment of trees for EAB. In such a scenario, it is possible a tree service in Bozeman would
donate its service to support the department and the urban forest.
According to the booklet titled “Urban Forestry Best Management Practices for Public Works
Managers: Staffing,” often a combination of using both in-house personnel and contractors is
chosen to ensure that the urban forest management services provided are performed at the lowest
possible cost, as efficiently as possible, and with the greatest level of expertise. Upon using a
contractor, it is important to ensure they are qualified and maintain proper certifications, such as
having an ISA Certified Arborist or similar credentials on staff. To verify ISA Certification, go
to http://www.isa-arbor.com/.
At a Bozeman public meeting during plan development, discussion arose about shifting the
pruning and removals from the Bozeman Urban Forestry Department to contract work. This
option arises from a few public members who feel the urban forest has not been maintained to a
35
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
level of their satisfaction. While understandable, this option cannot be relied upon solely to
maintain public trees because it does not manage the public forest. It merely puts a Band-Aid on
a problem, is shortsighted, not cost effective, and does not maximize the benefits of urban trees.
This plan outlines the most cost-effective way to create a sustainable, healthy, and holistic urban
forest; and to do that, the superintendent position in the forestry department must be created.
The superintendent/urban forester position will increase efficiency within the department and
contract out work when deemed appropriate. Bozeman’s urban forest can eventually reach a
proactive five- to seven-year pruning rotation. Contracting out work should be kept as a
management option when the superintendent determines it’s necessary and/or cost effective.
Maintaining Private Trees
As the level of care of the
public trees increases in
Bozeman, the private tree
care will, in turn, rise. This is
because the city will be
modeling good tree care and
the private property owners
will be educated through
this. Also inevitably, with
the implementation of this
plan, the Urban Forestry
Department will have a
greater influence on the
community, and the citizenry
will be will be more
educated as to the benefits of
a healthy urban forest.
The only recommendation this report makes as to the care of private trees is that anyone hired to
work on trees—private or public, within the city limits—be a certified arborist or tree worker. If
a private company is hired to perform tree work, the arborist working for the company must
maintain a minimum set of credentials. A large majority of survey respondents indicated they
wanted this, as it will raise the level of care in the entire urban forest.
10
18
41
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
No No opinion Yes
Should there be a
certification standard for
private tree care
companies performing
tree care on private
property?
Figure 14
36
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Bozeman
Public Schools
An area for
opportunity for
the city is to
work more
closely with
Bozeman
Public School
District (BSD).
The public
schools in
Bozeman have
their own
jurisdiction as to
tree care, and the city is not responsible for the planting or maintenance of trees on school
property. Trees are priority for BSD and they have a maintenance fund for trees. Bozeman
School District has additional concerns when planning trees on their property, such as not
blocking line of sight and raised crown heights. However, BSD still has a reliance on the city to
lead and instruct on best management practices and appropriate species to plant. The city relies
on BSD to provide continuity to the urban forest. For example, if the city has tree-lined streets
with large canopy trees and an adjacent school property has no trees or smaller-stature trees,
there is an opportunity to work with the school on planting suitable trees. The city has an
invested interest in a strong working relationship with BSD, to provide expert counsel and
possibly provide resources for additional plantings. Partnering with the schools will improve
relationships and strengthen the ties to the community. This is a natural fit for incorporating an
urban forest curriculum into the schools. For example, the city could offer presentations and
information to science classes or perhaps donate removed hardwood trees for use in woodshop
classes and in turn receive products such as benches to display in local parks.
Budget/Funding
Additional funding will be required to implement many of the recommendations in this report.
Budget increases will allow for the addition of the superintendent position in the Urban Forestry
Department and the implementation of a proactive management approach.
Investment Estimated expenditure salary
Superintendent of the Forestry Department (Urban
Forester)
$50,000-$65,000
Figure 14 2015 Arbor Day event at Bozeman Public Library
37
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Arborists (2) or contract out pruning and removal work $30,000 X 2 or $60,000
The Bozeman Urban Forestry Department’s budget is approximately $450,000 per year. A
modest 30% increase of $135,000 per year and corresponding tree assessment is recommended
to implement the Bozeman UFMP. Currently, the average city lot is assessed around $16 per
year to maintain the public trees. The recommendation is to raise the assessment by
approximately $5 per year. This new assessment is comparable to other Montana communities,
such as Helena and Billings.
