HomeMy WebLinkAboutHistoric Buildings Inventory for Bozeman, MontanaBOZEMAN MONTANA HISTORIC BUILDINGS INVENTORY
Status Analysis and Update Recommendations
Renewable Technologies, Incorporated
8 W Park St, Suite 313 • Butte, Montana 59701
BOZEMAN, MONTANA HISTORIC BUILDINGS INVENTORY:
Status Analysis and Update Recommendations
Preparedfor:
Department of Planning and Community Development
City of Bozeman
P.O. Box 1230
Bozeman, Montana 59771
Prepared by:
Mark Hufstetler
Renewable Technologies, Inc.
8 West Park Street, Suite 313
Butte, Montana 59701
August 2008
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION/EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................3
EXISTING HISTORIC SURVEY DATA ...................................................................................................4
1983-84 HISTORIC BUILDING INVENTORY ...................................................................................................4
OTHER INVENTORY AND EVALUATION MATERIALS .................................................................................... 6
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING DATA ADEQUACY ......................................................................................6
RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES FOR SURVEY UPDATES ................................................................8
A SUGGESTED APPROACH ....................................................................................................................12
APPENDIX 1: SAMPLE SITE FORM FROM 1983 SURVEY ............................................................................. 15
APPENDIX 2: SAMPLE SITE FORM PREPARED TO CURRENT STANDARDS .................................................. 18
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Introduction/Executive Summary
The city of Bozeman, Montana has an historical and architectural heritage that is
unquestionably noteworthy, evidenced by a strong and cohesive collection of historic
residential and commercial buildings. The community has long recognized the value of
these resources, and over the past quarter-century Bozeman has formalized this
appreciation through the establishment of nine National Register historic districts and
numerous individual National Register listings. Many other National Register-eligible
resources are known to exist in the city.
Bowman's efforts to reserve its noteworth and characteristic historic atmos here arepYp
further reflected in the city's zoning regulations and design review process, as
administered by the city's Department of Planning and Community Development. These
programs, intended to help encourage the consideration of historic values during building
construction and renovation projects in the city's historic core, have been considered
among the most progressive in the state. City staff and two city-sponsored advisory
boards consider historic preservation and design reviews generated by building projects,
and help provide additional guidance to elected officials.
Nearly all of the focus of Bowman's organized historic preservation activity is centered
on the city's original core - an east-west commercial district on Main Street, with historic
residential neighborhoods to the north and south. This area, most of which was originally
developed during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, contains Bowman's
most cohesive historic streetscapes and most of the city's noteworthy historic buildings.
The historic significance of this area has been formally recognized since at least the early
1980s, when the city completed a comprehensive inventory of the buildings in the
historic core. This inventory, conducted under contract by James R. McDonald, P.C.
with the assistance of paid employees and volunteers, ultimately resulted in the
recordation of approximately four thousand potentially-historic resources in the city.
This typed and photocopied inventory material has been the city's primary database of
historic architectural information ever since. Bowman's current "Neighborhood
Conservation Overlay District" (Figure 1, page 10), established in 1990, is based on that
inventory, and is the primary focus of the city's historic preservation attention.
The original Bozeman historic resources inventory, along with its accompanying design
review and other programs, have served the city well for a number of years. There is
now an increasing realization, however, that the existing inventory data has become too
dated to be an effective reference tool for city planners. In the quarter century since the
inventory was undertaken, many additional Bozeman buildings have reached an age
where their potential historic significance must be considered. Other buildings that were
found to be historic in 1983 may have been altered or razed in the years since. The
t number of buildings in these categories is very substantial, bringing into question the
reliability ofthe city's only database of site-specific historic building information. This
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is a significant problem for Bozeman city planners, since they are mandated to consider
National Register of Historic Places eligibility when reviewing proposed building
demolitions and remodelings.
In addition to the issues described above, Bozeman's existing historic inventory suffers
from other issues that limit its usefulness to the city. While the inventory was a quality
product for its time, it does not meet currently-accepted professional standards for detail
and comprehensiveness. In addition, the current inventory data exists only in paper form,
not in computer or other machine-readable format; this makes it difficult to search, and
complicates the integration of any potential updates. Maps associated with the inventory
are largely hand-drawn, and crude by contemporary standards; there is no integration
with the city's current map data or GIS system. In short, even if the inventory's National
Register evaluations were current, the existing inventory data displays significant data
gaps and usability hurdles. These are major obstacles for the city's planning staff as they
work to fulfill their duties.
