Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAboutG083 - Master City Plan (1958)M. S. C. FIELDHOUSE but occasionally it is necessary to delay traffic through this construc- tion. This 5.275 miles of four-lane divided highway is another link in Montana's portion of the Interstate Highway, and is under contract to Goodfellow Brothers of Wenatchee, Washington. This $4,058,4-36 contract is the largest single contract ever to have been awarded by the Montana Highway Commission, and is scheduled to be completed in the fall of 1962. There are over 2 Y2 million cubic yards of excavation on this job, much of which is solid rock. In addition, the main line of the Northern Pacific Railroad and Rocky Creek must be removed to make room for the highway through Rocky Canyon. Bozeman Pass, where you now are located, was used for thousands of years by tribes of Indians to reach the Gallatin Valley. Big game abounded in the valley and because many tribes hunted here, there was a gentleman's agreement among them that no tribal conflicts would take place in this valley where the three rivers meet to form the Missouri. The first white men to use the pass were those of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and Captain W illiam Clark returned to St. Louis from the Pacific via this route in 1806. Later, thousands of emigrants traveled this way to the gold fields of Montana. The pass was then • named for John Bozeman, a wagonmaster, and for whom the City of Bozeman is named. The Gallatin Valley was settled by those who recognized that the fertile, and level valley could produce treasures comparable to the gold fields. This "dimple on the cheek of nature" as the Gallatin Valley has been called, produces high yields of wheat, barley, oats, alfalfa, potatoes, canning peas and seed peas, and claims to have one of the highest concentration of registered livestock in the nation within a radius of 100 miles of Bozeman. In 1867, when the Indians began to resent the intrusion of the white men, Fort Ellis was established at a p~int just off the west end of this contract. For sixteen years, the army post was a center of ac- tivity, but upon the completion of the main line of the NP through i the valley in I 882, the de-commissioning of the Fort followed the next year. Bozeman, to the west of here, is a city of beautiful homes, schools, and unlimited recreational facilities. Montana State College is located here, and its new fieldhouse, seating some 12,000 people, dominates the skyline at the south edge of the city. The fieldhouse is 100 yards across, with no center supports. Excellent Forest Service camping facilities are spotted throughout the canyons around Bozeman, and some of the finest fishing and hunting in the nation are to be found within an ho°:r's drive of the cay. You would en joy a day or two in this valley. We sincerely hope you have not been seriously inconvenienced by this delay, and we are sure that when this section of highway is com- pleted, it will add to the driving comfort, safety, and economy the Interstate Highway will bring to all highway users. MONTANA HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT <" ,~ THURD[R'S, HELENA - lVlli. Gtl.Af'(,L.t.;t; K. IQUIN City Engineer A CITY PLAN FOR BOZEMAN Montana summary and conclusions l 9 5 8 S.R.DeBoer & Co. City Planning Consultants 515 E. Iliff Ave. Denver, Colo. CITY OF BOZEMAN MONTANA 1957 -1958 Honorable Howard Erwin Arnold M. Swanson Oswald Berg, Jr. M. ·E·. Henderson L. G. Shadoan Dan Lovelace Mayor Commissioner Commissioner City Manager Clerk of Commission City Attorney BOZEMAN CITY -COUNTY PLANNING BOARD Harold Korslund · H. C. Cheever . Oscar Cutting Frank E . Hoey , Charles K. Liquin Ralph Aaker Carroll Henderson· Ralph Evans Frank P. Messmer· Harold J. Klumph · President Vice Pres ident Secretary MONTANA STATE PLANNING BOARD Perry F. Roys David K. Hartley R. J. Kelly I Director Planning Assistant Secretary ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to express our appreciation for the assistance we have received in this work; to all the members of the City-County Planning Board, to Mr. Harold Korslund, its president; to the members of the City Commission and the City Manager, Mr. M. E. Henderson; to the mem- bers of the County Commission and many County officials. We have received much information and assistance from Mr. Owen Wirak, County Agent; Dr. M. C. Burlingame, Professor of History at M. S. C.; Mr. R. A. Dightman, State Climatologist; Mr. A. Glenn White, Recreation Director; Mr. Arthur Koch, State Employment Office; engineers of the Montana State Highway Department, as well as the State Water Engineer Mr. Fred E. Buck; to the Regional Engineer of the U.S. Reclamation Service; to Mr. Norris E. Johnson, Manager of the Chamber of Com- merce; Dr. R. R. Renne, President of Montana State College. who made the assistance of many university departments available; to Robert S. Macfarlane of the Northern Pacific Railroad. We wish especially to acknowledge the assis- tance we have received from the Montana State Planning Board, Mr. Perry F. Roys, Director, and Mr. David Hartley, his assistant. We also wish to express our appreciation to the members of our staff who contributed to the work: John Dustrude, Charles Cherches, Chris Moritz, Raymond Ross, Ardythe Wall, and Doris Peterson. II April, 1958 Honorable Mayor and City Commission of Bozeman, M ntana, City-County Planning Board, Montana State Planning Board, Bozeman, Montana. Gentlemen: We, herewith, submit; to you the final report of the Master Plan for your City and its Metropolitan Area. This Master Plan of Bozeman contains ab- breviated conclusions of seven preliminary reports which have been submitted to you previously. All the statements and recommendations in the prelim- inary reports have been carefully checked. Cor- rections and criticism which we have received have been appreciated and embodied in this final volume. Our studies hav:e indicated definitely the stability of this City and its possibilities for future growth. The surrounding territory is unusually rich in agri- culture and there are many possibilities for develop- ment in the field of transportation, especially high- way planning. The growth of the City, we believe, will continue for some time and it is well that growth be met with an adequate street plan, zoning plan, park and recreation, and a sanitation plan. Respectfully submitted, S. R. ANY TABLE OF CONTENTS . . HISTORY , . , . . . . . . . . . POPULATION . . . . . . . • . . CLIMATE AND TOPOGRAPHY, . . . . . . TRADE TERRITORY RESOURCES .. MINERAL RESOURCES . . . . . . TOURIST INDUSTRY . . . . . . . . TRANSPORTATION -Railroads . . . Highways -Buslines -Airlines . . . . STREET PLAN-. . . . · . . Major City Streets . . . . . Boulevards . . . . . . . Traffic Circle . . . . . . Street Names and Numbers . ZONING DISTRICTS . . . . . . Central Business District . Trailer Courts. Residential . . . . . Agricultural . . . . . . . • . PARKS AND RECREATION . Extension . . . . . . . . Montana State College. . . . . Porposed Parks . . . . . . . . Thermal Springs . . . SCHOOLS . . .•.... PARK ROADS AND BOULEVARDS . . . . . . National Park-to-Park Road . SANITATION AND HEAL TH . . Water Supply. . . . Sewerage . . . . Flood Protection . . . . . . PLAN OF ACTION . . . . . MASTER PLAN . . . . IV 1 5 14 21 34 44 56 60 70 75 85 92 98 99 101 110 112 114 117 119 +25 129 l3p 139 I • 152 152 162 162 166 lp8 173 185 INTRODUCTION The City of ~zeman is built at the place where the two Gallatin .. Riv ers break out of the mountain canyons from the south. The valley site is surround- ed by mountains and is of unusual beauty. Bozeman is the center of this productive valley, the market place for a large cattle country, and the site· of Montana State College. It is an important industrial and _trading center as well as a recreation center to which the neighboring Yellowstone Park contributes greatly. All these items will be thoroughly discussed in the various sections of the report. Briefly these items are: I Analysis of the History, Population, Climate, Topography and Resources of the Trade Terri- tory. II A study of Transportation, including Railroads, Highways, Bus and Air Lines. III A Street Plan of the city.1 including Corrections1 New Lines and Extensions in the suburban areas. N A Land Use Survey of the area including the fringe areas, and its appliGation to the zoning of the City and surroundings. V A study of Recreation, Parks, Playgrounds, School Sites, and Public Building. VI A study of Sanitation, Tax Delinquency, City V Vil VIII Boundaries, Flood Protection, and H o u s i n g , etc. A Program of Work and Development. A Masterplan for a city and its region. It must be elastic to meet ever occurring new conditions. Many changes in the Masterplan will be necessary at time goes on. VI l l lt ' 1, l J . I I l 1 Sacaja l.Ue a HISTORY* Bozeman is located at the southern end of the Gallatin Valley. Thirty-five miles northwestward, the Gallatin Madison and Jefferson Rivers join to form the Missouri at . .the Three Forks. The great valleys formed by these rivers provided an early thorough- fare for Indians coming east- ward to hunt buffalo on the plains . and for the ancient migration from Bering Strait southward to Central and South2 America. Because of the mi- gration of many Indian tribes through the area and because heavy snows in winter prevented any tribe from using the valleys as a permanent residence) the region was ea:cly declared a 11common hunting .ground". The first known visit to the area by white men was in 1805 by the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Afte1· resting at the Three Forks, they followed the Jefferson River west- ward, then crossed the mountains and reached the Pacific Ocean. On the return trip the Expedition divided in west- ern Montana. Clark came to the Three Fm·ks , and following the advice of the trusted guide, Sacajawea, * This section contributed by Dr. M. C. B_urlingame, Professor of History, Montana State College. 