A level of funding exists
where an acceptable level of
investment in the urban
forest is made and it
maximizes the benefits.
“Cost-efficiency in relation
to benefits provided can
make a difference.
Maintaining program
funding is intimately tied to
demonstrating the
importance of the urban
forest to the health, safety,
and economic vitality of the
community, and the
effectiveness of the program
in providing those goods and
services” (Matheny, Clark
2008).
Additional ways to implement funding for community trees include (Urban Forestry Best
Management Practice, 2006):
Grants. Grants play an important role in funding the current street tree-planting program
and will continue to do so in the future. The superintendent/urban forester can help apply
for and acquire grants. However these are not static sources of funding and cannot be
solely relied upon to support a local urban forestry program.
Taxes, special assessments and tax districts
Capital improvement project funds
Tree work permits, development and inspection fees. When a development occurs with
private business or developers, the urban forest goals should be considered and fees
assessed appropriately.
29
39
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Yes No
Do you believe
the city’s
current funding
mechanism is
sufficient to
grow our
community
forest?
Figure 15
38
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Compensatory payments when a public tree is damaged by a car or by construction
activity
Utility bill donations. Residents could be encouraged to fund tree programs by rounding
up their utility bill or voluntarily adding a small fixed amount, such as 50 cents, to each
bill.
Mill levy(s)
Gas tax
Partnerships with utilities
Community groups
Corporate and local business donations and sponsorships
Risk Management
Risk Management is defined as follows: “Risk is simply a measurement of potential of deviation
of an expected outcome, and the consequence of this deviation may either be good (resulting in
opportunity) or bad (resulting in loss). The process of dealing with this uncertainty and trying to
achieve the best outcome … in a changing environment is the essence of risk management”
(Reiss, 2004).
There is an inherent risk with all trees. We choose to live among trees because their benefits far
outweigh their potential risk if managed appropriately (Rogers, 2011). Controlling risk can be
articulated in five ways according to Young (2002):
Risk avoidance. Ex. planting the right tree in the right spot, and not putting structures or
people under a tree with structural defects.
Loss prevention. Ex. performing all regular maintenance and care such as pruning.
Loss reduction. Ex. having a plan to deal with emergency situations such as in a storm.
Uncertainty reduction. Ex. obtaining risk evaluations from qualified risk assessors or
removing tree if risk level is not tolerable.
Risk transfer. Ex. contracting with a tree risk consultant.
(Clark and Matheny, 2008)
Managing liability is of main concern. Acknowledging that it is the duty of the city to maintain
the public trees, Bozeman must maintain the trees to a reasonable standard of care. Bozeman
must account for the hazardous tree conditions existing today or those that may develop in the
future. If the standard of care falls below what is reasonable and prudent, liability resulting from
injuries or damages may result. The standard of care is one component of a risk management
document.
When a tree is identified as having a defect or being hazardous, the factors that must be
considered when deciding on the best option for that tree will include: involving the public as a
39
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
legitimate partner, planning/evaluating performance, and collaborating with other credible
sources (Covello and Allen, 1998).
Tree Characteristics Associated with Tree Failure
Bozeman has variable weather conditions, making it a place where there is a potential for tree
failure. Tree characteristics and weather to consider will include:
Unusual storms with strong winds, snow
Winds or snow from prevailing direction
Weak branch attachment
Decay/ loss of structure
Crown decline or root decline
Diseases associated with either:
o Excessive end weight on branches
o Excessive root loss or defects
Leaning trees
Cracks
There are many considerations when deciding to
remove a tree. First, the urban forester’s
recommendations will be considered. Next, influences
such as site conditions and weather, which affect the
likelihood of failure, are considered. These conditions
include:
Climate and seasonal precipitation
Site management history, including changes in grade or root injury
Soil drainage conditions
History of other tree failures
Obstructions to tree development such as pavement or structures
(Clark and Matheny, 2008)
Tree risk involves the potential for a tree or part of a tree to cause harm or damage to a target,
and public trees are located in areas where objects and people are consistent targets. Educating
the public is an important step when deciding if a specimen tree is to be removed, as emotion can
influence this decision making process.
