HomeMy WebLinkAbout08-14-24 SB Agenda and Packet MaterialsA. Call to Order - 6:00 PM
B. Disclosures
C. Changes to the Agenda
D. Approval of Minutes
D.1 Approve the June 12, 2024 Sustainability Advisory Board Minutes (Chipouras)
E. Public Comments on Non-agenda Items Falling within the Purview and Jurisdiction of the Board
THE SUSTAINABILITY BOARD OF BOZEMAN, MONTANA
SB AGENDA
Wednesday, August 14, 2024
General information about the Sustainability Board can be found in our Laserfiche repository.
If you are interested in commenting in writing on items on the agenda please send an email to
comments@bozeman.net or by visiting the Public Comment Page prior to 12:00pm on the day of the
meeting.
Public comments will also be accepted in-person and through Video Conference during the appropriate
agenda items.
As always, the meeting will be streamed through the Commission's video page and available in the
City on cable channel 190.
For more information please contact Jon Henderson, jon.henderson@bozeman.net
This meeting will be held both in-person and also using an online videoconferencing system. You
can join this meeting:
Via Video Conference:
Click the Register link, enter the required information, and click submit.
Click Join Now to enter the meeting.
Via Phone: This is for listening only if you cannot watch the stream, channel 190, or attend in-
person
United States Toll
+1 346 248 7799
Access code: 934 9305 9514
Approve the June 12, 2024 Sustainability Advisory Board Minutes.
This is the time to comment on any non-agenda matter falling within the scope of the
Sustainability Board. There will also be time in conjunction with each agenda item for public
comment relating to that item but you may only speak once per topic. Please note, the Board
cannot take action on any item which does not appear on the agenda. All persons addressing the
Board shall speak in a civil and courteous manner and members of the audience shall be respectful
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F. Special Presentations
F.1 2025 Stormwater Facilities Plan Update (Oliver)
G. FYI/Discussion
G.1 2022 Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory(Meyer)
H. Adjournment
of others. Please state your name, and state whether you are a resident of the city or a property
owner within the city in an audible tone of voice for the record and limit your comments to three
minutes.
General public comments to the Board can be found on their Laserfiche repository page.
This board generally meets on the second Wednesday of the month 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm.
Citizen Advisory Board meetings are open to all members the public. If you have a disability that
requires assistance, please contact our Acting ADA Coordinator, Max Ziegler, at 406.582.2439
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Memorandum
REPORT TO:Sustainability Board
FROM:Ali Chipouras, Sustainability Program Specialist
Natalie Meyer, Sustainability Program Manager
Jon Henderson, Strategic Services Director
SUBJECT:Approve the June 12, 2024 Sustainability Advisory Board Minutes
MEETING DATE:August 14, 2024
AGENDA ITEM TYPE:Minutes
RECOMMENDATION:Approve the June 12, 2024 Sustainability Advisory Board Minutes.
STRATEGIC PLAN:1.2 Community Engagement: Broaden and deepen engagement of the
community in city government, innovating methods for inviting input from
the community and stakeholders.
BACKGROUND:In accordance with Commission Resolution 5323 and the City of Bozeman's
Citizen Advisory Board Manual, all Boards must have minutes taken and
approved. Prepared minutes will be provided for approval by the board at
the next scheduled meeting. Staff will make any corrections identified to the
minutes before submitting them to the City Clerk's Office.
UNRESOLVED ISSUES:None.
ALTERNATIVES:As suggested by the Board.
FISCAL EFFECTS:None.
Attachments:
06-12-2024 Sustainability Advisory Board Minutes.pdf
Report compiled on: August 8, 2024
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Sustainability Advisory Board Meeting Minutes, 6/12/2024
Page 1 of 2
THE SUSTAINABILITY ADVISORY BOARD MEETING OF BOZEMAN, MONTANA
MINUTES
6/12/2024
General information about the Sustainability Board can be found in our Laserfiche repository.
A) 00:51:22 Call to Order - 6:00 PM
B) 00:54:27 Disclosures
• There were no disclosures.
C) 00:54:19 Changes to the Agenda
• There were no changes to the agenda.
D) 00:54:44 Approval of Minutes
D.1 Approve the May 8, 2024 Sustainability Advisory Board Minutes
05-08-2024 Sustainability Advisory Board Minutes.pdf
-00:00:01 Motion to approve
Kristin Blackler: Motion
Kalani Goodhard: 2nd
00:55:47 Vote on the Motion to approve The Motion carried 4 - 0.
Approve:
Rebecca Kurnick
Kristin Blackler
Nathan Gracey
Kalani Goodhard
Disapprove:
None
4
Sustainability Advisory Board Meeting Minutes, 6/12/2024
Page 2 of 2
E) 00:56:47 Public Comments
• There was no public comment.
F) 00:57:19 Action Items
F.1 00:57:21 Energy Efficiency Block Grant Application Recommendation to Expand
Rooftop Solar PV at the Bozeman Public Library
Sustainability Program Manager Natalie Meyer presented the use of the Energy Efficiency Block Grant
funding for expanding rooftop solar PV at the Bozeman Public Library.
01:15:58 Motion to approve Support the staff recommendation to submit an Energy Efficiency Block
Grant application to expand rooftop solar PV at the Bozeman Public Library.
Kristin Blackler: Motion
Nathan Gracey: 2nd
01:16:08 Vote on the Motion to approve Support the staff recommendation to submit an Energy Efficiency
Block Grant application to expand rooftop solar PV at the Bozeman Public Library. The Motion carried 4
- 0.
