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Home My WebLink AboutCommunity Emissions Inventory for Mayor's Climate Protection Plan The Bozeman City commission contracted Sustainable Planning Solutions to create a baseline greenhouse gas emissions community inventory as part of the Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement. Results of the inventory, presented herein, include greenhouse gas emissions from residential and commercial energy usage, transportation fuel usage, and waste from landfill collection. Hattie Baker, Sustainable Planning Solutions 2009 Emissions Inventory 2000Bozeman Greenhouse Gas99 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 2 Sustainable Planning Solutions Principal Investigator: Hattie Baker 257 Eze Street Belgrade, MT 59714 406‐209‐4719 office climateprotection@bozeman.net Principal contacts: Natalie Meyer, Climate Protection Coordinator, 406‐582‐2317, nmeyer@bozeman.net City of Bozeman Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement 121 North Rouse Bozeman, MT 59715 www.bozeman.net 100 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 3 Acknowledgments This document would not have been possible without the leadership of the Bozeman City Commission for adopting the Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement and the Citizens Concerned for Climate Change. This resolution came under the auspices of City Manager Chris Kukulski, Finance Director Anna Rosenberry, and Climate Protection Coordinator Natalie Meyer. Most importantly, we thank Dave Schaub of New Priorities Foundation for committing a grant to help fund this project. Thanks especially to Natalie Meyer for the endless hours dedicated to ensure reduction strategies are implemented for the City of Bozeman and for her support and assistance with the Community Plan A special thanks to the invaluable assistance of two MSU graduate students Matt Lewis and Rebecca Piersol. Thanks to our local energy provider, NorthWestern Energy for providing us with the sales data and support: Glen Phelps Regulatory Affairs Officer and Melvin Kotur Community Relations Officer. Thanks to all the people who gave their time to assist with data and information: Logan Landfill Accountant Susan Dellinger for her assistance in calculating Bozeman’s waste share, Jodi Sprague at the USDA with County Census data, and Bill Crane at Headwaters Recycling. Thanks to City of Bozeman Staff for their time and assistance: GIS Manager Jon Henderson, Assistant Planning Director Chris Saunders, Story Mill Landfill Superintendant Steve Johnson and Foreman Shad Bare, IT Administrators, Mike Haddock and Gaby Dennehy. Thanks to Scott Bischke of Mountain Works and former co‐chair of the Climate Protection Task Force for his words of encouragement and unending support and dedication to carbon reduction strategies for the Bozeman community. 101 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 4 Executive Summary Scientific evidence clearly tells us that the Earth is warming, and that humans are influencing this trend. That was the conclusion of the second scientific assessment of the United Nation Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 and reinforced by the third and fourth scientific assessments by the IPCC submitted in 2001 and 2007. In 2007 the IPCC concluded, “The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate.” Understanding the potential threats climate change could have on the community, the Bozeman City Commission adopted the Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement in November 2006. The Agreement is a commitment to reduce community and municipal greenhouse gas emissions. The first step in achieving a successful plan is to create an emissions inventory. In May of 2007, a sustainability intern was hired for a one year contract to work on the Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement. A Municipal Climate Action Plan was presented and accepted to the City commissions in August of 2008. The plan is a set of 40 recommendations directed at climate change mitigation policies for municipal operations. A Municipal inventory details emissions from only municipal operation and is typically 1‐3 percent of the total community emissions. A Community inventory, on the other hand, is a much larger footprint. A Community Climate Action Plan is required to complete the Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement. Directed by the City commission, the City Manager provided leadership on the Community plan by partnering with the New Priorities Foundation for a Community Climate Grant. The sustainability intern was hired with the grant in February of 2009 as an independent contractor to continue working on the Mayors Climate Protection Agreement. This inventory is intended to be a snapshot of emissions produced in 2000 with an interim inventory for 2008. Included in the inventory is energy usage for electricity and natural gas from the residential and commercial sector; 102 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 5 transportation fuel usage determined by vehicle miles traveled, and waste from both the Story Mill (Bozeman) and Logan (Gallatin County) Landfills. Results The total emissions for 2000 were 277,276 tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e); 28 