HomeMy WebLinkAboutJoint Meeting with Community Affordable Housing Advisory Board re; Affordable Housing Needs Study
Commission Memorandum
REPORT TO: Honorable Mayor and City Commission
FROM: Tracy Menuez, Community Affordable Housing Advisory Board
(CAHAB) Staff
Tim McHarg, Planning and Community Development Director
SUBJECT: Joint Meeting with CAHAB: Affordable Housing Needs Assessment
Presentation
MEETING DATE: January 23, 2012
AGENDA ITEM TYPE: Policy Discussion
RECOMMENDATION: Review the draft Housing Needs Study report attached to this
memorandum. Provide feedback and direction for the next phase of the Needs Assessment
process, the Affordable Housing Plan.
RECOMMENDED MOTION: No motion is necessary. This is a policy discussion that
requires no formal action by the City Commission.
BACKGROUND: On July 18, 2011, the City Commission allocated funds from recycled
Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program income to update the City’s Affordable
Housing Needs Assessment and develop a 5-year housing plan. After an RFP process, Werwath
Associates was selected to complete the Assessment.
The most recent housing needs assessment was completed in 2003. Since that time, significant
changes have occurred both in the local real estate market and in the fiscal environment for
federal, state and local governments. The goal of the updated Needs Assessment is to provide
the citizens, local officials, affordable housing providers and other stakeholders with more
current information resulting in policies focusing on the community’s greatest needs and
measurable, well-defined outcomes.
The needs assessment is being conducted in two phases:
• Phase 1 consists of an affordable housing needs assessment, establishment of baseline
available rental and ownership housing, analysis of gaps in housing programs and stock,
and development of mechanisms to define price points for affordable rental and
ownership housing.
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• Phase 2 will be the development of a 5-year housing plan and implementation strategies.
An updated affordable housing needs assessment and development of an affordable housing plan
has a number of benefits for our community. The assessment and plan are necessary to request
any State or Federal funding to support affordable housing, and the assessment can be used by
developers of affordable housing to support their applications for funding. Establishing a
baseline and affordability price points helps to measure the success of affordable housing policy.
An affordable housing plan that outlines the community’s priorities provides certainty to
developers and providers about requirements and incentives. Information received through
Phases 1 and 2 of work will prove invaluable in the community decision-making process
regarding affordable housing.
Over the past several months, Werwath Associates has been working with Staff to gather data
and conduct interviews to complete Phase 1 of the Assessment. Interviews have included
CAHAB members, affordable housing providers, service providers, developers, builders,
realtors, appraisers, lenders, and other community members. The results of this research and
analysis are summarized in the attached draft Housing Needs Study report.
The draft Housing Needs Study report will be presented to interested community members at a
public meeting on January 20. The input received at the public meeting and through other public
comment will be summarized and presented to the Commission and CAHAB as part of the
policy discussion on January 23.
Peter Werwath of Werwath Associates will make a brief presentation to set the stage for this
policy discussion. Planning and HRDC Staff will also be present to answer any questions and to
facilitate the policy discussion among the Commission and CAHAB.
UNRESOLVED ISSUES: None at this time.
ALTERNATIVES: The policy discussion will be sufficiently broad to consider a full range of
alternatives relative to affordable housing issues and to provide direction on possible policy
alternatives for further analysis and development in Phase 2 of the Affordable Housing Needs
Assessment.
FISCAL EFFECTS: The cost for Phases 1 and 2 of the Affordable Housing Needs Assessment
is $30,000. The proposed funding source for the Affordable Housing Needs Assessment is
recycled CDBG funds and has been budgeted accordingly.
Attachments: Draft Housing Needs Study Report, dated January 13, 2012.
Report compiled on: January 13, 2012
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DISCUSSION DRAFT
Housing Needs Study
For the City of Bozeman, Montana
Version of Jan. 15, 2012
By
Werwath Associates
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DISCUSSION DRAFT – Housing Needs Study for City of Bozeman, Prepared by Werwath Associates ‐ Page 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 2
2. Demographic Profile and Trends ........................................................................................................ 6
3. The Workforce, Economy and Overall Housing Demand ................................................................. 11
4. Housing Market Profile and Trends .................................................................................................. 15
5. Housing Development Costs ............................................................................................................. 27
6. Land Use and Building Regulations ................................................................................................... 28
7. Baseline of Affordable Housing Activities, Their Value and Effectiveness ........................................ 31
8. Affordable Housing Price Points and Gaps in Housing Stock ............................................................ 38
9. Indicated Programmatic and Regulatory Initiatives ......................................................................... 42
APPENDICES
A. List of Individuals Interviewed for Study .................................................................................. 44
B. Detailed Table of Affordable Housing Program Outcomes ....................................................... 45
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DISCUSSION DRAFT – Housing Needs Study for City of Bozeman, Prepared by Werwath Associates ‐ Page 2
1. Executive Summary
The Economy, Demographics and Housing Market
Bozeman experienced exceptionally rapid growth in employment, households and its housing stock
during the first decade of the 2000s, even considering a serious economic decline that began in 2007.
The number of Bozeman residents at work declined from 2007‐2010 but stabilized in 2011, although the
local unemployment rate, at 6.1%, is near its 10‐year peak.
Despite a decline in home prices and rents, the number of Bozeman households paying over 30% of
their incomes for housing increased substantially during the 2000s—placing 28% of homeowners and
49% of renters in this category. Cost burden data is the most reliable indicator of gaps between what
housing costs and what Bozeman households can afford. The numbers of homeless people and special
populations needing affordable housing also increased.
Employment statistics and interviews with several major employers did not indicate a future trend in
employment levels, either upward or downward. For this reason, this study does not include projections
of future growth in employment, households and needs for affordable housing. Instead, estimates of
affordable needs and gaps in the housing stock were based on current market and demographic
conditions.
Reflecting the economic downturn and reduced overall demand for housing, housing starts have been
reduced in 2008 through 2011 to levels that are about half that of 2000‐2001, and less than a quarter of
the starts in 2004 and 2005. Sales of homes reported by the Gallatin Association of Realtors declined at
a slower rate, with an estimated 594 sales in 2011, compared to 828 in 2006, the last year of the real
estate boom—a decline of 29%. The median sale price of all types of homes declined 20%, from
$257,875 in 2006 to $207,000 during 2011.
A substantial number of homes are currently on the market in price ranges considered “affordable” and
not available just a few years go. Forty eight one‐ and two‐bedroom homes were listed at prices
averaging just under $100,000, while 16 three‐bedroom condos were listed at a median price of
$129,900. Included in these tallies are 22 new condominium units either acquired by or built by the
Human Resource Development Council (HRDC) with federal subsidies.
Distress sales of properties in foreclosure have added to the inventory of for‐sale homes and
undoubtedly reduced the median sale price, but this trend abated in 2011. As of October 2011, there
were 129 homes in Bozeman estimated to be in stages of the foreclosure process of which about two‐
fifths are estimated to be valued at $200,000 or less. Monthly trustee foreclosure sales peaked at 38 in
January 2010 and averaged 25 per month countywide since then.
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A sample survey of low‐ and moderately‐priced apartment properties indicated that average rents for
two‐bedroom apartments in Bozeman are currently $738, with average three‐bedroom rents much
higher, at $977. The survey found only 15 vacant units out of 796 apartments surveyed, 15 of which
were newly acquired by a property management agency, indicating an exceptionally tight market for
apartment rentals. A survey of selected mobile home parks in Bozeman indicated an average rent of
$530, with only four vacancies out of 106 rental homes surveyed, most of them three‐bedroom models.
Mobile homes are thus an important source of very affordable rental housing. Some mobile home parks
located just outside Bozeman are endangered by failing well and septic systems.
Regulations Affecting Affordable Housing
Due to the substantial decline in residential construction, the drop in home prices, and concerns with
technical complexities as well as administrative costs, Bozeman’s Workforce Housing Ordinance dating
from 2007 was suspended for one year in September 2011, having resulted in no production of
affordably‐priced homes.
Selected homebuilders who were interviewed pointed to Bozeman’s impact fees as a major factor in the
costs of constructing homes. The fees average about $11,000 per home. The Workforce Housing
Ordinance had provisions for full or partial reimbursement or deferral of these fees for income‐ and
price‐restricted homes, but no such provisions are now in effect.
Concerns were also expressed about newer subdivisions that include “restricted‐size lots”—lots sized
less than 5,000 square feet that were intended to encourage the construction of smaller homes that
would remain relatively more affordable. The requirements are now suspended, but apply to
approximately 14 approved subdivisions. Several builders stated that it is difficult, given current market
conditions, to sell smaller, low‐cost homes on small lots, and the dispersal of these small lots throughout
subdivisions makes it more difficult to market higher‐priced homes.
Affordable Housing Activities
HRDC is a major provider of affordable housing and related services in Bozeman. In 2011, it provided
pre‐purchase counseling to 116 Bozeman clients and built 36 of the affordable condos referred to
above, adding to 20 “land trust” homes built in the 1990s. HRDC made one down payment assistance
loan in 2011 in Bozeman, apart from assistance to buyers of the condos that HRDC developed. Habitat
for Humanity has built 61 affordable homes countywide. HRDC, Family Promise and other organizations
currently operate 49 emergency shelter beds, along with facilities and rent subsidies for 67 families and
individuals in transitional and supportive housing.
No affordable, subsidized rental housing has been built in Bozeman since 2005, to add to the current
stock of 368 apartments for low‐income families and 161 apartments for low‐income seniors. Federal
rent subsidies are provided to 273 very low income households and individuals.
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Affordable Housing Price Points
The needs study indicated a need for more rental housing priced to be affordable to households within
incomes at or below 40% of area median income (for example, under $600 for a two‐bedroom unit), as
well as a general need for additions to the rental stock.
The study indicated affordability gaps for homebuyers with incomes at or below 65% of area median
income, translating to prices at or below $152,000 for a three‐bedroom home. The gaps become
substantial for homebuyers with incomes at or below 50% of area median income. Due to market price
reductions and the supply created by HRDC, this need is currently satisfied for homebuyers with
incomes above 65% AMI (and some below that level) but a future supply will be needed in this category.
If home prices start increasing, mortgage assistance will be needed and/or regulatory changes or
incentives to builders to provide more homes at the low end of the for‐sale housing market.
Indicated Programmatic and Regulatory Initiatives
The housing needs described in this report indicate the following potential programmatic priorities for
nonprofits, for‐profit developers and the City. These are not in priority order, and are suggested for
consideration during the process of drafting a new affordable housing plan.
• Subsidized construction of for‐sale housing. Projects sponsored by nonprofits should continue,
but at a measured pace until existing inventories are absorbed.
• Assistance for purchasing lower‐priced market‐rate homes. Reduced home prices create a major
opportunity to step up pre‐purchase counseling and down payment assistance programs.
• Construction of new rental housing. Development of rental housing using the federal Low
Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program should be a high priority. The City might consider
providing incentives and setting formal criteria for the types of LIHTC projects that it endorses
for federal subsidies.
• Construction of housing for special populations. Given the unmet needs of special populations
for affordable and supportive housing options, construction or acquisition and rehab of more
residential properties should be a priority, to serve very low‐income seniors, disabled people,
recently homeless people and those with other special needs.
• Workforce Housing Ordinance and possible regulatory changes. The needs study indicates that
the City’s Workforce Housing Ordinance should not be reinstated at this time due to the
softness of the real estate market, technical issues with the ordinance and administrative costs.