Approve:
Rebecca Kurnick
Kristin Blackler
Nathan Gracey
Kalani Goodhard
Disapprove:
None
G) 00:55:51 FYI/Discussion
G.1 01:21:06 Green Power Program Overview and Updates
Sustainability Program Manager Natalie Meyer provided an update on the Green Power Program. The
Advisory Board followed up with questions and comments.
H) 02:11:22 Adjournment
This board generally meets on the second Wednesday of the month 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm.
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Memorandum
REPORT TO:Sustainability Board
FROM:Adam Oliver, Stormwater Program Manager
SUBJECT:2025 Stormwater Facilities Plan Update
MEETING DATE:August 14, 2024
AGENDA ITEM TYPE:Plan/Report/Study
RECOMMENDATION:Special Presentation: Introducing the 2025 Stormwater Facilities Plan Update
STRATEGIC PLAN:6.1 Clean Water Supplies: Ensure adequate supplies of clean water for today
and tomorrow.
BACKGROUND:The City of Bozeman is developing a Stormwater Facilities Plan update to
improve existing stormwater policies, plan future capital infrastructure
investments, and improve collaboration with other City projects. The need
for an updated Stormwater Facilities Plan is in response to rapid community
growth, evolving regulations, changing industry best practices, and acquired
storm sewer system information. The updated Stormwater Facilities Plan will
help ensure the Stormwater Division continues to protect public safety,
improve water quality, and comply with state and federal regulations.
The goals of an updated Stormwater Facilities Plan include:
• Update and improve stormwater post-construction policies,
• Plan future water quality improvement projects,
• Plan future flood control infrastructure projects,
• Offer state and federal regulatory compliance guidance,
• Identify future staffing needs, and
• Provide Stormwater Utility funding recommendations.
UNRESOLVED ISSUES:None
ALTERNATIVES:As recommended by the Board.
FISCAL EFFECTS:The scope and budget are complete and approved through the Capital
Improvement Plan project STDM17
Report compiled on: July 19, 2024
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Memorandum
REPORT TO:Sustainability Board
FROM:Kesslie Carlson-Ham, Sustainability Program Analyst
Natalie Meyer, Sustainability Program Manager
Jon Henderson, Strategic Services Director
SUBJECT:2022 Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
MEETING DATE:August 14, 2024
AGENDA ITEM TYPE:Plan/Report/Study
RECOMMENDATION:2022 Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory.
STRATEGIC PLAN:6.3 Climate Action: Reduce community and municipal Greenhouse Gas
(GHG) emissions, increase the supply of clean and renewable energy; foster
related businesses.
BACKGROUND:The 2020 Bozeman Climate Plan includes the following goals:
Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions 26% Below 2008 Levels by 2025
Achieve 100% Net Clean Electricity by 2030
Achieve Carbon Neutrality by 2050
To track progress and inform future programming, the City of Bozeman
committed to completing a community greenhouse gas emissions (GH)
inventory every two years to monitor emissions within the City of Bozeman's
boundary. The inventory was completed by the Sustainability Division using
the methodology and reporting template outlined in the Global Protocol for
Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GPC) standard to provide a
complete, transparent, and accurate accounting of Bozeman's emissions.
Sustainability Program Manager, Natalie Meyer, will present a summary of
the 2022 Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory. Members of the
Sustainability Board will be invited to ask questions and provide input on
strategies to effectively use the information in the report to inform and
encourage individual and collective climate action.
UNRESOLVED ISSUES:None.
ALTERNATIVES:As suggested by the Sustainability Advisory Board.
FISCAL EFFECTS:None.
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Attachments:
2022 GHG Emissions Inventory Report DRAFT.pdf
2022 GHG Emissions Inventory Infographic.pdf
Report compiled on: August 9, 2024
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City of Bozeman 2022
Community Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Inventory Report
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Table of Contents
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 1
Overview of 2022 Emissions …………………………………………………………………………….…….... 2
Emissions by Scope ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
Emissions by Sector and Source ……………………………………………………………………………….. 4
Drivers of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Changes ……………………………………………………………. 16
Per Capita Emissions …………………………………………………………………………………………… 19
Bozeman Climate Plan Goals ………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 21
Appendix A: Data Sources ……………………………………………………………………………………... 22
Appendix B: Emissions Factors ……………………………………………………………………………….. 23
Table of Tables
Table 1. 2022 greenhouse gas emissions by sector, source, scope, and percent total. ........................................................................ 8
Table 2. ICLEI Contribution Analysis tool detailed table. .................................................................................................................... 18
Table 3. Per capita greenhouse gas emissions intensities for Bozeman, the U.S., and internationally. .............................................. 19
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Table of Figures
Figure 1. 2022 Bozeman City Limits ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
Figure 2. 2022 GHG emissions by sector. ............................................................................................................................................ 2
Figure 3. Annual GHG emissions for the City of Bozeman with emissions trend line and population growth. ....................................... 3
Figure 4. Annual per capita GHG emissions with per capita emissions trend line and population growth. ............................................ 4
Figure 5. 2022 GHG emissions by scope. ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Figure 6. Annual GHG emissions by sector. ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 7. 2022 GHG emissions by percent sector and source. ............................................................................................................. 7
Figure 8. Stationary energy sector emissions detail. .......................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 9. Transportation sector GHG emissions detail. ...................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 10.Air travel at BZN and total US airports with linear trend lines showing a rate of return to travel following 2020 (US Dept. of
Transportation – Bureau of Transportation Statistics)......................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 11. Waste and wastewater sector GHG emissions detail. ....................................................................................................... 14
Figure 12. ICLEI Contribution Analysis results showing greenhouse gas emissions increases and decreases between 2020 and
2022. .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 13. Per capita GHG emissions by sector. ................................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 14. Climate Plan reduction pathway and business as usual GHG emission projections .......................................................... 20
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1
Introduction
The City of Bozeman began tracking community
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2008 and since
2016 has performed a Global Protocol Community-scale
(GPC) compliant greenhouse gas emissions inventory on
a bi-annual basis to monitor and inform progress on
climate action. With guidance from the International
Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) over
time, the emission inventories have allowed Bozeman to
understand GHG emission sources, trends, and drivers
of change within four sectors – stationary energy,
transportation, waste, and industrial processes. Using the
2008 inventory as a baseline year, the Bozeman Climate
Plan was adopted in 2020, laying out ambitious climate
goals including a 26% reduction in GHG emissions by
2025, 100% clean electricity by 2030, and carbon
neutrality by 2050. As Bozeman continues to grow, the
bi-annual GHG emissions inventory helps to inform the
progress the community is making toward the Bozeman
Climate Plan goals, recognize reduction opportunities,
and support further climate action on an individual and
local level.