The risk pertaining to the public could take the form of:
Tree failure
Figure 15 Obvious structural defect.
40
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Grey infrastructure damage, including sidewalks and pavement, underground services,
and overhead utilities
Line of sight along streets
Vehicle clearance over streets and sidewalks
Emergency planning
People in parks or community space
(Clark and Matheny, 2008)
Risk Management Plan
Having a risk management plan in place is beneficial to limit liabilities. An actual risk policy
statement could be developed by the Urban Forestry Department and approved by the tree board
and city commission. Implementing the plan will be the duty of the urban forester. A policy
statement concerning risk should include:
A statement of commitment by the top officials stating they believe risk management is
important and identifying the overall purpose of risk management
A statement designating who is responsible for risk management and their authority
A charge to select and implement risk control and how to finance it
A demand audit and report on risk management efforts
(Young, 2002)
The International Society of Arboriculture has developed a Tree Risk Assessment Qualification
(TRAQ) for certified arborists to assess and evaluate risk and to recommend mitigation to
achieve the acceptable level of associated risk. A plan for risk management should incorporate
the Best Management Practices (ISA) and the ANSI A300 (Part 9) Standard Practices on Tree
Risk Assessment, guided by TRAQ methodology and procedure.
Proposed risk management policy statement for Bozeman:
Bozeman has an active policy in mitigating potentially high-risk trees on city property.
To prevent harm or damage to potential targets, the Forestry Division will strive to
eliminate, in a timely fashion, any tree that poses an unacceptable level of risk. Proactive
management of the community forest is an effective tool to ensure all city-owned trees
have been maintained to a reasonable standard of care. Identifying potential high-risk
trees will rely on any of the following: public concern, the periodic updating of the tree
inventory, maintenance performed by city arborists, or maintenance performed by
contracted private arborists. The city urban forester will facilitate the communication and
documentation for the management of high-risk trees, and make the final judgment
concerning mitigation measures taken for trees exhibiting an unacceptable level of risk.
41
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
In addition to the risk management policy statement, a standard of care should be established.
The practice most likely will be carried out by an arborist conducting the pruning.
Proposed Standard of Care for Bozeman:
Bozeman will provide a reasonable level of care for all trees residing on publicly owned
spaces and adjacent vegetation that may impact safe public passage. This may occur
through outsourcing contracts and/or through the development of in-house expertise. The
arborist performing the maintenance will be technically proficient in current
arboricultural techniques, recognized through International Society of Arboriculture
(ISA). While maintaining a tree of concern, a systematic inspection shall occur by
examining the canopy of the tree and performing a vertical 360-degree inspection. The
inspection shall be documented and captured in an inventory update. The urban forester
shall determine the risk of the tree of concern based upon the observations and
recommendations according to the Risk Policy Statement. The tree in concern shall be
removed or treated as deemed appropriate. The arborists’ practices shall adhere to the
industry standards according to International Society of Arboriculture’s Best
Management Practices and adhere to the ANSI A300 pruning guide and the Z133.1
safety practices. Pruning goals should reduce failures of limbs.
Proactively addressing risk is imperative. Pruning a tree at a young age to develop good branch
structure and planting the appropriate tree in the appropriate location is always good practice.
Maintaining records of all treatments for the tree is in the best interest of the city as it
demonstrates performance of duty and builds a history for each individual tree.
42
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Management of Urban Forest Recommendations
This table is to be used as a quick source for a list of actions that can be “checked off” or a list of
goals to be implemented by the forestry division.
Issue Recommendation Expected outcome
Maintaining
the urban
forest and
increasing the
level of care
-Create superintendent/urban forester position in
the forestry department position to implement
Bozeman UFMP.
-Implement a 5-7 year pruning rotation for public
trees.
-Focus especially on young tree pruning as a way
to diminish structural problems and pruning needs
as the tree matures.
-Develop a plan for replacing removed trees.
-Incorporate open planting spots into the tree
inventory.
-Promote honorary or memorial tree planting.
-Post the vision and mission statements in forestry
office to motivate and remind.