Reinstatement of a revised ordinance could be considered as the housing market strengthens. In
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the meantime, the City may wish to consider enacting a set of incentives for builders to
construct affordable, for‐sale homes and rental units. Some incentives could simply provide
builders with more flexibility in responding to market demand—for example, allowing
construction of detached homes on small but adequately‐sized lots.
• Re‐platting subdivisions. If existing subdivisions are re‐platted, as some builders propose, and
the City agrees, some incentives or requirements for construction of affordable homes and
rental units could be retained. Donation of house lots or sub‐tracts for affordable home or
rental construction is among the options to be considered.
• Impact fees. The City might consider allowing, in some form, deferrals or reimbursement of
impact fees as an additional incentive to produced discount‐priced housing for lower‐income
buyers, whether or not the Workforce Housing Ordinance is reinstated.
• Possible actions regarding mobile home parks. The City may wish to consider encouraging older
mobile home parks just outside Bozeman, with failing septic systems and wells, to connect to
the City’s water and sewer systems, in exchange for agreements to maintain certain levels of
affordability. Nonprofits might consider a concerted program of helping low‐income families
and/or landlords replace, repair and weatherize older, substandard mobile homes.
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2. Demographic Profile and Trends
Household and Population Trends
Bozeman’s population grew by 36% in the 2000s, from 27,509 to 37,280—a rate of growth four times
faster than the nation as a whole. Of the seven Montana cities with 2010 populations greater than
10,000, only Kalispell grew faster, at a 40% rate, while the populations of the five others combined grew
only 9%.
The number of households in
Bozeman grew faster than the
population in the 2000s, from 10,877
to 15,775—an exceptionally high
45% rate of growth—adding nearly
5,000 households. The disparity
between population and household
growth is somewhat due to a
shrinking of household sizes. The
average size of an owner‐occupied
household went from 2.43 to 2.32,
while the average size of renter
households shrunk from 2.13 to 2.06.
During the same period, the building boom of the early and mid‐2000s led to an increase of housing
supply that outpaced household growth. The number of housing units increased from 11,577 to 17,368,
a 50% increase. If the number of housing units had increased at the slower rate of household growth,
there would have been 812 fewer housing units in 2010. By implication, Bozeman was overbuilt by that
number of housing units. While seasonal, resort housing may have contributed to a surplus in the
county as a whole, the number of seasonal housing units in Bozeman (337 according to the 2010
Census) does not appear to be a major factor.
There are no reliable statistics on year‐to‐year population changes in Bozeman, but it is likely that the
population and households declined somewhat from 2008 to 2011 due to the effects of the national
recession, including a severe slowdown of real estate development in Bozeman.1
Offsetting the likely decline in full‐time residents during the worst years of the recession was a dramatic
increase in the number of students enrolled at Montana State University. Enrollment has grown by
1 The Census Bureau estimated that Bozeman’s population was 39,282 as of July, 2009, but only six months later
the actual census count was 2,002 lower. This casts doubt on the reliability of the Bureau’s estimates of year‐to‐
year population growth in the 2000s.
Figure 1. Population, Households and Housing Units in
Bozeman and Gallatin County, 2010
Bozeman (City) County
Population 37,280 89,513
Households 15,775 36,550
Total housing units 17,464 42,289
Seasonal housing units 337 2,794
Occupied year‐around housing units 15,775 36,550
Percentage vacant, year‐around 7.7 7.0
Percent renter occupied 56.5 39.0
Percent owner occupied 43.5 61.0
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 ‐ Demographic Profile Data
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1,983 students just since 2007, a 16% increase. MSU has a current enrollment of 14,153, including
12,188 undergraduates and 1,965 graduate students. See Figure 2, below.
Bozeman has a relatively small
minority population. According to
the 2010 Census, the City’s
population includes 0.5% African
Americans, 1.1% Native Americans,
1.9% Asians and 2.9%
Hispanics/Latinos. The only
significant change in the minority
population over the previous decade
was an increase in the
Hispanic/Latino population from 438
to 1,096.
Age Profile of Population Little Changed
During the 2000s, Bozeman did not experience a notable change in the age profile of its population.
Unlike many other communities around the country, Bozeman did not experience significant aging of its
population during that period. The number of people aged 62 or older only edged up from 9% to 9.9% of
the population. One builder who was interviewed noted a slight increase in retirees relocating to
Bozeman to take advantage of the recent reduction in home prices, but the evidence is not strong
enough to confirm a
future trend. The
portion of the
population under age
18 was virtually
unchanged—dropping
three‐tenths of a
percentage point.
Income Distributions
Compared to the
county outside
Bozeman, households
in Bozeman have
much lower incomes.
See Figure 3 above. As
defined by the U.S.
Department of
Figure 2. Enrollment Trend at Montana State University
Figure 3. Income Distributions
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Housing and Urban Development (HUD), about 58% of Bozeman households are considered “low‐
income”—meaning that they have incomes at or below 80% of the area median income (AMI) as
calculated by HUD.
On the surface, this is a logical
inconsistency, because exactly 50% of
Bozeman households should have incomes
below the median. But Census data do not
align with HUD income definitions. HUD’s
“area” for calculating median income is
larger than Bozeman and different
methodology is used. See Figure 4. The
Census tally of households with less than
$20,000 annual income closely equates to HUD’s “extremely low income” group, defined by HUD as
those having incomes at or below 30% of area median income. This group comprises 23% of Bozeman’s
households.
It is important to note that HUD’s area median income (AMI) standard for Gallatin County is higher than
the median household income for both Bozeman and Gallatin County as reported in the 2010 Census.
The HUD AMI standard is important to consider for planning purposes because 80% of area median
income is considered “low‐income.” This is the upper income limit used to determine eligibility of
homebuyers for mortgage assistance programs funded by HUD. The HUD AMI level for a three‐person
household is the closest comparison to the Census median incomes, since the average family size in
Gallatin County is about 2.9 persons. Comparative income levels are listed in Figure 4.
Housing Cost Burdens
The largest single
indicator of the lack of
housing affordability is
the number of
households paying over
30% of their incomes for
housing costs—a widely
used standard of rental
housing affordability,
although 33% to 35%
has become an
acceptable standard for
homeowners. This study
uses the 30%‐of‐income
standard because it is
Figure 4. Census and HUD
Household Income Benchmarks
Bozeman median income, 2010 Census $41,705
Gallatin County median income, 2010 Census $50,239
HUD median income, family of three, 2011 $60,100
HUD 80% of AMI level, family of three, 2011 $48,050
HUD 50% of AMI level, family of three, 2011 $30,050
HUD 30% of AMI level, family of three, 2011 $18,000
Figure 5. Renter Housing Cost Burdens in Bozeman, 2010
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broadly accepted and available in comparative tables for 2000 and 2010 Census data.
A total of 6,068, or 39%, of households in Bozeman paid over 30% of their incomes for housing costs,
according to the 2010 Census. Of these, about two‐thirds—or 4,032 households—were renters. Nearly
half of all renter households in Bozeman were cost burdened, compared to 28% of homeowners.
Cost burdens are concentrated among renters and homeowners with incomes under $35,000—who
make up nearly three‐quarters of all households paying over 30% of income for housing. See Figures 5
and 6.
Despite reductions in
housing costs starting in
2007, 2,200 more
Bozeman households
were cost burdened in
2010 as compared to
2000. Rents and sale
prices had declined when
the 2010 Census was
conducted, but not
enough to offset a
decade‐long trend in
housing cost increases
outstripping income
growth.
As indicated by Figure 7,
renters as a whole are
nearly two times more
likely as owners to be cost
burdened. But because
home prices ran up faster
than rents in the 2000s,
cost burdens on owners
increased faster.
Reductions in housing prices mainly affect “turnover” homes and rental units. As a result, most of
Bozeman’s homeowners and renters are still locked into housing costs that were set during the boom
years.
Figure 7. Owner‐Renter Household Growth and Cost Burden
Changes in Bozeman, 2000 to 2010
2000 2010
%
Change
Owner‐occupied housing units 4,663 6,865 47%
Renter‐occupied housing units 6,214 8,910 43%
Percentage of owners paying over 30% 23.2% 27.6% 19%
Percentage of renters paying over 30% 44.4% 49.3% 11%
Sources: 2000 and 2010 Census and 2010 American Community Survey
Figure 6. Owner Housing Cost Burdens in Bozeman, 2010
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Special Needs Populations
For this study, impressions of the needs of special populations were surveyed through interviews with
service providers and surveys and analysis of Census data. In almost all sectors of housing services,
providers report a higher need than can be served by current resources. Homelessness is on the rise,
especially among families. There remains a high need for transitional housing, which is essential for
transitioning people out of emergency shelter. A lack of affordable rental housing development has led
to a high need in this area, particularly for development near transportation and jobs.
Determining needs for shelter and services for homeless people can be a difficult proposition due to
their transiency and a general lack of visibility. As part of the statewide Continuum of Care network,
homeless counts are conducted annually by the Greater Gallatin Homeless Action Committee during the
last week in January. An analysis of these numbers shows relatively high variations over the last six
years, although certain trends are clear. Most striking is an increase in the number of homeless families
captured in the survey with the total number of homeless family members (as opposed to homeless
individuals) nearly doubling from 43 in 2006 to 78 in 2011. The total number of homeless people
captured in the count has increased from 121 in 2006 to 181 in 2011.
Homeless service providers report several patterns among homeless family populations. These include
high levels of substance abuse, mental illness and chronic medical problems, all of which contribute in
varying degree to homelessness. In addition, Family Promise of Gallatin Valley works exclusively with
homeless families and reports that nearly 80% of clients have histories of abuse or trauma.
Seasonal variability in demand is evident for shelters serving victims of domestic violence, who in
addition to seeing increased demand in the summer, also report a considerable number of women
seeking to relocate to the Bozeman area from outside the state to escape a violent relationship. Haven
domestic violence shelter reported a 23% increase in the total number of shelter nights year‐to‐year and
that in general, stays are getting longer.
Similar high demand was reported for other special needs categories. Western Montana Mental Health
Center (WMMHC) reported that 38 individuals applied for their most recent six‐unit transitional housing
development. This demand was internal to the organization and did not include people who are not
currently receiving services through WMMHC. Because this facility only includes studio units, this
number also did not include any families currently in need.
A high need for transitional housing was also reported by both Haven domestic violence shelter and
Family Promise. Between Family Promise, Haven and WMMHC it was reported that there was an
immediate need for at least 20 units of transitional housing, perhaps as many as 35 units to meet
current demand. Demand was reported to be especially high for family units and special units for
families with disabled children. One observation from organizations serving the general homeless
populations was that there is currently a high level of “specialization” among existing transitional units,
which creates a shortage of units available for homeless people without specialized problems.
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Figure 8. Market Factors Likely to Affect
Future Housing Demand in Bozeman
Increased Demand
Continued increase in employment
Continued shrinking of household sizes
Continued increases in MSU enrollment
Uptick in retirees locating here
Reduced or Static Demand
Return to employment losses/slow growth
Out‐migration due to employment issues
Continued low growth: retiree households
3. The Workforce, Economy and Overall Housing Demand
Employment Trends
Gallatin County experienced significant gains in employment from 2000 to 2007, driving the major
increase in the number of households and helping to fuel a real estate development and construction
boom. Then, from 2008 through 2010, there was a steep drop in the number of employed people in the
county. Still, at the end of the last decade, there were 5,718 more persons employed countywide than
11 years previously, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
Bozeman residents accounted for virtually all of the net employment gains in the 2000s. According to
the U.S. Census, the number of employed persons in the City rose by 5,014 between 2000 and 2010, a
32% increase. It should be noted that the Census and BLS use different data‐gathering methods.