The GHG emissions inventory uses Bozeman’s current
city limits (Figure 1.) as the physical boundary in which
emissions are measured for each sector, helping to
determine the scope of emissions by source and activity.
Figure 1. 2022 Bozeman City Limits
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2
Overview of 2022 Emissions
Bozeman’s 2022 GHG emissions totaled 687,194 metric
tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (mt CO2e) inclusive of
all GHG emissions generated in Bozeman from building
energy use (stationary energy), transportation, and
waste.
In 2022, building stationary energy emissions were the
largest contributor to Bozeman’s GHG emissions,
accounting for 52% of total emissions. Commercial and
industrial buildings contributed 29% of total emissions
and residential buildings contributed 23%. Transportation
emissions account for 37% of total emissions. Waste and
wastewater processes contributed 10% of total
emissions. Industrial process emissions contributed 1%
of total emissions.
Bozeman’s overall greenhouse gas emissions have
increased 19% from 2020 and 31% from the 2008
baseline year. Per capita emissions have decreased 17%
from the 2008 baseline year and have increased 13%
from 2020. A contributing factor to Bozeman’s increased
overall emissions is rapid population growth; Bozeman’s
population has increased by 57% from 2008 to 2022 and
continues to increase at a rate of approximately 4% per
year. See Figure 2.
Figure 2. 2022 GHG emissions by sector.
Commercial and Industrial Buildings29%
Residential Buildings23%
Transportation37%
Waste10%
Industrial Processes1%
Emissions by Sector
13
3
Additional data has been made available since the 2020 GHG emissions inventory resulting in a more accurate
accounting of Bozeman’s overall emissions for both 2020 and 2022. With the integration of improved data sets in the
waste and transportation sectors, the 2020 inventory final reporting figure has increased 5% from the previously reported
548,746 mt CO2e to 576,868 mt CO2e. By continuing to refine the process and data sources used in the greenhouse gas
emissions inventory the City of Bozeman can help ensure the most accurate reporting of community-scale emissions.
Figure 3. Annual GHG emissions for the City of Bozeman with emissions trend line and population growth.
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2008 2012 2016 2018 2020 2022mt CO2e Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories (mt CO2e)and Bozeman Population Growth
Emissions Population
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Figure 4. Annual per capita GHG emissions with per capita emissions trend line and population growth.
Per capita emissions show a decreasing trend while the population continues to increase at rates that have exceeded the
growth projection modeling used to establish climate goals in the 2020 Climate Plan. Decreasing per capita emissions is
indicative of individuals reducing their greenhouse gas emitting activities. Although overall emissions have increased for
Bozeman the current community actions are trending in the right direction.
0
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20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
0.0
2.0
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2008 2012 2016 2018 2020 2022 PopulationPer Capita GHG Emissions (mt CO2e) Per Capita Greenhouse Gas Emissions (mt CO2e)and Bozeman Population Growth
Emissions Population
15
5
Emissions by Scope
Emissions are broadly categorized by sector, scope, and
source. When calculating emissions by scope each
source is examined on the point of emissions release in
relation to the city boundary.
Scope 1 emissions include greenhouse gas sources that
are emitted within the city boundary, such as the usage
of natural gas, vehicle activity, and waste processes.
Scope 2 emissions include the use of grid-supplied fuels
such as electricity that are sourced from outside of the
city boundary but are used within the city boundary.
Scope 3 emissions include all other greenhouse gas
emissions that occur outside the city boundary as a result
of activities within the city, such as landfilled waste.
Figure 5. 2022 GHG emissions by scope.
Scope 1 emissions accounted for 55% of Bozeman’s
total emissions (379,966 mt CO2e). On-road vehicle
activity was the largest contributor to scope 1 emissions
followed by commercial and residential natural gas use.
Scope 2 emissions made up 24% of total emissions
(166,332 mt CO2e), which are attributed to grid-supplied
energy usage for commercial and residential buildings. A
small portion would also be attributed to the grid-supplied
energy used to charge electric vehicles.
Scope 3 emissions accounted for 21% of total emissions
(140,896 mt CO2e), half of which is from aviation
emissions. The other half is largely attributed to waste
and wastewater treatment, the transportation of waste
outside the city’s boundary, as well as transmission and
distribution (T&D) losses associated with grid-supplied
electricity.
Transmission and Distribution Losses
Transmission and distribution loss is the estimated
quantity of electricity lost to inefficiencies in the utility
grid. Northwestern Energy has estimated a T&D loss rate
of 6.27% resulting in the loss of 25,230,387 kWh in the
process of supplying Bozeman with electricity. The total
emissions from these losses are 11,102 mt CO2e and
comprise 3% of overall emissions.