percent of total emissions came from the Residential Sector with 77,532 tons of CO2e; 38 percent from the Commercial Sector with 106,341 tons of CO2e; 28 percent from the Transportation Sector with 78,225 tons of CO2e, and 6 percent from the Waste Sector with 15,178 tons of CO2e. Figure 1 2000 Bozeman Emissions The total emissions for 2008 was 366,756 tons of CO2e; 30 percent of emissions came from the Residential Sector with 108,222 tons of CO2e; 41 percent from the Residential 28% Commercial 38% Transportation 28% Waste 6% 2000 Bozeman Community Emissions Tons of Co2e‐ Total‐ 277,276; Residential 77,532;Commercial 106,341; Transportation 78,225; and Waste 15,178 CO2e (equivalents) provide one unit of measurement. The measure is used for describing how much global warming potential a given type of greenhouse gas may cause. Carbon Dioxide = 1 CO2e Methane is 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide Methane = 21 CO2e 103 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 6 Commercial Sector with 148,834 tons of CO2e; 27 percent from the Transportation Sector with 100,084 tons of CO2e; and 3 percent from the Waste Sector with 9,615 tons of CO2e. Figure 2 2008 Bozeman Emissions The population in Bozeman from 2000 to 2008 increased by 38 percent. The population was 27,509 in 2000 and was estimated to be approximately 38,000 in 2008. Population increased by 38 percent, however, total emissions only increased by 32 percent. If we look at Residential and Commercial sector increases alone we see an increase of 40 percent. Table 1 Community Emissions Inventory Sector 2000 tons of CO2e 2008 Tons of CO2e Increase Residential 77,532 108,222 40% Commercial 106,341 148,834 40% Transportation 78,225 100,084 30% Waste 15,178 9,615 ‐36% Total 277,276 366,756 32% Residential 29% Commercial 41% Transportation 27% Waste 3% 2008 Bozeman Community Emissions Tons of CO2e‐ Total ‐366,756, Residential 108,222; Commercial 148,834; Transportation 100,084; Waste 9,615 104 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 7 Table of Contents Results ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 Purpose, Scope, and Boundary Definition .................................................................................................... 8 Purpose ..................................................................................................................................................... 8 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Boundary Definition ................................................................................................................................ 10 Global Warming: A Brief Summary ............................................................................................................ 12 Global Warming Potential and CO2e ....................................................................................................... 14 Global Warming Potential Units of Measure .......................................................................................... 15 Results ......................................................................................................................................................... 15 Source ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 Residential: Electricity and Natural Gas .................................................................................................. 19 Commercial: Electricity and Natural Gas ................................................................................................ 20 Transportation ........................................................................................................................................ 24 Vehicle Miles Traveled ........................................................................................................................ 24 Streamline Bus System ........................................................................................................................ 26 Waste ...................................................................................................................................................... 26 Story Mill and Logan Landfill ............................................................................................................... 26 Appendix A .................................................................................................................................................. 29 Raw Data ................................................................................................................................................. 29 Appendix B .................................................................................................................................................. 30 Mayors Climate Protection Agreement .................................................................................................. 