This begs the question of how the number of households in Bozeman increased by 45% in the 2000s,
while the City’s workforce increased by only 32% and the population increased by only 36%.
Typically, the three trends track more closely together. Declines in employment from 2007‐2010 explain
some of the difference—people became unemployed or withdrew of the workforce but for the most
part have apparently stayed in the community. More of the disparity is explained by shrinking sizes of
households—household formation (and housing demand) is increasing faster than population growth. In
addition, increased enrollments at MSU, with more students living off‐campus but not working, is
undoubtedly another factor that drove household growth in Bozeman faster than employment growth.
Between 2000 and 2010, MSU enrollment grew by 1,798.
What does this mean for future demand for housing,
housing costs and affordability in Bozeman?
Naturally, strong household growth driven by
underlying employment growth tends to drive up
housing costs—as occurred in Bozeman up to 2007—
while slow growth or declines in number of
households translates to reduced demand for
housing and tends to stabilize or reduce housing
costs. Figure 8 summarizes the major factors that
will influence future housing demand—of which
employment levels are the most influential and
unpredictable.
The dramatic drop in employment from 2007‐2010
very likely led some households to leave Bozeman—although there are no reliable statistics to confirm
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this. Several residential builders who were interviewed estimated that about half of the construction
companies went out of business during the recession, leading to an exodus of construction workers to
other parts of the country, in particular to North Dakota’s booming oil and gas fields.
Reliable year‐to‐year employment data is available for Gallatin County but not for Bozeman.
Countywide, the number of persons employed increased from 38,817 in October 2000 to 44,536 in
October 2011, but not in a steady trend.
Between 2000 and 2007, the number of
employed people increased by 10,560,
or 27%. Then, from 2007 to 2010, the
number declined by 4,896—see Figure
9. In 2011, the decline ended and there
was a slight increase of 55 more people
employed.2 Employment statistics are
as of October of each year.
The countywide unemployment rate as
of October 2011 was 6.1%, having
reached a 12‐year peak of 7.4% in
January 2011. While the county’s
unemployment rate is lower than the
national rate of 8.6%, it is still
historically high.
Loss of employment—as well as the
threat of losing jobs—clearly
contributed to a dramatic fall‐off in
demand for homes and rental units in
recent years. While there is no doubt
pent‐up demand for bigger, better or
more affordable housing, there is no
basis at this time for predicting future
demand based on employment and
household growth. Trends in housing
supply and demand are addressed in
Section 4 below.
2 Detailed employment statistics are available for Gallatin County but not Bozeman. Statistics are from October of
each year except where noted.
Figure 9. Employment Trend in Gallatin County, 2000‐11
Figure 10. Employment Rate in Gallatin County, 2000‐11
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Local Economy and Growing Sectors
Aside from the recent recession, Bozeman has seen a long‐term trend of economic growth paired with
strong population growth. Primary growth drivers are a major university, a regional hospital, plentiful
opportunities for outdoor recreation, tourism, and the overall attractiveness of the community.
Montana State University (MSU) is the largest single employer in Bozeman, with 3,579 employees—
2,300 full‐time and 1,279 part‐time including graduate assistants.
Bozeman Deaconess Hospital is the second largest employer, with
1,300 employees. An interview with a hospital official indicated
that the hospital has not had much net job growth over the past
couple of years. And with the uncertainty of health legislation and
reimbursement rate cuts projected for Medicare and possibly
Medicaid, the hospital is not anticipating future net job growth in
the coming months and years. A human resources department
official stated that the hospital is not aware of any significant
issues concerning housing and/or staff availability of finding
housing.
See Figure 11 for a list of the top 20 employers in Gallatin County.
Much of growth in industry sectors during the 2000s was exactly
what is expected in a community that benefits from tourism, a
growing university, and a major regional hospital. Most of the
employment increases were in education, health care,
restaurants, lodging, and retail businesses—a mix of higher‐
paying professional jobs and lower‐paying service jobs. See Figure
12 and Figure 13 on the next page for statistics on Gallatin’s
County’s workforce by industries and occupations.
It should be noted that Figure 12 and Figure 13 describe the
number of civilians in Gallatin County over age 16 who are employed either full‐time or part‐time, some
of whom hold down more than one job. The industries and occupations represent the primary jobs that
were reported.
What Do These Trends Mean for the City’s Housing Plan?
Current market and demographic conditions raise crucial questions for Bozeman’s upcoming affordable
housing planning effort: Has the housing market bottomed out? Will housing costs once again start
increasing rapidly, and if so when? Will there ever again be another boom period like 2000‐2007? Most
of the builders interviewed foresee a “return to the norm”—in which growth in jobs, households and
housing demand will return to the pace of the 1990s.
Figure 11. Top 20
Private Employers in Gallatin
County
Bozeman Deaconess Hospital
RightNow Technologies
Wal‐Mart
Albertson's
Bozeman Daily Chronicle
Bridger Bowl
Community Food Co‐Op
Costco
First Security Bank
First Student Management
Grantree Inn
Kenyon Noble Lumber & Hardware
Martel Construction
McDonald's
Murdoch's Ranch & Home Supply
Ressler Chevrolet Cadillac &
Toyota
Simkins‐Hallin Lumber
Target
Town Pump
Zoot Enterprises
Source: Montana Dept of Commerce
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This year’s reversal of serious employment declines is a sign that the countywide economy has finally
stabilized after several years of decline. But the lack of significant employment gains in 2011 indicates
that in‐migration and household formation may remain stagnant in the short‐term. A continued
shrinkage in household sizes combined with growing enrollment at MSU would indicate a continued but
slower growth in household formation.
Figure 12. Occupations of Gallatin County Workforce
Occupations
Number
Employed
Percentage
Of Workers
Change
Since 2000
Management, business, science, arts 8,054 38.7% +2,108
Sales and office 5,395 25.9% +1,393
Service 3,953 19.0% +1,175
Natural resources, construction, maintenance 1,893 9.1% +425
Production, transportation, material moving 1,515 7.3% +68
Source: 2000 Census and 2010 American Community Survey
Figure 13. Gallatin County Workforce by Industry
Number
Employed
Percentage
Of Workers
Change
Since 2000
Educational services, health care, social assistance 4,899 23.5% +3,903
Arts, entertainment, recreation, lodging, food services 3,242 15.6% +2,549
Retail trade 3,138 15.1% +1,076
Professional, scientific, mgt, administrative, waste mgt 2,336 11.2% +709
Construction 1,774 8.5% +354
Manufacturing 1,181 5.7% +164
Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing 1,048 5.0% +398
Other services, except public administration 1,040 5.0% +281
Transportation and warehousing, and utilities 512 2.5% +199
Wholesale trade 495 2.4% +100
Public administration 493 2.4% ‐15
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and mining 392 1.9% +102
Information 260 1.2% ‐43
Source: 2000 Census and 2010 American Community Survey
Sections of this report below will address more detailed supply, demand, pricing and affordability issues,
and some proposed solutions.
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4. Housing Market Profile and Trends
Housing Construction Activity
Housing construction in Bozeman boomed in the mid‐2000s, and then fell off sharply after 2007. The
peak year for construction starts was 2005, when permits were issued for 895 housing units. This is
more than double the housing starts in 2000 and more than four times the average annual starts in 2008
through 2010. See details of these construction trends in Figure 14 below.
Construction starts of residential buildings with three or more units also peaked in 2005, at 445,
reflecting high demand for multi‐unit for‐sale and rental housing. But in 2010, only 43 units in this
category started construction—close to the number of starts in 2000.
Home Sales Activity and Prices
Likewise, home sales activity was strong in the mid‐2000s and then declined, but not to the same degree
as construction starts. The Gallatin Association of Realtors provided sales volume data in various price
categories for 2004, 2006, and 2011 from its Multiple Listing Service and median sale prices for 2004‐
2011—shown in Figures 15 and 16 below. While a reliable indicator of sales trends, these statistics do
not include homes sold privately and some homes sold directly by builders.
Figure 14. Housing Units, Construction Starts, 2000‐11
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The MLS home sales data shows 828 home sales in 2006 and 594 sales in 2011—a decline of 29%. Sales
of detached homes experienced only a 10% decline between those two years, while condos and
townhome sales dropped 43%. Builders who were interviewed for this study commented that during the
run‐up in home prices in
the mid‐2000s, many
homebuyers with lower
and moderate incomes
turned to condos and
townhomes as an
affordable alternative.
While there will likely be
steady long‐term
demand for attached
homes that are more
affordable and require
less maintenance, these
builders see a trend in
demand back to
detached homes as their
prices have come down. Whether this becomes a long‐lasting trend cannot be predicted, but clearly,
condos and townhomes were temporarily over‐built.
The median sale price of all residential homes
peaked in 2006 at $257,875, and for 2011
through mid‐December was $207,000—a 20%
reduction. The median sale price of condos and
townhomes in Bozeman declined 26% from
$202,400 in 2006 to $150,000 in 2011.
Figures 17 and 18 show the number of sales of
detached homes and condo/townhomes at
various price points. In recent years, most
detached homes have sold for $150,000 or more.
This indicates that an annual income of $40,000
or more is required to buy a detached home.3
3 This section of the study uses a multiplier of 3.75 times annual income to roughly estimate affordable prices. This
assumes a 5% mortgage interest rate, a 3% down payment, as well as monthly carrying costs equal to about 0.27%
of the home price, or about $350 per month for a condo purchased for $130,000. Carrying costs include real estate
taxes, property insurance, HOA fees and mortgage insurance premiums. See Section 7 for more precise
calculations of affordable price points.
Figure 16. Number of Sales by Year,
Bozeman Homes, All Types
2004 2006 2011
Sale Price
Under $50,000 9 5 2
$50,000‐$99,999 11 5 28
$100,000‐$124,999 41 14 43
$125,000‐$149,999 84 39 53
$150,000‐$199,999 271 161 143
$200,000‐$249,999 265 149 152
$250,000 and over 179 455 173
Totals 860 828 594
Source: Gallatin Association of Realtors
Figure 15. Trend in Median Sale Prices, 2004‐2011
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Figure 19 indicates that in December 2011, 48
condos and townhomes were selling for
$120,000 or less. Of these, 28 were priced
below $100,000 and many were newly built.
Many of the lowest‐priced condos were built by
Bozeman’s Human Resource Development
Council (HRDC). HRDC presently has 22 condos
to sell and enough zoned land to build 24 more.
Mortgage‐qualified homebuyers with incomes
as low as $25,000 a year can afford the lowest‐
priced condos.
Affordability of For‐Sale Homes
In assessing affordability of for‐sale homes to
households of various sizes, it is necessary to
match current prices with bedroom
configuration of homes and assumed
household sizes. Figure 20 below indicates that
one‐ to three‐bedroom condo and townhome
prices are affordable to families with minimum
incomes of approximately $26,000 to $35,000.
These incomes correspond to 50%‐57% of area
median income (AMI) as published by HUD.
Detached three‐ and four‐bedroom homes
require minimum annual incomes of
approximately $38,000 to $47,000—
corresponding to 70% to 72% of area median
income.
