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HomeMy WebLinkAboutIntroGREATER BOZEMAN AREA TRANSPORTATION PLAN (2007 UPDATE) prepared for in cooperation with Bozeman Transportation Coordinating Committee, Bozeman, MT City of Bozeman, MT Gallatin County, MT Montana Department of Transportation prepared by P.O. Box 5653 825 Custer Avenue Helena, MT 59601 www.rpa-hln.com Robert Peccia & Associates and 711 SE Grand Avenue Portland, OR 97214 www.altaplanning.com ALTA Planning + Design 100 Cambridge Park Drive, Suite 400 Cambridge, MA 02140 www.camsys.com Cambridge Systematics RPA Adopted By: ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ???? Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Acknowledgments Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics Page i The Transportation Coordinating Committee (TCC) is comprised of a multitude of individuals representing various departments of Gallatin County, the city of Bozeman, and the Montana Department of Transportation and a standing committee in the community that is generally responsible for overseeing transportation planning efforts. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The successful completion of this project was made possible through the cooperation and assistance of many individuals. The following people provided guidance and support throughout the course of this study: Bozeman Transportation Coordinating Committee (TCC) Members Jeff Krauss, Representative, Bozeman City Commission Bill Murdock, Representative ,Board of County Commissioners JP Pomnichowski, President, City of Bozeman Planning Board Erik Henyon, Alternate Kerry White, President, Gallatin County Planning Board Jeff Ebert, District Engineer, Butte District Montana Department of Transportation Lee Provance, Road Superintendent, Gallatin County George Durkin, Alternate Debbie Arkell, Director of Public Service, City of Bozeman John VanDelinder, Alternate Chris Kukulski, City Manager, City of Bozeman Andy Epple, TCC Chair, Director, City of Bozeman Planning and Community Development Chris Scott, Representative for Director, Gallitin County Planning Ralph Zimmer, Representative, Bozeman Pedestrian and Traffic Safety Committee Taylor Lonsdale, Alternate 1 Gary Vodenhal, Alternate 2 Dick Turner, Chief, Multimodel Planning Bureau, Montana Department of Transportation Carol Strizich, Alternate 1 Al Vander Wey, Alternate 2 Joe Olsen, Engineering Services Supervisor, Butte District Montana Department of Transportation David Smith, Citizen Member, City of Bozeman Resident Pat Abelin, Citizen Member, Gallatin County Resident Bob Lashaway, Representative, Montana State University Walt Banziger, Alternate Jon Henderson, Chair, Bozeman Area Bicycle Advisory Board Dave Baumbauer, Alternate Joseph Menicucci, City Manager, City of Belgrade Bob Burkhardt, Division Administrator, Federal Highway Administration Jeff Patten, Alternate Ross Gammon, Maintenance Chief, Montana Department of Transportation, Bozeman Division Robert Bukvich, Utility Agent, Bozeman Division Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Acknowledgments Page ii Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics City of Bozeman Planning Board Members JP Pomnichowski, Chair, City of Bozeman Donna Swarthout, City of Bozeman Cathy Costakis, City of Bozeman Chris Mehl, City of Bozeman Erik Henyon, City of Bozeman Brian Caldwell, City of Bozeman Randy Carpenter, City of Bozeman Sean Becker, City of Bozeman Commission Willian Quinn, Gallatin County Bozeman City Commission Kaaren Jacobson, Mayor, City of Bozeman Jeff Krauss, Deputy Mayor /Commissioner, City of Bozeman Sean Becker, Commissioner, City of Bozeman Eric Bryson, Commissioner, City of Bozeman Jeffrey K. Rupp, Commissioner, City of Bozeman Gallatin County Planning Board Members Kerry White, Chairman, Gallatin County Gail Richardson, Vice Chair, Gallatin Byron Anderson, Gallatin County C.B. Dormire, Gallatin County Donald Seifert, Gallatin County Matt Flikkema, Gallatin County Deb Kimball Robinson, Gallatin County Mike McKenna, Gallatin County Marianne Jackson Amsdem, Gallatin County Patti Davis, Gallatin County Susan Kozub, Gallatin County Gallatin County Commission Joe Skinner, Chairman Steve White, County Commissioner Bill Murdock, County Commissioner Gallatin County Chris Scott, County Planner Lee Provance, Director of Public Works George Durkin, County Engineer City of Bozeman Andy Epple, City Planner Debbie Arkel, Director of Public Service Rick Hixson, City Engineer Bob Murray, Jr., Project Engineer Chris Saunders, Asst. Planning Director Chris Kukulski, City Manager, City of Bozeman Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Acknowledgments Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics Page iii Montana Department of Transportation Carol Strizich, Safety Planner, Statewide and Urban Planning Section Al Vander Wey, Transportation Planner /Modeler Lynn Zanto, Statewide and Urban Planning Section List of Preparers The Traffic & Transportation Division of the consulting firm of Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc., Helena, Montana prepared this study. The following members of our firm were major contributors to this study or helped prepare the document: Keith Jensen, P.E., President Jeffrey A. Key, P.E., Project Manager/Senior Traffic Engineer Brian Wacker, P.E., Vice President, Streets & Highways Division Manager Dan Norderud, AICP, Transportation Planner Nicholas L. Ladas, Graphics Designer Scott Randall, E.I., Transportation Planner/Designer Trisha Jensen, Transportation Planning Technician Kelly P. Quinn, Computer System Manager Gary Lesofski, CADD Division Manager Jennifer Looby, Production Manager Community Stakeholder Groups Montana State University Candace Mastel Pedestrian and Traffic Safety Committee Gary Vodenhall Taylor Lonsdale John VanDelinder Frank Manseau Vicki Jones Gallatin Valley Land Trust Ted Lange Gary Vodenhal Bozeman Area Bicycle Advisory Board Jon Henderson David Baumbauer Jeff Ball Chad Bailey Jason Delmue Matt Rognlie Colleen Helm Safe Trails Coalition Doug McSpadden Mary VantHull Jeanne Eggert Jon Henderson Subconsultants Alta Planning + Design Mia Birk, Principal in Charge Jessica Roberts, Project Manager Joe Gilpin, Transportation Planner Cambridge Systematics George Mazur, P.E., Project Manager Tracy Clymer, Transportation Modeler Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Executive Summary Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics Page v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Transportation Plan Update is intended to document changes and progress since the last Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2001 Update) was completed in the year 2001. This Plan Update strives to elevate non-motorized transportation planning in the community from both a mobility, and a liveability, perspective. The Plan attempts to address motorized and non-motorized transportation needs by placing both on equal playing fields. This has been accomplished through meaningful dialogue with the public and dozens of stakeholders, along with the analysis of the Consultant team and the transportation coordinating committee (TCC). The TCC is the advisory committee which oversaw the development of this update to the Transportation Plan. The Greater Bozeman Area has seen and continues to experience substantial growth. The desire for growth in the community is sometimes met with mixed emotions: many long-time existing residents would like growth to subside and/or at least slow, while many new residents and business entities desire additonal services and economic benefits found in a growth oriented community. Almost all recognize, however, that the impacts of growth are being felt in the Gallatin Valley. A Transportation Plan is often in the position of responding to the existing impacts of this growth, while at the same time planning for the future needs to accommodate growth. This plan recognized this dichotomy and strives to achieve a balance in addressing existing deficiences while at the same time planning for the future. Growth within the Bozeman area was projected using a computer traffic model. The model used current socio-economic data and growth trends to project traffic volumes, as presented in Chapter 3 of the Plan. These projected traffic volumes identified future traffic problems within the area. The projections indicate that many sections of the current street network will be insufficient to meet the traffic demands generated by future growth. The anticipated traffic demand in the year 2030 will produce unacceptable traffic congestion, and excessive vehicle delays at many major intersections. Several major corridors will need to be expanded to handle the additional traffic including South 19th Avenue, College Street, and Rouse Avenue. Numerous new roads will also be required in the next 20 years to provide access to the new growth areas of the community. Without the recommended system upgrades, the anticipated increase in traffic volumes will overload these arterials. Even with the recommended road improvements contained in this Plan, traffic volumes on some arterials will grow to the point that some traffic congestion will still occur. The analysis of the future traffic conditions indicated a need for numerous improvements in the area. These infrastructure improvements are contained in Chapter 5 of this plan and are broken down into four categories: ?? Transportation System Management (TSM) Improvements, ?? Major Street Network (MSN) Improvements, ?? Pedestrian Facility Improvements, and ?? Bicycle Facility Improvements. Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Executive Summary Page vi Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics TSM projects focus mainly on intersection improvements, such as the addition of turning lanes and signalization. A total of thirty-seven (37) TSM projects are recommended. Major Street Network (MSN) Improvement projects focus on upgrading entire road corridors and the construction of new roadways. Thirty (30) MSN projects are recommended. The Plan also strives to strengthen and/or reinforce policy and procedural actions for both non-motorized and motorized travel. Chapter 6 of the plan presents concepts and guidelines for complete streets, context sensitive design (CSD) principles, transportation level of service, and a variety of pedestrian and bicycle programs and policies. One of the most important pieces of information that is provided in this Plan is a projection of the major street network. A map showing this projection is presented in Chapter Chapter 9, and identifies where the arterial and collector routes of the community should be located as the area develops. This map, along with recommended street standards, is an important planning tool. This projection of the future road system is essential for the city and county planners. It provides a blueprint of how the arterial network should be developed. It enables the planners to locate future arterial corridors, and to request appropriate amounts of rights-of-way and new road sections throughout the development process. This will allow the community to create a logical and functional road network for the future. It is important to note that identifying the desired general alignment of future road corridors is significantly different from building roads to encourage development. The socio-economic trends indicate that substantial development will occur within the 20-year planning horizon of this transportation plan. This map of the future road system will insure that anticipated development also produces an appropriate road system. The cost of the recommended improvement projects far exceeds the funds available through the federal-aid programs that are traditionally used to finance transportation improvements as defined in Chapter 11. Many projects will need to be financed by the private sector during the development process. The TSM projects should be completed as needed and as funding allows. Implementation of the TSM projects will keep most of the transportation system functioning at a satisfactory level during the 20-year planning period. However, a select group of Major Improvement projects must be implemented in order for the system to function effectively. The "top ten” recommended Major Improvement projects are listed below: Top Ten Major Improvement Projects (Not listed in order of importance to the community) 1. MSN-1: N. 19th Avenue (I-90 to Springhill Road) – Upgrade to 5-lane urban arterial. 2. MSN-2: Kagy Boulevard (S. 19th Avenue to Willson Avenue) – Upgrade to 3-lane urban arterial. 3. MSN-4: Rouse Avenue (Main Street to Story Mill Road) – Upgrade to 3-lane urban arterial. Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Executive Summary Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics Page vii 4. MSN-5: College Street (Main Street to 19th Avenue) – Upgrade to 5-lane urban arterial. 5. MSN-14: W. Babcock Street (11th Avenue to 19th Avenue) – Upgrade to 2-lane collector. 6. MSN-17: Frontage Road (N. 7th Avenue to Belgrage) – Upgrade to 3-lane rural arterial. 7. MSN-20: East Belgrade Interchange – Construct a new I-90 interchange to serve the airport and Belgrade areas. 8. MSN-21: Gallatin Road (Gallatin Gateway to Four Corners) – Upgrade to 3-lane rural arterial. 9. MSN-22: Jackrabbit Lane (Four Corners to Frank Road) – Upgrade to 5-lane arterial. 10. MSN-26: Highland Boulevard (Main Street to Kagy Bouleverd) – Upgrade to 5-lane urban arterial north of Ellis Street, upgrade to 3-lane urban arterial south of Ellis Street. It needs to be expressed that this plan has a primary focus on non-motorized as well as vehicular projects. Although the the “top ten” projects listed earlier are vehicular projects, every effort needs to be made to implement non-motorized projects whenever possible. Lastly, although this Transportation Plan is a tool that can be used to guide development of the transportation system in the future, local and state planners must continually re-evaluate the findings and recommendations in this document as growth is realized and development occurs. If higher than anticipated growth is realized in the community, or if growth occurs in areas not originally planned for, transportation needs may be different from those analyzed in this plan. An update and re-evaluation of this document should occur every five years, at a minimum, for at least a cursory review to determine how implementation of the community’s transportation system is progressing. Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Table of Contents Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics Page ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................. ....................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... ix DEFINITIONS /ACRONYMS .......................... .............................................................. xxi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ ................................. 1-1 1.2 STUDY AREA ................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.3 TRANSPORTATION PLANNING GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ......................................... 1-4 1.4 PREVIOUS TRANSPORTATION PLANNING EFFORTS ................................................... 1-7 1.5 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT................................................................................................... 1-8 1.6 COORDINATION SUMMARY ........................................................... ............................ 1-11 CHAPTER 2: EXISTING CONDITIONS 2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2-1 2.2 MOTORIZED .................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2.1 Existing Functional Classifications & Study Roadways .................................................. 2-1 2.2.2 Existing Traffic Volumes and Corridor Facility Size ........................................................ 2-6 2.2.3 Existing Traffic Signal System ............................................................................................. 2-7 2.2.4 Existing Levels of Service ........................... ....................................................................... 2-14 2.2.4.1 Signalized Intersections ......................................................................................... ....................... 2-15 2.2.4.2 Unsignalized Intersections ............................................................................................................. 2-18 2.2.5 Crash Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 2-23 2.3 NON-MOTORIZED ........................................... ............................................................ 2-31 2.3.1 Overview of Bozeman Demographics .............................................................................. 2-31 2.3.2 Study Area Land Use .......................................................................................................... 2-33 2.3.3 Major Activity Generators and Attractors ....................................................................... 2-33 2.3.4 Existing Policies and Goals ........................................................................................ ....... 