30 105 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 8 Purpose, Scope, and Boundary Definition Purpose Understanding the potential threats climate change could have on the community, the Bozeman City Commission adopted the Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement in November 2006. The Agreement is a commitment to reduce community and municipal greenhouse gas emissions. A sustainability intern was hired in May of 2007 for a one year contract to work with the Climate Protection Task Force (CPTF) to create a Municipal Climate Action Plan. The CPTF presented a set of 40 recommendations directed at climate change mitigation policies for municipal operations specifically. The City Commission accepted the Municipal Climate Action Plan in August of 2008. The City has since hired a Grants/Climate Protection Coordinator to implement those recommendations. A Community Climate Action Plan (CAP) is needed to fulfill the requirements of the Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement. The City Commission directed the Community to decide how to best approach the Community CAP. The City Manager provided leadership on the Community CAP by partnering with the New Priorities Foundation for a Community Climate Grant. The sustainability intern was hired with funding from the grant in February of 2009 as an independent contractor to continue working on the Mayors Climate Protection Agreement. The City of Bozeman joined ICLEI‐Local Governments for Sustainability in June of 2007. ICLEI is an international association of local governments as well as a national, regional, and local government organization that have made a commitment to sustainable development. Through its membership, ICLEI provides the City of Bozeman access and support to its Clean Air Climate Protection (CACP) software. The CACP 2009 version 2.1, June 2009 software was used for this emissions inventory. CACP was originally developed for ICLEI‐Local Governments for Sustainability by Torrie‐Smith associates. ICLEI collaborated with the National 106 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 9 Association of Clean Air Agencies to create the software. All of the data and information is saved to the city‐owned software and is available for future emission inventories. All data tables, assumptions, and calculations are included in Appendix A. The emissions coefficients and methodology employed by the software are consistent with national and international inventory standards established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1996 Revised IPCC Guidelines for the Preparation of National GHG Emissions Inventories), the U.S. Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Reporting Guidelines (EIA form1605), and, for emissions generated from solid waste, the U.S. EPA’s Waste Reduction Model (WARM). Scope The Community Emissions Inventory is the first step in completing the Community CAP. Community stakeholders will be appointed to begin making recommendations for greenhouse gas reduction strategies. Sustainability was identified as one of the major planning concepts in the recently adopted Bozeman Community Plan, and a community sustainability group has expressed their desire to create a sustainability plan. This inventory is both useful and essential in creating either a climate action plan or sustainability plan. Reducing a community’s carbon footprint is linked to sustainable practices and creating a holistic approach to climate change mitigation has been the recent trend. The year 2000 was selected as the baseline for the community emissions inventory to maintain consistency between the municipal and community emissions inventory. The goal set forth in the Municipal Climate Action Plan was to reduce municipal emissions to 15 percent below 2000 levels by 2020. It will be up to the Community Climate Task Force members to determine which measures are appropriate for the success of the Community Climate Action Plan or Sustainability Plan. 107 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 10 Boundary Definition Creating a greenhouse gas emissions inventory is an overwhelming challenge for many communities. The information needed for the inventory has not been previously measured and a first inventory can help uncover imitations in the data. Moreover, it lays the foundation for improved mechanisms to be developed for future inventories. Information for this inventory was largely provided by NorthWestern energy’s sales data for Bozeman. NorthWestern Energy is the largest utility provider in Montana with 392,600 customers. Their service territories cover 73 percent of Montana’s land area. The boundary in this inventory was determined by the utility customers map provided by NorthWestern Energy. Through the City of Bozeman’s GIS department, a boundary map was created to illustrate the coverage area accounted for in this inventory (Figure 1). The emissions boundary provided by NorthWestern Energy’s Bozeman town code runs from Bear Canyon in the East to Black Bull in the west; Springhill in the North and Hyalite in the south. Future collaboration with NorthWestern Energy may create opportunities for monitoring and reporting energy usage within the jurisdiction of the City of Bozeman more accurately. This inventory is intended to be a snapshot of emissions produced in 2000 with an interim inventory for 2008. Included in the inventory is energy usage for electricity and natural gas from the residential and commercial sector, transportation fuel usage determined by vehicle miles traveled, and waste from both the Story Mill (Bozeman) and Logan (County) Landfills. 