-A more efficiently
managed department
-A healthier urban forest
-An increased number of
trees worked on every
year
Funding for
Urban Forestry
Department
-Increase funding for department by increasing the
tree assessment fees or implementing similar
funding strategy.
-Explore new funding sources. Ex. partnering with
health care organizations, community welfare
organizations, private organizations such as
alternative energy, downtown businesses, etc.
-Explore state and national grants for urban
forestry.
-Ability to meet present
workload requirements
-Efficient and timely
response to the
expectations of residents
- Ability to successfully
fulfill mission and vision
Increase the
level of care of
privately
owned trees
-Require that tree services working on privately
owned trees use qualified and licensed tree care
companies.
-Model proper tree care by implementing a 5-7
year pruning rotation of municipal trees.
-Higher level of care of
the urban forest
-Minimize and prevent
poor tree care practices
Consistency of
care in the
urban forest
-Work with BSD to create congruency and build
support for the urban forest.
-Create a public outreach and communication plan.
-A higher level of care
of the urban forest
-Increased exposure and
awareness to the benefits
of urban forests
Support
conditions
conducive to
tree growth
-Limit impervious surfaces where possible.
-Establish monitoring schedule to inspect newly
planted trees and improve grow space around
existing trees (i.e. mulch, protection measures,
widening cutouts, etc.)
-Use pervious paving surfaces when possible.
-Develop tree care adoption/watering program
with residents in needed areas.
-Healthier more robust
urban forest
-Potentially increased
lifespan of trees
43
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Community Engagement
The third component of a holistic, sustainable urban forestry program in Bozeman is community
engagement. It is the community that builds and supports its urban forest, and it’s the community
that reaps the benefits from the urban forest. Establishing a vibrant relationship between the
community and the Urban Forestry Department is
an essential element in this plan and a key
component to the plan’s success. More and more
research shows that many of the issues we face in
our world today can be addressed by the urban
forest. The urban forest helps combat climate
change and alleviate resource demands, among
other environmental issues. It also builds
community, educates the youth, provides social
justice, and promotes a healthy lifestyle for
everyone.
The urban forest is our habitat; it is where we live. If Bozeman were to have a point person
whose job it was to raise public awareness of the urban forest, a positive feedback loop would
start. The more people that are involved, the more support the department will have, and the
more resources it can draw from.
Thus the cycle continues. A campaign that articulates the benefits of the urban forest will make
it fashionable and in the best interest of business to support the community forest.
Urban
Forester
Greater
public
awareness
for the urban
forest
More trees
planted by
public
Higher
quality of life
and cost
savings from
synergies
Added
resources for
forestry
division
44
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Bozeman’s culture
includes trees,
which highlights the
importance of
community
engagement.
Partnering with the
community possibly
offers the most
potential in this
whole plan. The key
here is for the
Bozeman Urban
Forestry Department
to be a leader and a
key player in this
culture of trees.
Churches and civic groups often have a network of people ready to perform community projects.
Having “shovel-ready” projects for these organizations would be advantageous and reflect well
upon the Urban Forestry Department.
A point person for community outreach in the Urban Forestry Department will be able to keep up
on the latest technology developments in social media and community engagement. Use of such
technology, such as smartphone apps and online inventory management, will help illustrate the
benefits coming from Bozeman’s urban forest. The department will become a primary resource
for community education, and in turn the community will develop support for the department.
A trained volunteer workforce could accomplish a multitude of tree-care activities, including
planting, mulching, watering, and maintenance. This would raise the vitality of the urban forest
and aid the Urban Forestry Department. A coordinated effort between a volunteer group and the
department could also keep the inventory and work maintenance records updated. These records
and relationships could be sourced through the forestry website.
Forestry Advisory Board
The Forestry Advisory Board in Bozeman is a wealth of talent and knowledge and an asset to the
community. Here again much potential exists because the board is underutilized. Projects that
would suit the board well include:
Technical review of management of trees or developing management strategies
4
35
8
16
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Not interested Rarely
involved
Take it or
leave it
Somewhat
involved
Highly
involved
What is your level of
involvement with tree-
related community
events?