2-35 2.3.5 Existing Bicycle Facilities and Programs .......................................................................... 2-40 2.3.6 Existing Bicycle Facilities ......................... ......................................................................... 2-45 2.3.7 Bikeway Signage .................................................................................................. .............. 2-49 2.3.8 Bicycle Detection at Intersections ...................................................................................... 2-50 2.3.9 Bicycle Parking ........................ ........................................................................................... 2-51 2.3.10 Bikeway Maintenance ........................................................................... ............................. 2-53 2.3.11 System Deficiencies ............................................................................................................. 2-54 Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Table of Contents Page x Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics 2.3.12 Encouragement and Education Programs ....................................................................... 2-56 2.3.13 Bicycles and Transit ........................................................................... ................................ 2-57 2.3.14 Bicycle Collision History .................................................................................................... 2-57 2.3.15 Existing Pedestrian Facilities and Programs ................................................................... 2-61 2.3.16 Existing Pedestrian Gaps in Arterials and Major Collectors ......................................... 2-61 2.3.17 Pedestrian Collision History .............................................................................................. 2-65 2.3.18 Pedestrian Facility Maintenance ....................................................................................... 2-65 2.3.19 System Deficiencies ........................................ .................................................................... 2-68 2.3.20 Bicycle and Pedestrian Enforcement ................................................................................ 2-71 2.3.21 Public Involvement ............................................................................................................. 2-71 2.3.22 Equestrian Issues ............................ .................................................................................... 2-77 CHAPTER 3: TRAVEL DEMAND FORECASTING 3.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................... ...................................................... 3-1 3.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRENDS .......................................................................................... 3-1 3.3 POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS ........................................................ 3-8 3.4 FUTURE DWELLING UNITS .......................................................................... ............... 3-10 3.5 FUTURE EMPLOYMENT ................................................................................................. 3-11 3.6 ALLOCATION OF GROWTH ............................ ............................................................. 3-11 3.7 TRAFFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................ 3-17 3.8 TRAFFIC VOLUME PROJECTIONS ................................................................................ 3-19 3.9 NETWORK ALTERNATIVES TEST RUN ANALYSIS ....................................... ............. 3-28 3.10 TRAFFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT CONCLUSIONS ..................................................... 3-46 CHAPTER 4: PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 4.1 INTRODUCTION ........................... .................................................................................. 4-1 4.2 INTERSECTION LEVELS OF SERVICE (MOTORIZED) .................................................... 4-1 4.3 SIGNAL WARRANT ANALYSIS (MOTORIZED) ............................................................. 4-7 4.4 CORRIDOR VOLUMES, CAPACITY AND LEVELS OF SERVICE (MOTORIZED) .......... 4-10 4.4.1 Speed-Density-Flow Relationship ..................................................................................... 4-14 4.5 VEHICLE CRASH ANALYSIS (MOTORIZED) .......................... .................................... 4-16 4.6 PEDESTRIAN SYSTEM ................................................................................................... 4-17 4.6.1 Problem Themes .................................................................................................................. 4-17 4.6.2 Pedestrian Collision Analysis .................................... ....................................................... 4-17 4.6.3 Problem Areas ..................................................................................................................... 4-17 4.7 BICYCLE SYSTEM ........................................................................................................... 4-18 4.7.1 Problem Themes & Areas ................................. ................................................................. 4-18 4.7.2 Bicycle Collision Analysis ............................................................................................... .. 4-20 Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Table of Contents Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics Page xi 4.8 TRANSIT SYSTEM ................... ...................................................................................... 4-21 4.8.1 Needs Identified in the “Bozeman Area Transportation Coordination Plan” ............ 4-21 4.8.2 Additional Identified Needs .............................................................................................. 4-22 4.9 EQUESTRIAN ISSUES ...................................... .............................................................. 4-22 CHAPTER 5: FACILITY RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 RECOMMENDED MAJOR STREET NETWORK (MSN) IMPROVEMENTS .................... 5-1 5.1.1 MSN Projects from the 2001 Transportation Plan ............................................................. 5-1 5.1.2 Committed Major Street Network (CMSN) Projects ........................... ............................ 5-3 5.1.3 Recommended Major Street Network (MSN) Projects .................................................... 5-5 5.2 RECOMMENDED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT (TSM) ................... 5-15 5.2.1 TSM Projects from the 2001 Transportation Plan ........................................................... 5-15 5.2.2 Committed Transportation System Management (CTSM) Improvements ................. 5-18 5.2.3 Recommended Transportation System Management (TSM) Improvements ............. 5-19 5.3 RECOMMENDED PEDESTRIAN FACILITY IMPROVEMENTS....................................... 5-29 5.3.1 Bozeman Specific Safe Routes to School Projects ............................................................ 5-29 5.3.2 Sidewalks .............................................................................................................................. 5-29 5.3.3 Intersections/Crossings ........................... ......................................................................... 5-30 5.4 RECOMMENDED BICYCLE FACILITY IMPROVEMENTS .............................................. 5-32 5.4.1 Bike Lanes ............................................................................................................................. 5-32 5.4.2 Shared Roadways ................................... ............................................................................ 5-34 5.4.3 Shoulder Bikeways ............................................................................................. ................ 5-35 5.4.4 Shared-Use Paths ................................................................................................................. 5-36 5.4.5 Bicycle Parking Recommendations ................................................................................... 5-38 5.5 RECOMMENDED EQUESTRIAN FACILITY IMPROVEMENTS ...................................... 5-42 CHAPTER 6: PROGRAMS, POLICIES & PROCEDURAL RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 COMPLETE STREET GUIDELINES ................................................................................... 6-1 6.1.1 Elements of Complete Streets .............................................................................................. 6-1 6.1.2 Recommendation ............................................ ..................................................................... 6-2 6.1.3 Next Steps ............................................................................................................ .................. 6-3 6.2 CONTEXT SENSITIVE DESIGN/CONTEXT SENSITIVE SOLUTIONS GUIDANCE ......... 6-3 6.2.1 History and Definition ................................................................... ...................................... 6-3 6.2.2 The Makeup of CSS ............................................................................................................... 6-4 6.2.3 Recommendation .................................................................................................................. 6-5 6.3 MDT CURRENT PRACTICES ................................. ........................................................ 6-5 6.3.1 Examples of Montana Based CSS Projects ......................................................................... 6-6 6.3.2 Other Programs and Policies ............................................................................................... 6-8 6.4 LEVEL OF SERVICE GUIDELINES ................................. .................................................. 6-9 Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Table of Contents Page xii Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics 6.4.1 Roadway LOS vs. Intersection LOS .................................................................................... 6-9 6.4.2 User Perceived LOS .................................................................... ....................................... 6-12 6.4.3 Bozeman’s Current LOS Standard .................................................................................... 6-13 6.4.4 Recommended Revised LOS Standard ............................................................................ 6-14 6.4.5 Bicycle Level of Service ...................................................................................................... 6-14 6.5 PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE PROGRAM & POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS .............. 6-17 6.5.1 Education Program Recommendations............................................................................ 6-17 6.5.2 6.5.2 Commuting Program Recommendations ........................................................................ 6-23 6.5.3 Enforcement Program Recommendations ............................................................... ....... 6-25 6.5.4 Encouragement Program Recommendations .................................................................. 6-26 6.5.5 Policy Recommendations ......................................... ......................................................... 6-27 6.6 NON-MOTORIZED MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS ........................................... 6-30 6.6.1 Overlay /Resurfacing Projects ......................................................................................... 6-30 6.6.2 Utility Cuts ............................................................................ .............................................. 6-31 6.6.3 Snow Removal ..................................................................................................................... 6-31 6.6.4 Bikeway and Walkway Maintenance During Construction Activities ........................ 6-31 CHAPTER 7: PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION 7.1 NEEDS ASSESSMENT AND PREVIOUS PLANS ...................... ....................................... 7-1 7.2 BUS STOP INTERACTION WITH DEVELOPMENT .......................................................... 7-3 7.3 BUS STOP PLACEMENT ........................... ....................................................................... 7-3 7.4 BUS STOP ELEMENTS ..................................................................................................... 7-6 7.5 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 7-8 7.5.1 Fixed Route Systems ............................................. ............................................................... 7-8 7.5.2 Demand Responsive Systems ............................................................................................ 7-13 7.6 ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES /FUEL CONSIDERATIONS CONSIDERATIONS ....................................... 7-16 7.6.1 Alternative Fuel Vehicles ................................................... ............................................... 7-16 7.6.2 Alternative Fuels in Transit Vehicles ................................................................................ 7-17 7.7 PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION CONCLUSION ................................................................. 7-18 7.8 LAND USE PLANNING & IN-FILL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES .............................. 7-19 CHAPTER 8: TRAFFIC CALMING 8.1 PURPOSE OF TRAFFIC CALMING ................................................................................... 8-1 8.2 HISTORY OF TRAFFIC CALMING ................................................................................... 8-1 8.3 TYPES OF TRAFFIC CALMING MEASURES .................................................................... 8-2 8.3.1 Passive Measures ................................................................................................................... 8-2 8.3.2 Deflection, Narrowing, Diversion, and Restriction .......................................................... 8-2 8.3.3 Education and Enforcement ........................................................................................ ....... 8-3 8.3.4 Signage and Pavement Markings ........................................................................................ 8-3 Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Table of Contents Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics Page xiii 8.4 VERTICAL DEFLECTION METHODS .............................................................................. 8-4 8.4.1 Speed Bumps, Humps, Tables, and Cushions ............................................................. ..... 8-4 8.4.2 Raised Intersections .............................................................................................................. 8-6 8.4.3 Raised Crosswalks ....................... ........................................................................................ 8-7 8.4.4 Textured Pavement .................................................................................. ............................ 8-8 8.4.5 Rumble Strips and Jiggle Bumps ......................................................................................... 8-9 8.5 HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION METHODS ...................................................................... 8-10 8.5.1 Chicane ..................................................................................................... .......................... 8-10 8.5.2 Traffic Circles and Roundabouts ....................................................................................... 8-11 8.5.3 Intersection Realignment ................................................................................................... 8-12 8.6 HORIZONTAL NARROWING METHODS ................................................. ................... 8-13 8.6.1 Neckdown ............................................................................................................................ 8-13 8.6.2 Choker .................................................................................................................................. 8-14 8.6.3 Center Island Narrowing and Pedestrian Islands .......................................................... 8-15 8.6.4 Angle Point ..................................................................................................................... ..... 8-16 8.7 DIVERSION AND RESTRICTION METHODS................................................................ 8-17 8.7.1 Half Closures ............................................................. ......................................................... 8-17 8.7.2 Full Closures .................................................................................................................... ... 8-18 8.7.3 Diagonal Diverters .............................................................................................................. 8-19 8.7.4 Median Barriers ........................... ....................................................................................... 