108 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 11 Figure 1 NWE Emissions Boundary Map, City of Bozeman GIS Department 109 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 12 Global Warming: A Brief Summary Scientific evidence clearly tells us that the Earth is warming, and that anthropogenic (man‐made) causes are influencing this trend. That was the conclusion of the second scientific assessment of the United Nation Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 and reinforced by the third and fourth scientific assessments by the IPCC submitted in 2001 and 2007. In 2007 the IPCC concluded, “The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate.” Figure 2. Graphical representation of the greenhouse effect (adapted from www.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/greenhouse.html) The greenhouse effect (Figure 2) is the process whereby short wavelength energy from the sun hits the Earth and is re‐radiated back toward space as long wavelength infra‐red heat energy. Some of this heat energy passes into space, but some is absorbed by the atmosphere, resulting in the retention of heat around the Earth. The natural greenhouse effect helps keep the Earth’s average temperature at around 59 degrees Fahrenheit (F). Without the natural greenhouse effect, the Earth’s average temperature would be around 0°F, and the planet would be largely uninhabitable. 110 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 13 Since industrialization humankind has markedly increased the concentration of molecules in the atmosphere that absorb heat energy (known as “greenhouse gases”). These measurable concentration increases, along with upward trends in temperatures and rapid climate change around the globe, are the underlying basis for the current concerns of global warming. A greenhouse gas is any gas in the atmosphere that adsorbs infra‐red radiation and thereby contributes to the greenhouse effect. There are numerous greenhouse gases, but the three of major concern to normal citizens are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions result from the burning of fossil fuels (e.g., oil, coal, or natural gas) most often for transportation, industrial operations, or the heating of buildings. Methane (CH4) emissions result from the anaerobic decay of organic materials in landfills and water treatment plants, as well as from fuel production, livestock production, and farming. Nitrous Oxide (N2O) emissions result from agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. These gases are also naturally occurring (e.g., plants “breathe” out carbon dioxide, and methane is a natural byproduct of decomposition). However, human activities such as those mentioned above have increased the concentration of these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere far beyond natural levels. That is why man‐made GHG are the primary focus of efforts to reduce the impact that humans are having on the climate system. For the first time, the IPCC is providing best estimates for the warming projected to result from particular increases in greenhouse gases that could occur after the 21st century along with uncertainty ranges based on more comprehensive modeling. If atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases double compared to pre‐industrial levels, this would “likely” cause an average warming of around 3°C (5.4°F), with a range of 2 ‐ 4.5°C (3.6 ‐ 8.1°F). A GHG level of 650 ppm (parts per million)would “likely” warm the global climate by around 3.6°C(6.5°F), while 111 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 14 750 ppm would lead to a 4.3°C(7.7°F) warming, 1,000 ppm to 5.5°C(9.9°F) and 1,200 ppm to 6.3°C(11.3°F). Future GHG concentrations are difficult to predict and will depend on economic growth, new technologies, government policies and actions to stem GHG growth, and other factors. By signing on to the Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement, the City of Bozeman has declared its intention to take action to minimize its output of global warming gases. Global Warming Potential and CO2e Each greenhouse gas differs in its ability to absorb heat in the atmosphere. The difference in absorption ability results from the different chemical bond characteristics for each molecule as well as their expected lifetime in the atmosphere. Scientists use the term “global warming potential” (or GWP) to describe how much a given mass of greenhouse gas will contribute to global warming. GWP is a relative scale that compares the gas in question to the same amount of CO2 (i.e., C02 has a GWP of 1.0). CO2 was chosen as the reference because it is the most prevalent of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As shown in Table 1, methane traps 21 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide and thus has a GWP of 21. Nitrous oxide absorbs 310 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide and thus has a GWP of 310. Table 1. Relative global warming potential of the most common greenhouse gases. (Source EPA http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads/ghg_gwp.pdf. Accessed 5/9/08). Greenhouse gas Chemical Symbol Global warming potential Expected lifetime (years) in the atmosphere Carbon Dioxide CO2 1 50‐150 Methane CH4 21 10.5 Nitrous Oxide N20 310 132 112 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 15 