Consequently, this document recommends that the City of Bozeman undertake a
comprehensive re-evaluation ofthe historic buildings within its jurisdiction. Such a
project, which ideally would be implemented as a phased, multi-year effort, would
incrementally update the existing inventory data and expand it to meet current
professional standards. Potentially-historic neighborhoods not presently included in the
inventory could be added. All data would be machine readable and searchable, and
would be georeferenced to allow its incorporation into the city's current GIS system. The
result would be an information database that would be a strong reference tool for city
planning staff and the general public, and would be easily updatable in the future. Such a
product would help ensure the continued efficiency, accuracy, and responsiveness of the
city's historic preservation program.
Existing Historic Survey Data
1983-84 Historic Building Inventory
While the current body of historic preservation information in the City of Bozeman has
been generated incrementally over the past three decades, the largest -and only
comprehensive -historic inventory in the city was conducted in 1983-84 by a survey
team headed by James R. McDonald, aMissoula-based historic architect. This inventory,
sponsored by the city in conjunction with the Montana State Historic Preservation Office
SHPO), inventoried approximately four thousand buildings in the city, in a largely-
comprehensive fashion. All city neighborhoods that were considered historic at the time
were included, comprising an area roughly congruent to the city's current Neighborhood
Conservation Overlay District. In general, the inventory attempted to include all
buildings within that contiguous area that were fifty years of age or more at the time of
inventory; newer structures within the survey boundary were not included. Inventory
tasks were performed by the contracted staff, city staff, and volunteers.
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For each building inventoried, the 1983-84 project included tasks in three broad areas:
historic research, contemporary description, and analysis. Historic research was largely
standardized throughout the project, and focused on reviews of primary, city-specific
resources. The principal sources used included the following:
Sanborn Fire Insurance maps for Bozeman;
Polk and other historic city directories;
County property tax assessment/appraisal records;
City water/sewer hookup records; and
City building permits.
Secondary sources were generally not used, nor were those primary sources judged to be
less time-effective (such as deed records and period newspaper articles).
The contemporary descriptions of each inventoried building were brief and limited to the
building's exterior. The building's overall form and architectural style were generally
though not always) described, along with basic information on such elements as wall and
roof cladding and general fenestration pattern. Detail on these elements was seldom
provided, and non-historic alterations were not enumerated. Secondary buildings on a
site were not always noted or described. A single, black-and-white film photograph was
taken, and a simple, hand-drawn sketch map was prepared showing the primary
building's location relative to its street.
For most addresses, only minimal analyses of the building's historic significance was
provided, nearly always using brief, boilerplate text. The significance statements indicate
whether a building was considered eligible for the National Register or contributed to a
National Register historic district. While those evaluations were expected to be based on
accepted National Register criteria, little justification for those evaluations is provided in
the text. For most buildings, the significance evaluation appears to have been based on
the building's perceived or researched age in 1984, combined with its level of
architectural integrity.
For each inventoried building, the above data was consolidated onto a preprinted, two-
page form, which was filled in by typewriter. The forms in the Bozeman planning office
are photocopies of the originals. None of this data apparently exists in digital form. A
representative example of the 1984 forms is attached to this document as Appendix 1; it
may be compared with Appendix 2, which is a representative form prepared to
contemporary standards.
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The 1983-84 inventory forms were accompanied by a summary report, which included a
brief architectural history of the City of Bozeman. The text portion of this report was
digitized and updated in 2007-2008 by Renewable Technologies, Inc., under contract to
the City of Bozeman.
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Other Inventory and Evaluation Materials
For most of Bowman's Conservation Overlay area, the comprehensive inventory data
prepared in 1983-84 remains the only available source of architectural history
information. Several other recordation projects in the city, however, have resulted in
additional research and synthesis on specific historic buildings and districts within the
city. Each of the nine National Register historic districts in the city is documented with
additional district-specific information, though in most of those cases inventory material
from 1983-84 was used as a base. More detailed information exists for the handful of
Bozeman buildings nominated to the National Register individually. In addition, a small
number of other building surveys have taken place in the city since 1984, as part of
cultural resource compliance efforts by other governmental agencies. Cumulatively,
however, the number of historic site forms prepared or updated in Bozeman since 1984
has been minimal.