8-20 8.7.5 Forced Turn Islands ................................................................................ ........................... 8-21 8.7.6 Gateway ............................................................................................................................... 8-22 8.8 OTHER CALMING METHODS ...................................................................................... 8-23 8.8.1 Police Enforcement ............................................................ ................................................. 8-23 8.8.2 Decreased Speed Limits ..................................................................................................... 8-24 8.8.3 Variable Speed Display Board ........................................................................................... 8-25 8.8.4 Pavement Markings ...................................... ..................................................................... 8-26 8.9 COUNTY SPECIFIC TRAFFIC CALMING ....................................................................... 8-27 8.10 INCORPORATING TRAFFIC CALMING IN NEW STREET DESIGNS ........................... 8-28 8.10.1 Multi-Jurisdictional Cooperation ................................................................ ..................... 8-28 8.11 TRAFFIC CALMING PROGRAM SUMMARY ................................................................. 8-29 8.12 TRAFFIC CALMING PROGRAM FOR EXISTING STREETS ........................................... 8-30 8.12.1 Phase I .................................................................................................................................. 8-30 8.12.2 Phase II ................................................................................................................................. 8-31 8.12.3 Phase III .......................... .................................................................................................... 8-31 8.12.4 Project Costs ........................................................................ ................................................ 8-32 8.12.5 Removal of Permanent Traffic Calming Devices ............................................................ 8-32 Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Table of Contents Page xiv Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics CHAPTER 9: RECOMMENDED MAJOR STREET NETWORK & ROADWAY TYPICAL SECTIONS 9.1 FUNCTIONAL HIGHWAY SYSTEMS IN URBANIZED AREAS ........................................ 9-1 9.1.1 Principal Arterial -Interstate ................... ........................................................................... 9-1 9.1.2 Principal Arterial – Non-Interstate ............................................................................. ....... 9-1 9.1.3 Minor Arterial Street System ............................................................................................... 9-2 9.1.4 Collector Street System ...................... .................................................................................. 9-2 9.1.5 Urban Local Street System ................................................................................ .................. 9-2 9.2 FACILITY SIZE VERSUS TRAFFIC VOLUME ................................................................... 9-3 9.3 RECOMMENDED MAJOR STREET NETWORK ........................... ................................... 9-4 9.4 RIGHT-OF-WAY NEEDS ................................................................................................ 9-11 9.5 ROUNDABOUT CONCEPTUAL DESIGNS ..................................................................... 9-12 9.5.1 Pedestrian Challenges ........................................................................................ ............... 9-13 9.6 RECOMMENDED ROADWAY TYPICAL SECTIONS ...................................................... 9-20 9.7 PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE DESIGN GUIDELINES ................................ ................... 9-27 9.7.1 Pedestrian Facilities ............................................................................................................ 9-27 9.7.2 Bicycle Facilities ................................................................................................................... 9-31 CHAPTER 10: MISCELLANEOUS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS 10.1 URBAN AND SECONDARY HIGHWAY DESIGNATIONS ............................................. 10-1 10.2 CORRIDOR PRESERVATION MEASURES .................................................................. .. 10-3 10.3 ACCESS MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES ........................................................................ 10-4 10.3.1 Corridor Preservation Measures ......................................... ............................................. 10-5 10.4 TRANSPORTATION DEMAND MANAGEMENT ........................................................... 10-5 10.4.1 Role of TDM in the Transportation Plan .......................................................................... 10-5 10.4.2 List of TDM Strategies .................................................................................... ................... 10-7 10.4.3 Effectiveness of TDM Strategies ...................................................................................... 10-13 10.4.4 Conclusions Based on Preliminary TDM evaluation for the Bozeman Area ............ 10-17 10.4.5 Recommended TDM Program ........................................................................................ 10-18 10.5 TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY (TIS) PREPARATION GUIDELINES ................................. 10-22 CHAPTER 11: FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 11.1 BACKGROUND ................................................... .......................................................... 11-1 11.2 FUNDING SOURCES ...................................................................................................... 11-1 11.3 FEDERAL AID FUNDING SOURCES .............................................................................. 11-2 11.4 STATE FUNDING SOURCES .................................................. ..................................... 11-13 11.5 LOCAL FUNDING SOURCES ....................................................................................... 11-14 Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Table of Contents Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics Page xv LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1-1: SUMMARY OF TRANSPORTATION COORDINATING (TCC) ACTIVITIES ................ 1-11 TABLE 1-2: SUMMARY OF “FORMAL” LOCAL GOVERNMENT OUTREACH ACTIVITIES .......... 1-11 TABLE 1-3: SUMMARY OF “OTHER” OUTREACH ACTIVITIES .................................................. 1-12 TABLE 2-1: LEVEL OF SERVICE CRITERIA (SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS) ............................... 2-15 TABLE 2-2: 2007 AM PEAK HOUR LOS (SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS) ................................. 2-16 TABLE 2-3: 2007 PM PEAK HOUR LOS (SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS) ................................. 2-17 TABLE 2-4: LEVEL OF SERVICE CRITERIA (STOP CONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS) ................... 2-18 TABLE 2-5: 2007 LOS (STOP-CONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS) ................................................ 2-19 TABLE 2-6: EXISTING INTERSECTIONS FUNCTIONING AT LOS D OR LOWER ......................... 2-20 TABLE 2-7: INTERSECTIONS WITH 12 OR MORE CRASHES IN THE THREE-YEAR PERIOD (JANUARY 1, 2004 – DECEMBER 31, 2006) .............................................................. 2-24 TABLE 2-8: INTERSECTION CRASH ANALYSIS – MDT SEVERITY INDEX RATING ................... 2-25 TABLE 2-9: INTERSECTION CRASH ANALYSIS CRASH RATE .................................................... 2-26 TABLE 2-10 INTERSECTION CRASH ANALYSIS COMPOSITE RATING .............................. ......... 2-27 TABLE 2-11: EXISTING BICYCLE FACILITIES: BIKE LANES .......................................................... 2-46 TABLE 2-12: EXISTING BICYCLE FACILITIES: SIGNED BIKE ROUTES .......................................... 2-47 TABLE 2-13: EXISTING BICYCLE FACILITIES: SHARED USE PATHS ............................................ 2-48 TABLE 2-14: BIKEWAY MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES & FREQUENCY .......................................... 2-54 TABLE 2-15: PEDESTRIAN MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES & FREQUENCY .................................... 