1 he took a course which led him toward the Bozeman Pass. On the night of July 14, 1806, the Clark party camped'.at the site of Fort Ellis. The establishement of Bozeman was planned in 1863 by William J. Beall Daniel E. Rouse and John M. Bozeman. The story of John Bozeman is one of the many epics of the mountain west. 1n 1859 he left his native Georgi.a and came to the Deer Lodge Valley in Mon- tana in 1862. He joined John M. Jacobs in scouting a shorter route to the East in a perilous adventure in 1863. On August 9, 1864, settlers on the East Gallatin with Bozeman as chairman, formed an association to make laws and record farming claims for mutual pro- tection and thus founded the town of Bozeman. First claims recorded were for James Bartsch, Joseph West, and Bozeman himself. Other early settlers were W. W. and John Alderson, W. H. Tracy, W. S. Mackenzie W. J. Davies, Frank F. Fridley, Nelson Story and John S. Mendenhall. The location of Bozeman near the eastern mountain passes caused it to grow rapidly. Traditionally agri- culture has been the basis for Bozeman' s growth, and today it is the center of one of the most productive agricultural and stock raising regions in the State. It was chosen as the site for the Montan College of Agri- culture and Mechanic Arts in 1893. Its steady growth has been based upon stable industries and the growth of the valley. The 2 l ] Northern Pacific Railroad reached Bozeman in March 1883, and the Railroad now advertises the City as the oldest on its line in Montana. In 1909, the Milwaukee built a branch into Bozeman and in the following decade numerous branch lines of the two rairoads tapped the rich grain-growing areas north, west, and south. HIGHLIGHTS 1803 1806 1846 1864 1865 1866 1867 1869 1870 1872 1874 Louisiana Purchase included this area. William Clark and party camped here. Montana, West of the Continental Divide became United States Territory by treaty with England. Montana Territory established on May 26th. Organization founded for land claims and protection on August 9th. Town named for John Bozeman. First flour mill completed. First school, located at 130 E . Main Street. First cattle drive from Texas to Montana by Nelson Story. John Bozeman died on Mission Creek some ten miles east of Livingston on April 17th. Bozeman became County Seat of Gallatin County. Fort Ellis established three miles east of town. First school house and first newspaper. Bozeman townsite formally platted. Washburn-Lantjf ord-Doane exploration. The "National Park II idea proposed. Yellowstone National Park, the first of the National Parks, created by Act of Congress. Cemetery plot given to city by William Blackmore, in memory of his wife on July 18th. Town incorporated. 3 1877 First brick school building -Irvin School. 1878 Bozeman High School opened. 1880 First fire company organized. 1882 Bozeman Chronicle began publication. Nelson Story builds large flour mill. 1883 Bozeman declared a city. John V, Bogert first mayor. Northern Pacific Railway reaches City. 1889 November 8th, Montana admitted into Union. 1890 City Hall and Opera House completed. 1892 1893 1896 1899 1911 1917 1922 1927 1929 1956 Opera House formally opened October 13th, with Mendelsohn's Quintette Company of Boston. Opening of Bozeman Hotel. Montana State College created by the Legis- lature on February 16th .. First hospital built. Gallatin County High School formed. First seed company plant in Bozeman. Pea cannery opened. City Manager Government adopted. Improved highway to West Yellowstone built, Baxter Hotel, a community project, completed. High School District changed from Gallatin to Bozeman High School. New building at Main and 9th Avenue begun. The City's history should be written and brought up to date at the end of every decade. A copy of such a history should be kept at the City Hall and one at the library. After the new census figures are avail- able these books should be brought up to date and approved by the Mayor and City Commission. 4 . '! _Cl l l l J J J POPULATION The population growth of a city is b a s e d on m any f a c t or s ,, th e m o s t imp o r t - and of which is employment. Natural resources, climate, topogr appy trans- portation, markets, and many other factors influence its trends . However, the human resource i.s the most import- ant of these. The future growth of a city depends pr i mar il y on the en e.r: g y , character and intelligence of its people . Frequently, the analysis of the City's population can give an idea of its aggressiveness and ability to build. The t har:ges in number show clearly the City's development and they should be recorded constantly so that officials who govern the Gity have before them an actual picture of those changes. DoDULATION G R.O'vVTH EiOZEMANt MONTANA 10000 1----------- 1~10 1Sl20 19~ 1840 1950 1960 !970 5 GROWING POPULATION In 1910, Bozeman had a population of 5107 and in 1920, 6183. During the thirties the City continued to grow slowly in spite of bad economic conditions in the nation. In 1930 there were 6855, and in 1940, 8665. The census of 1950 totalled 11,325. The popu- lation had more than doubled the 1910 figure. Esti- mated population for 1957 is 14,000. The forecasts for 1960 and 1970 are 15. 000 and 18,000 respectively We believe that the 1970 figure of 18, 000 is a very conservative estimate. A study by Bozeman's water engineers sets the population at 20,000 in 1980. 2..5 000 2..0 0 00 rs ooo 10 000 5 000 ' ' ,u -., -~ 0 . .. .. . .. '-11 ~I . ~ -+ -~ -~ + .L 191 O 192.0 19::,0 1940 1950 1%0 1970 CoMPARATIVE-PoDuLATION GR.o\VTH Boz.1:.MAN t GALLAT.1>J Co. A study of Bozeman's population indicates that for nearly a century, it has had a continuous growth. Bozeman, in the period from 1940 to 1950, had a 30. 7% increase in population, whereas Montana had only 5. 6% increase. Gallatin County, excluding Bozeman, had a very small increase as shown by Lli.e above graph. 6 I The national trend toward urbanization evidently holds for the County. Mechanization of farm work and elimination of small farms largely account for this slowing of population growth. In the period from 1940 to 1950 Gallatin County possessed a higher birth rate (live) than the State, and a lower death rate than the United States, as well as Montana. T4is record indicates a vigorous and grow- ing population. PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 U.S. 20.-7 21. 0 14.9 16.1 7.2 14.5 Montana 70.3 54.5 46.0 -2.1 4.1 5.6 Billings 285 .3 211. 4 50.5 8.5 42.0 36.9 Bozeman 59.5 49.4 21. 1 10.9 26.4 30.7 Butte 184.2 28.5 6.2 -5.0 -6.2 -10.3 Helena -22.1 16.2 -3 .8 -1. 9 27 . 6 16.8 Montana's spectacular growth came to an end in the 1920 1s when drought and price inequalities* struck hard at the farmers and state industries. It is noticeable that this occurred ten years before the national depres- .. sion.'.l:lind: that the State's major cities far exceeded the percentage increase of the nation during the depression of the thirties. In that decade the state recovered some- what from the decrease of the decade before and had a gain of 4. 2%. Since_ the state's bir.thrate is high and the death rate low, there must hav.e :.bee.rr,a~consi<:lerable movement from the state at that time, and also a move- ment from the country to the cities. * Montana Federal Writer Is Project. 