Additional historic research and documentation has been generated over the years by and
for Bozeman planning office staff, as part of the application and approval process for
demolition, construction, and remodeling projects within the Conservation Overlay area.
This material, however, is scattered and inconsistent in scope and depth, and the overall
staff workload has prevented it from being integrated into the previously existing
inventory data. Its current utility is therefore limited.
Analysis of Existing Data Adequacy
As noted above, the site-specific 1983-84 inventory data included information in three
broad areas: historical research, architectural description, and historic significance. The
current adequacy of this data varies, due both to the passage oftime and to evolving
professional standards. Evaluations of the current adequacy of each of the three data
areas are provided below; this is followed by a discussion of the adequacy of the original
survey area's geographic scope.
Some of the following discussions consider the inventory data in terms of its ability to
evaluate a property's eligibility for the National Register of Historic Places. National
Register eligibility is evaluated in terms of four established "criteria," labeled "A"
through "D"; to be considered National Register eligible, a property must meet one or
more of these criteria. For architectural properties, the two most commonly used criteria
are "A" and "C." Criterion "A" relates to the historic significance of a property, and "C"
evaluates its architectural significance. A smaller number ofproperties maybe eligible
under Criterion "B," which evaluates a property's association with an historically-
significant individual.
Historical Research: Reviews of selected site forms from the 1983-84 project indicate
that the historic research generated was generally accurate and of good quality. With the
exception of deed and newspaper research, the major primary sources typically utilized in
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such an inventory were all examined. While secondary sources were generally not
consulted, relatively few relevant ones exist for many of the inventoried properties.
Almost no site-specific historic synthesis or context exists on the site forms, however,
making it difficult for the reader to establish or evaluate the historic significance of a
property under National Register Criterion "A." Some such synthesis exists in the
accompanying overview report, although the synthesis provided is not applicable to many
of the buildings in the inventory area. By current standards, this is a deficiency in the
existing inventory data.
Overall, the historic data presented on the forms is adequate background for evaluation of
many of the inventoried buildings, although additional research (early newspapers and
other sources) for a relatively small number of landmark buildings would be appropriate.
To be useful, however, the available building-specific data needs to be synthesized, and
related to the broader contexts of Bozeman's architectural history.
Architectural Description: In general, the architectural descriptions provided on the
current inventory forms are insufficient. Though the quality of individual descriptions
varies somewhat from form to form, the following generalizations appear to be
appropriate:
Information on a building's form and architectural style is not always present, and
when present is not always consistent;
The overall level of detail provided does not meet today's standards;
Information on a building's fenestration pattern is often lacking and sometimes
inaccurate, especially on elevations other than the primary facade;
In most cases, no attempt has been made to identify or date post-construction
changes to a building;
Ancillary buildings are not always identified, and are almost never described;
Only minimal photographic information exists;
Hand-drawn maps are inconsistent, incomplete, and inaccurate.
Together, these deficiencies are among the most significant of the 1983-84 inventory; the
descriptions are not sufficient for the reader to understand or evaluate either the
architectural style of the building or its integrity. City staff and other professionals using
the material would need to undertake additional research and synthesis, while non-
professionals would simply find the material lacking and perhaps misleading. This
would be true even if the descriptions were current, but they become are even more
problematic when viewed in the context of their age -since they are now 25 years old
and have not been updated in that time. As a combination of dated, inaccurate, and
incomplete material, the existing architectural descriptions have almost no utility today.
Historic Significance: In general, the significance evaluations and judgments provided
on the 1983-84 inventory forms are believed to have been appropriate for their time, but
they display less detail and synthesis than that used on contemporary inventory projects.
The boilerplate text used is spare and basic. Moreover, most evaluations appear to focus
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on National Register Criterion "C" eligibility, with little emphasis on eligibility under
Criteria "A" and "B."
