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04-12-2023 SB Agenda & Packet Materials
A.Call to Order - 6:00 PM This meeting will be held both in-person and also using an online videoconferencing system. You can join this meeting: Via Video Conference: Click the Register link, enter the required information, and click submit. Click Join Now to enter the meeting. Via Phone: This is for listening only if you cannot watch the stream, channel 190, or attend in- person United States Toll +1-650-479-3208 Access code: 2559 445 9578 B.Disclosures C.Changes to the Agenda D.Approval of Minutes D.1 Approve the March 8, 2023 Sustainability Board Meeting Minutes (Chipouras) E.Public Comments This is the time to comment on any matter falling within the scope of the Sustainability Board. There will also be time in conjunction with each agenda item for public comment relating to that item but you may only speak once per topic. Please note, the Board cannot take action on any item which does not appear on the agenda. All persons addressing the Board shall speak in a civil THE SUSTAINABILITY BOARD OF BOZEMAN, MONTANA SB AGENDA Wednesday, April 12, 2023 General information about the Sustainability Board can be found in our Laserfiche repository. If you are interested in commenting in writing on items on the agenda please send an email to agenda@bozeman.net or by visiting the Public Comment Page prior to 12:00pm on the day of the meeting. Public comments will also be accepted in-person and through Video Conference during the appropriate agenda items. As always, the meeting will be streamed through the Commission's video page and available in the City on cable channel 190. For more information please contact Jon Henderson, jon.henderson@bozeman.net 1 and courteous manner and members of the audience shall be respectful of others. Please state your name and place of residence in an audible tone of voice for the record and limit your comments to three minutes. General public comments to the Board can be found on their Laserfiche repository page. F.Special Presentations F.1 2020 Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory - Special Presentation (Meier / Meyer) G.FYI/Discussion G.1 Community and Neighborhood Resilience Programming Work Session #2 - Wildfire and Extreme Heat Outreach(Chipouras) H.Adjournment This board generally meets on the second Wednesday of the month 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm. Citizen Advisory Board meetings are open to all members the public. If you have a disability and require assistance, please contact our ADA coordinator, Mike Gray at 406-582-3232 (TDD 406-582-2301). 2 Memorandum REPORT TO:Sustainability Board FROM:Ali Chipouras, Sustainability Program Specialist Natalie Meyer, Sustainability Program Manager Jon Henderson, Strategic Services Director SUBJECT:Approve the March 8, 2023 Sustainability Board Meeting Minutes MEETING DATE:April 12, 2023 AGENDA ITEM TYPE:Citizen Advisory Board/Commission RECOMMENDATION:Approve the March 8, 2023 Sustainability Board Meeting Minutes STRATEGIC PLAN:1.2 Community Engagement: Broaden and deepen engagement of the community in city government, innovating methods for inviting input from the community and stakeholders. BACKGROUND:In accordance with Commission Resolution 5323 and the City of Bozeman's Citizen Advisory Board Manual, all Boards must have minutes taken and approved. Prepared minutes will be provided for approval by the board at the next scheduled meeting. Staff will make any corrections identified to the minutes before submitting them to the City Clerk's Office. UNRESOLVED ISSUES:None. ALTERNATIVES:As recommended by the Board. FISCAL EFFECTS:None. Attachments: 03-08-2023 Sustainability Advisory Board Meeting Minutes.pdf Report compiled on: April 7, 2023 3 Bozeman Sustainability Citizen Advisory Board Meeting Minutes, 3/8/2023 Page 1 of 2 THE SUSTAINABILITY CITIZEN ADVISORY BOARD MEETING OF BOZEMAN, MONTANA MINUTES 3/8/2023 General information about the Sustainability Board can be found in our Laserfiche repository. A) 00:00:18 Call to Order - 6:00 PM Present: Lumay Murphy, Matt Thompson, Emma Bode, Rebecca Kurnick, Kristin Blackler, Terry Cunningham, Douglas Fischer Absent: Isabel Shaida B) 00:02:58 Disclosures • There were no disclosures. C) 00:03:14 Changes to the Agenda • There were no changes to the agenda. D) 00:03:21 Approval of Minutes D.1 Approve the January 11, 2023 Sustainability Board Meeting Minutes Minutes for the Sustainability Advisory Board 01-11-2023 .pdf 00:04:06 Motion to approve D) Approval of Minutes Kristin Blackler: Motion Lumay Murphy: 2nd Approve: Lumay Murphy Matt Thompson Emma Bode Rebecca Kurnick Kristin Blackler Douglas Fischer 4 Bozeman Sustainability Citizen Advisory Board Meeting Minutes, 3/8/2023 Page 2 of 2 Disapprove: None E) 00:04:11 Public Comments • There were no public comments. F) 00:05:01 Special Presentations F.1 00:05:05 Gallatin Valley Sensitive Lands Protection Plan - Introduction Sensitive Lands Summary.pdf Request for Proposals.pdf Logan Simpson Proposal.pdf Scope of Work.pdf Community Engagement Plan.pdf Literature Review.pdf Constituent Interview Summary.pdf Survey Report.pdf Model Fact Sheet.pdf Gallatin Valley Sensitive Lands Protection Plan Slides • Strategic Services Director Jon Henderson presented an update on the Gallatin Valley Sensitive Lands Protection Plan. G) 01:03:36 FYI/Discussion G.1 01:10:12 Food System Stakeholder and Priority Mapping Work Session #2 Draft Scope of Services Local Food System Preliminary Mapping Project.pdf Local Food System Preliminary Mapping Project Slides • Sustainability Specialist Ali Chipouras presented an overview of the approach to the Local Food System Preliminary Mapping Project. The project has not yet started. The board asked questions and provided feedback. H) 01:42:42 Adjournment This board generally meets on the second Wednesday of the month 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm. 5 Memorandum REPORT TO:Sustainability Board FROM:Jon Henderson, Strategic Services Director SUBJECT:2020 Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory - Special Presentation MEETING DATE:April 12, 2023 AGENDA ITEM TYPE:Citizen Advisory Board/Commission RECOMMENDATION:2020 Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory - Special Presentation STRATEGIC PLAN:6.3 Climate Action: Reduce community and municipal Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, increase the supply of clean and renewable energy; foster related businesses. BACKGROUND:The 2020 Bozeman Climate Plan includes the following goals: Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions 26% Below 2008 Levels by 2025 100% Net Clean Electricity by 2030 Achieve Carbon Neutrality by 2050 To track progress and inform future programming, the City of Bozeman entered into a contract with Lotus Sustainability & Engineering on June 28, 2022, to complete a community greenhouse gas emissions inventory within the City of Bozeman boundary. The inventory was completed according to the methodology and reporting template outlined in the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GPC) standards at the BASIC+ level in a manner that is complete, consistent, transparent, and accurate. In addition to estimating emissions, the 2020 inventory includes the City’s first assessment of carbon sequestration. Moving forward, the City has committed to completing a community inventory every two years. Rachel Meier from Lotus Engineering & Sustainability will present a summary of the inventory and carbon sequestration analysis. UNRESOLVED ISSUES:None. ALTERNATIVES:As suggested by the Sustainability Citizen Advisory Board. FISCAL EFFECTS:None. 6 Attachments: Bozeman_2020_GHGReport_FinalDraft.pdf Report compiled on: April 7, 2023 7 City of Bozeman 2020 Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Report DRAFT8 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I INTRODUCTION 1 Note on COVID-19 Impacts 2 AN OVERVIEW OF 2020 EMISSIONS 3 Emissions By Scope 3 Per Capita Emissions 4 Emissions By Sector 4 Stationary Energy 5 Transportation 6 Waste and Wastewater 7 Industrial Processes and Product Use 8 BASIC+ Emissions 9 Transmission and Distribution Losses 9 Transboundary Aviation 9 Emissions by Source 10 YEAR-OVER-YEAR COMPARISON 12 Year-Over-Year Emissions 12 Year-Over-Year Emissions by Sector 13 Year-Over-year Per Capita Emissions 14 CARBON SEQUESTRATION 15 Terms and Definitions 18 Methodology and Results 18DRAFT 9 SUMMARY 21 TABLE OF TABLES Table 1. Annual greenhouse gas emission intensities in Bozeman, the US, and globally. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Table 2. Bozeman’s 2020 greenhouse gas emissions by sector and source. ....................... 11 Table 3. Detailed contributing factors to GHG emissions increases and decreases between the 2018 and 2020 inventories. ..........................................................................................................16 Table 4. Annual carbon flux within the Bozeman city boundary. ................................................... 19 Table 5. Summary of greenhouse gas emissions factors. .................................................................... 1 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure ES 1. 2020 greenhouse gas emissions by sector. .......................................................................... i Figure ES 2. Total greenhouse gas emissions between 2008-2020 and the City of Bozeman’s 2025 emissions reduction goal (mt CO2e). .......................................................................... ii Figure ES 3. Annual per capita greenhouse gas emissions and population growth from 2008-2020. ............................................................................................................................................................................... ii Figure ES 4. US greenhouse gas emissions over time (via New York Times). ........................ iii Figure 1. Bozeman City Limits 2 Figure 2. 2020 greenhouse gas emissions by scope. 4 Figure 3. Bozeman’s 2020 stationary energy use sector greenhouse gas emissions. 6 Figure 4. Bozeman’s 2020 transportation sector greenhouse gas emissions. 7 Figure 5. Bozeman's 2020 waste sector greenhouse gas emissions. 8 Figure 6. Bozeman’s 2020 greenhouse gas emissions by sector and source. 10 Figure 7. Changes in GHG emissions between inventories. Red arrows indicate an increase in emissions from the previous inventory, while green arrows indicate a decrease in emissions from the previous inventory. 13 Figure 8. Year-over-year greenhouse gas emissions by sector (2008-2020). 14 Figure 9. Year-over-year per capita greenhouse gas emissions and population (2008- 2020). 14 Figure 10. Population increases between 2010-2020 in select Montana cities and unincorporated areas. 15 Figure 11. Contributing factors to GHG emissions increases and decreases between the 2018 and 2020 inventories. 16 Figure 12. National trends in greenhouse gas emissions between 2005-2021. 17 Cover Photo from Unsplash.DRAFT10 Page | i Executive Summary The natural surroundings of Bozeman are integral to the community’s quality of life and economy; the clean environment benefits residents and visitors alike. While climate disruption continues to impact southwest Montana’s ecosystems, water resources, public health, agriculture, and tourist economy, the City of Bozeman’s 2020 Climate Plan offers a path forward to ensure a more vibrant future for all residents. Bozeman has set a community- wide goal of reaching carbon neutrality by 2050, and the pathway to this goal includes reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 26% below 2008 levels by 2025 and transitioning to 100% net clean electricity by 2030. Bozeman measures greenhouse gas emissions bi- annually to monitor progress towards these goals and to better understand effective interventions. The following report summarizes the City of Bozeman’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2020, including an analysis of emission sources, trends, and an estimate of biological carbon sequestration. Bozeman developed a 2020 greenhouse gas emissions inventory to track progress toward reduction goals. Bozeman’s 2020 GHG emissions totaled 548,746 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (mt CO2e) inclusive of all GHG emissions generated in Bozeman from building energy use, transportation, and waste. In 2020, building energy emissions were the largest contributor to Bozeman’s GHG emissions, comprising 58% of total emissions. Transportation emissions comprised 32% of total emissions, waste emissions comprised 10%, and refrigerant leakage emissions comprised 0.2%. See Figure ES 1. National trends follow a similar pattern with building energy representing the largest emissions sector followed by the transportation sector. Bozeman’s total emissions have increased 5% from the baseline year of 2008. See Figure ES 2. A key contributing factor to the overall increase in emissions since 2008 is population growth within the City of Bozeman and surrounding areas. Bozeman’s per capita emissions have decreased 30% from 2008 while population has increased 36%. See Figure ES 3. Figure ES 1. 2020 greenhouse gas emissions by sector. DRAFT11 Page | ii Figure ES 2. Total greenhouse gas emissions between 2008-2020 and the City of Bozeman’s 2025 emissions reduction goal (mt CO2e). Figure ES 3. Annual per capita greenhouse gas emissions and population growth from 2008-2020. DRAFT12 Page | iii Total emissions in Bozeman decreased by 10% in 2020 from the recent inventory in 2018. See Figure ES2. Changes between 2018 and 2020 reflect similar shifts in emissions patterns across the country. As shown in Figure ES 4, trends in US emissions decreased between 2018-2020 in the transportation, electricity, and buildings sectors. These decreases are believed to be strongly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2020 GHG inventory reflects the City’s advancement toward its climate goals. However, continuous action is needed to meet the City’s goals and secure a more sustainable future. Figure ES 4. US greenhouse gas emissions over time (via New York Times). DRAFT13 Page | 1 Introduction To help Bozeman reach its carbon neutrality goals, the City has completed a community wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory to measure and identify sources of emissions within the community. GHG emissions are heat-trapping gases that contribute to climate change through atmospheric warming. The primary GHG emissions are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and fluorinated gases – hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). While carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide come from a variety of natural sources, human-related emissions of these gases are responsible for the substantial increase that has occurred in the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution. Today, global greenhouse gas emissions are higher than at any time during the last 650,000 years.1 Human-related GHG emissions are often produced as a result of burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil) for buildings and transportation, industrial activity, agriculture, solid waste decomposition, wastewater treatment, and other activities. Lotus Engineering and Sustainability, LLC (Lotus) was hired to complete the 2020 calendar year community wide GHG emissions inventory. The inventory was developed using the standard methodology outlined in the Global Protocol for Community-Scale GHG Inventories (GPC) for a BASIC inventory. BASIC inventories include emissions generated from building energy, transportation, and waste. Additional emission sources (sometimes referred to as BASIC+ sources), such as electricity transmission and distribution (T&D) losses and transboundary aviation,2 were included in the 2020 inventory. Unless otherwise noted, all emission totals in this report include BASIC+ sources. See the subsection titled BASIC+ Emissions for more information. This report also estimates the annual carbon flux of the land within Bozeman’s city boundary and forest land property. See subsection Carbon Sequestration for more information. The following report reviews 2020 GHG emissions sectors and sources, and progress toward Bozeman’s climate goals. 