7 POPULATION OF MONTANA CITIES Great Falls Butte Billings Missoula Helena Bozeman Montana 1910 13,948 39,165 10,031 12,869 12,515 5,107 1920 24,121 41,611 15,100 12,668 12,037 6,183 1930 28,822 39,532 16,380 14,657 11,803 6,855 1940 29,928 37,081 23,261 18,449 15,056 8,665 1950 39,214 33,251 31,834 22,485 17,587 11,325 376,052 537,606 591,024 548,889 559,456 U.S. 91,972,266 122,775,046 150,697,361 105,710,620 131,669,275 An analysis of the chart shows that 44. 81% of the population of Bo!,':eman is under 25 years of age; Billings has 39. 4%; Butte 35. 5%; Helena 38. 4%; Montana 42. 71%; United States 41. 5% of the total population. The working age group represents 37. 55% of the whole population leaving 17. 64% of the people over 55 years of age which is about the same as the U.S. In comparison with the other cities, Bozeman has a larger young population than the others, and conversely, a small percentage of its population in the age group over 55. With a large percentage of the population in the : young age group, the energy and interest needed for the development of the :City is present. It only re- mains for the City to develop in such a manner that their young people are encouraged to stay and others 8 are encouraged to come in. COMPARATIVE STUOY OF POPULATION BY AGE -1950 30"l<i-l_-l-+-f++ 30,od_ ++++++ 16% ll:! 0 16% .. ~~ 20%--++-i-+H+ 20% ++++H+ 20%+.+-hf.+ 30".I. 12% If% ::~·= ~ ~ 20% ~ 8%_ iJ 8%_ ~ 10% ! ::: ~ ;.1 :!: ff. 1 ,. · i · 11' '\ ~ 10% ;, 4,.. ,j 4% it 10% 10% ~. :;. =L.; ... ?, :._'1 > a) ~"" .... ,:?-_.:_\ ; 0%_ ~· i... 0 %_ ~-0%_ ~;:: _ 0% f= 0%_ r.:,· o•;._ ;5, .__ INFANT AGE SCHOOL AGE YOUTH AGE WORKING AGE MATURE AGE PENSION AGE UN D E R !5 5 TO 14 YAS. 115 TO Z4 YAS. 215 TO ~4 YA$. !5!5 TO 154 YRS. OYER 65YR S The·number of men per one hundred women is another factor for the development of the City. Boze- man presents an increasing male population as shown here: BOZEMAN Men per 100 Women VITAL STATISTICS 1920 91. 4 1930 95 .56 1940 1950 93 . 45 104. 33 A comparison of the birth and death rate is also a guide to the city's development. The difference between the two rates is the natural increase or decrease of population. If this is compared with the actual increase, we. have the number who have migrated. 9 \ \ ' GALLATIN COUNTY PO PU LA Tl ON BY PRECINCTS 1950 TOTAL 21902 ,,,,--·--·..J ---·---·-, i 21 j \ 69 . ; (~ 2 1-----'2 3 _}189 II 119 l~ ·' ' ....... 27 r.,._ 468 29 ' 329 ·, ..... BOZEMAN • 3 4 • • 7 • I 201 1514 I 3 97 I 421 996 754 I 246 2 7 96 ! I r ! 14 I •• ! .. --! I i ! I i i .~ I ~ ,. , ..... " i,. I 6 '-........ 436 '·,. '·,. \ \, .. '·' The Bozeman census area consists of 8 precincts and represents more than 50% of the whole population of Gallatin County, distributed as shown in the above sketch. 10 l l The birth rate for Gallatin County in 1950 was higher than the -state and the U.S. The death rate was lower than the other counties, the state, and the U. S. This represents a very good standard and indicates a vigorous and healthy population. 'It .: gives the city a natural increase. If we subtract , fhis-.f:ton:i the actual increase, we have the amount of migration into the city. This has been only 0. 2% whereas Billings and Helena and their respective counties have a much higher in-migration. Gallatinc County has the lowest infant death rate in comparison with the other counties, the state, and the Nation. The culture of a city is indicated by the level of the education of its citizens. Gallatin County presents the highest percentage of school enrollment in the age group, 7 to 13 years of agte:; and also in the 14 to 17 years of age group. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VITAL STAHSTICS 19150 ._ .. ,: ·~:; 20,: 40,,. 30,: 1% 30% 30,: 1: ~ I~ 1, 1, l<l,i, ~~le 1,,, .. . ~ 30% 20,: -· = .e-· d d t 1, Ii' . 20% ( 2(W, 20% 10,: ,6,: i 10% ~- -~[ ~-~ ~' 10% 0,: .4,: .~ w ., "1 ~ ' ' 10% 10"4 t· ~ "' ~-" ., % ,, rt ' r 0% -10,: ; .2•1, t ~' ~i· ,, \: ' ; 0% ~; ~ 0% -IO'll -20'l !, -~-if ~ Iii ~ LIVE BIRTH DEATH NATURAL ACTUAL IN MIGR. INFANT, INCREASE INCREASE DEATH .. " r 31: f Leoend Ii ~o ;· 1~ .... m;:; (J z ~ 31:! a: .. ..... OJ .., .. CJ I-_JJ ~~ Ow z Ji .,., 0 .,_ .,_ j-:E ,. "' _, 11 SCHOOL ENROLLMENT -t.;;1;±;1-±,;H IOO% I I I I I I I L•o•nd. -' ,._~,.; '°I,.. a, ml«> 100/o I I I I I riiil 900/o I a..&! I I A 8 C D A-PERSONS 7 TO 13 YEARS OLD IN SCHOOL 6 -PERSONS 14 TO 17 YEARS OLD IN SCHOOL C _ MEDIAN SCHOOL YEARS COMPLETED D-PERCENTAGE WHO CO MPLETED LESS THAN 5 GRADES E-PERCENTAGE WHO COMPLETED HIGH SCHOOL OR MORE II.I l~-U) ~ 3: z O::::; ..J .J ..J iii 1&.1->- lz --z I-<t C[~ ..J~ ..Jo C[ era (.!)- c:: ~ ~ g_ l&.I ~ >::, ..J a, in -Ii_ ..J 4 (.JZ ,:, ... C: .J 0 ... (/') :c j- ~ IC[ z :; lj 1950 E Gallatin County also presents the highest percentage of junior high school years completed by its population. · Therefore, it is possible to say that Bozeman will be an important factor for development of the whole state, and capacity for carrying out a long-range program for city development will be based on the next generations. EMPLOYMENT The basic factor in the life of a city is the employment of its people. On account of the importance of employment and the need of stabilization an effort has been made in this report to indicate sources of employment. Toward this an analysis is made of all the resources of the trade territory in order to indicate what:industries_ might be promoted to increase employment and especially to stabil- ize the employment cycle. The following figures are based on an interview with the Director of the U. S. Employment Office in Bozeman, Mr. Arthur Koch: APPLICATIONS FOR EMPLOYMENT 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 Jan. 811 553 438 281 371 248 192 247 Feb. 894 579 364 456 443 290 231 275 Mar. NA 605 553 488 388 216 232 267 Apr. 511 351 398 380 106 117 123 May 352 257 152 181 55 53 58 June 461 274 228 195 79 31 43 July 324 256 132 170 NA 31 24 Aug. 252 159 66 134 45 . 27 39 Sept. 233 147 123 89 61 NA 29 Oct. 323 264 199 172 . 87 38 4-2 Nov. 517 378 257 235 138 59 74 Dec. 723 591 500 285 235 167 136 13 These figures show an annual tendency for a very low unemployment factor in the months from May to October and an increasing unemployment from October to December and December to May, The most serious unemployment seems to be in December, January, February and March. A peculiil,r increase in unemploy- ment happened in June 1957. A great number of.'unemployed is a very expensive matter to the economy of a city; first,in reduced pro- duction., second in the cash layout for unemployment benefits. We believe that seasonal unemployment can be greatly reduced, if not prevented, by a careful plan of work. In the various chapters of this report we have in- dicated items of work which are important to the city's economy and which can be worked on year after year. CLIMATE & TOPOGRAPHY Of all the basic resources affecting a city's growth and welfare climate is the most important. It determines the type of agriculture, the development of any industrial and commercial possibil- ities, the types of recreation, even the livability of a city. To make the utmost of its climatic possibilities, a city must fully realize its advantages and its draw- backs. Bozeman is located at a northern latitude of 45o and 40', a longitude of 111 ° and 93' west of Greenwich and at an altitude of 4856 feet above sea level. 14 11 Located at the base of the western slope of the Bridger Mountain Range at a point where the valley is about 10 miles wide, east to west, Bozeman experiences essentially a mountain valley climate. The ground slopes downward to the north at a rate of about 80!1_ to a mile, .but the valley flattens and broadens to' the northwest for several miles before narrowing into a shallow canyon near ·Logan. Ex- cept for the narrow Gallatin River opening at Logan, the Bozeman section of the Gallatin Valley is sur- rounded by mountains. 11 * PRECIPITATION Precipitation in the Bozeman area varies con- siderably. Belgrade Airport, 11 miles northwest and 400' lower than the Bozeman station, received on the average about 5" per year less than Bozeman while annual totals in the surrounding mountains particularly east and south are generally much larg- er.. Differences in snowfall are similar, the eastern edge of the valley (including Bozeman) usually receiv- ing larger amounts than the western edge. Tempera- ture differences away from the steep mountain slopes are not large within the valley, but the lower eleva- tions of the valley just above Logan are often a bit cooler at night than Bozeman due mainly to the fact that cold air (being more dense than warm air) seeks the lowest levels it can find. Conversely, afternoon temperatures at Bozeman are frequently a little cooler than at the lower points in the valley, but in the absence of showers or other local effects, the differences between Bozeman and Belgrade are usually less than 4°F." * Climatological Summary 1925-1954 U.S. Weather Bureau in cooperation.with Montana State College, Mr. R. A. Dightman, Climatologist. 