2-65 TABLE 2-16: POTENTIAL PROJECT RANKING FROM QUESTION 11 ........................................... 2-75 TABLE 3-1: GALLATIN COUNTY POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT TRENDS (1970-2005)....... 3-1 TABLE 3-2: INCORPORATED CITIES IN GALLATIN COUNTY HISTORIC POPULATION TRENDS (1970-2005) ................................................................................................. 3-2 TABLE 3-3: GALLATIN COUNTY AGE DISTRIBUTION (1970-2000) ............................................ 3-4 TABLE 3-4: GALLATIN COUNTY EMPLOYMENT TRENDS BY ECONOMIC SECTOR (1970-2000) .......................................................................................................................... 3-5 TABLE 3-5: GALLATIN COUNTY POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS (2005-2030) .......................................................................................................................... 3-8 TABLE 3-6: GALLATIN COUNTY PROJECTED DWELLING UNITS ............................................. 3-10 TABLE 3-7: GALLATIN COUNTY PROJECTED ADDITIONAL EMPLOYMENT ............................. 3-11 Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Table of Contents Page xvi Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics TABLE 3-8: ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO 1 – EAST BELGRADE INTERCHANGE ............................ 3-32 TABLE 3-9: ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO 2 – NORTHEAST ARTERIAL LINKS ............................... 3-33 TABLE 3-10: ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO 3 – ACCESS MANAGEMENT SCENARIO ....................... 3-34 TABLE 3-11: ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO 4 – ARTERIAL CONNECTIONS /CROSS REGIONAL GRID SYSTEM ................................ .......................................................................... 3-37 TABLE 3-12: ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO 5 – INTERSTATE 90 OVERPASS AT DAVIS /NELSON ALIGNMENT ................................ ............................................................................ 3-38 TABLE 3-13: ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO 6 – INTERSTATE 90 OVERPASS AT BAXTER /MANDEVILLE ALIGNMENT ......................... ........................................................... 3-39 TABLE 3-14: ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO 7 – SOUTHWEST GRID MODIFICATIONS ...................... 3-40 TABLE 3-15: ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO 8 – KAGY BOULEVARD EXPANSION ............................ 3-40 TABLE 3-16: ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO 9 – FOWLER LANE EXTENSION .................................... 3-41 TABLE 3-17: ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO 10 – NORTHWEST GRID MODIFICATIONS ................... 3-43 TABLE 3-18: ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO 11 – AMSTERDAM ON-RAMP ....................................... 3-43 TABLE 3-19: ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO 12 – SOUTHERN GRID MODIFICATIONS ...................... 3-45 TABLE 3-20: ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO 13 – INTERSTATE 90 INTERCHANGE (HARPER PUCKETT ROAD) ......................... ............................................................................ 3-46 TABLE 4-1: EXISTING (2007) LEVEL OF SERVICE FOR SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS ................. 4-2 TABLE 4-2: EXISTING (2007) LEVEL OF SERVICE FOR UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS............ 4-2 TABLE 4-3: EXISTING (2007) LEVEL OF SERVICE FOR UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS (INDIVIDUAL TURNING MOVEMENTS) .................................................................... 4-3 TABLE 4-4: SIGNAL WARRANT ANALYSIS (EXISTING UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS) ......... 4-9 TABLE 4-5: APPROXIMATE VOLUMES FOR PLANNING OF FUTURE ROADWAY IMPROVEMENTS ....................................................................................................... 4-11 TABLE 4-6: V/C RATIOS & LOS DESIGNATIONS ..................................................................... 4-13 TABLE 4-7: PEDESTRIAN PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION ............................................................ .. 4-18 TABLE 5-1: MSN PROJECTS FROM 2001 TRANSPORTATION PLAN & STATUS FOR 2007 PLAN .................................................................................................................. ....... 5-1 TABLE 5-2: TSM PROJECTS FROM 2001 TRANSPORTATION PLAN & STATUS FOR 2007 PLAN .............................................................................................................. ......... 5-15 TABLE 5-3: RECOMMENDED SIDEWALKS .................................................................................. 5-29 TABLE 5-4: PROPOSED PEDESTRIAN INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENTS ..................................... 5-31 TABLE 5-5: RECOMMENDED BIKE LANES ................................................................................. 5-32 Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Table of Contents Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics Page xvii TABLE 5-6: DESIGNATE AS BIKE ROUTES .................................................................................. 5-35 TABLE 5-7: RECOMMENDED EXPANDED SHOULDER (MINIMUM OF 4-FEET) ......................... 5-35 TABLE 5-8: RECOMMENDED SHARED-USE PATHS ................................................................... 5-37 TABLE 5-9: BICYCLE PARKING NEEDED ............................................... .................................... 5-40 TABLE 5-10: SHORT TERM BICYCLE PARKING REQUIREMENTS ................................................. 5-41 TABLE 5-11: LONG TERM BICYCLE PARKING REQUIREMENTS .................................................. 5-41 TABLE 6-1: INTERSECTION LEVEL OF SERVICE (LOS) CRITERIA .............................................. 6-12 TABLE 7-1: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF STOP PLACEMENT RELATIVE TO THE NEAREST INTERSECTION ................................................................................... 7-4 TABLE 7-2: SERVICE FREQUENCY LOS ........................................................................................ 7-9 TABLE 7-3: HOURS OF SERVICE LOS ............................................... ........................................... 7-9 TABLE 7-4: SERVICE COVERAGE AREA LOS ............................................................................. 7-10 TABLE 7-5: BUS LOAD FACTOR LOS ......................................................................................... 7-11 TABLE 7-6: ON-TIME SERVICE LOS ......................................................... ................................. 7-12 TABLE 7-7: TRAVEL TIME LOS .................................................................................................. 7-12 TABLE 7-8: RESPONSE TIME QOS .............................................................................................. 7-13 TABLE 7-9: SERVICE SPAN QOS .............................................................. ................................. 7-14 TABLE 7-10: ON-TIME SERVICE QOS .......................................................................................... 7-14 TABLE 7-11: TRIPS NOT SERVED QOS ......................................................................................... 7-15 TABLE 7-12: TRAVEL TIME QOS ............................................................. .................................... 7-15 TABLE 9-1: APPROXIMATE VOLUMES FOR PLANNING OF FUTURE ROADWAY IMPROVEMENTS .................................................................................. ...................... 9-3 TABLE 10-1: URBAN ROUTES IN THE GREATER BOZEMAN AREA ............................................. 10-1 TABLE 10-2: SECONDARY ROUTES IN THE GREATER BOZEMAN AREA ..................................... 10-2 TABLE 10-3: TDM MEASURES RANKED BY ANTICIPATED USABILITY .................................... 10-14 Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Table of Contents Page xviii Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1-1: STUDY AREA BOUNDARY ......................................................................................... 1-3 FIGURE 2-1: EXISTING FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM .......................... ....................... 2-4 FIGURE 2-2: EXISTING FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (DETAIL AREA) ....................... 2-5 FIGURE 2-3: EXISTING (2005) ADT TRAFFIC VOLUMES ........................... ................................... 