1 What are the greenhouse gas changes since the Industrial Revolution? ACS Climate Science Toolkit: https://www.acs.org/climatescience/greenhousegases/industrialrevolution.html 2 Per the GPC protocol, “The transportation emissions from large regional transit hubs (e.g., airports or seaports) serving the city, but outside of the geographic boundary, should be counted in scope 3. These emissions are driven by activities within the city and should be included to provide a more holistic view of the city’s transportation sector.” DRAFT14 Page | 2 Moving forward the City has committed to publicly reporting emissions every two years with the next inventory reflecting 2022. Greenhouse gas inventories help the City monitor emissions trends and recognize reduction opportunities. Inventory Boundary Per the GPC, communities shall establish a geographic boundary that identifies the spatial dimensions or physical perimeter of the inventory’s boundary. The boundary for the Bozeman inventory reflects the physical City limits (Figure 1). Figure 1. Bozeman City Limits Note on COVID-19 Impacts While Bozeman’s total emissions decreased from 2018 to 2020, it is important to note that 2020 is an outlier year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. National trends saw reduced travel, decreased commercial energy usage, and increased waste disposal. With more people working from home and traveling less, there were fewer commuting and air travel emissions. As businesses slowed and closed operations, commercial building energy emissions decreased. Increased use and disposal of single-use items significantly increased waste emissions. The 2020 drop in national and local emissions does not necessarily represent a new normal and it is unlikely these reductions will be durable without sustained systemic change. DRAFT15 Page | 3 An Overview of 2020 Emissions Emissions By Scope Emission sources fall into one of three scope categories, which vary depending on the emissions point of release in relation to the city boundary. • Scope 1 includes GHG emissions from sources within the city boundary, such as building fuel use (other than electricity), vehicle activity within the City, and compost deposited within city limits. ● Scope 2 includes emissions from the use of grid-supplied electricity, heat, steam, and cooling within the city boundary. The only scope 2 emission source for Bozeman is grid-supplied electricity, including electric use by electric vehicles. ● Scope 3 emissions include all other GHG emissions occurring outside the city as a result of activities within the City boundary. For example, landfilled waste is a scope 3 emission for Bozeman, as waste generated in Bozeman is taken to be disposed of outside the city boundary. Scope 1 emissions accounted for 58% of Bozeman’s total emissions (317,702 mt CO2e). On- road vehicle fuel combustion, residential natural gas usage, and commercial and industrial electricity usage were the three largest contributors to scope 1 emissions in 2020. Scope 2 emissions from grid-supplied electricity made up 26% of total emissions from the City (142,096 mt CO2e). Scope 3 emissions made up 16% of Bozeman’s emissions (88,949 mt CO2e), with landfilled waste and emissions from the Yellowstone/Bozeman International Airport making up the majority of scope 3 emissions. Figure 2 shows the percentage of emissions from each scope.3 3 As noted above, additional Scope 3 emission sources (sometimes referred to as BASIC+ sources) from transmission and distribution (T&D) losses and transboundary aviation were calculated for the 2020 inventory. See the subsection titled BASIC+ Emissions for more information. DRAFT16 Page | 4 Figure 2. 2020 greenhouse gas emissions by scope. Normalized Emissions Bozeman’s population of 53,293 in 2020, emissions per resident were approximately 10.3 mt CO2e. Bozeman per capita emissions are lower than US average emissions per capita by approximately 30%. The lower per capita emissions rate is driven by lower industry-related emissions as compared to other cities, as well as newer and more efficient buildings. Per capita emission intensities are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Annual greenhouse gas emission intensities in Bozeman, the US, and globally. Metric 2018 Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions (mt CO2e) 2020 Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions (mt CO2e) Bozeman per capita 12.5 10.3 National per capita4 15.81 13.47 International per capita4 4.79 4.5 Emissions By Sector Emissions sectors are the broad categories of activities that result in GHG emissions. Bozeman’s inventory is split into the following emissions sectors: ● Stationary Energy: emissions sourced from buildings (electricity and natural gas usage), propane and diesel combustion, and transmission and distribution losses (T&D). 4 National and international annual per capita emissions data are from Statista; data are from 2018 & 2020. DRAFT17 Page | 5 ● Transportation: emissions originating from gas and diesel vehicles, aviation, transit and electric vehicles, and T&D losses from electric vehicles. ● Solid Waste and Wastewater Treatment: emissions released from organic material, solid waste this is inclusive of transportation, collection, and processing of waste. ● Industrial Processes and Product Use: emissions stemming from refrigerant leaks in building heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Each sector contains individual sources, which represent the specific activities resulting in the emissions. Emissions sectors and the sources within them are further discussed in the following subsections. A summary of emissions from BASIC+ emissions, which captures all scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions sources, is included following the emission sector summaries. STATIONARY ENERGY Emissions from stationary energy accounted for 57 percent of Bozeman’s total GHG emissions (315,412 mt CO2e). The stationary energy sector includes emissions from buildings, primarily from electricity and natural gas usage. Other sources of stationary energy emissions include propane and diesel combustion, as well as T&D losses. Fugitive emissions, or emissions from the sourcing, transport, and leakage of natural gas, are also included. Figure 3 breaks down the specific sources of stationary energy emissions. Overall, electricity use, including T&D losses, accounted for 48% (150,733 mt CO2e) of stationary energy emissions, and natural gas use, including fugitive emissions, made up 51% (160,645 mt CO2e). Propane, residential wood, and stationary diesel together accounted for the remaining stationary energy emissions. DRAFT18 Page | 6 Figure 3. Bozeman’s 2020 stationary energy use sector greenhouse gas emissions. Splitting energy use by building type provides a