15 MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION llALLATIH COUNTY *BOZEMAN BILLINGS IADAOUS 1111.ES CITY 01.ENDIVE GREAT FALLS 111 SSOULA DUTTE f'T oPl:Ck MEI.EMA CLIKATALOGICAL SUMMARY (19,1-1952) 18.11" 17.65" 14.85" 14.20" 13.58" 13.01" 12.BO" 12.30" 12.00" 10 .. 80" 11.30" ALL OTHERS f'ROlil "CLIMATE ANO IIAM11 ~ "' ~ ~ '! ll!. 0 " I " I 0 I • . : • > < w • < ' • • < • BUTTE BOZEMAN BILLINGS GLENDIVE HELENA MEAN •tLIKATALOGICAL SUMIIARY . a: "' ~ "' 0-: ~ "! ~ "' I 0 I • J . ~ > > • • • • g ~ w • ' < • • MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION BOZEMAN MONT, 1931 -1952 16 "' ;._ ;, !6 ~ "' :;, 0 "' "' "' I ~ b I ~ I ~ I I 0 J . . :; > . • . • • > • • > w 0 ~ < w < • < • ' < • 0 z ' • • < • ' MEAN MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF SNOWFALL 80ZEMAN MONT. 1931 -1952 l TEMPERATURES Bozeman Butte Billings Glendive Helena AVERAGES Winter 22.0° 21. 1.0 26 .3° 15 .9° 21. l'o Summer 61. 5° 59. 1° 67.0° 69.6° 65.7° "Summers are generally pleasant and are character- ized by warm days J cool nights and a high proportion of sunshine. Hot weather is infrequent. In the 30 years summarized) the greatest number of days in one year with 90° or higher maximums was only 13 in 1936. Uncom- fortable humid conditions are rarely experienced. Summer precipitation falls mostly as showers, occasionally with some hail. However, hail damage in the Bozeman area has been relatively light and scattered. 11 11Winters are relatively cold, and occasionally a winter month has had a week or more of severely cold weather. In the 30 years summarized, there have been 6 winter months (1 month in each 5 years1 on the average) during which Bozeman temperature averaged less than 10° F . , and 2 months which averaged helow zero. During the same period, however, the January temperatuTe average twice has exceeded 30°F. , so mild winter weather is not unusual. Most winter precipitation falls as snow. 11 "Prior to 1925, a few temperatures of over 100° were recorded, including 104° in July 1877 and 1892. The 104° in 1892 has been verified, but !he 1877 readings were made at Fort Ellis (about four miles east of the present sit e.) 17 and cannot now be verified. In 1872, minima of -53° were recorded at Fort Ellis in both January and Feb- ruary. This does not seem impossible for the Fdi .. Ellis site, because of differences in general exposure between the Fort and the college. The coldest recorded for any Bozeman location (since 1892) was the -43° ob- served in February 1936. "* The length of the summer season expressed in growing days is very short. "Climate and Man", U.S. Department of Agriculture, gives a total of 115 days of growing season for Bozeman as compared with Billings, 133 days; Glendive, 134 days. New obser- vations in regard to the growing season are now breaking it down and showing the last and first frosts by degrees. Many plants can stand a few degrees of frost0 so the growing season is now given the range of 32 , 230 and 24°. At the present time, no definite figures on the direction and velocity of winds have been found. "Climate and Man" says that the prevailing winds are westerly, but this is probably not true in the case of Bozeman where the wind direction may well be influenced by the high mountains surrounding it, and the valleys which carry the drainage of air. Tornadoes are few in Montana and very likely un- known in the Bozeman area. TOPOGRAPHY Few cities can equal the scenic location of Bozeman It is situated near the east branch of the Gallatin River. The Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers all join,· in this valley to become the Missouri River. * From "Climate and Man" 1 U.S. Dept. Agriculture. 18 ] Bozeman is surrounded on nearly all sides by mountains. It is located at the west sire of a mountain pass; by the same name, connecting it with the Yellow- stone River· Valley to the east. The pass reaches a height of 6002' and is surmounted by Bridger Peak on the north at 9162' and by Mount Ellis on the south at 8331'. The former is in the Bridger Range with Crazy Peak as the highest point at 111 214' and the latter in the Absaroka Mountains with Mount Cowen as the highest point near Bozeman with 11,206'. West of Bozeman lies the Madison Range with Gallatin and Koch Peaks, both over 11,000'. West of the Madison River are the Tobacco Root Mountains with tops over 10,000'. The Gallatin Mountains form the north edge of Yellowstone Park . Along the slopes of the Valley are National Forests: on the southern and eastern sides is the Gallatin Nation- al Forest; on the western slopes is the Deerlodge National Forest; to the northwest is the Helena National Forest. To the North and West the Valley widens and connects with roads leading to the west coast. The East and West Gallatin and Madison Rivers cut through these mountains in beautiful canyons. The West Gallatin Canyon especially is unusually scenic and connects with the West Entrance to Yellowstone Park. The snow-covered peaks, the wooded mountain~ slopes and the fertile farm lands make a truly majestic setting. Rivers of considerable magnitude drain the area and gather in the headwaters of the Missouri River. The topography of the city is p1t by tributaries of the East Gallatin River which flows through the eastern part of the city. The land is gently rolling between these streams. 19 In proximity to Bozeman are the following cities: Livingston, 26 miles east at an altitude of 4491'; Butte, 98 miles west at 5576'; Billings, 142 miles ,. east at 3119'; Helena, 100 miles northwest at 4009'. The .cities are connected to Bozeman by U.S. high- ways 4HO and #191. Bozeman is also connected to the nation's rail network by the Northern Pacific Main Line and a branch line of the Milwaukee Road. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION The accompanying map of Bozeman and surround- ings shows the distribution of population by family units. The following notes are important: l. The cesidential population of the central district is very light, but many people live in the adjoin- ing, walking-distance ai°eas, indicating the need for multiple family residences. 2. The City has built around the nodh and east boundaries of the College and indications a,·e for a continued growth in the al'ea north of the College,. :3. Considerable building is in process along Sour Dough Road and the area south and east of the City's cemetery is definitely indicated for growth. The valley of the Sour Dough Creek must be drained as shown elsewhere and built upon. 4. Areas along the Durston Road will be developed after the highway problem is settled. 5. Northeast and north of the City, developments are light but growing. 20 CITY PLAN HOZ]{MAN, MONTANA ~ ·: ..---i --------------------·· ~----··-·· ····-···--·----·--·•4•··-------·-- -_JL ___ . -' ----,,· ----,-- 11 ,, ··' Ii D::::~,~~~~-0,~ ... ~: ... :-~.:.:_:~OI I ill .:-_: -,. I'-. I .......... . ~~ •• ,:, I II ~;~IJ r··--1! · : .. :;;~·:~·~::~f,,~,~~?~ / - 11•1 j" .. . . . L..:L.. • .,..""Mtlf111"'.:: : < -! I -~ ~... ~ I : :i f""~-, '.~-f'~(~1' .-. · ~· ,._-.. ,\::/--., i -~ .i ~--..., L LJ ...... ~ ~ . 1--• ]• -..--,--'{, "'°' H TA.. t ,,~ t 0 • ' .. -.:.-.. , :J· -.. ·~~.J .-.c, r11· IJ6 -.-... ·~ "" \_,· , , --. . --.. --....... rn ___ l._l , > --·-. • I i .: ,r :-...., : '~ ! ~. \ , \.. ·. ;~_;!-.. ==re·! ~ :'-'·JJ~;~·~, 'f·,,· ·1· ~-rE . j. rr:-·." -... I ''->--\ • '' 11 :, e=-.= • I -f ' •~LI= ' • ~ .J -~ i •• • • • ~. ., I ;· ·:--..:-.::.~A" ·m~ ~-~ J !-":~ ........ ·:\~., I , .\ • • • 1 ... t r t: I • • ! --''... to • ' I -· ; ! ( • ' • ~ I • I I • ,. ! } F • ! ' \ . : I •• ~ ~~~ r: . jrnrnl..UtT1,rur ·= , t· :i :!.itit .. { . . :. ./· . _ _j • • 1ft . • I • ....... I • I • t---:7,---~ · W.i.hf 1 ; : ·• \: ... • • • 1 • •• · A· : t ·-J·~-.,..t!r-i[· ,~FriJ:j"ffi-~t:.ff~: J' UJ. : ct~,~ ... :, '· .. ?{,./7 ..--r----~._r~ -t __1............m ..... J L ·1&. .. :lai..!L.§ ,,.,-; • .u. l , · ' ·· " ii ~TIJ £ ~i.._....;;-\W"'·~tm1c=~ .,1;:.·:1 .... l!'J _ ;..L; ·t'f.: '] ___ . _i;; . > I ; ~--:·,·:-14,.~~VJ~~~---·~.::1 ; ~~~ ":.:-=t1~-Yf'1._,-,--~--,""~,,........ , '-,.~,. I hl.L.U11 -t ..... A...J L.....a..•U ~ C]L_.. •• ~lk:!]C .. • ....... "..,·· .-· --· · .... ""' ••-·r-r m·-....~·fl· L -~•• • ·-erto•iii:d'm~~·, / •, /. '; •.,-:"":[~,:_,;L,,i-'-,;h.,..._,p ..... ~.--.-.-•-~ e.-• -'1""'"1 ·-·'-'..._ ~ '1 1 ',. ~ r· .. _ · -·--.s.-~•••_..___.,.... ... _eJ~ ... _ ... • .. __.._. _ ... L. ____ ,t-_ • , I« ..........__ .. _,.. --'[.•!~-,c ·•••,,..._f.1AJo_u ... _,.--···--· ••J ~~-·,r--·1u-T"-j"!,.IUW ... ~. ; 1 : j . _ 'i ;..._ , r'----f •LL•• , , ,i . .~ ~ ~~ I \...~. · 1 :: ; I I I.. ,:.:._ __ ...::;·--.,:-• 7.--~~::·r·.~-~i·1. :-~.:~-· :5@·-00~~--_,~~~-;:~~El~_.