Scope 155%
Scope 224%
Scope 321%
Emissions by Scope
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Emissions by Sector and Source
The community-scale greenhouse gas inventory for the
City of Bozeman is broken into four sectors with various
contributing sources: building stationary energy,
transportation, waste and waste processes, and industrial
processes.
Stationary energy includes emissions from commercial
and residential building utility usage, propane and diesel
combustion, and T&D losses.
Transportation includes emissions from off-road and on-
road gas and diesel fuel combustion, aviation, transit,
electric vehicles, and T&D losses associated with electric
vehicles.
Waste and waste processes include emissions from the
transportation, collection, and processing of waste, and
emissions released from landfilled organic materials.
Industrial processes include emissions from refrigerant
leaks in building heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
(HVAC) systems.
Figure 6. Annual GHG emissions by sector.
- 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000
2008
2012
2016
2018
2020
2022
Sector GHG Emissions (mt CO2e)
Emissions by Sector Over Time (mt CO2e)
Industrial Processes Waste
Transportation Residential Buildings
Commercial Buildings
17
7
Figure 7. 2022 GHG emissions by percent sector and source.
Residential Fuel Use23%
Commercial Fuel Use29%
Transportation37%
Waste10%
Residential
Electricity12%
Residential Natural Gas10%
Residential Propane
0.4%
Residential Wood0.03%
Fugitive Emissions0.3%
Commercial Electricity
13%
Commercial Natural Gas
15%
Commercial Propane0.3%Fugitive Emissions0.5%
On-Road Gasoline
14%
Aviation
10%
On-Road Diesel8%
Off-Road
5%
On-Road Electricity0.1%
Transit0.04%
Landfilled8%
Closed Landfill2%
Compost0.1%Wastewater
0.04%
Emissions by Sector and Source
18
8
Table 1. 2022 greenhouse gas emissions by sector, source, scope, and percent total.
Stationary Energy
Fuel Usage Scope GHG Emissions
(mt CO2e) Percent
Commercial and Industrial Natural Gas 1 102,424 15%
Commercial and Industrial Stationary Diesel 1 0 0%
Commercial and Industrial Propane 1 1,773 0.3%
Residential Propane 1 2,940 0.4%
Residential Natural Gas 1 69,722 10%
Residential Wood 1 222 0.03%
Electricity Scope GHG Emissions (mt CO2e)
Commercial and Industrial Grid-Supplied Electricity 2 86,904 13%
Residential Grid-Supplied Electricity 2 78,792 11%
Commercial and Industrial T&D Losses 3 5,823 1%
Residential T&D Losses 3 5,279 1%
Fugitive Emissions Scope GHG Emissions
(mt CO2e)
Commercial and Industrial 1 3,329 0.5%
Residential 1 2,266 0.3%
Total Stationary Energy 359,475 52%
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Transportation
On-Road Vehicles Scope GHG Emissions (mt CO2e)
Emissions from fuel combustion on-road
transportation occurring in the city 1 150,023 22%
Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed in the
city for on-road transportation 2 635 0.1%
EVs T&D Losses 3 43 0.01%
Off-Road Scope GHG Emissions (mt CO2e)
Off-road fuel use 1 32,224 5%
Transit Scope GHG Emissions (mt CO2e)
Transit activities within the city (buses) 1 288 0.04%
Aviation Scope GHG Emissions (mt CO2e)
Transboundary aviation 3 71,830 10%
Total Transportation 255,043 37%
Waste
Community Solid Waste Scope GHG Emissions (mt CO2e)
Landfilled waste treated outside the City 3 53,888 8%
Composted waste treated inside the City 1 188 0.03%
Composted waste treated outside the City 3 693 0.1%
Emissions from closed landfill 1 13,201 2%
Wastewater Treatment and Discharge Scope GHG Emissions (mt CO2e)
Wastewater Generated and Treated in City 1 298 0.04%
Total Waste 68,268 10%
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10
Industrial Processes and Product Use
Refrigerant Leakage Scope GHG Emissions (mt CO2e)
Emissions from leaked refrigerants in the City 1 1,068 0.2%
Total Refrigerants 1,068 0.2%
Other Scope 3
Other Scope 3 Scope GHG Emissions (mt CO2e)
Emissions from transport, collection, and processing of waste 3 3,341 0.5%
Total Other Scope 3 3,341 0.5%
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Stationary Energy
Bozeman’s largest emissions contributor is from
stationary energy sources, comprising 52% of the total
greenhouse gas emissions for the 2022 inventory
(359,475 mt CO2e), a 14% increase from 2020.
The stationary energy sector includes emissions from
building utility use, primarily from electricity and natural
gas usage, as well as other fuel sources such as
propane, stationary diesel, wood, and T&D losses.
Fugitive emissions are also included in the stationary
energy sector to account for the sourcing, transport, and
natural gas leakage.
Overall, electricity use accounted for 49% of stationary
energy emissions, including T&D losses (176,798 mt
CO2e). Natural gas use also accounted for 49% of
stationary energy emissions, including fugitive emissions
(177,741 mt CO2e).
Commercial and industrial buildings make up 53% of the
total stationary energy emissions (191,101 mt CO2e), a
14% increase from 2020. The increase in commercial
and industrial buildings was largely predicted following
the lifting of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and the
return to office spaces, industrial buildings, and academic
institutions.
Residential buildings make up 42% of total stationary
energy emissions (151,677 mt CO2e) and were also
observed to have a 14% increase from 2020. Fugitive
emissions and T&D losses make up the remaining 5% of
total stationary energy emissions (16,697 mt CO2e).
