HomeMy WebLinkAbout7m_CulturalResourceEvaluation_12661.pdf CULTURAL RESOURCE EVALUATION
Cultural Resource Evaluations
Proposed Westbrook Subdivision located in the SE '/4 of Section 4, Township 2 South,
Range 5 East, P.M.M., Gallatin County, Montana.
MSHPO Project No. 2013111403
Prepared for: C&H Engineering, Bozeman, Montana.
1091 Stoneridge Drive
Bozeman, Montana 59718
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by Larry A. Lahren, Ph.D
Anthro Research, Inc.
Livingston, Montana
January, 2014
Cultural Resource Evaluations
Proposed Westbrook Subdivision located in the SE '/a of Section 4, Township 2
South, Range 5 East, P.M.M., Gallatin County, Montana.
Prepared for: C&H Engineering, Bozeman, Montana.
1091 Stoneridge Drive
Bozeman, Montana 59718
Principal Investigator: Larry A. Lahren, Ph.D
Senior Historian: Jerry Brekke
Field Crew Chief: Tom Jerde
January, 2014
33.5 Acres, more or less
MSHPO Project No. 2013111403
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2 Cultural RCSUUrec ILIM ions ref the Proposed Westbrook SUbl1iVlSiVn • .Innuary 2014 , ��1:-
Contents
Abstract ....... .........................................................................................................................................6
.
1 ntroduction............................................................................................................................................6
F;nvironmental Context........................................................................ ................6
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CulturalContext.....................................................................................................................................7
FileSearch Results.................................................................................................................................Y
ResearchMethods..................................................................................................................................9
ResearchFindings..................................................................................................................................9
Current Building Descriptions and Evaluations ..................................................................................10
SummaryConclusions and Recommendations....................................................................................
References............................................................................................................................................ 14
Figures
Figure 1 Project location relative to Montana landform ........................................................................4
Figure2 Topographical Map..................................................................................................................5
3 ('ultural RCsourcc I'Valuations of the Proposed Westbrook Subdivision ° .1;lIlLIC11'\ ?()I•I
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PROJECT LOCATION
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Figure 1
Project location relative to Montana landform.
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5 CUIIUral Resource Evaluations of the Proposed Westbrook Subdivision •January 2014
Abstract
Class I I I cultural resource evaluations were conducted for C & H Engineering's proposed Westbrook
Sub-division in Gallatin County, Montana.Three historic building structures were evaluated in terms of
their significance and integrity. None of the structures meet the historic significance and integrity criteria
outlined in Montana State Historic Preservation Office Bulletin Number 21 (A-D). No ethnohistoric or
prehistoric cultural resources were previously recorded in the project area and none were noted in this or
previous surveys conducted in this area.
Project approval, in terms of cultural resource compliance, is recommended.
Introduction
The herein discussed cultural resource evaluations were conducted for C&H Engineering, Bozeman,
Montana as part of the required compliance procedures for the planned Westbrook Subdivision along
Durston Road northwest of Bozeman, Montana.
The subject tract of these investigations is located in the SE '/4 of Section 4, Township 2 South, Range 5
East, P.M.M., Gallatin County, Montana and is referenced as 3662 Durston Road (Figure 2).
Requirements for the evaluations are outlined in a November 14, 2013 letter from the MSHPO to C&H
Engineering. Specific iterns of concern in this letter consist of building structures that require an evalua-
tion to determine their potential for listing on the National Register of Historic Places.
Environmental Context
"... a butiful navigable stream. Saw a large Gangue of Elk in the Plains and Deer in the river
bottoms.... 1 saw several Antelope, common Deer, wolves, beaver, otter, Eagles, hawks and
crows, wild gees, does, etc. etc. I observe Several leading roads which appear to pass a gap in
the mountain in a E. N E direction about 18 or 20 miles distant [Flathead Pass in the Bridger
Mountains]. The Indian woman has been ofgreat service to me as a pilot through this country
recommends a gap in the mountains more south which 1 shall cross [Bozeman or Shoshoni Pass
to the Yellowstone]. (Moulton 1993 for the dates July 13-14, 1806).