-~· · ... ;. · Ir) ·->--~1·-· I' ; • I I ! ,m WiJ~L~~a~ «::: ~J_._r:jt.JU-...J L . !tl: 1.\•~:· =-.... -~. . ..... . . ! ' : I ' -.r.w··a·~1 ~TI.-1"1""'[1' ••••• ~,. ••. .., r:[ .. nrl r .. ~ f~,uu, ? ... JJ •. / I I • •I i . W·· i ,~·-··t.... II ~·.. ·"': ....... .//--1 • 1: • __ 11 ... .J.. •• . ,t Li rn~ -' .: . . '--"I . ~~ ·,:-na:m,.d'.· _. '---.. .,% ::. \ • .-,r~--;:-~ / ~)= I L J I •-----";9'-19":ii ...• -J·1a-1 ~rnr,n ',< -Jr~ • r ....--:~~ ' ~-.-- •-i =-, · : ~ · : 1, = ·i I i 1 ' ·, = : = tl: r . J • ! :1 • ...... = ~=-~,·· ~~t ........... '"' ...... (La~ .... ., t... ,... • • ..it x~ !k! • '!......... , ..... 2 .· =e---, -·--···-... 'L'f• ···-rFr, -·::-=i,..,1·-• 1..-r·rr: n'l')r -~ . -.-.. -,--·1 ! ; ... ,;;:,i:•Jl 11 •lceorc11~~1J P.J9 1 :: t ,,!!.:PJAT ·~· ~ ... • 1 • l 'r; ~ .. ,~ il ~ tlk.Ut ~f[~~:if 'r ~tfm !--~~·E'i-E ~ . · · : · · --.]Jrn2i~§§.,: :.~~ ! ~ .:-~~. ~ ;~· l' ~ it t ,.-J14_Jf . i>J·:•(.-ii--~:· .: 1 . .,_lf ·, -ri~:L:.,Jf.1~ ·; I '~; ~ • I N l ~ :~. ,:~r ~.. . .. µo ··c~ .. t.,., • ......... .. .._. .-,. • • _l -' J 91 -tJ• ••,n, • .,.ill\ ,._ --• . -.. !J' L . =nJ ~,·: .,~Elj ''"l~Jj"lj~i1:·]n·~·., 1:r-:-1-•• i = · ........... , . ~ • • • • ! .t ~ I • .• ~ • ii : : lj J '=,.. I : = ' : ; j i • l ,,., u.., ; _. ____ !__...J...____J• :_._;1_;J -·-.....Wt lL L..1.11 :_ :LJ!...~P! LI_!._.; _.: _ . 1; ---::nmri~1-·-,_-1-: -. -~,,:nJfiT~ .1::''1 0J'•rn~ ·;. -· --·-·-.. ..-Jee:. T ~ 11 iJJ~l .. 1,f~ • ·u• ..J • t._;1..L_ · : · ,: ••• • •• 1 ·~= . .>,"! .;,.. NI<.~"•• ; : ·' C ~' ll .., .. 6 u • •• ' • • '· •• ~i.l I • : :.i 1 I : ' I . :-.-' "'-. • ·.1 ·, ., •••• -------~---·... -~"""'"··" --ifn.=·~~ .. -~- •• , .. T •1 ! -. . -, -,r: 'Hl•-I ~J"~: i{/ ,.,-.· c~ ;·= ' I ,1 •11:.. .•. • .• ' ~ l :~L·~I {' _ --~. . = .I , !J ... , .. ·:i''·1 *:]rf"lJ!l!·r .r _11 .-· ·--·-~,,-,-=-_,__ -~--;r~. , • ~ I 1, _ . i1_.:.,.... ~; :1.H .::.:, / .. _\ ~ -: , ,n:nr1...-; N·1~~1-··, .j __ :c-~ P1 I , ;1:.i..:~,· ·• J •~-~.e.r ,..: . ; a ~J1,,-.11 """ t= .. LJLJ~~I~ lj:~·11 1(1 i J] '1 -.-,, ... ,,:-=i: J~-·····-'!)1 -•t• I I ;L:••; ~d'vi :· · · ~,~-~=1~~ •. ~.;;~.v~_J.i.L. ________ 'il'--_ I I I •, Clft!,,tal'H 'I, • ~ ••. r ---.,~[.: •"II·-•' .:! -;1• . i! .1!-~;i :1: ' •{ i-·---· ·---~·.~ . . LEGEND • ON[ .. tllD[NTIAL UNIT :1i e &!tAftTWtNT NOUS[ Olt MULTIPl OW[LLING .~.~-{ i·/ ;;·._/ ··i/ I I, .. I i.:J! / l;i 111 r -::=. --- I I i i I ·-·--· CITY LWlfl ( -1 --- I / I l ] TRADE TERRITORY RESOURCES THE TRADE TERRITORY OF A CITY IS THE AREA FROM WHICH IT ATTRACTS ITS PATRON- AGE. In t h e c a s e of r et ail t r a de , it i s the circle from which people come to its stores. In wholesale business, it may be a large territory covered by salesmen. For a tourist city, it may b:e a very different terrttory and for industry it may cover the whole nation. To strengthen the business done in its immediate territory and extend its scope means to strengthen the econom- ic fabric of the city. In this respect, the organs of publicity play an import- ant part. The business houses of a city can reach as far as the newspapers and the radio stations reach. A survey of the outlying customers of various Bozema.t--i business houses, accompanied by a survey of the readers of the Bozeman papers and listeners to the two radio stations, and customers of the Montana Power Company was platted on the accomp- anying map. From it, it is possible to establish a rather indefinite line which encircles the 1f.:e.gion ~ served by the Bozeman Business District. On the map, circles of theoretical distances of 10, 25, and 50 miles are drawn to give an approximate idea of the extent of this trade territory. The retail territory covers a circle of roughly 50 miles radius measured by air. Some few places 21 like West Yellowstone are as far as 95 miles from Bozeman by road but, by and large, we may say that the 50 mile circle covers the trade territory of the city. Inside of this trade territory are, of course, many customers of competing business houses in Butte, Helena, Livingston, etc., but we can say that the district which the Bozeman business houses reach is included in this circle. The actual amount of re- tail and wholesale business going to competing cities might be determined in a more detailed study but since it changes constantly and depends on the energy applied to it, we feel that it is sufficient for this study to indicate the circle of influence in which lies Bozeman' s potential trade. Reducing this circle to administrative areas (counties), we may say that to the Bozeman area belong the following: COUNTY Gallatin Park Sweet Grass South Meagher Broadwater 2/3 of Madison Total population reached by stores ......... . POPULATION 1950 21,902 11,999 3,621 2,079 2,922 4,000 46,523 This is slightly less than the population of each one of the three major cities of Montana without their trade territory. In other words, the business houses in Bozeman have been very active in cover- ing their surrounding territory, but again, that they must continue their efforts in order to keep it. 22 1 The wholesale trade territory of a city always covers a large~.a~ea than the retail ter ritory. In the case of Bozeman, the 8ity' s flour mills cover all of the state and part of ·the nation. Wholesale feed companies cover the· surrounding territory as far as Miles City and Sheridan, Wyoming. Dairy products reach Great Falls and Butte as well as all of the retail trade territory. The cannery sup- plies the eastern seaboard with locally grown pro- ducts. A cold storage company r~aches all and more of the trade territory. The marketing house for imported toys reaches all of Montana, Wyoming and the Dakotas. A plumbing and heating company has state-wide contracts and the Idaho Pole Co. furnishes to all of the North Central States. Lumber grown locally and near Missoula is sold to the Bozeman trade territory. Another lumber mill furnishes the West Coast. An inter- esting item is the floral business which supplies a large territory into eastern Montana, North Dakota, Northern Wyoming and Eastern Idaho. The Ideal Cement Company north of Three Forks sells to the western part of the United States. A large real estate concern handles property in all of the trade territory and far outside into the surrounding areas. A wholesale egg company supplies all of the trade territory as does a tailor shop and the RCA Victor Company. A chick hatchery sells to the trade territory as does a mattress market. The retail territory cir.cle is an interesting one and with a pppulation of 46, 000 indicates that there may be still more business available. The whole- sale territory shows that many nation-wide b1i_·siness houses of specialized character can exist in Bozeman. 23 The retail territory has many agricultural and mineral resources as well as great potential tourist recreational interests. We will analyze them step by step. AGRICULTURE LAND* F or e a s e of f i g u r in g w e ha v e ta k e n the trade territory of Bozeman to cover the six counties mentioned before. Some of the figures dealing with land are com- piled for these six counties and totaled they are as follows; COUNTY Gallatin Park Sweet Grass Meagher Madison Broadwater TOTAL TOTAL AREA. (Square Miles **) 2,540 2,631 1,849 2,356 3,541 1,248 14,165 The size of these counties may be realiz~d if we know that the State of Delaware has 1,978 square miles of area. All the land in farms or ranches f~: ... : amounted to: Gallatin County, 976,803; Park County 844,000; Madison County) 1,192,000; Meagher County, 790,000; Broadwater County, 557,000; Sweet Grass County, 824,000. Total, 5, 184, 800.acres. * Mr. Owen Wirak, Gallatin County Agent. **I'he Montana Almanac, 1957. 