Figure 19: MLS Asking Prices of Homes in City of Bozeman in "Affordable" Price Ranges
Max. Price
Searched
Number
Listed Price Range
Median
Price
Square
Footages
I Bedroom Condos/Townhomes $120,000 8 $83,900‐$96,000 $96,000 818‐1,020
2 Bedroom Condos/Townhomes $120,000 34 $85,000‐$120,000 $97,000 862‐1,241
2 Bedroom Detached or Duplex $120,000 6 $85,000‐$119,900 $102,500 784‐1,647
3 Bedroom Condos/Townhomes $150,000 16 $87,900‐$149,000 $129,900 1,170‐1,697
3 Bedroom Detached or Duplex $150,000 4 $105,000‐$149,000 $144,000 1,370‐2,061
4 Bedroom Detached or Duplex $200,000 4 $154,900‐$199,900 $174,999 1,762‐2,206
Source: Werwath Associates sample of Southwest Montana MLS listings, 12/15/2011
Figure 17. Numbers of Sales by Year
Bozeman Detached Homes
2004 2006 2011
Sale Price
Under $50,000 0 0 0
$50,000‐$99,999 0 0 0
$100,000‐$124,999 1 0 0
$125,000‐$149,999 6 0 5
$150,000‐$199,999 120 5 61
$200,000‐$249,999 240 40 128
$250,000 and over 154 335 147
Total 521 380 341
Source: Gallatin Association of Realtors
Figure 18. Numbers of Sales by Year
Bozeman Townhomes/Condos
2004 2006 2011
Sale Price
Under $50,000 0 0 1
$50,000‐$99,999 9 1 28
$100,000‐$124,999 40 13 41
$125,000‐$149,999 77 39 47
$150,000‐$199,999 149 155 82
$200,000‐$249,999 25 109 24
$250,000 and over 25 118 26
Total 325 435 249
Source: Gallatin Association of Realtors
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Again, it should be noted that HUD’s area median income (AMI) standard for Gallatin County is higher
than the median household income for both Bozeman and Gallatin County as reported in the 2010
Census. And readers should note that Montana state law prohibits real estate sales prices from being
required to be public information—thus this study’s reliance on sales reports from the Gallatin
Association of Realtors.
Predictably, newly constructed detached homes are more expensive than condominium and townhome
units. At the low end of the new home market, one builder reported offering new three‐bedroom
detached homes with 1,300‐1,400 square feet for $160,000 to $165,000 on lots with fewer than 5,000
square feet. Another builder has recently sold two much smaller (760‐square‐foot) two‐story, two‐
bedroom, two‐bath homes for $120,000 to $125,000 on 3,500‐square‐foot lots.
The homes prices of two other builders interviewed were higher. One is selling three‐bedroom homes of
1,250 to 2,048 square feet for $179,000 to $224,000 on 5,000 to 6,000 square foot lots. Another
builder’s lowest‐priced homes in Bozeman are selling for $210,000 to $215,000, for 1,500‐square‐foot
homes with two‐car garages and a number of energy‐efficiency features.
Several of the builders interviewed stated that buyers of new homes, including lower‐income buyers,
have a preference for detached homes with usable yard spaces. In their view, condos became popular
during the mid‐2000s primarily because detached homes became unaffordable to many low‐ and
moderate‐income buyers. Now, market data indicates that some new, detached homes are affordable
to some “low‐income” families with incomes of 70% of AMI and higher. However, in the current market,
condos and townhomes are by and large the only products affordable to buyers with incomes below
70% of area median income.
Figure 20: Minimum Income and AMI Level Need to Buy Homes at MLS Asking Prices
Assumed
Family
Size
Median
Price
Min. Annual
Income
Approx. AMI
Level
I Bedroom Condos/Townhomes 1 $96,000 $25,600 55%
2 Bedroom Condos/Townhomes 2 $97,000 $25,867 50%
2 Bedroom Detached or Duplex 2 $102,500 $27,333 51%
3 Bedroom Condos/Townhomes 3 $129,900 $34,640 57%
3 Bedroom Detached or Duplex 3 $144,000 $38,400 72%
4 Bedroom Detached or Duplex 4 $174,999 $46,666 70%
“AMI” indicates percentages of the Gallatin County Area Median Income as published by HUD for 2011.
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For‐Sale Inventory
According to the 2010 Census, Bozeman at that time had a much higher for‐sale housing vacancy rate
than the comparison locations—in other words, a higher than average inventory of homes for sale. This
is due in large part to a slacking of demand, as indicated by the economic data in Section 3 of this report.
And another factor has been a severe tightening up of mortgage lending standards in the wake of the
sub‐prime lending crisis, which has made it harder for builders to finance construction and for
homebuyers to get mortgage loans. In addition, foreclosures have added to the inventory, as described
below. One builder reported that the federal stimulus incentives of up to $8,000 per homebuyer helped
to drive sales until the program expired, and then demand slackened somewhat.
Even so, Bozeman does not have an inordinately large inventory of homes on the market. When
comparing the number of current MLS listings (330) with the number of homes sold in 2011 (594), it
indicates a 6.7‐month supply of homes on the market. This was close to the national supply indicator in
October 2011—6.1 months inventory, according to the Census Bureau—which was considerably less
than the national peak of 12.2 months’ supply in January, 2009. In the early 2000s, a four‐month supply
was typical for the U.S. as a whole. .
Given the difficulties for builders in getting construction financing, the supply of new homes—affordable
and at higher prices—could become much tighter in the next few years. One builder reported that
buyers are resistant to “pre‐sales”—that is, signing contracts before homes are built. Several builders of
detached homes in the affordable price ranges reported that they are only building groups of three to
five “spec” homes—much smaller phases than when construction financing and homebuyer financing
was easier to obtain and builders had more pre‐sales. Since normal home construction financing is now
very difficult to obtain for “spec” homes, the number of builders able to finance them is limited to those
in a very strong financial position—who can still get working capital from private investors and banks.
One lender reported that his institution is offering to sell and finance lots that it owns to builders for
spec homes if they are in the $185,000 to $290,000 price range, which is seen as a strong market.
In many U.S. markets, there is a much greater difficulty in financing condominium homes, which make
up the majority of Bozeman’s homes for sale in the lower price ranges. Lenders nationwide are more
strictly applying requirements that over 50%, and in the case of FHA , 70% of the condos within a
particular property must be owner‐occupied, to be eligible for conventional loans. In many markets, this
has all but dried up 30‐year, low‐interest‐rate financing for condos. But lenders and others interviewed
indicated that a significant number of condominium properties in Bozeman meet the owner‐occupancy
threshold. One lender stated that builders have recently build condos in smaller phases in order to help
maintain the required levels of owner occupancy.
Mortgage Foreclosures
The foreclosure crisis has contributed to downward pressure on home prices in Bozeman and Gallatin
County. In 2011, completed foreclosure trustee sales accounted for about 300 transfers countywide,
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DISCUSSION DRAFT – Housing Needs Study for City of Bozeman, Prepared by Werwath Associates ‐ Page 20
compared to nearly 900 countywide home sales in 2011 reported by the Gallatin Association of Realtors.
According to a proprietary report provided by Sunrise Homes, LLC, the foreclosure pipeline in Gallatin
County averaged 313 cases a month between from November, 2009 through March, 2011 but had
dropped to 241 cases by October, 2011. Of these, 95 cases, or 39%, were homes valued under
$200,000—which this report indicates are at the upper end of the “affordable homes” price category.
The pipeline consists of all homes in various stages of foreclosure, from notices of default to trustee
sales recorded. See Figure 21 below.
Bozeman homes accounted for 152, or 63%, of foreclosure cases in process in October 2011. This was
down from a peak of 201 in November 2010.
The monthly number of recorded trustee sales countywide peaked at a high of 38 in January 2010 and
has since dropped. In 2011, the number of trustee sales per month averaged about 25.
The Sunrise Homes report noted that 178 trustee sales had
been rescheduled from November 2011 through February
2012—a huge spike, compared to the 20 cases rescheduled in
the previous 12 months. No reason was given in the report,
but one likely cause could be the nationwide trend toward
litigation over alleged improper documentation of mortgage
transfers and foreclosure processes. In any case, this backup
points to another temporary surge in foreclosures.
But the downtrend in foreclosures is likely to continue. The
Housing Resource Development Council (HRDC) counsels
homebuyers facing foreclosure; a representative noted that
there has recently been an increase in lenders granting loan
modifications. A number of their clients facing foreclosures
have been construction workers, of whom many have found
jobs in the North Dakota oil and gas fields—possibly
portending fewer foreclosures due to loss of construction
employment.
No data is available for short sales, but these have
undoubtedly added to the number of distress sales that have
exerted downward pressure on home prices.
Existing Housing Conditions
No detailed data are available that indicate possible needs for housing rehabilitation in Bozeman. The
Census only tallies the number of housing units without complete plumbing or kitchen facilities. The
Figure 21. Foreclosure Pipeline in
Gallatin County by Price Point,
October, 2011
Number in
Foreclosure
$0‐$50,000 3
$50,001‐$100,000 16
$100,001‐$150,000 32
$150,001‐$200,000 44
$201,000‐$250,000 47
$250,001‐$300,000 34
$300,001‐$350,000 18
$350,001‐$400,000 11
$400,001‐$450,000 9
$450,001‐$500,000 2
$500,001+ 25
Total county pipeline 241
Bozeman Only 152
Source:Data courtesy of Sunrise Homes,
LLC
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DISCUSSION DRAFT – Housing Needs Study for City of Bozeman, Prepared by Werwath Associates ‐ Page 21
number of those housing units increased from 88 to 258 Bozeman between 2000 and 2010—
representing 2.1 percent of the total housing stock, as compared with 1.6% nationwide. These numbers
may or may not represent substandard housing conditions. The data could indicate an increase in
“single‐room occupancy” type housing that have shared bathrooms and limited cooking facilities. City
officials noted that there is a steady increase in the number of illegal housing units located in basements
and other areas without proper ventilation, natural light and points of egress in the event of a fire. In
response, the City is launching an initiative to educate property owners and residents as to the dangers,
and to encourage voluntary inspections to determine if there are safety hazards and other code
violations.
Anecdotal reports indicate that substandard conditions exist in some older mobile homes located within
the City. In mobile home parks just outside the City, it was reported that wells and on‐site septic systems
are aging, and in some instances failing. A policy issue for the City of Bozeman is whether to encourage
annexation of these mobile home parks so that they can have access to public water and sewer systems.
In doing so, the City might consider requiring some covenants to preserve continued operation of the
parks and/or affordable rent limits for residents. There is at least one precedent for extension of sewer
lines to a mobile home park outside Bozeman. The City code sets out a process and criteria for
requesting extensions, so the question is not whether extensions are allowed, but whether they should
be encouraged.
Overcrowding is not a significant problem in Bozeman. Only 76 dwelling units were reported by the 2010
Census to have more than 1.5 occupants per room—only an increase of 12 dwelling units compared to
the tally in the 2000 Census. This condition occurred in only ½ of 1% of the housing stock, compared to
1% nationwide.
Rental Housing
There are a number of factors creating pressure on the Bozeman rental market. Aside from rapid
population and job growth, increased enrollment at Montana State University also creates steady
pressure on the supply of rental housing. High student populations create a higher demand for housing
that is often not based on the economic conditions present in the local community, which can inflate
rents. Student populations are also generally willing to co‐house with multiple roommates, which makes
their total payment capacity significantly higher than that of a single parent with children. Several
interviewees remarked on the encroachment of student housing into what were once single‐family
neighborhoods.
According to the 2010 Census, there were 1,279 renter households with incomes between $20,000 and
$35,000 a year paying more that 30% of their income on housing. In addition there are another 2,244
cost burdened renter households with incomes below $20,000 a year, which yields a total rental housing
need of more than 3,500 renter households. Renters in the $20,000‐$35,000 income range are the
target market for below‐market‐rate rental housing funded through the federal Low Income Housing
Tax Credit (LIHTC) program.