In 2022, Bozeman commercial and residential buildings
used 376,572,945 kWh of electricity and 32,366,316
therms of natural gas.
Figure 8. Stationary energy sector emissions detail.
Residential Electricity22%Residential Natural Gas19%
Residential Propaneand Wood1%Commercial Natural Gas28%
Commercial Electricity24%Commercial Propane1%
Fugitive Emissions2%
T&D Losses3%
Stationary Energy Sector Emissions
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Transportation
Transportation sector emissions are the second largest
source of Bozeman’s greenhouse gas emissions and
comprise 37% of the total emissions for 2022 (255,043
mt CO2e), an overall 23% increase from 2020.
The majority of contributing greenhouse gas sources for
the transportation sector include emissions from on-road
vehicles, as well as emissions from ethanol, and T&D
losses associated with electric vehicle charging. On-road
gasoline vehicles make up 39% of the total transportation
emissions (98,093 mt CO2e), diesel on-road vehicles,
make up 20% (51,931 mt CO2e), public transit
contributed 0.11% (288 mt CO2e), and electric vehicles
along with T&D losses make up 0.2% of transportation
emissions (678 mt CO2e).
Aviation emissions make up 28% of total transportation
sector emissions (71,830 mt CO2e), an 80% increase
from 2020 aviation emissions, this could largely be
attributed to the lifting of COVID-19 related travel
restrictions as well as an increase in population and
tourism in Bozeman.
Off-road emissions contributed 13% of total
transportation emissions (32,224 mt CO2e). Off-road
emissions include fuel combustion from agricultural
equipment, private aviation such as medical helicopters
and aerial surveys, boating, commercial and industrial
equipment, construction equipment, lawn and garden
equipment, and recreational equipment such as
snowmobiles and ATVs.
In 2022, people drove 315,922,851 miles within Bozeman
city limits. The Bozeman-Yellowstone International
Airport had 951,058 passengers take flights out of
Bozeman.
Figure 9. Transportation sector GHG emissions detail.
On-Road Gasoline 39%
Aviation28%
On-Road Diesel 20%
Off-Road13%
On-Road Electricity0.2%
Transit0.1%
T&D Losses0.02%
Transportation Sector Emissions
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Transportation – Aviation
Although Bozeman does not have an airport within city
limits the Bozeman-Yellowstone International Airport
(BZN), located only a few miles from the center of town,
serves as the air travel hub for the community. Because
the emissions from air travel occur outside of city limits,
these emissions are considered Scope 3. They are
calculated based on ICLEI guidance, using the
percentage of passengers that begin their travel from
Bozeman as an indicator of the amount of jet fuel and
aviation gasoline attributable to the community.
In 2022, BZN had a total of 2,264,424 passengers taking
flights in and out of the airport, 42% of those passengers
began their travel from BZN. It’s estimated that a total of
7,350,936 gallons of jet fuel and aviation gasoline were
used to accommodate that travel, resulting in the
emissions of 71,830 mt CO2e, making up 10% of
Bozeman’s total greenhouse gas emissions.
Aviation emissions stand out in the overall 2022 GHG
emissions inventory due to the rate of increase from
2020. Prior to 2020, air travel was steadily increasing at
BZN, following similar national trends. In 2020, air travel
decreased nationally by 58%, and at BZN by 43%,
largely due to travel restrictions associated with the
COVID-19 pandemic.
Between 2020 and 2022, national air travel steadily
increased to near pre-pandemic levels, while BZN
exceeded pre-pandemic travel by 44%, see Figure 10.
While these figures refer to all air travel in and out of BZN
and are not entirely attributable to Bozeman, the rate of
increased air travel to the region is notable for overall
emissions intensity for the Bozeman community.
Figure 10.Air travel at BZN and total US airports with linear trend lines showing a rate of return to travel following 2020 (US Dept. of Transportation
– Bureau of Transportation Statistics).
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2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 US Airport Passengers (millions)BZN Passengers (thousands)Air Travel Trends
BZN Air Travel US Air Travel
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Waste and Wastewater
Waste and wastewater processes account for 10% of
total greenhouse gas emissions (68,268 mt CO2e), an
overall 33% increase from 2020.
The majority of waste produced in Bozeman is collected
and transported to the Logan Landfill, this waste is a mix
of solid waste and compostable material. Solid waste is a
term used to describe everything that is not composted or
recycled and mostly contains Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW), which is household waste such as food scraps,
and non-recyclable paper and plastic. Solid waste also
describes other discarded materials such as tires, e-
waste, and construction waste. Generally, organic
materials have a higher global warming potential when
landfilled compared to recycling or composting.
In 2022, Bozeman’s solid waste included 67% MSW and
totaled 50,844 tons of landfilled waste, a 61% increase
from 2020 when MSW totaled 31,547 tons.
Solid waste contributed 79% of total waste-related
emissions (53,888 mt CO2e), a 49% increase from 2020,
largely due to the increase in MSW. The second largest
source of greenhouse gas waste emissions comes from
the closed Story Mill Landfill in Bozeman. The closed
landfill continues to emit methane from previously
landfilled organic material. This methane is captured,
flared, and converted to CO2 before it is emitted into the
atmosphere, resulting in a 19% contribution to total waste
emissions (13,201 mt CO2e).
Wastewater treatment contributed 0.4% of total waste
emissions (298 mt CO2e) and is primarily impacted by the
volume and concentration of wastewater.
A small portion of the waste generated in Bozeman
comprised of food scraps and other green waste is
composted within the city. Composted materials
contributed 1% of total waste-related emissions (881 mt
CO2e).
In 2022, the community of Bozeman threw away 75,999
tons of material. Fortunately, 8,760 tons of waste were
composted, and 2,078 tons were recycled, avoiding
5,835 mt CO2e in emissions.