24 CITY PLAN OF BOZEMAN MONT. 0 NATIONAL PAR;d' c,,L·"·•••• , ... L. • 0 A RADIO STATIONS KDMN,(SMALLEST),KXLQ RETAIL WHOLESALE WEEKLY PAPER DAILY PAPER $.R. DE BOER a COMPANY CITY PLANNERS DENVER f J 1 If we subtract the total area in farmland from the total area of the counties, we find that there are 4, 281, 600 acres in forest land, waste land and city plots. These figures for Gallatin County amount to 648,800 acres of non-farm land. SOILS Gallatin County consists of a valley border ed by the Bridger, Gallatin and Madison Ranges. In pre- historic days these valleys were a lake which filled up with sediment. Erosion formed the present topo- graphy. There still is a subterranean dam at the head of the Missouri River, keeping the water table high in the three valleys. A survey of soils in this valley was made in 1931 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. Generally farmlands are well drained and include many varieties of soil textures. The soils have great fertility and in places are very deep. In other places they are under-laid by a calcareous layer about 14 to 18 inches below the surface. For irrigated land the matter of drainage is of great importance. The imperfectly drained farming soils show considerable alkali contents not too far below the surface. Fre- quently they are the bottomlands along the streams and occasionally the uplands. There is a great deal of non-agricultural land, partly in the river washes and mostly the rough broken and mountainous land which is not subject to cultivation. This is e specially the case along the Madison River Valley. These l ands are steep, rocky, timbered lap.ds. 25 WATER The major streams of the trade territory are the West and East Gallatin Rivers and the Madison River with their tributaries and become part of the Missouri River. The two Gallatin Rivers are of major importance. The U.S. Geological Survey in its paper on the Miss- ouri River Basin lists the Main Gallatin River at Gateway as discharging between 516,000 and 686,000 acre feet annually. The East Gallatin at Bozeman discharges 50,000 to 100,000 acre feet annually. Bridger Creek which is below the previous reading, also near Bozeman, is listed as 15,000 to 46,000 acre feet annually. These rivers together form the main Gallatin River at Logan which carries 712, 000 to 1,053,000 acre feet annually. The Missouri River at Toston has an annual discharge of 3 1/2 to 5 million acre feet. A water resource survey of Gallatin County made in 1953 by Mr. Fred E. Buck, State Engineer, in cooperation with Mr .. 0. W. Monson, Irrigation Eng- ineer at the Montana State Agricultural College, gives a very thorough report on the water situation in the county. Some remarks in regard to the Montana laws on irrigation should be read by all people who are interested in this subject. Water is decreed by court decision and is not regulated by the State Engineer as it is in other states. It is beyond the scope of this report to make a detailed water study. It seems that the amount of water in the rivers is very great. In spite of that, 26 I some of the lands around Bozeman are suffering from lack of water in the summer time and during dry periods. Some canals seem to get a very scant supply. IRRIGATED LANDS I This year the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation will finish a study in regard to conditions in the Gallatin Valley. The Bureau made a similar study in 1937 in which they recommended diversions from the Madison and Yellowstone Rivers, but the new study seems to eliminate those diversions. The effect of this proposal will mean that some 97,000 acres of irrigated land will get supplemental water and that some 33 ,000 acres of new land may be irrigated. The work will include a large pumping project and a 260,000 acre feet storage reservoir on the West Gallatin River. It is too early to quote this study but it can readily be seen that such a project would add greatly to the development and stabil- "izp.tion of the City of Bozeman and the other communities inside Gallatin County. 11There are about 55 farm families now on the 33, 000 acres of new land in the vicinity of Bozeman. With ir- rigation development there would be room for 165 more families. With an average of 4 per family this would represent an increase of 660 people. Past studies have indicated a like increase in non-farm families , thus an increase of 1300 to 1400 people from irrigation of new land would be a prospect. These figures are only prelim- inary estimates. "* * Letter by Acting Regional Director, Region 6, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 27 Our observations of the effect of this type of project on a community is that a definite increase in population occurs and also that this happens at the time of approval of the project, not at the com- pletion of the work. The cost of such a project would be great unless hydro electric power can be genera- ted and marketed. LIVESTOCK Livestock represents a large part of the agricultural income in the Boze- man Trade Territory and Montana which in 1955 had an income of 159 million dollars from livestock products other than dairy products, and 15. 5 million dollars from dairy products as against the total return of all crops of 217 million dollars:· The following table comes from the Montana Agricultural Statistics and shows returns for 1955. COUNTY LIVEfil'OCK DAIRYING CROPS Gallatin 4,980,000 778,000 4,597,600 Broadwater 1,634,100 193,000 1,456,600 Park 3,186,900 224,000 1. 221,500 Madison 4,529,300 194,000 992,500 Meagher 3,118,200 12,000 252,SOO Sweet Grass 3 086 500 115 000 473,300 20,535,000 1,516,000 9 003 400 In other words, Bozeman is the center of a very important cattle industry. This income is nearly 1/8 of the total income from cattle. This territory also represents 1/8 of the total income from dairying. 28 [ I l l With this important background in 1 iv e st o ck an d dairy pr o du c t s , it can readily be seen . ·.that Bozeman has an interest .in the efficiency of-the industry. The Montana Agricultural Statistics show an increase in the number of cattle and calves in all counties of the territory. For Gallatin County this increase is only pa.rt of the picture for in 1956 it had 6509 purebred cattle, -f1he highest number in the State. Adding the other counties the trade territory represents more than 1/5 of the total purebred cattle in the State. (Figures, State ;Boa.rd of Equalization) l h . · g point of this Since Bozeman is the centra s ippm .. large territory it must prom.at~ the \iv~stock l~~~y in marketing and shipping. This cal s ?r an . . market or auction center. A.large au~tion buil1:ited might well be a civic enterprise. It should be . in such a way that it has an efficient and at~acti~e-·t roadway connection w1th the city and the ra.i;ro.~~t~~~ must also be equipped with modern auction acl_l . A building of this kind should have a large park1ng area in order that cattlemen as well as buyers can park their cars easily. --------------------- Since most cattlemen take their families along on market trips, it is essential that there be provided downtown resting and entertainment rooms for women and children,. They should be located in or near -the central district. The livestock auction must be looked upon as a trading center in which both the central district : :,.1(. 29 and the cattle market go hand-in-hand to give the most efficient service possible. Cattle Fattening and slaughtering as well as meat packing is now practiced on a small scale. Extension of this indus- try must be considered. The Bozeman auction is held one day a week, although in autumn as often as two days a week. It needs large parking facilities which must be attrac- tive to visitors. The main auction should be for cattle, but supplementary auctions for purebred animals horses, poultry, and other livestock might well be held on other days of the week. The great number of dairy cattle being raised in this area naturally points toward creameries and cheese manufacturing plants to process the milk produced. 2.0.5 $IV.GRASS 3.0 MADISOIJ 4.5 ?ARK. ;,,.1 e,ROAD\VATIJl 1,6 GALLATIN 4,9 LIVESTOCK,. AGRICULTURAL INCOME 6 CouNT1 ES MILLIONS OF DOLLAR.a 9. I 1.0 I, 2 1,5 4,6 DAll<.YING CR.OPS l l J J J I J I CROPS All crops harvested in the six counties in 1954 and per acre returns as shown in the Montana Agri- cultural Statistics amounted to: County Irrigated Gallatin 4, 0 23, 000 Broadwater 1,588,000 .Meagher 1,412,000 Madison 2, 981, 000 Sweet Grass 995, 000 Park 1,901,000 $12,900,000 Return per Acre 55.43 49.07 39.19 37 .44 29 .28 37 . 25 Non Return Irrigated per Acre 4, 3:12 , 000 · 833 ,000 . 3~1·,_DOO 566,000 486,000 1,114,000 $7,632,000 36.73 24. 87 J ~. 23 20.54 18.79 26.87 In regard to returns per acre from irrigated land, Gallatin County is high but it is surpassed by Yellow- stone County with $77. 96;· Treasure County with $85. 14; Flathead County with $73. 15. In regard to returns per acre from non-irrigated land, Gallatin County is ex- ceeded only by six counties. Figures for 1954 in the production of winter wheat are: Gallatin,~ Broadwater Meagher Madison Park Sweet Grass Total 31 $3,310,000 ()664,000 128,000 217,000 ".769, opo 218,000 $5, 306,000 The production of Spring Wheat in the same year for Gallatin County was $772, 000. The protein contents in Spring Wheat amounted to 14. 4% in Gallatin County and for Winter Wheat 12. 6% which is average for the State. The highest in the State was Garfield County, 16. 9% Spring Wheat, 15. 