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LIHTC projects with 40 units are an optimal size for obtaining federal subsidies that enable project
owners to charge below‐market rents. No LIHTC projects have been built in Bozeman since 2005—likely
due to the downturn in the market as well as competition for tax credits from projects elsewhere in
Montana. But at least one Bozeman builder and manager of LIHTC properties is applying this year for an
11‐unit LIHTC development.
Unfortunately, LIHTC development aimed primarily at 40%‐60% of the area median income still will
address only a small fraction, at best, of the needs of most households with incomes below $20,000 a
year. This highlights the importance of continued development of subsidized elderly, transitional and
special needs housing, as well as the
possible coupling of other subsidies to
achieve even more affordable rents in
LIHTC projects. Federal programs designed
especially for housing homeless, disabled
and senior residents have some funding
available, but due to heavy competition for
funds, it would be difficult to finance an
average of more than 10 very affordable
rental units per year in Bozeman.
Therefore, while the housing needs of under‐$20,000 income residents are the most acute in Bozeman,
there are few resources available to fill the huge gap of affordability.
General market data also supports the findings of acute needs for affordable rental housing. A survey of
796 non‐subsidized apartments found 15 vacant rental units—a 1.8% vacancy rate.
That same survey of multifamily properties was combined with a survey of advertisements for vacant
rental properties to estimate current rent levels in Bozeman, as shown in Figure 22. The survey found
that the average rent for a two‐bedroom apartment is currently $738. A unit at this price is affordable to
a family of three with an income of approximately 49% of area median income or higher. The very high
occupancy levels indicate that rents may be increasing.
To estimate current rental rates, the survey of rental complexes was combined with two snapshot
reports of rental listings in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle (provided by a builder), to assess current rent
levels. The snapshots took place on July 17, 2011 and October 30, 2011. For these analyses, only
multifamily rental complexes were added to the survey universe, in order to eliminate outliers for
higher‐priced rental single‐family homes and condos that are individually rented.
Other trends were identified from interviews with rental property managers and HRDC staff. This
research revealed a steep drop in LIHTC rental demand in the fall of 2009.
Figure 22. Rental Housing Costs and Vacancy
(Small Sample)
Rent Range Average Rent
Studio $550 $550
One Bedroom $475‐$800 $604
Two Bedroom $429‐$829 $738
Three Bedroom $491‐$1200 $977
Average vacancy 1.8%
Source: Werwath and Associates Survey
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A representative of Alliance Property Management, manager of 244 of 505 LIHTC units in Bozeman,
related how the economic downturn temporarily affected these properties in the fall of 2009. The
vacancy rate of all the company’s managed LIHTC properties, including projects in Belgrade, Big Sky and
Livingston, quickly increased to 16%, compared to a rate of 5% or less that would be considered stable.
This was addressed in early 2010 by adjusting rental rates down 7‐27% depending on unit size and
location.
However, by May of 2011, the vacancy rates in these properties had returned to normal levels, allowing
for rent increases of 5% to 10%. As of December 2011 vacancy rates were very low—2% to 3%. Current
rent levels in these properties are as follows: $350‐$490 for one‐bedroom units, $410‐$600 for two‐
bedroom units, $605‐$695 for three‐bedroom units, and $645 for a single four‐bedroom unit. One‐
bedroom units are apparently the most in demand, since rents are now at virtually 100% of the
federally‐permitted rent levels. Two‐bedroom units are at 90% of the maximum allowed rents, while
three‐bedroom units are at only 75% of the allowed rent levels.
It is difficult to predict future demand, although there are several factors that will likely continue to
place pressure on affordable rental housing stock. Foremost, and hardest to quantify, is the pace of the
economy and job creation. There are signs that the local economy may have bottomed out, which could
signal an upturn in employment and household growth. And if current trends continue, enrollment
growth at Montana State University will place additional demands on the lower‐priced rental housing
stock. The rate of growth over the past 10 years has been around 200 students per year, with no new
student housing being constructed in recent years. Assuming three people per dwelling unit, the growth
rate would indicate about 60 new households a year living off‐campus.
Mobile Home Rentals
Mobile homes remain a very important source of affordable housing in Bozeman. A survey was
completed of eight mobile home parks within the City limits that have over 600 mobile homes. Much
like other rental housing, there were very low vacancy rates with a total of three pads and four mobile
home rentals reported as being available in
December of 2011.
Park managers also report very low
turnover, in the range of one to two units a
year for most parks. The average cost for a
pad rental was $350 a month and generally
included water, sewer and refuse collection. Several of the mobile home parks offered mobile home
rentals, which had an average rental rate of $530 a month, also including water, sewer and refuse
collection. See Figure 23 for details.
Figure 23. Mobile Home Rental Costs and Vacancy
Rent Range Average Rent
Vacancy
Rate
Pad $300‐$395 $350 2%
Mobile Home $500‐$650 $530 4%
Source: Werwath and Associates Survey
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At $530 a month, the average mobile home rental is affordable to a family of three with an income at
35% of median income or higher, calculated at a 30% housing ratio. It is clear from these comparisons
that mobile homes represent important affordable housing opportunities for very low‐income
households in Bozeman.
Mobile homes do face a number of future threats in the Bozeman area, including redevelopment and
aging infrastructure. There are several parks within Bozeman that are in locations that could make them
attractive for redevelopment, as was the case with the Bridger View Mobile Home Park. That 17‐acre
site was cleared as part of a large master planned development and has now reverted to bank
ownership, which resulted in the elimination of 98 mobile home units. There are also several parks
located immediately outside Bozeman City limits that are currently not connected to City services. With
aging sewer and water infrastructure, this raises questions about the sustainability of these parks as
these systems become obsolete. Because of the importance of mobile home parks within the spectrum
of affordable housing options in Bozeman, the City may wish to consider adopting a policy aimed at the
preservation of these parks.
Comparison With Other Geographic Areas
Bozeman has a lower median household income than Gallatin County, Montana or the nation (as
measured by the Census, not HUD). Yet the median home value as measured by the 2010 Census was
higher than the median home values nationwide, statewide in Montana, and in the comparison cities of
Billings and Missoula. See Figure 24.
Higher home values combined with a lower median income make Bozeman an expensive place for the
typical household to buy a home. Figure 25 indicates that the median income Bozeman family would
have to pay nearly 6.5 times its income for a median‐valued home. This compares with a much more
affordable ratio of 3.7 nationwide and 4.2 statewide in Montana.
Figure 24. Selected Income and Housing Indicators for Bozeman and Other Areas, 2010
Bozeman
Gallatin
County
Billings,
Montana
Missoula,
Montana Montana
United
States
Median household income 41,705 50,239 46,065 36,872 43,335 51,222
Median home value 268,700 280,900 176,100 244,300 180,800 187,500
Median rent 746 799 688 691 639 850
Percentage of renters paying over 30% 49.3% 44.4% 40.1% 56.5% 39.6% 47.8%
Percentage of owners paying over 30% 27.6% 29.2% 22.9% 32.1% 25.5% 30.5%
Rental vacancy rate 4.9 4.9 2.5 4.6 6.0 8.1
For‐sale housing vacancy rate 4.3 2.7 0.3 0.8 1.8 2.5
Source: U.S. Census Bureau. 2008‐2010 American Community Survey
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Even so, the percentage of homeowners with high housing cost burdens was lower than in the nation as
a whole, in Gallatin County or in Missoula.
The Bozeman median rent was lower than the national median, but higher than the median rents
statewide in Montana, in Billings, and in Missoula. Bozeman’s rental vacancy rate in 2010 was
considerably lower than the national and statewide rates, but higher than the vacancy rates in Billings
and Missoula. In balance, this data further indicates relatively strong demand for rental units in
Bozeman.
Conclusions Regarding Affordable Housing Supply and Demand
The evidence from employment and demographic statistics indicates low‐to‐moderate overall demand
for home purchases for the next few years. This general trend does not mean that all parts of the
housing market have
reset for the long term at
much lower prices. Only
time will tell whether
housing prices increase
again, and if so, how fast
they increase.
And lower prices for
“turnover” homes and
rental units do not mean
that Bozeman’s affordable
housing problems are
solved. Overall, there is
enough housing for
everyone in Bozeman, but
a very large number of
Bozeman households, particularly renters, will have to cope with high housing cost burdens. Particularly
at the lower income levels, there is a mismatch between housing costs and incomes.
For‐sale housing is generally available at prices that are much more affordable than five years ago (as
described in Section 4 above)—but only for households able and willing to buy. Many of the affordable
purchase opportunities are condominiums, which in some cases are difficult to finance, as described
above. And the supply of affordable for‐sale detached homes is very tight—so realistic options for home
purchases may be more limited than they appear from the number of homes for sale in the market.
Obtaining financing is clearly a barrier for prospective low‐ and moderate‐income homebuyers.
Investors with cash have a distinct advantage in buying foreclosed and short‐sale homes. And lenders’
Figure 25. Ratio of Median Incomes to Median Home Values
In Bozeman and Other Areas
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credit standards have tightened up considerably in the wake of the national sub‐prime lending crisis.
For the most part, households with incomes below 50% of area median income are priced out of
homeownership. As a rule of thumb in the affordable housing industry, rental housing is more
appropriate for households in this income group—except for special programs such as Habitat for
Humanity, who employ careful screening of applicants and offer extra support for families after the
purchase.
But available rental housing in Bozeman is not affordable to many existing and new renters—as
indicated by the cost burden data provided above. The higher vacancies and rent decreases of a few
years ago have quickly reversed themselves. Availability of mobile homes and pads rentals has declined.
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5. Housing Development Costs
The cost of building new affordable housing in Bozeman has come down somewhat from the peak of the
real estate boom. Foreclosures on parcels of land and the resulting reduction of the costs of house lots
have contributed to that.
Regarding land costs, one builder reported that in one subdivision, 5,000 to 8,000 square foot lots that
cost $39,000 at the peak of the market are now selling for $25,000 to cash buyers, while larger lots are
selling in the range of $40,000 to $60,000. At a foreclosure auction a year ago, lots sized at 4,000 to
5,000 square feet sold for $18,000 to $20,000.
Regarding building costs for smaller detached homes in the affordable price ranges, builders reported
costs per square foot of $90 or more, not including permit and impact fees. Homes with more expensive
appliances and finishes were reported to cost around $120 per square foot. City impact fees were
reported to add another $10,000 to $12,000 per unit. When land, financing costs, overhead and profit
are added in, the costs correspond to the lowest prices offered for smaller, modest new homes.
Building costs of multifamily rental and condo units were reported to be a minimum of $80 per square
feet. Land costs and infrastructure costs per unit were reported to be a minimum of $15,000 per
multifamily unit, with added permit and impact fees of $3,500 to $5,000 per unit. Taken together, these
factors give multifamily housing an approximate minimum $25,000 per unit cost advantage compared to
building detached homes of similar construction quality.
Getting detailed and accurate information on local land and building costs was beyond the scope of this
study, and therefore it is difficult to compare Bozeman’s building costs with those in other markets.
However, if the builders’ estimates are reliable, it appears (based on the author’s recent data collection)
that Bozeman currently has land and building costs that are considerably lower than in the Ketchum,
Idaho and Durango, Colorado areas—smaller but seemingly similar resort‐oriented markets, one of
which (Durango) is also a college town. The costs are somewhat higher than, for example, in the Denver
suburbs, where much larger markets lead to economies of scale.
Several builders interviewed indicated that costs of land, materials and labor had come down since the
boom years. One builder noted that his labor costs were not reduced, apparently due to the exodus of
construction workers to North Dakota.