2-8 FIGURE 2-4: EXISTING (2005) ADT TRAFFIC VOLUMES (DETAIL AREA) .................................... 2-9 FIGURE 2-5: EXISTING CORRIDOR SIZE ..................... ................................................................. 2-10 FIGURE 2-6: EXISTING CORRIDOR SIZE (DETAIL AREA) ............................................................ 2-11 FIGURE 2-7: EXISTING TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEM MAP .............................................................. 2-12 FIGURE 2-8: EXISTING TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEM MAP (DETAIL AREA) ....................... ............ 2-13 FIGURE 2-9: EXISTING (2005) LEVEL OF SERVICE ....................................................................... 2-21 FIGURE 2-10: EXISTING (2005) LEVEL OF SERVICE (DETAIL AREA) ............................................ 2-22 FIGURE 2-11: CRASH LOCATIONS ................................................................................................. 2-29 FIGURE 2-12: CRASH LOCATIONS (DETAIL AREA) ...................................................................... 2-30 FIGURE 2-13: EXISTING STUDY AREA BICYCLE NETWORK .......................... ............................... 2-43 FIGURE 2-14: EXISTING BOZEMAN CITY BICYCLE NETWORK ..................................................... 2-44 FIGURE 2-15: STUDY AREA REPORTED BICYCLE/MOTORCYCLE COLLISIONS, 2002-2007 ........ 2-59 FIGURE 2-16: BOZEMAN REPORTED BICYCLE/MOTORCYCLE COLLISIONS, COLLISIONS, 2002-2007 ............ 2-60 FIGURE 2-17: EXISTING STUDY AREA PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES .................................................. 2-63 FIGURE 2-18: EXISTING BOZEMAN ARTERIAL PEDESTRIAN GAPS .............................................. 2-64 FIGURE 2-19: STUDY AREA REPORTED PEDESTRIAN COLLISIONS, 2002-2007 ........................... 2-66 FIGURE 2-20: BOZEMAN REPORTED PEDESTRIAN COLLISIONS, 2002-2007 ............................... 2-67 FIGURE 3-1: GALLATIN COUNTY POPULATION & EMPLOYMENT TRENDS ................................ 3-2 FIGURE 3-2: INCORPORATED CITIES IN GALLATIN COUNTY HISTORIC POPULATION TRENDS (1970-2005) .................... ............................................................................ 3-3 FIGURE 3-3: GALLATIN COUNTY AGE DISTRIBUTION (1970-2000) ............................................ 3-4 FIGURE 3-4: GALLATIN COUNTY AGE DISTRIBUTION (2000) ..................................................... 3-5 FIGURE 3-5: GALLATIN COUNTY EMPLOYMENT TRENDS BY ECONOMIC SECTOR (1970-2000) .......................................................................................................................... 3-6 FIGURE 3-6: GALLATIN COUNTY EMPLOYMENT TRENDS BY NAICS (2005) ............................. 3-7 Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Table of Contents Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics Page xix FIGURE 3-7: GALLATIN COUNTY POPULATION PROJECTIONS .................................................... 3-9 FIGURE 3-8: GALLATIN COUNTY EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS .................................................. 3-9 FIGURE 3-9: GALLATIN COUNTY ADDITIONAL FUTURE (2030) DWELLING UNITS ................. 3-12 FIGURE 3-10: GALLATIN COUNTY ADDITIONAL FUTURE (2030) DWELLING UNITS (DETAIL AREA) ..................... .................................................................................. 3-13 FIGURE 3-11: GALLATIN COUNTY ADDITIONAL FUTURE (2030) EMPLOYMENT ....................... 3-14 FIGURE 3-12: GALLATIN COUNTY ADDITIONAL FUTURE (2030) EMPLOYMENT (DETAIL AREA 1) .................................................................................................................... 3-15 FIGURE 3-13: GALLATIN COUNTY ADDITIONAL FUTURE (2030) EMPLOYMENT ((DETAIL AREA 2) ................................................................................................................ ... 3-16 FIGURE 3-14: EXISTING (2005) ADT TRAFFIC VOLUMES ............................................................. 3-20 FIGURE 3-15: EXISTING (2005) ADT TRAFFIC VOLUMES (DETAIL AREA) .................................. 3-21 FIGURE 3-16: FUTURE (2030) ADT TRAFFIC VOLUMES ............................................................... 3-22 FIGURE 3-17: FUTURE (2030) ADT TRAFFIC VOLUMES (DETAIL AREA) .................................... 3-23 FIGURE 3-18: EXISTING (2005) V/C VOLUME TO CAPACITY RATIO .......................................... 3-24 FIGURE 3-19: EXISTING (2005) V/C VOLUME TO CAPACITY RATIO (DETAIL AREA) ................ 3-25 FIGURE 3-20: FUTURE (2030) V/C VOLUME TO CAPACITY RATIO ............................................ 3-26 FIGURE 3-21: FUTURE (2030) V/C VOLUME TO CAPACITY RATIO (DETAIL AREA) .................. 3-27 FIGURE 3-22: TRAVEL DEMAND MODEL ALTERNATIVE SCENARIOS ......................................... 3-29 FIGURE 3-23: TRAVEL DEMAND MODEL ALTERNATIVE SCENARIOS (DETAIL AREA) .............. 3-30 FIGURE 4-1: FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPEED-DENSITY-FLOW ..................... 4-15 FIGURE 5-1: MAJOR STREET NETWORK (MSN) RECOMMENDED IMPROVEMENTS ................. 5-13 FIGURE 5-2: MAJOR STREET NETWORK (MSN) RECOMMENDED IMPROVEMENTS (DETAIL AREA ................................... .................................................................................... 5-14 FIGURE 5-3: TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT (TSM) RECOMMENDED IMPROVEMENTS ................................. ..................................................................... 5-27 FIGURE 5-4: TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT (TSM) RECOMMENDED IMPROVEMENTS (DETAIL AREA) .................................. ......................................... 5-28 FIGURE 5-5: RECOMMENDED STUDY AREA BICYCLE NETWORK IMPROVEMENTS .................. 5-43 FIGURE 5-6: RECOMMENDED BOZEMAN BICYCLE NETWORK IMPROVEMENTS ....................... 5-44 FIGURE 5-7: RECOMMENDED BOZEMAN PEDESTRIAN NETWORK IMPROVEMENTS ................ 5-45 FIGURE 6-1: DRIVER PERCEIVED INTERSECTION IMPORTANCE LEVELS ................................... 6-13 Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Table of Contents Page xx Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics FIGURE 7-1: SUGGESTED BUS STOP DISTANCE ............................................................................. 7-5 FIGURE 7-2: TYPICAL SHELTER LAYOUT ................................................................ ..................... 7-6 FIGURE 7-3: SHELTER PLACEMENT ............................................................................................... 7-7 FIGURE 9-1: EXISTING MAJOR STREET NETWORK AND FUTURE RIGHT-OF-WAY CORRIDOR NEEDS ..................................................................................................... 9-5 FIGURE 9-2: EXISTING MAJOR STREET NETWORK AND FUTURE RIGHT-OF-WAY CORRIDOR NEEDS (DETAIL AREA) .......................................................................... 9-6 FIGURE 9-3: FUTURE (2030) MSN ADT TRAFFIC VOLUMES ....................................................... 9-7 FIGURE 9-4: FUTURE (2030) MSN ADT TRAFFIC VOLUMES (DETAIL AREA) ............................ 9-8 FIGURE 9-5: FUTURE (2030) MSN V/C RATIOS........................................................................... 9-9 FIGURE 9-6: FUTURE (2030) MSN V/C RATIOS (DETAIL AREA) ........................................... .. 9-10 FIGURE 9-7: MINI-ROUNDABOUT CONCEPTUAL PLAN VIEW .................................................. 9-14 FIGURE 9-8: URBAN COMPACT ROUNDABOUT CONCEPTUAL PLAN VIEW ............................ 9-15 FIGURE 9-9: URBAN SINGLE-LANE ROUNDABOUT CONCEPTUAL PLAN VIEW ....................... 9-16 FIGURE 9-10: URBAN DOUBLE-LANE ROUNDABOUT CONCEPTUAL PLAN VIEW ..................... 9-17 FIGURE 9-11: RURAL SINGLE-LANE ROUNDABOUT CONCEPTUAL PLAN VIEW ....................... 9-18 FIGURE 9-12: RURAL DOUBLE-LANE ROUNDABOUT CONCEPTUAL PLAN VIEW ...................... 9-19 FIGURE 9-13: SUGGESTED LOCAL STREET STANDARDS ............................................................... 9-22 FIGURE 9-14: RECOMMENDED COLLECTOR COLLECTOR STREET STANDARDS .............................................. 9-23 FIGURE 9-15: RECOMMENDED MINOR ARTERIAL STREET STANDARDS ..................................... 9-24 FIGURE 9-16: RECOMMENDED PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL STREET STANDARDS ............................... 9-25 FIGURE 9-17: RECOMMENDED RURAL STREET STANDARDS ....................................................... 9-26 FIGURE 9-18: MID-BLOCK TRAIL CROSSING – LOCAL STREETS .................................................. 