Figure 16
45
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Development of technical literature or public outreach material
Community education programs in the schools, at the Museum of the Rockies, or
partnering with education groups like Montana Outdoor Science School
Tree planting or volunteer programs with neighborhoods or interested groups
Media relationships or developing periodic PSAs
Assist with certain implementation phases from this plan
This is a ready workforce that is available to the city with minimal investment. Moreover, it is
likely that on certain projects, especially community events, the tree board members will enlist
their families and/or friend networks to be involved and engaged. This group would work closely
with the city urban forester position.
Health and Welfare Benefits
Bozeman’s investment in the community forest has further potential to serve its population,
especially the underserved through the concept of community orchards. Bozeman currently
plants trees with edible fruit. However, this practice should be expanded. Fruit trees provide a
healthy food source for Bozemanites and are a healthy alternative to processed foods.
Organizations such as the Alliance for Community Trees offer grants to help develop and plan
community orchards, which could be a unique program for the community.
The urban forest lowers heating and cooling bills by shading houses from the summer’s sun and
blocking the winter’s wind, which could be very important for those who depend on energy
efficiency. The average ash tree
provides $145 per year in energy saving
benefits such as heating and cooling
according to the i-Tree analysis for
Bozeman’s public trees. The community
forest also improves psychological-
social well-being and promotes a
healthy lifestyle that benefits all,
especially those who don’t have the
opportunity to recreate in Bozeman’s
outdoors.
This aspect of the urban forest provides an important opportunity for the city to partner with
local nonprofits that work with the underserved. A healthy urban forest can help build a healthy
community. By partnering with these organizations, Bozeman’s Urban Forestry Department can
gain access to this key part of the population. This is an important relationship and a potential
source for supplemental funding to the department.
46
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
Considering the options cities have for creating affordable housing, it has been the case that park
space and urban trees are often not incorporated or the requirements are less stringent in these
developments. This is the exact opposite of what is cost effective, for a multitude of reasons.
Trees should be incorporated even more in affordable housing situations because trees increase
the standard of living for people who reside around them. Cost savings in other aspects of
affordable housing are made up for when a proper investment is made in the urban forest.
Community Planning
Trees should be considered as an essential component in the planning of Bozeman’s growth.
Trees have special requirements for both above-ground and below-ground space. Healthy soils
need to be made available as well as efficient watering mechanisms. These elements are difficult
to implement after construction has begun and are much easier to incorporate early in the
planning process. An effort of outreach to designers and architects as to the importance and
requirements of trees needs to take place. A strong city contact, such as the superintendent/urban
forester, will aid in this process, both in city workings and in the private sphere.
Regular meetings should be scheduled with homeowner associations to encourage and instruct
neighborhoods on how to manage their trees. The city will be a resource for the neighborhoods
and will raise the overall quality of the urban forest by increasing the level of care of privately
owned trees.
The community could be engaged though the forestry website where they can view and perhaps
contribute updates to the inventory of the urban forest. By doing this, the community can take
ownership of the urban forest and see how their trees function as part of the big picture of
Bozeman’s urban forest. There
would also be an education
piece for the community
associated with this online
inventory, furthering the goal
of a healthy urban forest.
Planting Trees
Planting a new generation of
trees is one of the essential
elements this plan recommends
for creating a healthy and
sustainable urban forest. By
doing this, it creates an urban
46
20
2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
More Sufficient Fewer
Do you believe there
should be more or fewer
trees in our municipally
owned forest?
Figure 17
47
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
40
28
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Yes No
Would you like to
be more involved
with the
community-owned
forest and
associated
community
events?
forest for future generations of Bozemanites, prepares the urban forest for the arrival of EAB,
and improves the population dynamics of the urban forest in Bozeman. The forestry division
currently plants many trees though its cost-share program. Instead of recommending the forestry
division budget for a great increase in planting a new generation of trees, the Bozeman UFMP
relies on the public to incur the cost of planting the trees while being guided by the city urban
forester. This is done by the urban forester forming relationships with largely untapped
resources:
The public
Businesses
School and parent organizations
Neighborhood groups/HOAs
Downtown Bozeman and Chamber of Commerce/tourism industry
Churches/civic organizations
Nonprofits of every kind, including: The CO-OP, Friends of … , Cancer Support,
Craighead Institute, Polar Bears International, Montana Environmental Education
Association, etc.