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6. Land Use and Building Regulations
A thorough evaluation of land use and building regulations is beyond the scope of this affordable
housing needs study. But through interviews with builders, land developers, City planning staff and
others, certain regulations were identified as having special importance to the future supply of
affordable housing.
Workforce Housing Ordinance
This City ordinance was in effect from 2007 until September, 2011, when the City Commission
suspended it for a year. The ordinance has produced no discount‐priced homes, as originally intended.
This “inclusionary” ordinance required that a certain number of lots be set aside for “workforce
housing” in new subdivisions with 10 or more lots and five or more acres. It required that 0.4 workforce
units per net buildable acre, after taking out streets and common areas. For example, four units were
required in a subdivision with house lots totaling 10 acres. Land developers were given a number of
incentives to offset the cost of price discounts. Incentives included reduction of parkland requirements,
allowance for smaller‐than‐normal lots, density bonuses, and deferral of city impact fees. The ordinance
was applied to four subdivisions.
The ordinance was suspended primarily because of the perceived over‐complexity of the requirements,
its high administrative costs, and—most crucially—the softening of the real estate market that began
(hindsight now indicates) in the year before the ordinance was passed. The subsequent real estate
market decline resulted in home prices that were generally lower than the price targets in the
ordinance. In short, the targets for price discounting no longer amounted to price discounts. In addition,
there was a concern that builders would get significant incentives simply for promising to build and sell
homes at what were essentially market‐rate prices.
(The suspension of the Workforce Housing Ordinance and the Restricted‐Sized Lot provisions of the
code—see below—were major factors in the City commissioning this housing study.)
There were other matters of concern, such as deed restrictions to put a cap on resale prices of the
“workforce” homes— seen by some as a deterrent to buyers, who in a softer market would choose to
buy other homes with no restrictions. Both builders and code administrators noted complexities in the
ordinance that made it difficult to implement and expensive to administer. An apparent major issue was
the complexity of implementation for builders, who inherited requirements (but not many direct
incentives) from land developers. To ease implementation and reduce administrative costs, the
ordinance might have focused primarily on a subdivision delivering a certain number of homes with
price discounts and income limits, while using existing code standards and processes to approve the
design and layout of the subdivisions. Provisions for smaller lot sizes helped to enable more affordable
home construction, but if homes on smaller lots are seen as desirable (rather than a concession), then
the code could be changed to allow for that in all single‐family residential developments.
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On the other hand, the ordinance and its administration lacked some features that would have made
compliance simpler, more effective, and less costly from an administrative standpoint. The price points
should have been updated at least once a year to reflect changes in the market. Clear standards were
lacking for calculating in‐lieu fees. Likewise, “in‐lieu” land donations to nonprofits or the City for
dedicated affordable housing construction could have been more actively encouraged and a method
provided for determining the amounts of land that could be contributed.
The framework of the ordinance is similar to inclusionary housing ordinances that have been effective in
other communities. The percentage of affordable homes required was less than in many similar
programs, and offsetting incentives were available. Therefore, it appears that the ordinance could have
been effective if the ordinance had been better designed, home prices remained high, demand was
strong, and builders were generating enough profit to be able to discount the prices of some homes.
The City will face a policy decision in September 2012 when the suspension ends—whether to revoke
the ordinance, keep it suspended, amend it, or to replace it (on a temporary or permanent basis) with
incentives for builders to voluntarily build and sell lower‐cost homes and rental housing. If the latter
option is taken, this study indicates that home price and rent targets should be much lower—geared to
help Bozeman residents who are priced out of either home purchases or market‐rate rental housing.
Impact Fees
Builders interviewed understood the rationale for the current impact fees—namely, paying for a share
of off‐site water, sewer and road systems that their projects depend on. Still, impact fees averaging
about $11,000 per detached home were seen as high, driving up costs and home prices, and thereby
indirectly reducing demand. Several builders suggested that they be waived, reduced or deferred—at
least for homes in the affordable price ranges. Deferrals of these fees were included in now‐suspended
Workforce Housing Ordinance. The City might wish to consider adopting a new (or temporary) set of
incentives for builders to voluntarily build discount‐priced rental and for‐sale housing. If the City were to
do this, deferral or subsidy of City fees could potentially be one of the most powerful incentives.
Restricted‐Size Lot (RSL) Requirements
Another provision of the City development code was intended to encourage development of affordable
homes. The so‐called Restricted‐Size Lot (RSL) requirements were first put into effect in 2003 and set to
automatically expire in 2008 unless the City Commission chose to renew them—which did not occur.
The purpose was to increase the supply of smaller homes on smaller lots—on the logical assumption
that these homes would remain more “naturally” affordable than larger homes in the market. The RSL
provisions required that 10 percent of the buildable net area of a single‐family residential development
had to be devoted to small lots—of no more than 5,000 square feet for detached homes and 3,000
square feet for attached homes. The square footage of homes on these lots was also restricted. RSL
requirements were applied to 14 subdivisions.
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While the code provision is no longer effective, those preliminary plats that were approved with RSLs
were required to include them in their final plats. So many RSLs ended up as platted lots, even after the
sunset of the RLS requirement. In addition, the City Commission has an existing policy that RSLs cannot
be modified or eliminated through boundary line adjustments, lot‐line eliminations, or subdivision
exemption processes. A full preliminary plat process is required to modify or eliminate the RSLs, so most
RSL lots exist as originally platted.
Several land developers and builders commented that the ordinance created obstacles for developing
the affected subdivisions, particularly given the reduced pace of construction and home sales in the
current market. The smaller lots with smaller homes are said to be difficult to find buyers for. And the
smaller lots scattered throughout the subdivisions are said to make it more difficult to build and sell
homes on the larger lots. The developers’ proposed solution is to re‐plat the subdivisions to create a
more marketable mix and layout of the house lots. And that raises concerns about the cost and time
involved in the re‐platting.
But another builder—whose business model includes targeting the market for modest, lower‐priced
homes—felt that the RSL requirements were workable and the small lots can indeed lead to more
supply of homes at prices of $160,000 and up. This builder’s concern was the limitation in the City codes
on building only attached townhomes on lots smaller than 5,000 square feet. Two‐story detached
homes on 3,500 square foot lots were permitted through the incentive provisions of the Workforce
Housing Ordinance. He feels the market is much stronger for lower‐priced detached homes as compared
to condos and townhomes, and would like to see the development code changed to be more flexible in
this regard. Also he noted that many buyers, including those with modest incomes, want yards. For this
reason, he believes the City should reconsider encouraging subdivisions to include alleys for backyard
garage access—in the “neo‐traditional” planning mode. This inevitably cuts down yard sizes and reduces
the net buildable area of a subdivision, the builder commented.
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7. Baseline of Affordable Housing Activities, Their Value and Effectiveness
For a community the size of Bozeman, there is a well‐developed infrastructure for affordable housing
service delivery across the spectrum of housing need from homelessness through foreclosure. Services
are delivered through six primary non‐profit service providers who are steadily increasing service
capacity and delivery on an annual basis. See Figure 26 below for a summary of the affordable housing
output and additions to the affordable housing stock. “Affordable” in this section of the report, refers to
housing that was subsidized through public funding, federal tax credits, private donations or volunteer
labor—and either priced below market or with special financing to make home purchases affordable.
See Appendix B for more details on affordable housing production and assistance.
Notable are recent increases in
capacity of homeless shelters
with the opening of HRDC’s
winter warming center, as well
as the tripling of transitional
housing opportunities for
Bozeman families over the last
year. This is complimented by a
major homeownership
rehabilitation and new
construction project being
undertaken by the Human
Resource Development Council
(HRDC) with federal
Neighborhood Stabilization
Program funding. The only
notable lack in recent
affordable housing outputs is in
the area of affordable rental—
addressed in the section above.
Affordable Home Construction
Starting in the early 1990s, a total of 117 affordable homes have been built by nonprofits for sale to low‐
income families in Bozeman and surrounding parts of Gallatin County.
Habitat for Humanity of Gallatin County has developed a total of 61 homes in the greater Bozeman area
since 1991. Habitat maintains an annual production of three to four units a year. This is relatively high
level of production for a Habitat affiliate of this size, which has succeeded through effective partnerships
and bargain purchases of land. (Habitat staff related that they are currently exploring expanded service
Figure 26. 2011 Affordable Housing Production and Assistance
‐ Within City of Bozeman Except as Noted
2011
Outcomes/
Additions
Outcomes:
All Years
Homeless Shelter Beds 24 36
Domestic Violence Shelter Beds 0 13
Transitional Housing Beds 6 12
Transitional and supportive housing
units for homeless/special needs
6 59
Transitional Housing Rent Subsidies 8 8
Subsidized Rental Units Built 0 529
Households with Federal Rent
Subsidies
10 273
Clients for Pre‐purchase Counseling 116 Unavailable
Clients for Foreclosure Counseling 17 Unavailable
Affordable Homes Built for Sale
(Including 61 in Bozeman Area)
15 117
Down Payment Loans Provided
(Unconnected with Homes Sold)
1 Unavailable
Source: Werwath and Associates Survey
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models including Low Income Housing Tax Credit development as well as models for permanently
affordable housing.)
Currently, Habitat does not anticipate a great deal of near‐term housing development within the City of
Bozeman, mainly due to the fact that house lot and land prices are less expensive outside Bozeman.
They do anticipate steady annual output of three to four units a year going forward in the nearby
community of Belgrade.
The Human Resource Development Council (HRDC) is also responsible for major for‐sale housing
development activity in the Bozeman area. In the 1990s, HRDC had developed 20 units of for‐sale
housing, all of which is held in a land trust that restricts resale prices and incomes of future buyers. In
2009, HRDC utilized Neighborhood Stabilization Program (NSP) funding to purchase the West Edge
Condominium development, which consisted of 23 existing units and undeveloped land. To date, 14 of
the existing units have been resold, two are currently listed for sale, and legacy renters from prior to
acquisition occupy the remaining seven units. These seven units will be offered for sale as current
tenant vacate.
In addition, HRDC built 36 units of new housing as part of this project. Of these, 14 units have been sold
with the remaining 22 units available for purchase. All buyers can access NSP‐funded down payment
assistance, which is secured by a second mortgage. One challenge of marketing these properties has
been obtaining prime mortgage financing for the condo buyers, which has not achieved the required
level of occupancy to qualify for conventional or government insured mortgages that can be sold in the
secondary mortgage markets. Luckily because of NSP subsidy, the resulting low loan‐to‐value ratios have
been sufficient for local banks to offer portfolio financing for qualified buyers at interest rates below 6%.
Given the currently large inventory of 22 units for sale, with another seven units currently in rental,
there is not currently a high priority for further for‐sale housing production, especially for condos. This
situation is compounded by the competitive pressure the West Edge project faces from relatively
inexpensive condos available on the open market as well as limitations on demand that were described
in an earlier section of this report.
Home Purchase Financial Assistance
With increasingly strict mortgage underwriting standards and the availability of relatively low‐priced
homes on the market, down payment assistance programs have become more crucial than ever. The
Human Resource Development Council operates a down payment assistance program as part of their
“Road to Home” program that is funded through State allocated HOME funds as well as a variable
portion of mil levy dedicated to affordable housing by the City of Bozeman on an annual basis.
The State of Montana currently has $1.3 million in HOME funds allocated for down payment assistance
and home rehabilitation. There are currently only two organizations in the State who can access this
funding, of which HRDC is one. This suggests that there will be ample supplies of funding to provide
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direct assistance for existing homes in Bozeman. The maximum loan amount for HOME funds is $30,000
and City funds are capped at $10,000 per household. While only one down payment assistance loan was
made in the Bozeman during 2011, HRDC anticipates that they will assist 18 to 21 families in their tri‐
county service area in 2012, with approximately half of those—or about 10—receiving second mortgage
loans to help buy homes within the City of Bozeman.