The project area is located west of Bozeman, Montana in a flat-lying agricultural field area at an eleva-
tion of 4757 ft. Located in an intermontane basin filled with soft, Tertiary, valley-fill sediments that are
covered with gravelly and cobbly Quaternary alluvial deposits that originated in the mountain flanks to
the south.
Soils consist of the Argboroll-Haploboroll-Fluvaqeunts (Av4) that have formed over loamy alluvium with
moderate to deep (50-100 crn.) profiles (Montagne, et. al. 1982).
A number of small streams flow through the area from south to north and join the northwest flowing
East Gallatin River. Baxter Creek lies along the eastern edge of this area. Aajker Creek is about a quarter
of a mile to the west of the project area. With the exception of some of the wetland areas, most of this
project and adjacent areas reflect agricultural development that began in late 1860s.
Prior to pioneer development,the project area consisted of an extensive wetland complex. When the
Clark contingent of the Lewis and Clark Expedition crossed this area in July of 1806, and contrary to
the advice of his guide Sacajawea who recommended taking the Shoshoni/Cherry Creek trail via the
6 Cultural Itcsource I'valuations ol'the Proposed Westbrook Suhdi%ASion 2014 .
highlands to the south, they encountered "...an intolerable rout caused by Beaver daming the Stream, a
muddy, wet rout." (Moulton 1993).
Cultural Context
Prehistory
Napton's (1965) preliminary archaeological survey of the Gallatin area provides an initial synthesis of
this area's prehistory. More comprehensive and detailed discussions of the prehistory of this area are
contained in Lahren (2006) and illustrates a continuous record of prehistoric use for some 11,000 radio
carbon years.
Napton (1965) placed the current study area within the "Valley Zone"and concluded that:
"... the Gallatin Valley was probably as favorable.for winter occupation as any location in
the Montana Southwestern Sub-Region. The large sites located in the central valley could be the
result of semi-sedentary perennial occupation... and the sites in the lowlands seen: to have been
the most intensively occupied ofany.found in the Gallatin area."(Napton 1965:286-287).
Ethrrohistory
The commonly known historic tribal societies in the study area reflect diaspora and displacement that
resulted from disease, slave trading, European market and trade systems, warfare and the introduction of
the horse and rifle in the 1700s. As a result, tribal boundaries and "territories"were constantly changing
as the land and its resources became both common and contested ground. Prior to European contact, the
archaeological record indicates that the area was the homeland of the Numic speaking Shoshoni peoples
by at least A.D.1200- this hunter/gatherer lifestyle extended into the past for some 10,000 years.
History
The Gallatin Valley and the Bozeman area developed within the same cultural,environmental and
technological context as other portions of western Montana. As chronologically outlined in Malone,
et.al. (1976), these phases include: exploration and the rivalry of empires, the fair trade, mining develop-
ment, the development of agriculture and stock raising, homesteading, the arrival of the railroads and the
development of counties and towns. Bozeman became an activity nexus for the mining development to
the west,transportation systems and the establishment of a military fort. Agriculture became important
for the early mining industry,the needs of Fort Ellis and the town of Bozeman. As the town increased
in population, "farm to market"systems expanded and early homesteaders took up claims proximal to
towns where they could market their products. Robert Baxter, an early"ground-floor"capitalist and
namesake of Baxter Creek, who homesteaded near the current study area in 1874, serves as one example
of this early symbiotic agricultural/town settlement relationship.
A review of Government Land Office records indicated that the current subject tract, Minor Sub 201A,
and adjacent area was originally homesteaded by Paulinus McCormick who was issued a land patent
November 1, 1880. However, the late patent date does not accurately reflect McCormick's significant
involvernent in Montana Territorial history beginning in the Gallatin Valley in 1866. McCormick is
better known for his adventuresome business activities in Custer and Yellowstone counties during the
fast paced years of pioneer settlement, military,and cultural interaction. Sanders (1913) identifies Mc-
Cormick as"Montana's Grand Old Man,"a moniker given him by Billings mayor Frank Woods in 1911
during a visit by President Taft.