Bozeman Health, Community Health Partners, Bozeman Creek, and other healthcare
groups
Environmental and recreational groups, e.g. trail improvement, parks/recreation, biking,
hiking, running, etc. etc.
Forming these relationships would be the job of the urban forester, a position that this plan
recommends creating. Bozeman’s Urban Forestry Department is maintaining more trees,
integrating itself into the city
workings, planting more
trees, maximizing the
benefits of the urban forest,
and gaining support for the
department all by creating
one position.
To plant a new generation of
trees, it is the city’s
responsibility to coordinate
this undertaking. Once
Bozeman’s residents know
and understand the need,
direction and motivation
Figure 18
48
Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
must be given by identifying the engines that will enable tree planting. Coordination needs to
take place so species diversity goals are met and the groups planting trees are doing so correctly.
Any assistance needed is addressed by providing resources or creating new entities such as
neighborhood nurseries. These steps are detailed in the following paragraphs.
Education
A massive education movement must be initiated to educate the public as to the benefit of urban
trees and what is at risk concerning EAB. Training workshops or guidance for proper selection
and planting would be promoted. In terms of planting trees, partnerships formed with the
community will fit into one of two categories: those doing the planting and those serving a
supporting role. Some of the groups will probably fit into both categories. These groups must be
identified and utilized according to their skills and available resources (i.e. equipment, materials,
etc.). These groups include civic groups, school/parent groups, homeowner associations, etc.
Trees and materials will come from the supportive groups, such as Downtown Bozeman,
healthcare organizations, nonprofits, businesses, etc. These newly formed relationships are vital
towards bettering our community and must be publicly recognized to continue their involvement.
Coordination
Ultimately these newly planted trees will reflect on the integrity of the Urban Forestry
Department. Is there appropriate species diversity? Are the trees planted correctly and in good
locations? All groups buying trees and planting trees must be educated on how to do so correctly.
Possibly all the tree purchasing would be done though the City of Bozeman to ensure proper
species diversity. If all tree purchasing is not done though the city, then some mechanism must
be set in place to accomplish species diversity. Planting clinics can be held for those doing the
planting, or an urban forestry arborist could be present at planting time to give direction and
assistance. A monitoring schedule may also be necessary to inspect new tree plantings
periodically in the first few years following planting.
Assistance
Currently Bozeman runs the cost-share and tree voucher programs, which are two popular
programs for planting trees. These programs could be expanded in their current state if desired,
but this plan does not rely on these programs to plant a new generation of trees. This plan does
recommend creating provisions for these programs, such as access to city nursery trees or
assistance to start nurseries on their own on city property. The neighborhood groups could be
responsible for transplanting the trees on their own or contracting with a tree service. A gravel
bed system could be utilized if appropriate. If neighborhoods had access to the city nursery in its
current state, mechanized equipment would need to be employed. Again, education will be
needed to ensure species diversity and proper placements of the trees.
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Bozeman School District (Planting Partnership)
Bozeman is fortunate to have a citizenry that is active in the natural surroundings and is largely
environmentally literate. Students will take their knowledge home and educate their parents,
furthering the cause. An educational program could be spearheaded by the city urban forester
and aided greatly by the Tree Board.
Tree planting programs on school grounds would also be beneficial. Planting orchards is a great
way to engage students and is currently being done at a couple of the schools. These efforts are
mostly carried out by the parent organization at the school. These efforts could be furthered by
the Urban Forestry Department
Montana Outdoor Science School (MOSS) would be a potential partner for educating in the
schools. Instructors could be provided by MOSS and a curriculum provided by the city, MOSS,
or teachers. This partnership could go further than the schools, and the urban forester could
become a resource for MOSS’s summer camps and adult education programming.
Partnering with Montana State University
Partnering with Montana State University (MSU) is a natural alliance. They have an urban forest
within their own campus and an urban forestry department. Montana State University has a large
number of ash trees and is facing the same lack of species diversity that exists in the municipal
forest. Montana State could also monitor for EAB and assist in the effort for detection of pests
and diseases.
MSU is currently a Tree Campus USA and has an active work plan. Like the relationship with
BSD, the city and MSU would benefit from a continuity of tree planting and tree maintenance.