Global Warming Potential Units of Measure When actual emissions are being discussed, global warming potentials allow policy makers to use one unit of measurement for comparing the various greenhouse gasses. That unit of measure is the known as “CO2 equivalents” (or “CO2e”). For instance, 1 ton of carbon dioxide emissions would equal 1 ton of CO2e; 1 ton of methane would equally 21 tons of CO2e. The entirety of the Community Emissions Inventory will be in terms of CO2e. Results Total emissions for 2000 was 277,276 tons of CO2e; 28 percent of total emissions came from the Residential Sector with 77,532 tons of CO2e; 38 percent from the Commercial Sector with 106,341 tons of CO2e; 28 percent from the Transportation Sector with 78,225 tons of CO2e, and 6 percent from the Waste Sector with 15,178 tons of CO2e. It is important to note that a previous municipal inventory resulted in a net carbon output of 6,083 tons of CO2e for municipal operations in 2000. While it is important that the City take steps to reduce its emissions, community emissions represent a much larger footprint. The total emissions for 2008 was 366,756 tons of CO2e; 30 percent of emissions came from the Residential Sector with 108,222 tons of CO2e; 41 percent from the Commercial Sector with 148,834 tons of CO2e; 27 percent from the Transportation Sector with 100,084 tons of CO2e; and 3 percent from the Waste Sector with 9,615 tons of CO2e 113 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 16 Figure 3 2000 GHG Emissions Figure 4 2008 GHG Emissions Residential 28% Commercial 38% Transportation 28% Waste 6% 2000 Bozeman Community Emissions Total Emissions 277,276 tons of CO2e Residential 29% Commercial 41% Transportation 27% Waste 3% 2008 Bozeman Community Emissions Total Emissions 366,756 tons of CO2e 114 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 17 The population in Bozeman from 2000 to 2008 increased by 38 percent. The population was 27,509 in 2000 and population was estimated at 38,000 in 2008. Overall emissions increased by only 32 percent because of the decrease in waste emissions. Residential and Commercial emissions at 40 percent increase, however, are consistent with population trends when evaluated alone. Table 2 Community Emissions Totals Sector 2000 tons of CO2e 2008 Tons of CO2e Increase Residential 77,532 108,222 40% Commercial 106,341 148,834 40% Transportation 78,225 100,084 30% Waste 15,178 9,615 ‐36% Total 277,276 366,756 32% Per capita emissions remained the same for both inventory years in the Residential Sector at 3.1 tons of CO2e. Per capita emissions in the Transportation Sector for 2000 and 2008 were 5.2 and 5.6 tons of CO2e respectively. Per capita emissions in the Waste Sector for 2000 and 2008 were 0.2 and 0.6 tons of CO2e respectively. Per capita emissions in Bozeman still remain much lower than the US national average of 23.8 tons CO2e per capita. 115 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 18 Figure 5 Per Capita Emissions Source The main source of emissions calculated in this inventory were electricity and natural gas usage, diesel and gasoline consumption based on EPA national standards derived from vehicle miles traveled, and paper product. Paper products were derived from the Montana solid waste distribution averages (Appendix A). Residential Transportation Waste 2000 3.1 5.2 0.02 2008 3.1 5.6 0.06 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Toms CO2ePer Capita Emissions by Sector 116 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 19 Figure 6 Emissions Source Nearly all of the emissions sources are fossil fuel based carbon dioxide with a small portion derived from the decomposition of organic matter from waste in the landfills. The two highest sources of emissions for both inventory years were electricity and gasoline. Recommendations focused on reducing emissions will want to tackle the highest sources of emissions most aggressively. Sources included in the other category are plant debris, wood or textiles, and food waste. Residential: Electricity and Natural Gas Energy usage in the Residential and Commercial sector was determined by total consumption numbers provided by NorthWestern Energy; the major utility provider in Bozeman. Energy for electricity and natural gas usage is measured in kilowatt hours (kWh) and therms, respectively; however, for the purpose of the inventory all metrics for energy consumption have been converted to kWh. A count of individual services/meters, rather than billing accounts was used to determine the number of Diesel Electricity Gasoline Natural Gas Paper Products Other 2000 46124542 2008 46523521 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Percentage of EmissionsEmissions Source A kilowatt hour (kWh) is 1000 watts of energy usage burning for one hour. Ten 100 watt light bulbs burning for 1 hour is a kilowatt hour. 117 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 20 utility customers. The Residential Sector includes 18,048 customers and is represented in the Bozeman area town code map previously mentioned. Residential sector energy usage for 2000 was 201,381,206 kWh and emissions were 77,532 tons of CO2e. In 2008, the Residential Sector used 262,151,528 kWh of electricity and emissions were 108,222 tons of CO2e. Figure 7 Residential Emissions Commercial: Electricity and Natural Gas Commercial sector usage is made up of five categories: General Service‐ 1, General Service‐2, Gas Transportation, Interdepartmental, and Irrigation. General Service encompasses four Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) reporting classes: Commercial, Industrial, Public Authority and Interdepartmental. There are no Public Authority customers in Bozeman. Industrial and Interdepartmental customers have been classified as Commercial in this inventory. • General Service‐1 (GS‐1) includes non‐demand and demand metered commercial customers taking service at secondary and primary voltage levels. This class is made up primarily of Main Street‐type businesses. As a point of reference, Bozeman City Hall has GS‐1 demand metered service. Residential 2000 77532 2008 108222 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 Tons CO2e118 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 21 • General Service‐2 (GS‐2) is for customers with larger capacity requirements that dictate they take their service at substation or transmission level voltages. Montana State University is the only GS‐2 customer in Bozeman. • Gas Transportation is available to customers with meters capable of delivering 5,000 cubic feet per hour or more. Transportation customers purchase supply on their own and pay NWE to transport their gas commodity over NWE's transmission and distribution lines on either a firm or interruptible basis. This includes a number of school district buildings, MSU, some large retailers and several industrial customers. • Interdepartmental is NWE's own buildings and facilities. • Irrigation is primarily related to agriculture (irrigation ditches, center pivots, hand lines, wheel lines) and can include golf courses if they have their own pump. The Commercial Sector accounted for 38 percent of total emissions in 2000, the largest portion of emissions, with 264,937,879 kWh of energy usage and 106,341 tons of CO2e emitted. Commercial Sector usage increased to 41 percent of total usage in 2008 with 343,295,004 kWh of energy used and 148,834 tons of CO2e. Figure 8 Commercial Emissions Emissions 2000 106,341 2008 148,834 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 Tons of CO2eCommercial Sector 119 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 22 GS1 and GS2 Bozeman has a vibrant and diverse commercial sector, all of whom contribute to the community’s carbon footprint. Montana State University and Bozeman Deaconess Health Center are the largest employers in the City. Historic downtown Bozeman serves as the city commercial center with banking, professional, and hospitality services. Working together to find ways to aggressively reduce emissions will be essential to the success of the Community Plan. Table 3 Largest Public and Private Employers in Bozeman Company /Entity Number of Employees Montana State University 2,679 Bozeman Deaconess Hospital 1,238 Bozeman Public School District 587 Gallatin County Government 460 Right Now Technologies 400 Wal‐Mart Stores 370 City of Bozeman 351 Kenyon Noble Lumber Company 236 Williams Plumbing and Heating 200 Zoot Enterprises 177 Costco Wholesale 176 Bozeman Community Food Co‐Op 170 Simkins Hallin Lumber Company 169 Murdoch’s Ranch and Home Supply 160 Martel Construction 150 Gibson Guitar‐ Montana Division 140 Billion Auto Group 135 Bozeman Daily Chronicle 128 Rosauer’s Supermarket 123 Best Western Gran Tree Inn 115 Target Stores 110 Source: Bozeman Economic Development Plan 2008 120 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 23 Leading the way to reduce emissions in the co the t. It bal rate n are a result of electricity usage in the GS‐1 ions covers agricultural land and golf courses within NWE’s Bozeman Town r lley has the highest prevalence of irrigation in the state. The USDA acres s mmunity, MSU has signed onto American College & University Presidents Climate Commitmen is a commitment to eliminate glo warming emissions and integ sustainability into the curriculum. MSU has appointed a Campus Sustainability Advisory Council which meets once a month to discuss sustainability projects o campus. MSU is in the process of creating an emissions inventory and will make specific recommendations for its operations. The majority of commercial emissions sector with 79,480 tons of CO2e emitted in 2000 and 117,935 tons of CO2e emitted in 2008. MSU is the only GS‐2 consumer with 18,453 tons of CO2e emitted in 2000 and 21,599 tons of CO2e emitted in 2008. Emissions only represent energy usage provided by NorthWestern Energy. A more comprehensive inventory by MSU may reveal other sources of emiss Irrigation Irrigation Code coverage. There are four golf courses located within Bozeman who use thei own pumps for irrigating: Valley View, Bridger Creek, Riverside Country Club, and Cottonwood. The Gallatin Va performs an agricultural census every five years. According to the 2002 Census, Gallatin County had 1,074 farms and 708,728 acres dedicated to farm land. According to the 2007 Census, Gallatin County had 1,071 farms and 776,868 of land dedicated to farm land. MSU has three farms located in Bozeman. BART (Bozeman Area Research and Teaching) Farm located on 19th and Garfield, Ft Elli Farm, and Post Arthur Farm in New Middle Creek Photo Source: MSU 121 