Paulinus "Paul"McCormick was the seventh son of Irish immigrants James and Margaret McCormick.
7 CUltlll'A l:cxourre l:Valuations ofthe Proposed Wcstbrook Subdivision -.1WILILAry 2014
He was born in Greenwood, Stuben County, New York in 1845. According to the 1850 census, James
and Margaret had nine children; eight boys and a girl ranging in age from 3 years to 23 years old. In
1866, Paul and his brother John traveled West to join their
brothers Robert and James McCormick who had estab-
lished homesteads in the vicinity of Middle Creek near
Bozeman two years before.
Shortly after his arrival to Gallatin County, McCormick
A began a fl•eighting business to augment the McCormick
brothers agricultural interests. Transportation contracts
- A with the military at Fort Ellis soon enabled Paul to be-
come associated with Bozeman merchants such as Nelson
Story, Perry McAdow, Achilles Lamme, and Jack Men-
denhall who were attempting establishing a steamboat
and freight route via the Yellowstone River—a route
contested by the Sioux and Cheyenne.
In 1875, McCormick partnered with former Crow Indian
agent F.D. Pease and Z.H. Daniels in an attempt to es-
tablish a trade center at the mouth of the Big Horn River.
The ill-fated expedition to establish Fort Pease ended in
an eight month siege and abandonment of the fort. The
expedition was central to conflict which led to Custer's
battle on the Little Big Horn a year later.
Paul McCormick(Miller, 1894,p.576) By 1879, McCormick's business interests had shifted
away from Gallatin County and he established a mercan-
tile and cattle empire along the lower Yellowstone River valley. In 1891, he became a notable business-
man in Billings, Montana where he died in 1921
File Search Results
A file search was conducted at the MSHPO on January 7, 2014 and produced the following results in the
subject area:
Laurel Glen Sub-Division (CRABS Document No. GA 6 25082)
SWSE of Section 4, T. 2S, R. 5E, Gallatin County,Montana
160 acres, more or less.
Anthro Research Inc, evaluated ca. 160 adjacent to the current study area in July of 2002.No cultural
resources were located in the 160 agricultural field area that was evaluated. The one acre area of the
current study has been intensively altered with the construction and use of the dwelling structure and
outbuildings. Based this fact and the lack of cultural features found in the adjacent, previous survey,the
likelihood of buried prehistoric cultures on this one acre tract is low (See also, soil descriptions).
i
8 Cultural Resource Evaluations ol'the Proposed Westbrook SLllldiViSi011 • January 2014
Flanders Creek Sub-Division (CRABS Document No.GA 6 28192)
East % of the East % of the SE '/ of Section 4, T. 2S, R. 5 E, Gallatin, County,, Montana—37
acres.
Anthro Research Inc. evaluated ea. 37 acres in November, 2005, in a plowed field area and no cultural
resources were located.
Rosa Sttb-Division (CRABS Document No. GA 6 28418)
E %2 of the E 2 of the SE % of Section 4, T. 2 S., R. 5 E., Gallatin, County. Montana.
Ca. 40 acres (Figtu•e ).
No cultural features were located on the agricultural field area that was evaluated.
The following report adds to the original Laurel Glen report and now includes 33.5 acres and the build-
ing structures that are located in Lot 2A (Figure 2).
The purposes of these evaluations were to determine if the existing building structures meet the criteria
requirements that would make them eligible for National Register of Historic Places (Section 106). As
outlined in the MSHPO guidelines, historic properties are eligible when they are found to:
1) meet the criteria of evaluation (significance) and:
2 ) retain sufficient integrity to convey that significance. (Bulletin 21). The findings and application of
these criteria in these evaluations are discussed in the Findings and Recommendations section of this
report.
I
Research Methods
The first phase of the current evaluation consisted of a file and literature search at the Montana State His-
toric Preservation Office in Helena, Montana. Additional records were researched at the Gallatin County
Court House in Bozeman, Montana and other historical resources, including early homestead records.