more detailed understanding of the sources contributing to stationary energy emissions. In 2020, commercial buildings (e.g., shops, offices, hotels, warehouses, and other places of business) accounted for 56% of Bozeman’s stationary energy emissions (175,646 mt CO2e), while homes made up 44% of stationary energy emissions (139,765 mt CO2e). Commercial natural gas usage was the largest source of stationary energy emissions (91,589 mt CO2e). Commercial building emissions decreased by 13% from 2018 while residential building emissions decreased by 3% over the same period. This is largely due to COVID-19 impacts and restrictions that prevented employees from working from the office and students from attending school and forced them to work and learn from home instead. TRANSPORTATION The transportation sector accounted for 32 percent of Bozeman’s total GHG emissions (177,593 mt CO2e). Figure 4 provides a breakdown of the contributing sources to emissions from the transportation sector. Emissions from gasoline vehicles (including emissions from ethanol) made up 53% of transportation emissions (95,008 mt CO2e) and diesel vehicles made up 24% (41,932 mt CO2e). Aviation emissions made up 23% of transportation emissions (39,999 DRAFT19 Page | 7 mt CO2e).5 Together, transit vehicles, electric vehicles, and T&D losses from electric vehicle charging made up under one percent of total transportation emissions. Between 2018-2020, transportation emissions decreased by 23%. These reductions can be attributed to COVID-19 impacts and restrictions that limited travel within Bozeman and across the country. This trend mirrors the National trend in transportation emissions between 2018-2020, see Figure 10. The high emissions stemming from gas and diesel vehicles (77%) mirrors national trends, the data conveys an opportunity for more sustainable travel. Figure 4. Bozeman’s 2020 transportation sector greenhouse gas emissions. WASTE AND WASTEWATER Waste and wastewater emissions made up nine percent of Bozeman’s total 2020 emissions (54,846 mt CO2e). The solid waste generated in Bozeman is disposed of outside the City boundary at Logan Landfill. Some organic material is taken outside of the City boundary for composting, while other organic material is composted within City limits. Solid waste from residential, commercial, and industrial sources made up 67% of total waste and wastewater emissions (36,733 mt CO2e). The closed Story Landfill comprised 26% of total waste and wastewater emissions (14,388 mt CO2e) where methane from historically landfilled organic materials is 5 Per the GPC protocol, transboundary aviation is defined as “The transportation emissions from large regional transit hubs (e.g., airports or seaports) serving the city, but outside of the geographic boundary, should be counted in scope 3. These emissions are driven by activities within the city and should be included to provide a more holistic view of the city’s transportation sector.” DRAFT20 Page | 8 captured, flared, and converted to CO2 before it is emitted into the atmosphere. Emissions from the transport, collection, and processing of waste made up 5% of total waste emissions (2,953 mt CO2e) and compost made up 1% of total waste emissions (501 mt CO2e). Composting organic materials, like yard residuals and kitchen scraps, reduces emissions compared to landfilling. Solid waste emissions increased in 2020 from 2018 by 70% due to several changes. The largest driver in the emissions change was the updated global warming potential for methane, which increased the impact of methane emissions by 6%. The global warming potential of methane is the amount of impact that one metric ton of the greenhouse gas methane has on global warming compared to one metric ton of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Every metric ton of methane emitted creates the same amount of atmospheric warming as 29.8 metric tons of carbon dioxide. Methane is the primary greenhouse gas emitted when solid waste decomposes. Other smaller factors including COVID-19 impacts on the landfilling of waste and the increase in population also contributed to the emissions rise in 2020. Wastewater treatment was negligible in terms of total emissions (0.5% of waste emissions and 280 mt CO2e, Figure 5). All wastewater produced in Bozeman is treated at the Bozeman Water Reclamation Facility within the city boundaries. Wastewater treatment emissions are mostly impacted by population, the volume of wastewater treated, and treatment processes at the facility. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE Emissions from refrigerant leaks in building HVAC systems are the only source included in the industrial processes and product use sector for Bozeman. In 2020, emissions from refrigerant Figure 5. Bozeman's 2020 waste sector greenhouse gas emissions. DRAFT21 Page | 9 leaks made up 0.2% of Bozeman’s total emissions (886 mt CO2e). These emissions were estimated assuming that 25% of Bozeman's commercial square footage is refrigerated and a standard 5% leakage rate based on IPCC refrigerant leakage emissions methodologies. Refrigerant leaks in building HVAC systems, beyond their emissions impact, can have significant negative effects on human health as harmful chemicals and substances are released with leaks. BASIC+ Emissions As noted in the introduction, BASIC+ sources from electricity transmission and distribution (T&D) losses and transboundary aviation were calculated for the 2020 inventory. Together these sources accounted for 48,908 mt CO2e, approximately 9% of overall emissions. TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LOSSES T&D losses represent electricity that is generated but does not reach intended customers due to inefficiencies in the transmission and distribution systems. The T&D loss rate is estimated by the utility, NorthWestern Energy. These losses can range year-to-year and can be reduced through the utility making upgrades to the grid. In 2020, it was estimated that 6.27% of electricity did not make it to the intended customer resulting in approximately 21 million kWh lost on the way to Bozeman. The total emissions from these losses are 8,909 mt CO2e. TRANSBOUNDARY AVIATION Emissions from Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport are considered transboundary aviation emissions due to the airport being outside the City boundary. Per the GPC protocol, “The transportation emissions from large regional transit hubs (e.g., airports or seaports) serving the city, but outside of the geographic boundary, should be counted in scope 3. These emissions are driven by activities within the city and should be included to provide a more holistic view of the city’s transportation sector.”6 Of the airport’s total 2020 emissions, 39,999 mt CO2e were attributable to the City of Bozeman (7% of total emissions). Traditionally, Bozeman has worked with the airport to determine the proportion of the airport’s activity that occurs as a result of Bozeman’s residents. For this inventory, Bozeman assumes that 46.7% of Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport emissions are attributable to residents of the city. 6 See page 72: https://www.ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/ghgp/standards/GHGP_GPC_0.pdf. DRAFT22 Page | 10 Emissions by Source Figure 6 shows the percentage of emissions produced by each sector and source, while Table 2 displays the quantity of emissions. Emissions from each sector are described in more detail in the previous sections. The largest sources of Bozeman’s emissions are on-road gasoline and commercial natural gas use, each comprising 17% of total emissions. The next largest emissions source is commercial electricity usage, comprising 14% of total emissions. Figure 6. Bozeman’s 2020 greenhouse gas emissions by sector and source. DRAFT23 Page | 11 Table 2. Bozeman’s 2020 greenhouse gas emissions by sector and source. Emissions Sources Scope Emissions (mtCO2e) Percent Residential Fuel Use 1, 2,3 139,765 25% Residential Electricity 2 67,369 12% Residential Natural Gas 1 63,667 12% Residential Propane 1 2,062 0.4% Residential Wood 1 233 0.04% Fugitive Emissions 1 2,210 0.4% Transmission/Distribution Losses 3 4,224 1% Commercial Energy 1, 2,3 175,646 32% Commercial Electricity 2 74,470 13.5% Commercial Natural Gas 1 91,589 17% Commercial Propane 1 1,671 0.3% Commercial Diesel 1 68 0.01% Fugitive Emissions 1 3,179 1% Transmission/Distribution Losses 3 4,669 0.5% Transportation 1, 2, 3 177,593 32% On-Road Gasoline 1 95,008 17% On-Road Diesel 1 41,932 8% On-Road Electricity 2 272 0.05% Transit 1 381 0.1% Aviation 3 39,999 7% Waste 1, 3 54,856 10% Landfilled 3 36,733 7% Compost 1,3 501 0.1% Closed Landfill 1 14,388 3% Waste Transport, Collection, and Processing 3 2,953 0.5% DRAFT24 Page | 12 Wastewater 1 280 0.05% Industrial Processes and Product Use 1 886 0.2% Refrigerant Leaks 1 886 0.2% Total 548,746 100% Year-Over-Year Comparison New Emissions Sources in 2020 For this iteration of the inventory, new emissions data was available for the following sources: commercial stationary diesel use and refrigerant use. The methodology for estimating residential and commercial propane was modified from previous inventories that used national and statewide statistical data to estimate usage. In 2020, propane consumption was estimated based on usage estimates from one of the primary propane providers in Bozeman. Data from these sources was found to be reliable and replicable and was therefore included in the 2020 inventory. See Appendix A for specific data sources. It should be noted that this inventory uses the most recent global warming potentials (GWP) for methane and nitrous oxide from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Sixth Assessment Report. The methane GWP increased from 28 to 29.8 and nitrous oxide GWP increased from 265 to 273. Year-Over-Year Emissions Bozeman has faced the local challenge of rapid population growth and development, along with the national challenge of COVID-19, which influenced emissions in 2020. Year over year comparisons help Bozeman better understand patterns overtime to create effective change (Figure 7). Bozeman’s total emissions have increased 5% since the baseline year of 2008, but the trend has fluctuated. Bozeman saw increased emissions from 2008-2012, which was followed by decreased emissions from 2012-2016. This was largely due to a reduction in the carbon intensity of grid supplied electricity and commercial building efficiency improvements. The increase in emissions from 2016-2018 was largely related to population DRAFT25 Page | 13 growth, and the decrease in emissions from 2018-2020 was influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Figure 7. Changes in GHG emissions between inventories. Red arrows indicate an increase in emissions from the previous inventory, while green arrows indicate a decrease in emissions from the previous inventory. Year-Over-Year Emissions by Sector Since 2008 solid waste emissions increased 69% and transportation emissions increased 16%, primarily due to the increased Global Warming Potential (GWP) of methane and increase of Vehicle Miles Traveled within the City boundary. Other sectors have been decreasing overtime including: wastewater treatment emissions decreased 70%, commercial and industrial building energy usage emissions increased 6%, and residential building energy usage emissions decreased 18% (Figure 8). The decreasing emissions are largely attributed to more efficient commercial buildings and the reduced use of commercial buildings during the COVID-19 pandemic. DRAFT26 Page | 14 Compared to the most recent inventory year of 2018, Bozeman’s total emissions have decreased 10%. Between these two years, solid waste emissions increased 70%, residential building energy usage emissions decreased 3%, commercial and industrial building energy usage emissions decreased 13%, wastewater treatment emissions decreased 7%, and transportation emissions decreased 23%. The fluctuations since 2018 follow national trends of emissions reductions due to COVID-19 in each sector. Per Capita Emissions In contrast to total emissions, Bozeman’s per capita emissions have decreased 30% from the baseline year (Figure 9). Between 2020 and 2018, per capita emissions decreased 18% while Bozeman’s population increased by 36% (from 39,324 to 53,293). This means that residents are generating fewer emissions per person in 2020 compared to 2018. Since Bozeman’s 2008 baseline inventory year, the City of Bozeman’s population has experienced sustained and rapid growth. The City’s population increased by 43% between 2010 and 2020 (Figure 10). During Figure 9. Year-over-year per capita greenhouse gas emissions and population (2008-2020). Figure 8. Year-over-year greenhouse gas emissions by sector (2008-2020). DRAFT27 Page | 15 this same period, the cities and unincorporated areas surrounding Bozeman grew at a comparable rate or faster. This regional growth contributes directly to traffic and economic activity in Bozeman, which influence emissions. Other major cities in Montana, such as Missoula, Helena, and Whitefish, have also experienced significant growth, but at a comparatively lower rate. Other Drivers of Emissions Changes While COVID-19 pandemic impacts drove a large portion of the emissions reductions between 2018-2020, there were other forces at play which also contributed to changes in emissions. Energy use and other input data were analyzed for their influence on emissions changes. Between 2018-2020, larger drivers of emissions increases were the growth in population, increase in number of jobs, increases in waste generation, and a slightly warmer summer. Drivers of emissions reductions between the two years include decreased vehicle miles traveled per person, a cleaner electric fuels mix, and a warmer winter. See Figure 11 and Table 3. Note that several emissions sources were not analyzed by the ICLEI Contribution Analysis tool, such as aviation, transit, and wastewater treatment, as these sources are more nuanced and require a more complex analysis to determine their impact on emissions trends. Figure 10. Population increases between 2010-2020 in select Montana cities and unincorporated areas. DRAFT28 Page | 16 Table 3. Detailed contributing factors to GHG emissions increases and decreases between the 2018 and 2020 inventories. Contributing Factor Emissions Change (mt CO2e) Growth in population 50,156 Waste model difference 33,678 Growth in employment 13,199 Increased therms per household 2,217 Refrigerants 886 Hotter summer 396 EVs 256 Fugitive Emissions 210 Stationary Diesel 68 Compost 12 Wastewater -23 Aviation -848 Residential Wood -1,082 T&D Losses -1,404 Heating fuels mix -2,064 Figure 11. Contributing factors to GHG emissions increases and decreases between the 2018 and 2020 inventories. DRAFT29 Page | 17 More households using electric heat -2,322 Warmer winter -4,889 Decreased commercial therms per job -9,491 Decreased on-road emissions per mile -11,625 Decreased waste generation per person -13,317 Decreased commercial kWh per job -14,091 Decreased kWh per household -21,209 Electricity fuel mix -21,371 Off-road -25,178 Decreased VMT per person -28,746 Comparison with National Trends City of Bozeman emissions were reduced by 10% between 2018-2020. The building energy and transportation sectors decreased emissions while the waste sector emissions increased. These trends mirror