Best management practices and ecological advances in the urban forest could be studied and
shared between both entities. A common philosophy and appreciation for the urban forest
currently exists, and positive outcomes will result from a closer relationship.
MSU students can also be used as a resource:
Help teach an urban forestry curriculum in the public schools and in the community
Students clubs could take on tree planting projects
Develop research projects relating to urban forestry
Assist in developing a marketing plan for the city urban forestry department and the
benefits of the urban forest
Help develop modeling and survey techniques relating to the urban forest
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Community Engagement Recommendations
The following action list is a summary of recommendations to promote and strengthen
relationships with the community.
Issue Recommendation Expected outcome
Public Education -Create a superintendent/urban forester
position in the forestry department within the
city hierarchy to spearhead these programs.
-Engage the Tree Advisory Board to start an
urban forest community awareness program.
-Create a school program for K-12
engagement.
-Partner with MOSS for public education in
the schools, at the Museum of the Rockies, in
the community, or at their summer camps.
-Always have a special project in the works
and keep information updated on the city
webpage.
-Work with MSU to create congruency and
explore possibilities for continued education
regarding urban forestry.
-A coordinated volunteer
workforce
-A new generation of urban
foresters
-A more engaged citizenry
Raise public
awareness for the
urban forestry
department
-Start a community urban forest newsletter or
the electronic equivalent to educate, keep the
public current, and recognize local
businesses that have contributed.
-Brand the Urban Forestry Department using
social media, website, and utilizing local
marketing companies.
-Use partner groups to help to raise
awareness and funds.
-Recognize partners that contribute to the
urban forest department on the city’s website
or on materials.
-An urban forestry
department that is the
leader of the tree culture in
Bozeman
-A high public perception
of the Urban Forestry
Department in Bozeman
-An urban forestry
department that receives
monetary and labor support
from the community
Raise public
awareness for the
benefits of trees
-Work with public health departments and
medical organizations for funding and to
raise awareness of the health benefits to the
urban forest.
-Work with environmental and climate
change organizations to focus on how the
urban forest can be a part of the solution.
-Meet with the Downtown Business
Association and businesses to discuss tree
canopy and preservation goals.
-Seek financial support for department.
-Possibly set up a nonprofit the community
-A sustainable, holistic
healthy urban forest
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and businesses can donate to.
-Create an online community engagement
page on the forestry website where the public
can view the city-wide urban forest
inventory.
-Save firewood and lumber from tree
removals to provide to the community.
- Register historical trees on Montana’s big
tree list.
-Create a legacy tree recognition program in
Bozeman.
- Meet with HOAs to educate and provide
assistance for caring for the urban forest.
Continuity of
urban forest and
synergetic
relationships
-Strengthen relationship with BSD and offer
expert council.
-Strengthen relationship with MSU for
expertise and student resources.
-A stronger relationship
with community
organizations
Conclusion
Investments in the urban forest offer a cost-efficient expenditure by working symbiotically and
reducing stress on other parts of the city infrastructure while offering benefits of their own
accord.
The Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan makes recommendations on how to most
efficiently make improvements to Bozeman’s Urban Forestry Department and in turn raise the
quality of Bozeman’s urban forest. Much good work is currently being done and much potential
exists for managing Bozeman’s urban forest. This plan relies heavily on some changes to the
department and community involvement. By doing this, the tree infrastructure in Bozeman will
be healthier and more robust. Incorporating the recommendations made here will create a
sustainable, holistic, and healthy urban forest, providing benefits for all who inhabit it.
A key step to realizing the potential that exists is to create and fill the superintendent of urban
forestry position. This person is charged with executing the second key principle of this plan:
planting a new generation of trees. This is done by engaging the public, gaining the support of
the forestry division, and becoming a resource for the community.
Investing in the urban forest is a worthwhile endeavor for its citizenry. Maybe more importantly,
it is even more valuable for future generations and the climate. Previous generations invested
greatly in planting all of the mature trees Bozeman now has, and now is the time to continue that
legacy.
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Appendix 1. Job Description for Urban Forester/Superintendent of Forestry
This person will possess a unique set of qualities and physical abilities. Some of the qualities to
hire for will be:
Leadership. This person will communicate the vision and benefits of trees to
stakeholders. Working with the city bureaucracy will be a part of this job, and
cooperating with and obtaining commitment from these departments is crucial.