The second phase of the project involved a pedestrian and visual evaluation of the building structures
and adjacent areas that are located on the subject property. These evaluations were conducted relative the
to criteria outlined in Appendix 7 (Montana Historical Architectural Inventory) of MSHPO Bulletin No.
21 (September 2000).
Area of Potential Effect
The area of Potential Effect consists of 33.5 acres, more or less,and specifically, Lot 2 A of Minor Subdi-
vision 201 A which consists of about 1 acre.
Research Findings
A title search associated with the study area was conducted at the Gallatin County Clerk and Recorders
office. Subsequent to the original homestead patent issued in November 1880, Paul McCormick granted
a power of attorney for the property to his brother James on November 28, 1883. Various historical nar-
ratives indicate that the McCormick brothers eventually joined Paul in Yellowstone County,with the
exception of John, who became a Wyoming state senator.
9 Cu1uu-al RCSOLINC Fvaluations of the I'roposcd Westhrook Suhdivisioii - .lanu,►ry -2014
By the 1930s, property title was held by Union Central Life Insurance Co., a pattern reflective of many
small farm properties whose owners failed to survive drought and economic depression which began in
Montana in 1919. In 1936, John Lincoln purchased the property (Deed Book 80-63) and sold it to J.A.
and Ethel Stout in 1938 (Deed Book 83-448).
Deed records do not include a description of the current residence until the Stouts entered a joint tenancy
agreement with Fred and Hester Ypma in December 1951. At that time, the residence was described and
valued at $4,000 (Deed Book 107-150). Montana Cadastral tax assessment records assign a 1930 con-
struction date for the residence.
Subsequent to the 1950s,the property changed hands a number of times and eventually became annexed
into Bozeman city li►nits. Over time,the residence likely underwent several remodeling events, some of
which are apparent on visual inspection.
Current Building Structure Descriptions and Evaluations
According to the Montana Cadastral property records, the following building structures, 50 years or
older, are located on the subject property:
Building Number 1- Residential Dwelling Structure-1930.
This structure consists of a residential dwelling structure located at 3662 Durston Lane, Bozeman,
Montana. According to the Montana Cadastral, the structure was constructed in the 1930s and has been
re-modeled and modified since that time. It is currently utilized as a residential home. A garage was
constructed as part of the house in 1935. Other recent structures include a workshop and chicken coop.
The current plans for the development of the Westbrook Sub-Division do not involve any modification or
changes for this residential structure and thus does not require any historic significance evaluations.
Significance:NA
Integrity: NA
National Register Eligibility: NA
Building Number 2— Quonset Hut- ca. 1950.
Consisting of a pre-fabricated, corrugated metal roof and walls with an internal steel structure, the build-
ing was constructed ca. 1950. It has been modified from its original form into an open-faced structure
for equipment and other storage. Dimensions of the structure are: 25 ft. E-W by 37 ft/N-S.
Significance: NA
Integrity: NA
National Register Eligibility: NA
10 ('ultural Resource I'X 1luatiOns ol'the Proposed Westbrook Subdivision • .I,i►uiary 2014 ,��
Building Number 3- Grana►y - ca. 1950.
An 18 ft. by 18 ft., 28 ft. high grain storage building. Made from laminated 2x4" inch board on 2 x 12"
stingers on a cement foundation. The floor of the granary consists of 1x10" boards. The structure is 28 ft.
high. It is divided into eight grain storage compartments.
Significance: Tile structure reflects a distinct building style in terms of construction and costs. It is not,
however, historically significant.
Integrity: The structure exhibits structural and functional integrity.
National Register Eligibility: Not significant relative to National Register Criteria A-D.
Summary Conclusions and Recommendations
File search, physical reconnaissance and field observations did not indicate that the existing historic
structures evaluated on the proposed Westbrook development tract qualify for the National Register of
Historic Places relative to Criteria A-D. Although historic records identify Paul McCormick as a signifi-
cant figure in Montana history, no structures associated with him exist in the project area.
Project approval is recommended for the cultural resource component of the proposed development
project.