trends at the National level. In the US, emissions also decreased between 2018-2020 and saw significant COVID-related decreases to the transportation sector and positive impacts of the greening of the electricity grid on electricity sector emissions (Figure 12). National data from 2021 suggests that GHG emissions will likely increase as the world recovers from the COVID- 19 pandemic. Carbon Sequestration Figure 12. National trends in greenhouse gas emissions between 2005- 2021. DRAFT30 Page | 18 Bozeman’s parks and urban forests provide a myriad of ecosystem benefits and services. Urban forests help filter air and water as well as provide cooling and public health benefits. They also perform a vital function of removing carbon dioxide out of the air, which is commonly referred to as sequestration. Terms and Definitions Biological carbon sequestration is the process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is taken up by plants through photosynthesis and stored as carbon in biomass and soils. The plants and soil that hold the carbon taken from the atmosphere make up a carbon sink. The quantity of carbon stored in the plants and soil is the carbon stock. Plants are continually taking in the carbon from the atmosphere and storing it. But when plants senesce, decompose, burn, or land changes from one cover type to another (i.e., from grassland to developments), carbon gets released back into the atmosphere. Known as the carbon cycle, the net difference of emissions (positive values) and removals (negative values) is referred to as the carbon flux. Ecosystems provide a natural carbon sink through trees, soils, grasslands, etc. Emissions from land and forests occur as part of the natural carbon cycle, but emissions can occur following disturbance events, such as fire, insects and diseases, or land-use changes. Typically, in the United States, land and forests are a net carbon sink, rather than a source of greenhouse gas emissions. Methodology To estimate Bozeman’s greenhouse gas emissions and removals from Bozeman’s land and forests, the ICLEI, Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) Land Emissions and Removal Navigator (LEARN) tool was used across Bozeman city limits. The ICLEI LEARN tool estimates the greenhouse gas balance of the carbon stock based on geospatial and cover type data (i.e., forest land, grassland, cropland, wetland, settlement, and other lands). Comparing two time periods provides an estimation of changes in both emissions and removals of carbon, i.e., the carbon flux. The boundary of the carbon stock analysis includes Bozeman city limits, the ICLEI LEARN tool applies emission and removal factors for both forests and trees outside of forests (urban tree canopy). Forest factor sets are applied to large tracts of trees that may be present in parks, flood plains, or other areas. Trees outside of forest factor sets are applied to the more sparsely spaced trees typical of residential streets. For Bozeman, only trees outside of forest factor sets were used, as there are no extensive forest areas within the city limits. Default urban forest emission and removal factors are provided from a benchmark city that is selected based on geography and climate. Casper, WY, was identified as the most similar DRAFT31 Page | 19 benchmark city, though it is comparatively drier and warmer than Bozeman. The land cover layer sourced data from the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) for the years 2011, 2013, 2016, and 2019 are at 30-meter resolution, and an overall accuracy of 86.6% at the Anderson Classification System, Level I vegetation classification. The tree canopy layer sourced data from the NLCD of those same years is also at 30-meter resolution, and the data contains percent tree canopy estimates as a continuous variable for each pixel across all land covers and types and are generated by the United States Forest Service (USFS). Gain or loss of tree canopy within the city limits is then applied to the appropriate emissions and removal factors to determine the carbon flux. Results Bozeman’s urban tree canopy over a nine-year period on average removed -1,559 metric tons of CO2e per year. The average emissions from Bozeman’s urban tree canopy forested land were 21 metric tons of CO2e per year. When carbon dioxide emissions are deducted from removals, the balance is -1,548 metric tons of carbon dioxide sequestered per year (Table 4). The LEARN tool reports uncertainty in the net greenhouse gas balance as high as +/- 45% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) largely attributed to the 30-meter resolution of the geospatial land cover data. In this dataset the confidence interval range for the net greenhouse gas balance on average ranges from -851 metric tons of CO2e per year to -2,204 metric tons of CO2e per year. In addition, the NLCD only contains trees outside of forest imagery for the years 2011 and 2016, thus the analysis of 2011 to 2013 and 2013 to 2016 have the same removals, emissions, and net balance numbers. The NLCD is expected to have 2019 trees outside of forest data soon but was not available for this analysis. Other ways to improve the data is to obtain high resolution tree canopy data from a third party, but that would still require two time periods of identical analysis to apply the change in urban tree canopy to the trees outside of forests emissions and removal factors. Table 4. Annual carbon flux within the Bozeman city boundary. City Boundary Total Removals (t CO2e/yr) Total Emissions (t CO2e/yr) Net GHG balance Average (2001-2019) -1,564 22 -1,547 High end range of +45% error -2,268 32 -2,243 Low end range of -45% error -860 12 -851 Based on current protocol guidance, Bozeman’s net greenhouse gas carbon stock balance of -1,548 metric tons of CO2e per year is provided for informational purposes and DRAFT32 Page | 20 was not deducted from Bozeman’s overall greenhouse gas emissions total of 548,746 metric tons CO2e. Beyond carbon sequestration, this analysis does not attempt to quantify the direct and indirect ecosystem benefits of parks and urban forests that create a healthy environment for residents and urban wildlife. Among the many co-benefits, trees intercept particulate matter and reduce air pollution, while providing shade that can reduce the urban heat island and the cooling load of buildings. Plants and soils also act as a filter before water enters streams and groundwater. These ecosystem benefits are interconnected to Bozeman’s quality of life and economy but are not quantified within the LEARN tool. Despite these limitations, the annual carbon sequestration estimates from the LEARN tool are a step towards quantifying the carbon flux of Bozeman’s urban natural systems over time and provide an indication of the local carbon sequestration potential. Since climate change impacts can lead to a decline in carbon stock through disturbance events such as insects and disease or high-intensity wildfire, understanding these impacts improves our ability to manage and protect Bozeman’s carbon stock. Examples of land management strategies to maintain carbon stocks may include enhancing species diversity of the urban forest and land use planning to minimize forest, grassland, and wetland conversion to other land cover types. From the LEARN tool analysis, the results provide a preliminary estimate of Bozeman’s carbon stock. In future years, the accuracy of the carbon stock estimate could be improved with higher resolution data and establishing urban forest emissions and removal factors specific to Bozeman. Knowledge of Bozeman’s carbon stock can help inform land management practices and enhancements that support natural climate solutions to reduce emissions