Figure 11. Waste and wastewater sector GHG emissions detail.
Solid Waste79%
Closed Landfill19%
Compost1%
Wastewater0.4%
Waste Sector Emissions
25
15
Solid Waste – Dimensional Lumber
Emissions calculations for solid waste are based on assumptions regarding the types and amounts of
materials discarded. While the Logan Landfill provides a level of insight into the types of waste it receives, which is then normalized for the population of Bozeman, assumptions regarding the composition of waste categories are designated by regional waste
characterization studies as well as through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in order to measure greenhouse gas emissions associated with various materials.
Light construction waste made up 26% of all waste the
Logan Landfill received in 2022, the overall composition
of which is generally unknown. Based on regional and
EPA waste characterization studies, for Bozeman’s
greenhouse gas emissions inventory in 2022, it was
assumed that 8% of light construction waste is comprised
of dimensional lumber. As an organic material
dimensional lumber has a higher global warming
potential than the rest of the material that would typically
be found in light construction waste such as metal, glass,
and other composite materials, and when landfilled emits
more methane emissions during anaerobic
decomposition.
This method of accounting for the overall percentage of
dimensional lumber is new to the 2022 Bozeman
greenhouse gas emissions inventory and more
accurately describes and accounts for the emissions
associated with light construction materials.
Industrial Processes + Other Scope 3
Industrial processes and industrial product use, along
with other scope 3 emissions contributed 0.7% to
Bozeman’s total greenhouse gas emissions (4,409 mt
CO2e).
Industrial product use refers to the emissions that result
from refrigerant leaks in building HVAC systems. These
emissions are estimated using the assumption that 25%
of the commercial square footage in Bozeman is
refrigerated and that, based on the International Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) methodology, there is a leakage
rate of 5%. Refrigerant leaks contributed 0.2% to overall
emissions (1,068 mt CO2e).
The other scope 3 emissions that are not accounted for
elsewhere in the inventory come from the transport of
solid waste to the Logan Landfill outside of Bozeman’s
city limits. Waste transport accounts for 0.5% of overall
emissions (3,341 mt CO2e).
26
16
Drivers of Greenhouse Gas Emission
Changes
During the COVID-19 pandemic greenhouse gas
emissions for the City of Bozeman were generally
reduced across several sectors due to factors including
reduced travel, less commercial energy usage, and a
mild winter. The uncharacteristic circumstances
experienced during 2020 make the greenhouse gas
emissions inventory unusual to compare to subsequent
years. The ICLEI Contribution Analysis is a tool that
helps communities better understand the sources of
emissions driving observed changes between inventory
years, see Figure 12.
While Bozeman experienced a reduction in overall
greenhouse gas emissions in 2020, there was a
subsequent population increase that exceeded the
growth projections of previous climate modeling by the
City of Bozeman. The results of the 2022 emissions
inventory reflect rapid population growth, coupled with a
return to a new normal outside of a global pandemic.
The largest contributing factor to the increase in
greenhouse gas emissions is air travel. Air travel
decreased nationwide in 2020 and has seen a steady
increase annually, returning to near pre-pandemic levels.
While Bozeman’s air travel has followed the national
trend of reduced passengers in 2020 the rate at which air
travel has increased in Bozeman following the pandemic
exceeds national trends, see Figure 10.
The second largest contributing factor is increased waste
generation per person. The quantity of Municipal Solid
Waste (MSW), which includes organic material that
produces methane in a landfill, increased by 61% from
2020 to 2022. An increase of 61% for Bozeman is not
proportionate to population growth but rather indicative of
each person contributing more waste to the Logan
Landfill.
Other contributing factors include more extreme seasonal
weather, an increase in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per
person, as well as the use of less efficient vehicles.
Energy use increased per household coupled with a
change in the electricity fuel mix. Job growth within the
city increased, however, the amount of heating fuel used
per employee decreased, reflecting greater commercial
building efficiency and the potential impacts of more
people working from home.
27
17
Figure 12. ICLEI Contribution Analysis results showing greenhouse gas emissions increases and decreases between 2020 and 2022.
Aviation39,595
Waste per Person16,751
Job Growth15,670
Colder Winter9,795
Pop. Growth9,259
More Energy Use per Household8,408
More VMT per Person…Utility Fuel Mix…
More On-road Emissions per Mile…
Hotter Summ…Less Energy Use per Job1,853
578,385
689,226
560,000
580,000
600,000
620,000
640,000
660,000
680,000
700,000
Emissions (mt CO2e)Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Contribution Analysis
Increase Decrease Total
2020 2022
28
18
Drivers of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Changes
Table 2. ICLEI Contribution Analysis tool detailed table.
Contribution Emissions (mt CO2e)
Aviation 39,595
Waste Generation per Person 16,751
Growth in Employment 15,670
Colder Winter 9,795
Growth in Population 9,259
Increased Energy Use Per Household 8,408
Increased VMT per Person 3,779
Electricity and Heating Fuels Mix 2,494
Increase On-road Emissions per Mile 2,133
Hotter Summer 1,471
Decreased Commercial Energy Use per Job -1,853
By integrating weather data, utility
usage data, and population growth
for 2020 through 2022 the drivers of
change between the two emissions
inventories can present themselves
at a more granular level.
Some factors, such as hotter
summers and colder winters which
can increase the amount of heating
and cooling energy used, can be
further outside the sphere of
individual control.
Other factors, such as air travel,
waste generation, and vehicle miles
traveled, are GHG-emitting
activities that can be mitigated
through the actions of each person
in the community. It also highlights
opportunities for leaders at the
federal, state, and local levels to
support climate solutions in these
areas.