A more significant problem, however, is the age of the evaluations themselves. National
Register guidelines typically require an eligible building to be fifty or more years old, so
the original inventory largely excluded post-1930s buildings from eligibility. Today,
however, buildings constructed as recently as the late 1950s have reached that 50-year
threshold. The inventory's eligibility statements for post-1930s buildings are therefore
no longer valid.
The passage of time has altered the eligibility status of many older buildings, as well.
Some buildings that were considered eligible in 1983 may no longer be so, due to recent
remodelings or additions. Simultaneously, some buildings found to be ineligible in 1983
maybe eligible today, either due to a recent restoration project or because other building
demolitions have made the subject building rarer and therefore more significant.
In summary, then, the historic significance judgments in the 1984 inventory are
significantly dated, and many can no longer be considered accurate.
Geographic Scope: The geographic area encompassed by the 1983-84 inventory
includes nearly all of the Bozeman neighborhoods that have traditionally been considered
historic. The project did not record all buildings within those areas, however, omitting
some that were too recent to be considered "historic" (at least fifty years old) at the time
of the inventory. Consequently, the survey area is now incompletely covered, since some
buildings that were not inventoried in 1983 now meet the fifty-year age threshold for
potential National Register eligibility. In addition, obtaining basic inventory information
on non-historic buildings is an important component of an historic inventory, since the
ratio of historic ("contributing") to non-historic buildings in an area is one measurement
of an area's eligibility as a National Register historic district.
The boundaries of the 1983-84 survey area also do not fully encompass those Bozeman
neighborhoods that today contain concentrations of historic properties. In particular,
residential neighborhoods developed during the 1940s and 1950s now meet the 50-year
age threshold for potential National Register eligibility, and should be inventoried. The
largest of these areas are residential neighborhoods to the south and west of the 1984
survey area, but smaller pockets of period development exist along much of the periphery
of the Conservation Overlay area. This will become an increasingly significant issue in
future years, as property owners and others begin to appreciate and understand the
historic qualities of these mid twentieth-century buildings.
Recommended Guidelines for Survey Updates
Given the difficulties with the current inventory data outlined above, it is apparent that a
substantial update to Bozeman's historic inventory is both warranted and necessary to
ensure the continued success of the city's historic preservation program. In order to
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provide an appropriate and useful product for city planning staff, while making the
inventory project as cost-effective as possible, the following overall guidelines are
recommended:
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1. Adapt and reuse as much of the 1983-84 inventory data as is practical. As
noted above, much of the existing inventory data is dated, incomplete, or not
congruent with current professional standards. However, some components of the
original inventory -elements of the historic research, in particular - do meet
those standards and should be retained as the basis of any future inventory.
2. Comprehensively inventory within the boundaries of a congruent survey
area. To allow planning staff to readily identify whether a proposed project
impacts an historic resource, it is important to have inventory data for all
buildings within neighborhoods containing historic buildings. A fully
comprehensive historic inventory is also required to evaluate the presence or
absence ofNational Register Historic Districts within a given area.
3. Choose a boundary for the inventory area to include all neighborhoods with
concentrations ofpotentially-eligible buildings, allowing fora "time buffer."
National Register guidelines specify that most buildings that are fifty or more
years old have the potential to be evaluated for National Register eligibility, and
all such neighborhoods should be included in the inventory. (Note that this
recommendation does not mandate or suggest a corresponding expansion of the
current Conservation Overlay district. Rather, it recognizes the fact that some
building owners in those neighborhoods may wish to recognize the historic
significance of their properties.)
Currently, buildings constructed on or before 1958 meet the National Register age
threshold for eligibility, and so neighborhoods predominately developed prior to
that year should be included in any new inventory. Since that cutoffdate is
continually advancing, however, it would be appropriate to establish a somewhat
later cutoff date for the inventory, to help keep the inventory product from rapidly
becoming obsolete. Using a cutoff date of 1970 maybe appropriate, since it
would not substantially increase the inventory area and would help ensure the
product's utility through the year 2020 (fifty years after the cutoff date). Figure 1,
on the following page, outlines the current Conservation Overlay area and shows
proposed expansions to the inventory area that would help meet this goal.