and improve community resilience. While annual removals may seem small, it is critical to maintain and enhance existing urban tree canopy whenever possible. Disturbances such as insect infestations and removal of healthy urban trees can create larger "pulses" of emissions. Trees remain an essential tool in conserving existing carbon stock and ensuring a carbon flux with net removals. DRAFT33 Page | 21 Summary Bozeman’s 2020 GHG inventory illustrates the City’s progress toward its climate goals. Although Bozeman’s emissions have increased by 5% since the 2008 baseline, the City’s emissions decreased 10% from the most recent inventory in 2018 and per capita emissions declined by 18%. While this decrease may be attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic, the practical outcome is that the Bozeman community contributed fewer greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere in 2020. Measuring emissions helps Bozeman track progress and understand new opportunities to reduce our contribution to climate change. Monitoring emissions also builds an understanding of areas where we have agency, and areas that may require partnerships and collaboration. With accelerated emissions reductions, there is still an opportunity to achieve our community climate goals under the adopted framework of the 2020 Bozeman Climate Plan, which features solutions and actions to transition to low-carbon energy and transportation systems, pedestrian-oriented neighborhoods, and nature-based solutions for urban cooling and disaster resilience. DRAFT34 Page | 22 Appendix A: Data Sources Emissions Source Data Source Were Emissions Estimated or Calculated? Building Electricity Use NorthWestern Energy Calculated Building Natural Gas Use NorthWestern Energy Calculated Building Propane Use Amerigas Calculated Building Stationary Diesel Use US Census ACS House heating Fuel Survey data, Bozeman commercial square footage data, CBECS data, and US EIA unit conversions Estimated Fugitive Emissions from Natural Gas Leakage GPC Protocol default leakage rate (0.3%) Calculated Transmission & Distribution Losses NorthWestern Energy loss rate Calculated Vehicle Miles Traveled City of Bozeman and Montana Dept or Transportation Calculated Vehicle Registrations EPA State Inventory Tool Mobile Combustion Module Calculated Electric Vehicle Registrations Atlas EV Dashboard Calculated EV Transmission & Distribution Losses NorthWestern Energy loss rate Calculated Transit Fuel Use Human Resources Development Council Calculated Aviation Fuel Use Bozeman/Yellowstone International Airport Calculated Waste and compost tonnage Gallatin County Solid Waste, City of Bozeman Calculated Closed landfill emissions Estimated emissions depreciation rate via ICLEI Estimated Waste transport, collection, and processing emissions GPC Protocol methodology Calculated Wastewater City of Bozeman data for Bozeman WRF Calculated DRAFT35 Page | 23 Refrigerant Leaks Estimated from commercial square footage and standard assumptions and methodology from IPCC Estimated NorthWestern Energy Electric Emissions Factor NorthWestern Energy N/A DRAFT36 Page | 1 Appendix B: Emissions Factors See Table 5 for an overview of the emission factors that were used for calculations throughout the inventory. The Notes column provides details as to which emission factors need updated regularly. Table 5. Summary of greenhouse gas emissions factors. Stationary Energy Emission Factors—Electricity & Natural Gas Emission Source GHG Value Unit Source Notes Electricity CO2 0.419 mt CO2/MWh Shown in NorthWestern Energy's ESG/Sustainability Template under Montana Generation Statistics: Montana Owned + Long Term Contracts for 2020. https://www.northwesternenergy.com/docs/default- source/default-document-library/about-us/esg/eei-esg- template.pdf. See line 7.3.2.3 on page 10. Verify with each inventory. Likely that the CO2 emission factor will change annually. CH4 0.00003 mt CH4/MWh EPA's eGrid: eGRID 2020 summary tables, table 1, sub region NWPP. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2021- 02/documents/egrid2020_summary_tables.pdf Verify with each inventory. N2O 0.000004 mt N2O/MWh Natural Gas CO2 0.0053 mt CO2/therm 2013 ICLEI US Community Protocol, Appendix C CH4 0.0000005 mt CH4/therm DRAFT37 Page | 2 N2O 0.00000001 mt N2O/therm Stationary Diesel CO2 0.01 mt CO2/gallon ICLEI’s U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Community Protocol) – Appendix C: Built Environment Emission Activities and Sources, Version 1.1, July 2013: http://icleiusa.org/ghg-protocols/. Assumes distillate fuel oil number 2 and that diesel is primarily used in generators by the industrial sector. CH4 0.0000004 mt CH4/gallon N2O 0.0000001 mt N2O/gallon Propane CO2 0.006 mt CO2/gallon ICLEI’s U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Community Protocol) – Appendix C: Built Environment Emission Activities and Sources, Version 1.1, July 2013: http://icleiusa.org/ghg-protocols/. CH4 0.000001 mt CH4/gallon N2O 0.0000001 mt N2O/gallon Transportation Emission Factors—Ethanol, Gasoline, and Diesel Emission Source GHG Value Unit Source Notes Gasoline CO2 0.00878 mt CO2/gal EPA estimates as recommended by ICLEI (https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018- 03/documents/emission-factors_mar_2018_0.pdf). Based on vehicles that are 2008 to present or 2009 to present. Past years utilized ICLEI Appendix D numbers. Should remain constant but verify with each inventory. CH4 Varies by vehicle g/mile N2O Diesel CO2 0.01 mt CO2/gal EPA estimates as recommended by ICLEI (https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018- 03/documents/emission-factors_mar_2018_0.pdf). Based on CH4 Varies by vehicle g/mile DRAFT38 Page | 3 N2O vehicles that are 2008 to present or 2009 to present. Past years utilized ICLEI Appendix D numbers. Ethanol CO2 0.006 mt CO2/gal EPA estimates as recommended by ICLEI (https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018- 03/documents/emission-factors_mar_2018_0.pdf). Based on vehicles that are 2008 to present or 2009 to present. Past years utilized ICLEI Appendix D numbers. CH4 Varies by vehicle g/mile N2O Transit Emission Factors Emission Source GHG Value Unit Source Notes Diesel CO2 0.01 mt CO2/gal EPA estimates as recommended by ICLEI (https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018- 03/documents/emission-factors_mar_2018_0.pdf). Should remain constant but verify with each inventory. CH4 0.001 g CH4/mile EPA estimates as recommended by ICLEI (https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018- 03/documents/emission-factors_mar_2018_0.pdf). N2O 0.0015 g N2O/mile Aviation Emission Factors Emission Source GHG Value Unit Source Notes Jet fuel CO2 9.75 Kg CO2/gal Per guidance from ICLEI on emissions factors used in the ClearPath tool. Should remain constant but verify with each inventory. CH4 0.41 g CH4/gal N2O 0.08 g N2O/gal Aviation Gasoline CO2 8.31 kg CO2/gal Per guidance from ICLEI on emissions factors used in the ClearPath tool. CH4 0.36 g CH4/gal N2O 0.07 g N2O/gal Waste Emission Factors Emission Source GHG Value Unit Source Notes DRAFT39 Page | 4 Municipal Solid Waste CH4 Varies by waste type mt CH4/ ton waste 2013 ICLEI US Community Protocol, Appendix E Should remain constant but verify with each inventory. Recycled Waste CH4 Varies by waste type mt CH4/ ton waste ICLEI’s U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Community Protocol) – Recycling and Composting Emissions Protocol, Version 1.0, July 2013: Emission factors represent those for avoided emissions from a facility with no landfill gas capture. N2O mt N2O/ wet short ton waste Composted Waste CH4 0.00047 mt CH4/ ton waste Documentation for Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Factors Used in the Waste Reduction Model (WARM): https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016- 03/documents/warm_v14_management_practices.pdf. Assumes green waste. Values are adjusted to CH4 and N2O emission factors. N2O 0.00022 mt N2O/ ton waste CH4 0.00018 mt CH4/ ton waste Documentation for Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Factors Used in the Waste Reduction Model (WARM): https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016- 03/documents/warm_v14_management_practices.pdf. Assumes biowaste. Values are adjusted to CH4 and N2O emission factors. N2O 0.00013 mt N2O/ ton waste Wastewater CH4 Varies by treatment Varies 2013 ICLEI US Community Protocol, Appendix F N2O DRAFT40 Memorandum REPORT TO:Sustainability Board FROM:Jon Henderson, Strategic Services Director SUBJECT:Community and Neighborhood Resilience Programming Work Session #2 - Wildfire and Extreme Heat Outreach MEETING DATE:April 12, 2023 AGENDA ITEM TYPE:Citizen Advisory Board/Commission RECOMMENDATION:Community and Neighborhood Resilience Programming Work Session #2 - Wildfire and Extreme Heat Outreach STRATEGIC PLAN:6.3 Climate Action: Reduce community and municipal Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, increase the supply of clean and renewable energy; foster related businesses. BACKGROUND:On October 12, 2022 City staff provided a brief presentation to the Sustainability Citizen Advisory Board on key themes and goals of current efforts to improve community and neighborhood resilience through outreach efforts related to enduring wildfire smoke and extreme heat. This work builds on the 2019 Vulnerability Assessment and Resiliency Strategy , and provides actionable steps community members can take to mitigate and adapt to potential hazards, as stated in Actions 3.G.3, 3.H.3, and 3.I.1 of the 2020 Bozeman Climate Plan. Ali Chipouras, the City's Sustainability Program Specialist, will provide a brief presentation on materials developed to engage residents about the steps they can take to prepare their homes ahead of hot summer days and times when wildfire smoke is prevalent, in addition to strategies that can help improve indoor air quality and home comfort while also improving energy efficiency. The Sustainability Citizen Advisory Board will be asked to provide feedback to staff on how the City might reach more residents, including any additional resources that would be beneficial to the community. More information on home energy audits, weatherization, and rebates can be found on the City's Sustainability Division website. UNRESOLVED ISSUES:None. ALTERNATIVES:As suggested by the Sustainability Citizen Advisory Board. 41 FISCAL EFFECTS:None. Attachments: Home Resiliency Outreach 2023.pdf Report compiled on: April 7, 2023 42 BEAT THE HEAT Tips to prepare your home and protect yourself against hot days so you can chill all summer long. TIGHTEN UP ·Insulate and air seal your attic. ·Caulk and weatherstrip around doors and windows. OPEN AND SHUT ·Consider window shades or awnings to block the summer sun. ·Make sure windows are closed when the air conditioner is running. ·Open windows to let cool air in at night if outdoor air quality is safe. ·Check local air quality at todaysair.mtdeq.us. ACE YOUR AC ·When exploring cooling options, consider installing a heat pump. ·Heat pumps are an all-in-one solution for heating AND cooling. ·Learn more about heat pump options and how to find the best ENERGY STAR© rated cooling options for your home at www.bozeman.net/sustainability. TAKE ADVANTAGE OF REBATES ·NorthWestern Energy offers rebates for air source heat pumps, air purifiers, and more. ·Stay up-to-date on other rebates, tax credits, and financing options by visiting www.bozeman. net/sustainability BE AWARE, SHOW YOU CARE ·If you have neighbors in sensitive health groups, check on them. For more tips and resources, visit www.bozeman.net/sustainabilitySustainability 43 PREP NOW AND BREATHE EASY THIS SUMMER. This winter, prepare your home to stay cooler this summer and mitigate the impacts of unhealthy air quality from wildfires. TIGHTEN UP ·Insulate and air seal your attic. ·Caulk and weatherstrip around doors and windows. TAKE ADVANTAGE OF REBATES ·NorthWestern Energy offers rebates for air source heat pumps, air purifiers, and more. ·Stay up-to-date on other rebates, tax credits, and financing options by visiting www.bozeman.net/sustainability ACE YOUR AC ·When exploring cooling options, consider installing a heat pump. ·Heat pumps are an all-in-one solution for heating AND cooling. ·Learn more about heat pump options and how to find the best ENERGY STAR© rated cooling options for your home at www.bozeman.net/sustainability. CREATE A CLEAN ZONE ·Consider designating a room as a clean room to use when air quality is poor and/or temps are high. ·Make sure the room is well sealed, has an air purifier, and has a cooling option available. BE AWARE, SHOW YOU CARE ·If you have neighbors in sensitive health groups, ask if you can help them prep for next summer. PURCHASE AN ENERGY STAR© HEPA AIR PURIFIER ·Select a model that matches the size of room where it will be used. ·Keep filter replacements on hand if required for your model. For more tips and resources, visit www.bozeman.net/sustainabilitySustainability 44 WHERE THERE’S SMOKE,THERE’S A PLAN Tips to prepare your home and protect yourself against unhealthy air quality conditions this summer. SHUT SMOKE OUT ·Caulk and weatherstrip windows and doors to keep fresh air in and smoke out. ·Keep windows and doors closed when air quality is unhealthy. CREATE A CLEAN ZONE ·Consider designating a room as a clean room to use when air quality is poor and/or temps are high. ·Make sure the room is well sealed, has an air purifier, and has a cooling option available. ACE YOUR AC ·When exploring cooling options, consider installing a heat pump. ·Heat pumps are an all-in-one solution for heating AND cooling. ·Learn more about heat pump options and how to find the best ENERGY STAR© rated cooling options for your home at www.bozeman.net/sustainability PURCHASE AN ENERGY STAR© HEPA AIR PURIFIER ·Select a model that matches the size of room where it will be used. ·Keep filter replacements on hand if required for your model. BE AWARE, SHOW YOU CARE ·Check on neighbors in sensitive health groups. CHECK LOCAL AIR QUALITY ·todaysair.mtdeq.us For more tips and resources, visit www.bozeman.net/sustainabilitySustainability . 45 TIGHTEN UP ·Insulate and air seal your attic. ·Caulk and weatherstrip around doors and windows. TAKE ADVANTAGE OF INCENTIVES ·Learn about available and upcoming rebates and tax credits for home upgrades. ACE YOUR AC ·When exploring cooling options, consider installing a heat pump. ·Heat pumps are an all-in-one solution for heating AND cooling. ·Look for ENERGY STAR© rated cooling options for your home. PREP NOW & BREATHE EASY THIS SUMMER Prepare your home to stay cooler this summer and mitigate the impacts of unhealthy air quality from wildfires. More tips at 46 CREATE A CLEAN ZONE ·Consider designating a clean room to use when air quality is poor and/or temps are high. ·Make sure the room is well sealed, has an air purifier, and has a cooling option available. PURCHASE AN ENERGY STAR© HEPA AIR PURIFIER ·Select a model that matches the size of room where it will be used. ·Keep filter replacements on hand if required for your model. Stay up-to-date on rebates, tax credits, financing options, and how to find the best ENERGY STAR© rated products for your home at www.bozeman.net/sustainability.Sustainability BE AWARE, SHOW YOU CARE ·If you have neighbors in sensitive health groups, ask if you can help them prep for next summer. 47 48