5% Winter Wheat. There is no corn production reported in the trade territory area and oat production is small. BARLEY, POTATO AND HAY PRODUCTION 1954 . COUNTY Barley Potatoes Hay Gallatin 1,157 000 316,000 690,000 Madison 207,000 227,000 2,556,000 Sweet Grass 83 000 3,800 1,535,000 Broadwater 156,000 219,000 971,000 Meagher 36,000 24,000 925,000 Park 283,000 24,000 990,000 Totals 2,022,000 813,800 7,667,000 In this case the per acre production from irrigated land is about double that of the non-irrigated land. ALF ALF A PRODUCTION Gallatin County Madison County 92,400 Tons 83,000 Tons SUGAR BEETS now shipped to Missoula for pro- cessing are reported for Broadwater County at $46,000, and Madison County $11,000, but the value of this crop 32 l l 1 1 J in Madison County in 1956 dropped to $4, 800, however, in B:ooadwater County it climbed to $64,000. Five honey producers in the region ship honey in large lots, full carloads at a .time, to markets such as New York, San Francisco stnd much of it is for export. A retired beekeeper claims a fortune can be made in export business. The by-product is bee's wax. The Montana Agricultural. Statistics reports the value of honey in 1954 as $8§5.., 000 for the State plus $48,000 for bee's wax; for 1955, $1,027,000 plus $56,000. This crop has st~apily climbed since 1950 and seems to indicate possibilities for further devel- opment. FRUIT No figures were found on fruit production in the trade territory. Sweet Cherry production for the State amounted to $513,000 in 1955; Sour Cherry, $62,000; Apples, $1255, 000. &mall fruits, such as strawberries, and currants were not reported. Fruit growing in the Bozeman region seems to oe unimportant but ·exp:~f~ .:. mental plots for hardy varieties should be planted. FORESTS "In spite of the volume of Montana's forests, they are not producing nearly what they could. The factor contributing the most to this condition is inaccessi- bility. ti During 1910-44 mortality in Montana's forests amounted to 25. 6 billion board feet, exceeding the cut by 26%. Half of the loss was caused by insects, one- 33 fourth by fires, and the rest by diseases, windthrow, suppression, and other factors. The major problem that confronts the forest manager is reduction of mortality. With increased demand for Montana's forest products, access roads will be built and im- proved forest management will be possible."* FOREST PRODUCTS The forests of the territory are largely under the supervision of the National Forest Service, though great areas are still checkerboarded with uncontrolled sections. These national forests are parts of the Gallatin, Beaverhead. Deerlodge and Helena National Forests. Timber grown on them consists largely of pond- erosa and lodgepole pine with small amo'.unts of Douglas Fir and Engleman Spruce. The lumber cut is largely used for fence posts, railroad ties. pulp- wood and some for plywood, Large quantities of Christmas trees are cut. The ForesLService esti- mates of standing timber amount to millions of boardfeetandan annual cut based on a sustained yield in most places is esti- mated to be 2 1/2 times the present cut. MINERAL RESOURCES "Metal mining and processing continues to be the largest non-agrarian industry in the State. The foll owing minerals are reported in the Bozeman Trade Territory: * *Quotations from "Montana Raw Materials", by Forbes Robertson Harry W. Camp, Jr., Leon H. Johnson and Unno M. Sahinen. 34 .I i i i M I L_.., ! J .J . I 0 NI I L-, i • THHMA.l SHH•S J NATIONAL FORESTS IN THE BOZEMAN AREA M E A G H E • It I i i i I .... _ _r·----- 1 ,' i I S W I I T s s 1. Non-Metallic Minerals 2. Metallic Minerals Asbestos Abrasive Corundum Graphite Silica Barite Gypsum Pegmatite Minerals (Beryl, Feldspar, Mica) Talc Coal Volcanic Ash & Pumicite Tungsten Molybdenum Chromite Arsenic Manganese Iron Copper Silver Gold Zinc Lead Phosphate, building stone, limestone and cement are also found. 3. The value of total past production through 1943 of gold, silver, copper lead and zinc is as follows: Gallatin Madison Park Broadwater Jefferson Silver Bow $ 100,000 to $ 1,000,000 100,000,000 250,000,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 50,000,000 50 .. 000, 000 100,000,000 Over $1,000, 000, 000 4. The value of coal production, total past produc- tion through 1943: Gallatin County Park County $1,000,000 to $10,000,000. II tO 11 Broadwater, Madison, Jefferson and Silver Bow counties are all listed as showing no coal production. 36 l l I J I J J Many of these minerals are important in present developments as well as for future reserves. "Extensive chromite and tungsten ores vitally important strategically, are being actively developed at the present time, in areas adjoining the Trade Territory. Antimony, bismuth, molyl:idE.~µBl)., ... -. uranium have been produced in minor quantities. Asbestos corundum, volcanic ash, pumice , peg- matite, minerals, graphite and many other items are found in the trade cir..cletof Bozeman. We do not know enough about the occurrence and distribution of fissionable materials, columbium, tantalum, beryllium and many other metals to pros- pect scientifically with consistant hope of· success. A sound research program is needed t o off s et s o m e of th .~is e fun dame n t a 1 deficiencies in our knowledge of the earth on which we live. Though Bozeman is located within 100 miles of the richest hill on earth near Butte, reports show only a limited amount of mineral .deposits in the six-county trade territory. Further reseat.ch may bring out new information and it .is important that Bozeman support the sound research program recommended in the "Montana Raw Materials" vigorously. 37 POWER ELECTRIC POWER The Bozeman Trade Territory has an ample supply of electric power furnished very largely by the Montana Power Company. The Company's 1956 Report shows five important generating plants at Great Falls; two on the Missouri River above Great Falls; one on the Madi- son River in Bozeman' s territory; one above Anaconda; one near Missoula. These plants are interconnected and Bozeman gets part of its power from the 161,000 volt line running from Anaconda to Billings which is tapped north of Livingston. Another source is from the Madison Riv er plant at Ennis with a direct line to Bozeman, and a third line runn4_Ig from Three Forks to Bozeman. Additional power is received from the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation plant at Fort Peck. Rural Electric Administration furnishes power to many areas in Park County. This report shows the total generating capacity of the company as 611,000 KVJ which includes 25,000 KVJ received from the Burea-q. of Reclamation. The total capacity has been increased from 476,000 KVJ in 1952 to the present figure. The annual use per customer has increased from 2, 519 KVJH in 1952 to 3, 471 KVJH in 1956. The cost per KVJH has been reduced from 2. 44 cents to 2. 19 cents during the same period. GAS The Montana Power Company also furnishes Boze- man and its territory with natural gas, c om in g largely .v.ta ·. a line from Butte which has the Madison Storage Field between Boze- 38 Scale of Miles 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 BOZEMAN AREA MINERAL RESOURCES S.R. OE BOER 8 COMPANY CITY PLANNERS DENVER Information: Directory of Montana Mining Properllu, Memoir No.20, Montono State eureou of MlnH and Geology. MIHral RHouroH Map,, Dept. of l•terlor, Geologlcol Survey, L1COAL 0 PHOSPHATE. ~CORUNDUM @ASBESTOS @ BUILDING STONE @LIMESTONE @) DIATOMITE ' @)CALCITE . ~GRAPHITE. @SILICATE . WBARITE (Si GYPSUM QcEMENT LEGEND @PRE. METAL UNCERTAIN {§MANGANESE ~MOLYBDENUM ~SILVER @GOLD (!)TUNGSTEN @ARBENIC @) CHROMIUM @)COPPER @IRON @LEAD l,s MICA l J J J man and Butte. The 1956 report says, "Work on the Madison gas storage project continued. Twelve wells were drilled to determine the geology of the area and at the close of the year eight wells had been com- pleted for injection and withdrawal use. " This stor- age has beencalled on during these periods (winter 1955-56) to provide up to 5 1/2 million cubic feet of gas daily to help meet the peak requirements on the system. New contracts included the Ideal Cement Company's plant at Trident and a phosphorus plant at Butte. The Montana Power Company also furnishes Boze- man and its territory with natural gas coming largely from the Dry Creek Oil Fields. Another use made of :natural gas is by the Belgrade Alfalfa Mill located at Belgrade for the dehydration of alfalfa hay which produces an excellent ingredient for mixed feeds. MANUFACTURING From the previous brief review of the agricultural, mineral, forest and climatic resources of the Trade Territcry it may be seen that there is no dearth of raw material in the area to supply local industry. The extracting industries, mining lumbering -and· agri- cultural, however, are subject to a high degree of seasonal and cyclical unemployment. The rranufac - turing industries are far more stable in their employ- ment both S3asonal and cyclical. AGRICULTURAL MANUFACTURING The large number of livestock sold at 39 the Bozeman auction indi cates the poss i bi 1 it y of meat packing. There is one slaughtering and packing firm now which caters to the local trade. Extension of this brings up the problem of cattle feeding qn a larg- er scale. This is often based on by-products of a sugar factory. ---------------~~------------------- Tanneries may accompany slaughtering of live- stock as well as shoe manufacturing etc. Quality of the hides enters into this. Grai~ elevators for s.torage and resale have been a feature of Bozeman since its early begin- ning. Flour milling began in 1864. Today the Montana Flour Mills Co. sells to all the States of the Union. Seed companies were started in 1911. Bozeman has the largest seed storage buildings in the West. · · The first pea cannery was opened in 1917, and today Bozeman's canned goods are sold on the Eastern Seaboard. Mountain-grown vegetables are known for their high vitamin and protein contents and extension of the growing of these products may lead to extension of the cannery industry. In irrigated areas wher'8 the per acre invest- ment in land and water is heavy it is frequently advisable to raise specialty crops and these should undergo further experimentation. Creameries and cheese factories make up a considerable industry today and extension of dairy farming may lead to extension of this in which a special milk or cheese product mirg'ht be featured. 