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 24 Figure 9 Commercial Usages by Sector Transportation Vehicle Miles Traveled Bozeman is a regional service community. The traffic counts performed in 1998 for the 2001 Update of the Bozeman Community Plan documented 60,000 trips per day traveling into or out from Bozeman’s municipal boundaries. Vehicle Miles Traveled annually for 1998 was used as a proxy for 2000. With the existing street network, 111,600,000 vehicle miles were calculated by the Montana Department of Transportation as cars traveling in and out of Bozeman. This is enough to circle the earth’s equator 4,485 times. Gas Gas Transport GS‐1 GS‐2 Interdepart mental Irrigation 2000 3543 2769 79480 18453 210 1886 2008 4678 3014 117935 21599 227 1380 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 Tons CO2eCommercial Usages by Sector Miles of Streets 2000‐ 136 miles 2007‐ 206 miles Source: City of Bozeman Engineering Division 122 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 25 The total vehicle miles traveled for 2008 was estimated based on a population increase of 38 percent. Based on this assumption, total vehicle miles traveled for 2008 was 154,000,000. Clean Air Climate Protection analysis results show 78,225 tons of CO2e were emitted in 2000 and 100,084 tons of CO2e in 2008. Figure 10 Transportation Emissions Emissions 2000 78,225 2008 100,084 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 Tons CO2e Transportation Sector 123 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 26 Streamline Bus System Photo Source Streamline A major contributor in reducing a community’s carbon footprint is the use of public transportation. Bozeman’s Streamline bus system has been in service since 2006. The cost is free to the public thanks in large part to funding from the Federal Transit Authority and local municipalities such as Bozeman and Belgrade. In 2008, Streamline’s fixed route ridership increased dramatically averaging 792 rides per day in January and February, with a record high of 922 rides on February 3, 2008. Streamline estimates 195 tons of CO2 reductions per year. Recommendations for reducing emissions might consider increasing public transportation capabilities. Waste Story Mill and Logan Landfill Story Mill Landfill was Bozeman’s main landfill site in 2000. The site was closed down on July 1, 2007 and a solid waste district was created. Bozeman now hauls its waste to Gallatin County’s Logan Landfill. Emissions figures for 2008 reflect this change. Story Mill collected 55,941 tons of waste in 2000 and emitted 15, 178 tons of CO2e. Story Mill collected 13,996 tons of waste in 2008 and emitted 3,797 tons of CO2e. Logan collected 22,411 tons of waste in 2008 and emitted 6,080 tons of CO2e. Total emissions for 2008 were 9,878 tons of CO2e. 124 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 27 Figure 11 Waste Emissions There are a number of reasons for the decrease in emissions in the Waste sector. First, the Bozeman Landfill closed down in July of 2007. The only waste allowed into the Story Mill Landfill from January 1, 2008 – June 30 2008 was from the Bozeman Solid Waste trucks. Waste previously brought to the Story Mill landfill is now being sent to the Gallatin County landfill site in Logan. Second, the recent downturn in the economy, largely in the construction sector, has had a ripple effect in the amount of waste being collected. Because the county does not track all waste coming in from Bozeman, the waste share usage was determined by calculating the total waste at Logan from July 1 –December 31, 2008 by the percentage of county population living in Bozeman. According to the latest Bozeman Community Plan, Bozeman represents 43.4 percent of the population in Gallatin County. 2000 2008 Logan 0 6080 Story Mill 15178 3797 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 Tons CO2eWaste Sector 125 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 28 Waste to Energy Story Mill landfill explored preliminary feasibility studies with the EPA for the Landfill Methane Outreach Program; however, results concluded that Story Mill landfill would not generate enough methane to use for heat at this time. The County may consider exploring methane recovery programs with the increased waste being diverted to Logan landfill. Recycling Diverting waste through recycling has a positive effect on reducing emissions. Headwaters Recycling was contracted by the City of Bozeman to collect recycling through various drop off sites in town. The program began in 1998. The Cit ended its contract with Headwate April of 2008 to begin a City curbside recycling program in December of 2008. The Solid Waste District continues to operate convenie sites in Bozeman. Recycling figu for 2000 were not available. y rs in nce res 4 2007 Headwaters Recycling Bozeman Tons Recycled Tons CO2e Reductions Table Paper 1497 4092 Aluminum 2254 2254 Glass 1231 397 Plastic 115 227 Total Reductions 6970 126 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 29 Appendix A Raw Data 127 Bozeman Emissions Inventory 2000 Commissioned by the City of Bozeman Hattie Baker climateprotection@bozeman.net Bozeman, MT 59715 USA 406‐209‐4719 Page 30 Appendix B Mayors Climate Protection Agreement 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173