Larry A. Lahren, Ph.D
North American Archaeologist
January, 2014
f
11 CUIlU1-111 Izctiource I ValuaOons ol*thc Proposed W@SLbroiili Suhdk isitm - .l<uivarN 2014
Photographic Attachments:
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Overview of residential and outbuildings in project area.
Building Number 1- Residential Dwelling Structure -1930.
Residential structure looking northeast.
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Residential structure looking southwest r '
12 Cultural Resource 1:valUations of the Proposed Westbrook Subdivision - kinuary 2014 ��v,
Building Number 2 — Quonset Hut - ca. 1950.
Prefabricated Quonset looking west.
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Building Number 3- Granary- ca. 1950.
Left: 18'X18'X28'Granary
1 Below:Granary noting laminated,2"X4"
construction.
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13 C UILural Resource Evaluations of the Proposed Westbrook Subdivision - January 2014 s;�.
References
Bureau of Land Management-Government Land Office Records, electronic source: http://www.glore-
cords.bl m.gov/
Burlingame, Merrill G.
1976 Gallatin County's Heritage: A Report of Progress, Gallatin County Bi-Centennial Publication,
Bozeman, Montana
Gallatin County, Montana Clerk and Recorder, Deed Books
Hardesty, Donald L. and Barbara J. Little
2000 Assessing Site Significance: A Guide for Archaeologists and Historians, Alta Mira Press,
Walnut Creek, California.
Lahren, Larry A.
2002 Cultural Resource Evaluations of the Baxter Meadows Land Development.
Gallatin County, Montana. MSHPO Project# 2000103103
2002 Cultural Resource Evaluations of the Laurel Glen Sub-Division Project,
Gallatin County, Montana. (CRABS Document No. GA 6 25082)
2005 Cultural Resource Evaluations of the Flanders Field Sub-Division, Gallatin
County, Montana. CRABS Document No.GA 6 28192)
2006 Rosa Sub-Division, Gallatin County, Montana
MSHPO Project# 2006041405
2006 Homeland: An Archaeologist's View of Yellowstone Country's Past.
Cayuse Press, Livingston, Montana.
Malone, Michael P. , Richard B. Roeder and William L. Lang
1976 Montana- A History of Two Centuries.
University of Washington Press
Seattle, Washington
Miller, Joaquin
1894 Illustrated History of the State of Montana, Lewis Publishing, Chicago.
Montagne, Clifford, et. al.
1982 Soils of Montana.
Montana Agricultural Experiment Station
Bulletin 744, Montana State University
Bozeman, Montana.
Moulton, Gary E.
1993 The Lewis and Clark Expedition. Volume 8
June 10-September 26, 1806.
University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska.
14 Culttu•al itcsnurce I'V aluations of the Proposed Westbrook Subdivision - .lanuary 2014 ;;,�
Montana State Historic Preservation Office
2000 Consulting With the Montana SHPO
Planning Bulletin Number 21.
Helena, Montana.
Napton, Lewis K.
1965 Canyon and Valley- Preliminary Archaeological Survey in the Gallatin
Area, Montana, Unpublished Master's Thesis, University of Montana
Missoula, Montana.
National Register Bulletin No. 36
1993 Guidelines for Evaluating and Registering Historical Archaeological Sites
and Districts, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service.
Progressive Men of the State of Montana
Undated A.W. Bowen and Co., Chicago.
Sanders, Helen Fitzgerald
1913 A History of Montana, Volume 2, Lewis Publishing Co., Chicago, Illinois
Smith, Phyliss
1996 Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley- A History.
Two Dot Press, Helena, Montana.
U.S. Census Bureau electronic source: www.familysearch.org
1850 Greenwood, Stuben County,New York, enumeration of the James and Margaret McCormick
household.
Veseth, Roger and Clifford Montagne
1980 Geologic Parent Materials of Montana Soils.
Bulletin 721
Montana Agricultural Experiment Station
Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.
l
15 C'ullural IZCNOUrcc I'Valuations ofthe Proposcd �\e�ibrook Suhdi0sion • .1UM10rl 201-I ,+i, ,