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LEGEND
Q CURRENT CONSERVATION OVERLAY
Q PROPOSED ADDITIONAL
INVENTORYAREAS
0 0.25 0.5 Miles
Figure 1: Boundary of Bozeman's current Conservation Overlay area, with
proposed areas for future historic inventory.
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MONTANA HISTORIC PROPERTY RECORD
For the Montana National Register of Historic Places Program and State Antiquities Database
Montana State Historic Preservation Office
Montana Historical Society
PO Box 201202, 1410 8`i' Ave
Helena, MT 59620-1202
Property Address: 526 North Rouse Ave. ~ Site Number: 24 GA 1709
An historic district number may also apply.)
Historic Address (if applicable):
City/Town: Bozeman ~ County: Gallatin
Historic Name:
Original Owner(s): Rowena and Alden Webster
Current Ownership ®Private ^ Public
Current Property Name:
Owner(s): Douglas R. and Martha S. Drysdale
Owner Address: 1408 S. Black Ave.
Bozeman, MT 59715-5838
II Phone:
Historic Use: resldence
Current Use: residence
Construction Date: 1898 ^ Estimated ®Actual
Original Location ^ Moved Date Moved:
Legal Location
PM: Montana Township: 2S Range: 6E
NE'/4 NE'/< NW'/< of Section: 7
Lot(s): Center Portion of Tract 6
Block(s): NA
Addition: Perkins and Stone Year ofAddition: c. 1889
USGS Quad Name: Bozeman, MT Year: 1987
UTM Reference www.nris.state.mt.us/topofinder2
NAD 27 (preferred) ®NAD 83
Zone: 12 Easting:497540 Northing: 5059022
National Register ofHistoric Places
NRHP Listing Date:
Historic District: North Rouse Avenue (Bozeman)
NRHP Eligible: ®Yes ^ No
MT SHPO USE ONLY
Eligible for NRHP: ^ yes ^ no
Criteria: ^ A ^ B ^ C ^ D
Date:
Evaluator:
Date of this document: January 2006
Form Prepared by: Dale Martin, Renewable
Technologies, Inc.
Address: 511 Metals Bank Bldg., Butte, MT 59701
Daytime Phone: 406-782-0494
Comments:
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MONTANA HISTORIC PROPERTY RECORD
PAGE 2
Name: 526 North Rouse Ave. Site Number: 24 GA 1709
ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION
Architectural Style: OTHER: If Other, specify: vernacular
Property Type: Residential Specific Property Type:
Architect: unknown Architectural Firm/City/State:
Builder/Contractor: unknown Company/City/State:
Source of Information:
See Additional Information Page
Concisely, accurately, and completely describe the property and alterations with dates. Number the buildings and features to
correlate with the Site Map.
This is cone-story, irregularly-shaped, vernacular residence of wood-frame construction. The cross-gable roof is
covered with asphalt shingles. The exterior is sided with drop siding and has double-hung 1/1 windows. Cladding and
windows are both historic. There is ashed-roofed front porch (historic) in the building's southwestern ell. The
foundation is concrete. The cellar is accessed at the rear of the building where there are enclosed stairs down to the
cellar.
There are three rear additions to the building in total. Two are on the east elevation and are shed-roofed. The third is
on the southeast corner of the building. It has large, south-facing screen windows and a shed roof. Its form suggests it
was used as a chicken house. The additions are at least partially historic, and are minimally visible from the front of the
building.
The tax assessor records note that there are two sheds on the property. The first measures 16 X 29 feet, and
reportedly dates to about 1910. The other is 8 X 16 feet and was erected in about 1960.
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MONTANA HISTORIC PROPERTY RECORD
PAGE 3
Name: 526 North Rouse Ave. Site Number: 24 GA 1709
HLSTORY OF PROPERTY See Additional Information Page
This house probably was built in about 1898, shortly after Rowena (or Roanna) Webster purchased the lot on which it
stands. By 1901, Rowena and her husband Alden were living at the house at this location. Alden Webster was
employed as a laborer, and he and his wife had at least one child, also named Alden. In about 1910, the elder Alden
died, but Rowena Webster continued to live at 526 N. Rouse for the following 30 years. Rowena Alden presumably
died in about 1940, and her son Alden and his wife sold the house to Gail and Anna Kinyon that year.