Market data indicates that the potential for helping more low‐income families attain affordable
homeownership through down payment assistance loans and pre‐purchase counseling is much higher,
given the number of affordable homes on the market. In markets similar to Bozeman, down payment
assistance and counseling programs are finding very strong pent‐up demand—for the very fact that
mortgage financing is much harder to obtain than it was a few years ago. Effective homebuyer
assistance programs can help overcome these barriers.
The existence of robust home purchase assistance programs can be a major incentive for increases of
affordable home construction. Several builders interviewed for this study mentioned that this kind of
assistance could help increase their construction and sales rates. This added construction activity can
also marginally increase local job creation.
As described in Section 4 of this report, there are sufficient numbers of homes currently on the market
that are affordable to families with incomes at or above 65% of area median income. For this group,
what is needed is help in financing closing costs and a portion of the down payment, already as low as
3.5% with FHA loans and 5% for other loans that can be sold by local lenders to the secondary markets.
This kind of assistance generally requires a second mortgage of around $5,000 to $7,500 per client, and
would be offered at 0% interest, with no monthly payments and the principal due only upon resale. To
assist families with lower income, larger “gap financing” loans are needed. According to the calculations
of this study, families at 55% of median income need somewhere in the range of $20,000 in assistance
to access market rate product, with larger families needing four‐bedroom homes requiring as much as
$45,000 in assistance.
In general, the current market points to potentially large benefits of making smaller down payment
assistance amounts in the $7,500 range aimed at closing costs and meeting minimum down payment
requirements. A key policy question for the HRDC—and the City’s housing plan—is “how low to go” in
terms of income targeting for homeownership programs. Given that there are currently ample sources
of federal HOME funds for down payment assistance, providing gap financing for households with
incomes as low as 50% or even 45% of area median income may be advisable in the short term. It may
not be feasible to continue in the long term if home prices (and gaps) increase and federal funding
sources are reduced in line with current trends.
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Homebuyer Counseling
HRDC’s “Road to Home” program was started in 2003 and shows a high level of development and
comprehensive range of services for its eight years of existence. HRDC is a HUD‐approved housing
counseling organization that provides one‐on‐one housing counseling as well as HUD approved
homebuyer‐training classes. Classes are offered 12 times a year—10 of them in Bozeman. Because HRDC
is one of the only homebuyer education programs in area, many people travel from around the region to
attend classes in Bozeman. These classes serve over 140 individuals a year, approximately 30% of which
are residents of Bozeman.
Homebuyer counseling is carried out by one full‐time housing counselor along with periodic counseling
provided by the program director, equivalent to an additional quarter‐time staff person. In 2011, 357
individuals received pre‐purchase counseling, of which 116 were residents of Bozeman.
Habitat for Humanity provides limited homebuyer counseling activities such as income qualification
services, and financial literacy classes provided by Love INC, a collaborative of local church
congregations that leverage a range of social services through their congregation members. Habitat
utilizes HRDC’s homebuyer education program for its clients. This is a lower volume operation than
HRDC, since Habitat aims to qualify three to four new homebuyers in a given year.
HRDC staff points to a downward trend in participation in both counseling and homebuyer education.
But with record low interest rates and large amounts of affordable product on the market, this is an
especially opportune time for low‐income families to access homeownership. The decline in
participation could point to a need for more robust homebuyer program marketing and outreach, not
just among potential program participants in the wider community, but also internally through HRDC
rental program, as well as through real estate professionals such as lenders and Realtors who can be an
invaluable source of referrals.
Affordable Rental Housing Construction
The City of Bozeman has not seen any below‐market‐rate rental development since 2005. For the next
several years, the community experienced a very rapid growth trend in the economy and housing
construction, which then reversed itself. Very low vacancies in federally assisted rental housing,
compounded by student housing pressures and reductions in the number of people working, all suggest
a very high level of need for construction of additional below‐market‐rate and low‐market‐rate rental
housing. While there has been one Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) project application since
2005, it did not score well enough to be awarded credits.
Prior to 2006, 505 units of affordable rental housing had been developed in 11 projects through the
LIHTC program with an additional 24 units being developed by HRDC through other sources. There were
five primary developers and in two of the projects HRDC acted as the non‐profit sponsor. Based on the
relatively small number of below‐market‐rate rental units versus the needs, affordable rental housing is
the highest affordable housing priority in Bozeman.
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Housing for Homeless People
Services for homeless individuals in Bozeman are growing steadily and have a high level of coordination.
As is the model in many communities, the Greater Gallatin Homeless Action Committee meets regularly
to coordinate services for homelessness among the major regional providers.
Family Promise of Gallatin Valley is a collaboration of 21 religious congregations that provide overnight
shelter in local churches, along with a day center with employment, childcare and other resources. This
program has the capacity to house four families, up to 12 individuals, for a period of up to 90 days. In
addition, Family Promise has over 1,400 trained volunteers available to assist families in their transition
to more stable living situations. Family promise has also recently developed a transitional housing unit
with four beds that is located in the basement apartment of their day center. This conversion was
completed in conjunction with Haven. In the coming year, Family Promise would like to develop a
revolving fund for security deposits which they feel will help move people through emergency shelter
more quickly. In addition they highlighted the need for more affordable rental development near public
transportation and employment centers, as well as the need for more transitional housing.
HRDC also has a very well developed “Home to Stay” homelessness prevention and assistance program.
“Home to Stay” dedicates a majority of its programmatic energy towards homeless prevention, although
staff relates that the proportion of placement services have recently spiked with increases observed in
both families and individuals needing emergency housing assistance. Currently, approximately 60% of
program activities are dedicated to prevention while 40% are dedicated to placement of homeless
individuals. As part of this program, HRDC operates a seasonal “warming center” with 24 bunks that is
open from Thanksgiving through the end of March. This facility is well used but has yet to reach
capacity.
As part of the Continuum of Care grant, HRDC was recently awarded eight transitional rental vouchers
which families may use for up to a year. HRDC holds the initial lease for the property which is then
assumed by the resident family. This model allows the family to stay in place at the end of the assistance
period. HRDC generally works to place buyers in affordable rental projects to enhance the long‐term
sustainability of the housing situation.
HRDC has also raised funds to rehabilitate the Amos House, a former men’s shelter into dormitory style
transitional housing that will serve eight women and eight men at a time. Once operating, this will serve
as many as 34 individuals a year and fill a critical gap for “non‐specialized” transitional housing. HRDC is
currently delaying the completion of this project until operational funding is secured.
“Home to Stay” also includes counseling support and case management services. As part of the
program, clients have access to a revolving assistance fund that loans stable families with a capacity to
pay monthly rent, small amounts to cover security deposits. Loans are paid back at a rate of between
$10 and $20 a month. This very low‐cost mechanism is especially effective at moving people out of
emergency shelter without putting a burden on dedicated transitional housing resources.
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One segment of the homeless population that does not have any specific support organization
dedicated is youth. While HRDC does allow older youth to stay at the warming center, there is no youth‐
specific shelter in the Bozeman area. HRDC staff related that there was not a large demand for youth
homeless services, although they do receive a fair number of referrals from the schools. Most youth are
referred to third party organizations that offer youth development and housing services. In addition
they utilize a network or informal foster placements. To the extent possible, youth are referred into
HRDC’s limited youth development program, which helps with job training, placement and GED
education.
Housing for Victims of Domestic Violence
Haven domestic violence shelter was founded in 1979 and provides confidential shelter, crisis
intervention, support, referrals and education. Haven operates a 13‐bed, 15‐pillow shelter in a building
that was donated to the organization in 1981 by the City of Bozeman. In the previous year, they served
790 unduplicated clients for a total of 2679 shelter nights, a 23% increase year to year. Unlike other
emergency shelters in Bozeman, Haven observes a seasonal variation of demand for services with the
peak occurring during the summer months when the organization often is at capacity and has to refer
clients to services outside of Gallatin County.
Haven is currently in the process of raising funds to rehabilitate their current facility that was built in
1921. The building has major structural problems, having been constructed on a rubble stone
foundation, and it also has substandard electrical wiring and lacks handicapped accessibility features.
The current facility is limited to serving small household units of women, daughters and younger sons. It
does not house males over the age of 12 or larger households.
Special Needs Housing, Behavioral Health
There are several organizations in the Bozeman area that provide housing services for the people
suffering from behavioral health issues. Western Montana Mental Health Center (WMMHC) has recently
completed six studio apartment transitional units, bringing their total number of units to ten all situated
on a five‐acre parcel of land donated by Deaconess Hospital.
The project benefited from infrastructure that was completed as part of the larger development and the
City provided low‐interest gap financing for the project. The combination of land, provision of
infrastructure and low‐interest financing were critical factors in making this project financially feasible.
WMMHC staff related that they did not have the resources or organizational capacity to complete
another stand‐alone project in Bozeman, but would be open to a collaborative partnership for further
transitional housing development, which they see a great need for.
Service for the developmentally disabled and those with traumatic brain injuries are provided by REACH,
who has been providing services in Bozeman for 37 years. REACH provides a suite of vocational and
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residential services including assisted in‐home care, transitional housing through two apartment
complexes which are staffed during the day and evenings, and four group homes that serve up to 25
individuals two of which provide intensive 24‐hour services. REACH has developed 6 new beds of
transitional housing at their North Tracy site in the last two years, but these were replacements of
existing units and did not increase their overall capacity.
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8. Affordable Housing Price Points And Gaps In Housing Stock
For this study, affordable housing price points are calculated in relation to percentages of “area median
income” as calculated and annually updated by HUD. The methodology is used because housing
assistance programs in Bozeman, as nationwide, use these benchmarks to determine eligibility for
assistance—and in some cases to determine the amount of assistance needed on a needs‐tested basis.
Rental Housing Affordable Price Points and Gaps
Figure 27 shows various levels of area median incomes (AMIs) by household size. Figure 28 provides a
calculation of affordable rental rates based on those calculations and the commonly used standard of
30% of income being the
maximum affordable
amount to pay for rent.
When compared to rental
rates in the Bozeman
market, it is apparent that
there are affordability gaps
for households at or below
40% of area median
income, since our survey of
rents indicated minimum
rents of $475 to $491 for
one‐ to three‐bedroom
units.
While detailed market data
is not available for
Bozeman’s rental housing
stock, this study’s small‐
sample survey indicated
that affordably‐priced and
subsidized rentals are in
scarce supply for
households with incomes
below 50% of area median
income.