Maintaining open lines of communication with stakeholders and the public is important
to build relationships. This person will delegate responsibilities and provide motivation
for subordinates to execute their jobs effectively.
Team Orientation. This person will work effectively with others and actively contribute
to group and organizational goals. They will take ownership and share responsibility of
projects and utilize strengths of individuals within the group with which they are
working.
Customer Service. Ultimately, this person works for the public, and when this person is
out in the community, they will serve as a useful resource to residents. This person will
assume ownership for the municipal trees and greater urban forest. They will respond to
the public’s concerns and the trees’ needs.
Problem Solving/Decision Making. This person will make decisions using the
information they have in a timely manner. They will use the resources they have and
involve the appropriate people.
Interpersonal Communication. This person will listen well to others and ask the
appropriate questions when they need clarification. This person will receive and give
suggestions well. Bozeman has an eclectic citizenry, and adapting to different
communication styles will prove useful. This person will recognize and manage conflict
as appropriate.
Flexibility. This person will be able to adjust their behavior when faced with changing or
uncertain situations. They will still be effective when adapting to change and dealing with
ambiguity. They will acquire new information to meet changing demands.
Performance Management. This person will distinguish between good and bad
performances and adjust the plan going forward. Providing feedback and receiving
feedback are important qualities in being an effective superintendent of the Urban
Forestry Department. This person will also acquire the appropriate help for each task.
Arboricultural Aptitude. While this person won’t be working in trees as much, having
that experience and knowing current practices are a priority.
(adapted from Indiana University Human Resources Services, 2005)
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Gallatin Tree Care, February 2016 Bozeman Urban Forestry Management Plan
A list of job duties will include the following. All are important while the first three are crucial:
Must be proficient in arboricultural duties such as, but not limited to, pruning techniques,
removing trees, diagnosing disease, and plant health care
Coordinate with other departments in Bozeman to direct all tree-related activities
Engage the public to build a culture of trees, and enlist the community to plant a new
generation of trees
Alert the code enforcement officer of violations of laws, ordinances, rules, and
regulations
Influence the interests of the Urban Forestry Department and express the benefits of
urban trees
Prepare and supervise budgets
Prepare and supervise planning documents
Analyze programs and policies
Manage employee selection, supervision, and employee relations
Manage department operation and maintenance
Manage, analyze, and update the urban forest inventory software program
Maintain contracts with groups and people outside of the municipality
Fit short-term work plans into the long-term UFMP
Appendix 2. Planting Trees in Paved Areas
A minimum of 100 cubic feet of irrigated soil is needed to sustain long-term tree growth
(DeGaetano, 2000). In these planters, after 2 feet in depth is reached, an increase in soil surface
area is of greater benefit than greater depth. This would make a realistic planter size a minimum
of 2 feet deep, 3 feet wide, and 16 feet long.
If a city street is ever reconstructed, the city should consider suspended pavement sidewalks,
which are an ideal way to provide future planting locations. This suspended pavement sidewalk
does not bear extreme loads and is placed over non-compacted soils in hardscapes. According to
a study conducted by Bartlett Tree Research Lab (2006), trees with room to grow their roots
under concrete in sidewalks were “larger, faster growing, had better color, and more root growth
than most other treatments.” On these pavement plantings, or any plantings in sidewalks,
surrounding pavement should slope away from the planters, thus not sending contaminated water
into the tree. The following is a description of what this might look like.
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Appendix 3. SWOT Analysis
Strengths
- Place for community engagement and building
- Synergetic relationships with other city infrastructure
- Provides essential canopy cover in parks and on streets
- Competent forestry division
- Dedicated, passionate and educated citizenry that supports the urban forest
- Tree board
Weakness
- Age and species diversity
- Forestry division prioritization in city government
- Enforcement of city ordinances involving trees
Opportunities
- Potential for a new generation of trees
- Added cost savings to city though appropriate management of the urban forest
- Volunteer opportunities in the urban forest though the coordination of the Urban Forester
- Environmental benefits
Threats
- Climate and environmental stressors
- Damage to sidewalks and roads
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- Exotic pests and diseases
- Forestry Division not growing in proportion the population of Bozeman
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