Sometime during Rowena Webster's ownership, she had purchased an adjacent land parcel, so that for most of the
historic period the house stood on a lot which measured about 210 x 290 feet. This included land on both sides of
Bozeman Creek, and two houses which stood facing Perkins Place at the east edge of the large lot. The home place
must have somewhat resembled a country estate, with a handful of outbuildings adjacent to and behind the main house
and a large space to the north available for a yard (or possibly undeveloped).
The Kinyon family may have purchased the house from Alden and Agnes Webster under a contract for deed. They
lived at the house while they paid it off. During that time, Gail Kinyon was variously employed as a laborer, city
policeman, and packer for the Montana Flour Mills Company. The Kinyons also apparently rented out another small
house on the property set well back from the street. It would appear that, immediately after paying off their debt to
Alden Webster, the Kinyon family sold the house and lot at 526 N. Rouse to Albert and Minnie Buettner.
These next owners did not reside there themselves during the three years that they owned the property. In 1950, the
Buettners sold out to Thomas Grimes. Grimes owned and lived on the property for seven years, sharing the property
with other members of the Grimes family, Arthur and Bertha, possibly a brother and sister-in-law. During that time,
Thomas Grimes worked as a laborer for the City of Bozeman.
M.J. and Earlene Beckman purchased 526 N. Rouse in 1957, holding the property for a little over 3'/2 years. RTI did
not determine whether or not the Beckmans resided at the house.
INFORMATION SOURCESBIBLIOGRAPHY ^ See Additional Information Page
1891, 1904, 1912, and 1927 Sanborn maps
R.L. Polk & Company. Bozeman City Directory, 1900-1961
deeds on file at Gallatin County Clerk and Recorder's Office (refer to attached partial chain of title)
MONTANA HISTORIC PROPERTY RECORD
PAGE 4
Name: 526 North Rouse Ave. Site Number: 24 GA 1709
NATIONAL REGISTER OF ffiSTORIC PLACES
NRHP Listing Date:
NRHP Eligibility: ®Yes ^ No ^ Individually ®Contributing to Historic District ^ Noncontributing to Historic District
N1tHP Criteria: ®A ^ B ®C ^ D
Area of Significance: Period of Significance:
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE ^ See Additional Information Page
This building is a quality, representative example of a small, largely vernacular home from the late nineteenth/early
twentieth century. Houses of this scale and level of detailing were typical of working-class neighborhoods in turn-of-the-
century American towns, and it is the characteristic building type in Bozeman's northeastern residential neighborhoods.
This portion of the community was home to much of Bozeman's small industrial area -- primarily devoted to the
processing and shipping of agricultural products -- and consequently, much of the neighborhood's residential
component served blue-collar workers and their families. In general, these houses were smaller and less ornate than
those found elsewhere in the town. The bulk of the neighborhood's homes were constructed during the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries, a period of growth for the town of Bozeman as a whole, and particularly for the
northeastern neighborhood, which benefitted from proximity to the newly-constructed Northern Pacific and Milwaukee
Road railway lines.
This house, therefore, is significant as a representative example of period vernacular residential architecture, as well as
for its association with the early growth of Bozeman and its agricultural industry. The building retains a high level of
historic integrity, although no site-specific historical significance has been attributed to the house. This building is a
contributing resource to a proposed North Rouse Avenue Historic District.
INTEGRITY (location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, association) ^ See Additional Information Page
This building appears to largely retain all seven aspects of National Register integrity. The only substantial changes to
the property appear to be the rear additions to the house, at least some of which appear to be historic. These additions
are minimally visible from the street, and do not substantially detract from the house's overall appearance.
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MONTANA HISTORIC PROPERTY RECORD
PHOTOGRAPHS
Name: 526 North Rouse Ave. Site Number: 24 GA 1709
View to east.
View to southeast..
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MONTANA HISTORIC PROPERTY RECORD
SITE MAP
Property Name: 526 North Rouse Ave Site Number: 24GA1709
N E Peach St
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i~.n } _:Building outlines depicted on this map are
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MONTANA HISTORIC PROPERTY RECORD
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
Property Name: 526 North Rouse Ave Site Number: 24GA1709
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Bozeman, Montana (1987)
Section 7, T2S R6E