Figure 27. Incomes by HUD AMI Levels for Bozeman, by Household Sizes
Number of Persons in Household:
% of
Median 1 2 3 4 5 6
10% $4,670 $5,340 $6,010 $6,670 $7,210 $7,740
20% $9,340 $10,680 $12,020 $13,340 $14,420 $15,480
30% $14,010 $16,020 $18,030 $20,010 $21,630 $23,220
40% $18,680 $21,360 $24,040 $26,680 $28,840 $30,960
50% $23,350 $26,700 $30,050 $33,350 $36,050 $38,700
65% $30,355 $34,710 $39,065 $43,355 $46,865 $50,310
80% $37,350 $42,700 $48,050 $53,350 $57,650 $61,900
95% $44,365 $50,730 $57,095 $63,365 $68,495 $73,530
110% $51,370 $58,740 $66,110 $73,370 $79,310 $85,140
125% $58,375 $66,750 $75,125 $83,375 $90,125 $96,750
Figure 28. Affordable Monthly Rent at 30% of Income
Number of Persons in Household:
% Median 1 2 3 4 5 6
10% $117 $134 $150 $167 $180 $194
20% $234 $267 $301 $334 $361 $387
30% $350 $401 $451 $500 $541 $581
40% $467 $534 $601 $667 $721 $774
50% $584 $668 $751 $834 $901 $968
65% $759 $868 $977 $1,084 $1,172 $1,258
80% $934 $1,068 $1,201 $1,334 $1,441 $1,548
95% $1,109 $1,268 $1,427 $1,584 $1,712 $1,838
110% $1,284 $1,469 $1,653 $1,834 $1,983 $2,129
125% $1,459 $1,669 $1,878 $2,084 $2,253 $2,419
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That assumption is borne out by the extremely low vacancy rates in subsidized rental properties in
Bozeman. Rental rates in a group of those properties are as high as $490 for one‐bedroom apartments
and $695 for three‐bedroom apartments—and the properties are experiencing exceptionally high
occupancy rates of 97% to 98% with very little turnover.
For‐Sale Housing Affordable Price Points and Gaps
Figure 29 below indicates affordable housing price points for households of various sizes at different
levels of area median income. We assumed that homeownership is feasible for most families at 50% of
area median income but less so below that level—except in special homeownership support programs
such as Habitat for Humanity’s. Figure 31 calculates the affordability gaps, using the data in Figures 29
and 30. The assumed “low‐end” home prices come from Section 4 of this report, which estimated typical
asking prices of lower‐cost homes listed in the Multiple Listing Service. Figure 30 shows assumptions
about matching household sizes with typical numbers of bedrooms required.
Figure 29. Home Prices Affordable at AMI Levels Per Affordability Analysis
Number of Persons in Household:
% Median 1 2 3 4 5 6
50% $66,346 $80,713 $94,699 $108,996 $114,377 $125,717
65% $96,456 $115,226 $133,429 $152,053 $161,024 $182,639
80% $127,818 $151,872 $174,800 $212,646 $220,240 $242,011
95% $173,263 $205,869 $231,831 $263,951 $275,796 $301,589
110% $209,147 $246,902 $278,013 $315,204 $331,198 $361,064
125% $245,032 $287,935 $324,194 $366,457 $386,601 $420,539
Figure 30. Assumed Appropriate Bedroom Sizes of Homes and "Low‐End" Prices
Number of Persons in Household:
1 2 3 4 5 6
BRs assumed 0‐1BR 2 BR 2 BR 3 BR 4 BR 4BR
$97,000 $97,000 $130,000 $130,000 $175,000 $175,000
Figure 31. Home Purchase Price Gaps Based on Assumptions Above
Number of Persons in Household:
% Median 1 2 3 4 5 6
50% $30,654 $16,287 $35,301 $21,004 $60,623 $49,283
65% $544 $0 $0 $0 $13,876 $0
80% $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
95% $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
110% $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
125% $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
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The affordability gap is calculated as the difference between the home prices that households at various
income levels can afford versus the typical low‐end home prices.
Needs for Ownership Housing
This affordability analysis indicates that prices of homes in the current market are generally affordable
to households with incomes at or above 65% of area median income. At 50% of area median income,
the affordability gaps become significant. If home prices or interest rates start increasing, mortgage
assistance will be needed and/or regulatory changes or incentives to builders to provide more homes for
buyers with incomes at 65% to 80% of area median income—as well as increased efforts to assist
homebuyers with incomes under 65% of area median income.
For example, the analysis indicates an ongoing need for three‐bedroom homes priced below $152,000
and two‐bedroom homes priced below $133,000. There is currently an adequate supply of for‐sale
condos in this price range and a few detached older homes, but without future subsidized home
construction or incentives for builders to provide very low‐cost homes, this supply will likely be depleted
in the near future.
Needs for Rental Housing
There is a need and an apparent acute need for rental housing affordable to households with incomes at
or below 40% of area median income. This translates to rents at or below approximately $470 for one‐
bedroom units, $600 for two‐bedroom units and $670 for three‐bedroom units.
Market data is less clear about whether there is a shortage of rental housing at higher price points, but
what data is available indicates a tightening of the rental housing supply. Therefore, the City’s should
consider including elements in its pending affordable housing plan that encourage construction of rental
units, with a particular emphasis on production of rental units affordable to households between 30% of
area median income and 50% of area median income. This translates to $350 to $580 rents for one‐
bedroom units, $450 to $750 for two‐bedroom rents, and $500 to $850 for three‐bedroom units.
Interpretation of These Priority Needs
These definitions of current priority housing needs should not be interpreted to mean that there is a
hard dividing line between “affordable housing” and other housing in the Bozeman market. This study
has highlighted the incomes and price levels below which Bozeman households are likely to have greater
than normal difficulties in finding affordably priced housing. But homebuyers with incomes just above
65% of area median income are faced with limited choices in buying homes, as are renters with incomes
just above 50% of area median income. Therefore, it is recommended that the City consider adopting
policies that encourage construction of low‐ and moderate‐priced housing, while focusing its strongest
support, regulations and incentives on the income groups that generally face affordability gaps.
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As Bozeman’s economy starts improving, the affordability threshold will inevitably move up as housing
costs at the low end of the market increase. A spreadsheet and methodology to update these price
points and affordability gap calculations will be provided to the City separately from this report.
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9. Indicated Programmatic and Regulatory Initiatives
The housing needs described in this report indicate the following potential programmatic priorities for
nonprofits, for‐profit developers and the City. These are not in priority order, and are suggested for
consideration during the process of drafting a new affordable housing plan.
• Subsidized construction of for‐sale housing. Projects sponsored by nonprofits should continue, but
at a measured pace until existing inventories are absorbed.
• Assistance for purchasing lower‐priced market‐rate homes. A reduction in home prices generally
makes this an opportune time to step up pre‐purchase counseling and down payment assistance
programs. This can not only help lower‐income families attain affordable homeownership, but it can
help encourage builders to construct more lower‐priced homes by adding to overall demand.
• Construction of new rental housing. Development of rental housing using the federal Low Income
Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program should be a high priority, given that this program has provided
rents in affordable to Bozeman households from 40% to 60% of area median income. LIHTC is the
major federal incentive program for building affordable rental housing. Finding a way to include
some very low rents—at 30% of area median income—should be investigated. Piggybacking federal
HOME and CDBG subsidies is a typical way of achieving this goal. City financial incentives might also
be considered. The City might also consider setting formal criteria for the types of LIHTC projects
that it endorses for federal subsidies.
• Construction of housing for special populations. Given the unmet needs of special populations for
affordable and supportive housing options, construction or acquisition and rehab of more
residential properties should be a priority. Construction is constrained by the limited availability of
governmental grants and private donations, but these resources should still be sought out. Limited
amounts of federal grants are still available for very low‐income seniors, disabled people, recently
homeless people, victims of domestic violence and those with other special needs.
• Workforce Housing Ordinance and possible regulatory changes. The needs study indicates that the
City’s Workforce Housing Ordinance should not be reinstated at this time due to the softness of the
real estate market, technical issues with the ordinance and administrative costs. Reinstatement of a
revised ordinance could be considered as the housing market strengthens. In the meantime, the City
may wish to consider enacting a set of incentives for builders to construct affordable, for‐sale homes
and rental units. Some incentives could simply provide builders with more flexibility in responding to
market demand—for example, allowing construction of detached homes on small but adequately‐
sized lots.
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• Re‐platting subdivisions. If existing subdivisions are re‐platted, as some builders propose, and the
City agrees, some incentives and requirements for construction of affordable homes and rental units
could be retained. Donation of house lots or sub‐tracts for affordable home or rental construction is
among the options to be considered.
• Impact fees. The City might consider allowing, in some form, deferrals or reimbursement of impact
fees as an additional incentive to produced discount‐priced housing for lower‐income buyers,
whether or not the Workforce Housing Ordinance is reinstated. Stronger and more costly incentives
such as these should be tied to homes with income, price and rent restrictions.
• Possible policies and actions regarding mobile home parks. Nonprofits might consider starting a
concerted program of helping low‐income families replace, repair and weatherize older,
substandard mobile homes. The City could consider actively encouraging the preservation of mobile
home parks inside and outside Bozeman in order to prevent possible losses in the stock of
affordable housing available to Bozeman residents and its workforce residing outside Bozeman.
Mobile home parks adjacent to Bozeman may apply for water and sewer extensions, which will be
considered in light of the factors for approval described in Chapter 40, Division 3, of the Municipal
Code.
• Regular Survey of Rental and Vacancy Rates. Given the lack of detailed and reliable data for the
rental sector as well as the dynamic nature of the overall market for rental housing, the City should
consider funding an annual or periodic rental survey to determine average rent levels and vacancy
rates by bedroom sizes of units, to indicate where shortages may exist. This data would be helpful
for informing policy decisions as well as assessing the need for both subsidized and market rate
rental housing. This data could also be essential information for the Citizens Affordable Housing
Advisory Board when reviewing requests for municipal support for LIHTC projects.
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Appendix A: List of Individuals Interviewed or Who Provided Data for Study
Bruce Brensdal Montana Housing – Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program
Dana Burkett Human Resource Development Council
Dennis Carlson Gallatin Association of Realtors
Gloria Edwards Family Promise of Gallatin Valley
Heather Grenier Human Resource Development Council
Dab Dabney Farmhouse Partners
Shawn Holm Builder, Norton East Ranch
Patty Kent Western Montana Mental Health Center
Anders Lewendal Bozeman Custom Homes
David Magistrelli Habitat for Humanity of Gallatin County
Mary Martin Human Resource Development Council
Kristy McFetridge Haven
Tim McHarg City of Bozeman, Planning Dept.
Tracy Menuez Human Resource Development Council
Ron Ostermiller Big Sky Western Bank
Cheryl Ridgely Bozeman Deaconess Hospital
Phil Rotherham Rotherham Construction
Jeff Rupp Human Resource Development Council
Michael Stewart Land Equity Partners/Sunrise Homes
Rob Tallon REACH
Dick Walter American Bank, Bozeman
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Appendix B ‐ Affordable Housing Outcomes in Bozeman Area
Sponsor Service
Area
2011
Outcomes
Total
Provided
To Date or
Currently
HOMEOWNERSHIP OUTCOMES
New construction of homes HRDC City 13 56
New construction of homes Habitat City 2 61
Acquisition and sales of home HRDC City 2 17
Homeowner rehab assistance HRDC Tri‐
County
unavailable 37
Down payment assistance loans HRDC Tri‐
County
3 107
Weatherizations completed HRDC Tri‐
County
247 678
Pre‐purchase counseling cases HRDC Tri‐
County
357 2136
Foreclosure counseling cases HRDC Tri‐
County
90 290
RENTAL/SPECIAL NEEDS OUTCOMES
LIHTC rental housing built ‐ seniors HRDC City 161
LIHTC rental housing built ‐ families Multiple City 344
Other rental housing built HRDC City 24
Transitional housing provided Family
Promise/Haven
City 4 4
Transitional housing provided HRDC City 2 4
Transitional ‐ behavioral health WMMHC City 6 10
Transitional ‐ developmental
disabilities
REACH City 16
Suportive Housing ‐ developmental
disabilities
REACH City 25
Emergency shelter/warming center
beds
HRDC City 24 24
Emergency shelter beds ‐ families Family Promise City 12
Domestic violence shelter beds Haven City 13
OTHER OUTCOMES
Section 8 rent subsidies HRDC City 10 273
Transitional rent subsidies HRDC City 8 8
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