29
19
Per Capita Emissions
Bozeman’s per capita emissions increased 13% between 2020 and 2022 from 10.8 mt CO2e per person to 12.2 mt CO2e
per person, an increase that follows a global trend of reduced emissions per person during the COVID-19 pandemic
largely due to reduced travel.
While per capita emissions increased from 2020 to 2022 there was a 17% reduction from the 2008 baseline year, during
that time Bozeman’s population has more than doubled in size. Because emissions per person have continued to
decrease from the 2008 baseline year, the overall effects of a rapidly increasing population have not resulted in a
proportional increase in overall greenhouse gas emissions for Bozeman, see Figure 3. Bozeman’s per capita emissions
are 15% lower than the national average, although remaining nearly two and a half times the international average.
Table 3. Per capita greenhouse gas emissions intensities for Bozeman, the U.S., and internationally.
Per Capita Emissions (mt CO2e)
2008 2020 2022
Bozeman 14.7 10.8 12.2
National 18.8 13.5 14.4
International 4.7 4.5 4.7
Figure 13. Per capita GHG emissions by sector.
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
2008 2012 2016 2018 2020 2022
Per Capita Emissions by Sector Over Time (mt CO2e)
Commercial and Industrial Buildings Residential Buildings Transportation Solid Waste Industrial Processes
30
20
Bozeman Climate Plan Goals
Bozeman has ambitious climate goals that were established with the adoption of the 2020 Bozeman Climate Plan. While
the 2022 greenhouse gas emissions inventory is not aligned with the Climate Plan Reduction Pathway, significant
progress can be made toward the 2025 goal of a 26% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from the 2008 baseline
year by implementing the Actions detailed in the Climate Plan.
Figure 14. Climate Plan reduction pathway and business as usual GHG emission projections
0.39 0.36
0.52 0.55 0.52
0.61
0.58
0.69
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Emissions (millions mt CO2e)Bozeman Climate Plan Goals:Annual Emissions and Reduction Pathway
Climate Plan Goal GHG Emissions Inventory
26% Reductionfrom 2008
100%Clean Electricity
Carbon Neutral
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21
Summary
Bozeman’s 2022 greenhouse gas emissions inventory highlights the areas of progress, both on an individual level and as
a community, and the areas where further emissions reduction opportunities exist. Emissions observed in 2022 reflect the
return to a new normal following the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, one in which people are traveling more, returning to
office spaces and other institutions, and the desire for outdoor activity and open spaces have driven a rise in population
and tourism for mountain towns across the West.
The increase in overall GHG emissions between 2020 and 2022 was anticipated and driven primarily by the transportation
and waste sectors. Although commercial and residential building energy usage has increased over time, the stationary
energy sector has seen the largest per capita decrease since 2008, indicating that each person within the community
uses less energy in their homes and places of work or study. Per capita emissions in the waste sector are the most
notable increase from the baseline year, encouraging the development of waste reduction opportunities on a municipal
and individual level.
Accelerating the implementation of solutions and actions laid out in the 2020 Climate Plan can help Bozeman come closer
to reaching the community climate goals established for 2025, 2030, and 2050. Continuing to monitor community-scale
GHG emissions and the impacts individual actions have on emissions intensity helps build an understanding of where
partnerships and collaboration can enhance community efforts and how each member of the community can reduce their
individual contribution.
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22
Appendix A: Data Sources
Emissions Source Data Source
Were Emissions
Estimated or Calculated?
Building Electricity Use NorthWestern Energy Calculated
Building Natural Gas Use NorthWestern Energy Calculated
Building Propane Use
US Census ACS House heating Fuel Survey data, Bozeman commercial square footage data, CBECS data, and US EIA unit conversions
Estimated
Building Stationary Diesel Use
US Census ACS House heating Fuel Survey data, Bozeman commercial square footage
data, CBECS data, and US EIA unit conversions
Estimated
Fugitive Emissions from Natural Gas Leakage GPC Protocol default leakage rate Calculated Transmission & Distribution Losses NorthWestern Energy loss rate Calculated
Vehicle Miles Traveled City of Bozeman and MT DOT Calculated
Vehicle Registrations EPA State Inventory Tool Mobile Combustion Module Calculated
Electric Vehicle Registrations Atlas EV Dashboard Calculated
EV Transmission & Distribution Losses NorthWestern Energy loss rate Calculated
Transit Fuel Use Human Resources Development Council Calculated
Aviation Fuel Use Bozeman/Yellowstone International Airport Calculated
Waste and compost tonnage Gallatin County Solid Waste, City of Bozeman Calculated
Closed landfill emissions Estimated emissions depreciation rate via ICLEI Estimated
Waste transport, collection, and processing emissions GPC Protocol methodology Calculated
Wastewater City of Bozeman data for Bozeman WRF Calculated
Refrigerant Leaks Commercial square footage and IPCC methodology Estimated
NorthWestern Energy Electric Emissions Factor NorthWestern Energy N/A
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23
Appendix B: Emissions Factor
Emission Source GHG Value Unit Source Notes
CO2 0.419 mt CO2/MWh
Shown in NorthWestern Energy's ESG/Sustainability
Template under Montana Generation Statistics: Owned
Generation for 2022.
https://www.northwesternenergy.com/docs/default-
source/default-document-library/about-us/esg/eei-esg-
template.pdf. See Page 10, Montana Generation
Statistics, line 7.3.2.3 Owned and Long Term CO2
Emissions Intensity.
Verify with
each
inventory.
Likely that the
CO2 emission
factor will
change
annually.