9-30 Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Definitions /Acronyms Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics Page xxi DEFINITIONS Access Management/Control – Controlling or limiting the types of access or the locations of access on major roadways to help improve the carrying capacity of a roadway, reduce potential conflicts, and facilitate proper land usage. Average Daily Traffic (ADT) – The total amount of traffic observed, counted or estimated during a single, 24-hour period. Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) – The average daily traffic averaged over a full year. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) – The Federal regulations which govern minimum requirements for ensuring that transportation facilities and buildings are accessible to individuals with disabilities. Bikeway – Any road, path, or way which in some manner is specifically designated as being open to bicycle travel, regardless of whether such facilities are designated for the exclusive use of bicycles or are to be shared with other transportation modes. Bike Path – A bikeway physically separated from motorized vehicular traffic by an open space or barrier and either within the highway right of way or within an independent right of way. Bike Lane – A portion of a roadway which has been designated by striping, signing and pavement markings for the preferential or exclusive use of bicyclists. Bike Route – A segment of a system of bikeways designated by the jurisdiction having authority with appropriate directional and informational markers, with or without a specific bicycle route number. Capacity – The maximum sustainable flow rate at which vehicles can be expected to traverse a roadway during a specific time period given roadway, geometric, traffic, environmental, and control conditions. Capacity is usually expressed in vehicles per day (vpd) or vehicles per hour (vph). Collector Street – Provides for land access and traffic circulation within and between residential neighborhoods, and commercial and and industrial areas. It provides for the equal priority of the movement of traffic, coupled with access to residential, business and industrial areas. A collector roadway may at times traverse residential neighborhoods. Posted speed limits on collectors typically range from 25 mph to 45 mph and can carry between 2,000 and 10,000 vehicles per day. Congested Flow – A traffic flow condition caused by a downstream bottleneck. Context Sensitive Design (CSD) – A fairly new concept in transportation planning and highway design that integrates transportation infrastructure improvements to the context of Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Definitions /Acronyms Page xxii Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics the adjacent land uses and functions, with a greater sensitivity to transportation impacts on the environment and communities being realized. Delay – The additional travel time experienced by a driver, passenger, or pedestrian. Facility – A length of highway composed of connected section, segments, and points. Level of Service (LOS) – A qualitative measure of how well an intersection or road segment is operating based on traffic volume and geometric conditions. The level of service “scale” represents the full range of operating conditions. The scale is based on the ability of an intersection or street segment to accommodate the amount of traffic using it, and can be used for both existing and projected conditions. The scale ranges from “A” which indicates little, if any, vehicle delay, to “F” which indicates significant vehicle delay and traffic congestion. Local Street – Comprises all facilities not included in a higher system. Its primary purpose is to permit direct access to abutting lands and connections to higher systems. Usually through-traffic movements are intentionally discouraged. Posted speed limits on local roads typically range from 25 mph to 35 mph and designed for less than 3000 vehicles per day. Major Street Network (MSN) – The network of roadways defined for the Transportation Plan effort that include the interstate, principal arterials, minor arterials, collectors and some local streets. Minor Arterial Street – Interconnects with and augments the Principal Arterial system. It also provides access to lower classifications of roads on the system and may allow for traffic to directly access destinations. They provide for movement within sub-areas of the city, whose boundaries are largely defined by the Principal Arterial road system. They serve through traffic, while at the same time providing direct access for commercial, industrial, office and multifamily development but, generally, not for single-family residential properties. The purpose of this classification of road is to increase traffic mobility by connecting to both the Principal Arterial system and also providing access to adjacent land uses. Posted speed limits on minor arterials typically range from 25 mph to 55 mph and can carry between 5,000 and 15,000 vehicles per day. Multi-modal – A transportation facility for different types of users or vehicles, including passenger cars and trucks, transit vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians. Oversaturation – A traffic condition in which the arrival flow rate exceeds capacity on a roadway lane or segment. Peak Hour – The hour of greatest traffic flow at an intersection or on a road segment. Typically broken down into AM and PM peak hours. Road Failure – A condition by which a road has reached maximum capacity or has experienced structural failure. Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Definitions /Acronyms Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics Page xxiii Principal Arterial Street – Is the basic element of a city’s road system. All other functional classifications supplement the Principal Arterial network. Direct access is minimal and controlled. The purpose of a principal arterial is to serve the major centers of activity, the highest traffic volume corridors, and the longest trip distances in an urbanized area. This classification of roads carries a high proportion of the total traffic within an urban area. The major purpose is to provide for the expedient movement of traffic. Posted speed limits on principal arterials typically range from 25 mph to 70 mph and typically carry between 10,000 vehicles per day and 35,000 vehicles per day. Running speed – The actual vehicle speed while the vehicle is in motion (travel speed minus delay). Service Life – The design life span of roadway based on capacity or physical characteristics. Transportation Coordinating Committee (TCC) – The oversight committee that guided the development of this Transportation Plan Update. The committee is comprised of a multitude of individuals representing various departments of Gallatin County, the city of Bozeman, and the Montana Department of Transportation. The committee is a standing committee in the community that is generally responsible for overseeing transportation planning efforts. Transportation Analysis Zone (TAZ) – Geographical zones identified throughout the study area based on land use characteristics and natural physical features for use in the traffic model developed for this project. Transportation Demand Management (TDM) -Programs designed to maximize the peoplemoving capability of the transportation system by increasing the number of persons in a vehicle, or by influencing the time of, or need to, travel. Travel speed – The speed at which a vehicle travels between two points including all intersection delay. Volume to Capacity (V/C) Ratio – A qualitative measure comparing a roads theoretical maximum capacity to the existing (or future) volumes. Commonly described as the result of the flow rate of a roadway lane divided by the capacity of the roadway lane. Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan (2007 Update) Definitions /Acronyms Page xxiv Robert Peccia & Associates, Inc. /ALTA Planning + Design /Cambridge Systematics ACRONYMS AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials CFR Code of Federal Regulations CIP Capital Improvement Program FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration HCM Highway Capacity Manual HCS Highway Capacity Software ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MDT Montana Department of Transportation MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization MUTCD Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices TEA-21 Transportation Efficiency Act for the 21st Century SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users TIP Transportation Improvement Program