CH4 0.00003 mt CH4/MWh
N2O 0.000004 mt N2O/MWh
CO2 0.0053 mt CO2/therm
CH4 0.0000005 mt CH4/therm
N2O 0.00000001 mt N2O/therm
CH4 0.0000004 mt CH4/gallon
N2O 0.0000001 mt N2O/gallon
CH4 0.000001 mt CH4/gallon
N2O 0.0000001 mt N2O/gallon
ICLEI’s U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and
Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Community
Protocol) – Appendix C: Built Environment Emission
Activities and Sources, Version 1.1, July 2013:
http://icleiusa.org/ghg-protocols/. Assumes distillate
fuel oil number 2 and that diesel is primarily used in
generators by the industrial sector.
ICLEI’s U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and
Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Community
Protocol) – Appendix C: Built Environment Emission
Activities and Sources, Version 1.1, July 2013:
http://icleiusa.org/ghg-protocols/.
Propane
CO2 0.006 mt CO2/gallon
Stationary Energy Emission Factors—Electricity & Natural Gas
Electricity
EPA's eGrid: eGRID 2022 summary tables, table 1, sub
region NWPP.
https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-
01/egrid2022_summary_tables.pdf
Verify with
each
inventory.
Natural Gas 2013 ICLEI US Community Protocol, Appendix C
Stationary Diesel
CO2 0.01 mt CO2/gallon
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24
Emission Source GHG Value Unit Source Notes
CO2 0.00878 mt CO2/gal
CH4
N2O
CO2 0.01 mt CO2/gal
CH4
N2O
CO2 0.006 mt CO2/gal
CH4
N2O
Diesel
EPA estimates as recommended by ICLEI
(https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-
02/ghg-emission-factors-hub-2024.pdf). Varies by vehicle g/mile
Ethanol
EPA estimates as recommended by ICLEI
(https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-
02/ghg-emission-factors-hub-2024.pdf). Varies by vehicle g/mile
Transportation Emission Factors—Ethanol, Gasoline, and Diesel
Gasoline
EPA estimates as recommended by ICLEI
(https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-
02/ghg-emission-factors-hub-2024.pdf).
Should remain
constant but
verify with
each
inventory.
Varies by vehicle g/mile
Emission Source GHG Value Unit Source Notes
CO2 0.01 mt CO2/gal
EPA estimates as recommended by ICLEI
(https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-
03/documents/emission-factors_mar_2018_0.pdf).
CH4 0.001 g CH4/mile
N2O 0.0015 g N2O/mile
Transit Emission Factors
Diesel
Should remain
constant but
verify with
each
inventory.
EPA estimates as recommended by ICLEI
(https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-
03/documents/emission-factors mar 2018 0.pdf).
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25
Emission Source GHG Value Unit Source Notes
CO2 9.75 Kg CO2/gal
CH4 0.41 g CH4/gal
N2O 0.08 g N2O/gal
CO2 8.31 kg CO2/gal
CH4 0.36 g CH4/gal
N2O 0.07 g N2O/gal
Aviation Emission Factors
Jet fuel Per guidance from ICLEI on emissions factors used in
the ClearPath tool.Should remain
constant but
verify with
each
inventory. Aviation Gasoline Per guidance from ICLEI on emissions factors used in
the ClearPath tool.
36
26
Emission Source GHG Value Unit Source Notes
Municipal Solid
Waste CH4 Varies by waste
type
mt CH4/ ton
waste 2013 ICLEI US Community Protocol, Appendix E
CH4
mt CH4/ ton
waste
N2O
mt N2O/ wet
short ton
waste
CH4 0.00047 mt CH4/ ton
waste
N2O 0.00022 mt N2O/ ton
waste
CH4 0.00018 mt CH4/ ton
waste
N2O 0.00013 mt N2O/ ton
waste
CH4
N2OWastewater Varies by
treatment Varies 2013 ICLEI US Community Protocol, Appendix F
Waste Emission Factors
Recycled Waste Varies by waste
type
ICLEI’s U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and
Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Community
Protocol) – Recycling and Composting Emissions
Protocol, Version 1.0, July 2013: Emission factors
represent those for avoided emissions from a facility
with no landfill gas capture.
Composted Waste
Documentation for Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Energy Factors Used in the Waste Reduction Model
(WARM):
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-
03/documents/warm v14 management practices.pdf. Documentation for Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Energy Factors Used in the Waste Reduction Model
(WARM):
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-
03/documents/warm v14 management practices.pdf.
Should remain
constant but
verify with
each
inventory.
37
2022 Community Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Inventory Together, we can take action
on climate change!
Bozeman’s Climate Goals
Bozeman has ambitious climate goals to protect our community from climate change.
The Bozeman Climate Plan outlines a pathway to reaching those goals.
26%
Reduction
from 2008Bozeman Climate Goals
B u s i n e s s a s u s u a l p a t h w a y w i t h o u t a c t i o n
mt CO₂eGHG Inventory Year
2008
2022
2025 2030
2050
Climate Plan Reduction Pathway
100%
Net Clean
Electricity
Carbon
Neutral
GHG Emissions Per Person
From 2008 to 2022 Bozeman's population
increased by 57%, however GHG emissions
per person decreased by 17%.
2008 2012 2016 2018 2020 2022
14.7 14.7
11.6
12.5
10.8
12.2
Population
GHG Emissions per Person
We Can’t Reach Our Goals Without YOU!
Learn more about how you can take action at www.bozeman.net/sustainability
27%
Commercial
Total 2022 Emissions
687,194 mt CO₂e
52%
Buildings
37%
Transportation
29%23%
Residential
Vehicles
10%
Aviation10% Waste 1% Other
38