40 l l l 1 I I J J J ] Farm equipment selling reaches the whole district. The large amount of barley produced in the six counties nacturally points to a brewery and potato pro- duction to processing plants ~f this nature. Manufacturing of fertilizers and insecticides are possibilities. MINING MANUFACTURING The metal mining industries are nearly all located in or near Butte and Great Falls. We are of the opinion that many metals will eventually be found in the Bozeman area. If the City maintains good farm-to-market roads it will benefit by developments even if they ar e not located in the City, but somewhere in its Trade· Territory. In this case, the City can 'become the headquarter City. This entails many requirements in livability of the City and in education and recreation. PRESENT INDUSTRIES INCLUDE: 1. A large cement plant at Trident. 2. An asbestos plant at. Bozeman. 3. A phosphorus plant based on phosphates, in Madison County, is located at Butte. 4. A tungsten plant at Glen. 5. A phosphate mine p;t. Centennial. 6. Large iron mine and concentrator at Dillon. The most important proje c t the City of Bozeman can promote is to launch the surv ey of raw materials mentioned under Miner a 1 s . Until that is done, it will be difficult for. 41 anyone to say what industries are suitable in the region. This should be a government undertaking. Industries of this type are best located on the northeast side of the City. It would be well for the City to acquire such a site, in cooperation with the railroads, and to carry out a modern industrial design. DE FEN.SE MANUFACTURING The presence of many metals in the Bozeman Trade Territory points directly towards the possi- bility of defense industries. Many of these indus- tries seem to prefer a mountain side for protection purposes and Bozeman has many such locations. A plant such as a Martin Plant for guided missiles could advantageiously be located against the Bridger Mountains north of the City with a connection to the Milwaukee or Northern Pacific Railroads. Such a plant could be ten or more miles out of the City, but managed from Bozeman. A large plant of this type might bring several thousand workers which would mean a considerable addition to the population. LUMBER MANUFACTURING The lumber industry is fairly new in the Gallatin Valley. The U.S. Forest Service believes that the · lumber industry has great potential in this area. There is a good supply of trees and with care and reforestation will maintain the limber industry for a long time even at a faster rate of cutting. A study has been made of the possibility of pulp wood mills at different points in the State, one of which is Three Forks. 42 I ] ] J Types of industries now based on lumbering are: 1. Production of poles (telephone, etc.) for the northwestern and north central States. 2. Manufacturing of paneling through a glueing process. 3. Production of pulpwood for pulp mills in north central States. 4. Two operators at Gallatin Gateway meet special lumber orders. 5. Two mills in Bozeman produce fir studs. This is . a.comparatively new logging area and con- tains a good supply of small timber which is suitable for studs and pulp. Two mills employ a large force of loggers (60). These men are laid off about two months of the year, usually January or February to April or May. The other companies are smaller with up to four men as loggers, however, these men are put to work in the mills during this period. All companies stock pile for the winter month~ when there is no cutting. 43 TOURIST INDUSTRY The term "Tourist Industry" is meant here to include all business houses which supply goods and services to travellers, including hotels, motels, dude ranches, eating and drinking places, souvenir shops, guides, outfitters, etc. Such an industry is difficult to measure accurately. The M©ntana State Advertising office estimates that income from this source amounted to 93 mil.Iibn dollars in 1957. Chambers of Commerce state that this industry is the third largest in the State. Agriculture and mining both produce new wealth. Since most of the tourists come from outside the State, this is also new wealth as far as the State is concerned. What is Bozeman's place in this tourist industry? It certainly is an interesting one. The number of tour- ists in Yellowstone Park adjoining Gallatin County in 1957 was just short of 1 1/2 million people. As far as scenic v a 1 u e s a.Ji".e c on c er n e d, the v a 11 e y of the Gallatin up to Gallatin Gateway is practically a continuation of Yellow- stone Park. The Bridger Mountain Area is no less scenic. The confluence of three mighty rivers to make the headwaters of the Missouri River is historical as well as scenic. Inside the 50 mile trade territory circle there are 14 thermal springs, not counting those in Yellowstone Park, varying from 50 to 4000 gallons per minute, varying in temperature from 70° to 168°. Inside of this same circle are four 44 1 ] l 1 l J , major ~rivers and uncountable creeks and tributaries high snow-capped peaks with ski runs. Inside of this circle again are the marks of prehistoric human races and the remains of white man's settlements. With this background in mind and considering the location of the City, it would seem that Bozeman should make a strong attempt to develop in this direc- tion. The fallowing items are suggested for further analysis in later chapters. 1. A parkway connection between Yellowstone Park tvith its nearly 1 1/2 million visitors annually and Glacier Park with its 3/4 million visitors. The actual line of this parkway to be studied carefully. The following units of it should be considered: a. Gallatin River Road between West Yellowstone ' and Gallatin Gateway. b. A new scenic mountain road against the west slope of Bridger Mountain fr.om Bridger Canyon north to the Missouri River. A careful survey of the route is needed. c. A new short road from Gallatin Gateway to Boze- man with a loop around the city and a continua- tion of the Bridger Canyon Road. d. The possibilities for a Ferry Boat from Toston or Townsend to Cascade should be· studied. -------------------------------------. ..... -~ . e. A road over the Continental Divide and along Hungry Horse Lake to West Glacier or a road from Cascade to Choteau and the East Gate to Glacier Nat!ional Park. 45 ___ I 2. A scenic road to the top of Bridger Mountain or an other peak. 3. Revival of Gallatin Gateway Inn for National Conferences featuring swimming pool, golf course, etc. 4. Introduction of musical events during tourist season. ----------------------------_ __,_ ___ -- 5. Special summer courses at Montana State College on highly technical subjects in com- bination with summer vacations. 6. Development of mountain resorts everywhere. 7. Unusual treatment of city's business district. l • 8. Unusual treatment ·of the college campus. 9. Summer athlelics. 10. Completion of Pioneer Town. 11. Publicly operated-recreation and resting rooms with reading rooms, swimming pool, etc. 12. Mountain trail guide service. 13. Scenic bus service from airport, bus and rail- road stations. Over-night trips to resorts. 14. City Park development with music, entertain- ment features, wild animal collection, etc. 46 ~ l l l I J I ] J Such a program cannot be accomplished on short notice, but will require a long time of deliberate and contfulued civic work. TRADE Gallatin County had 182 stores in 1956 *. These stores had an annual sales volume in 1950.. of $84) 000 per store as compared with the State of $74,000 per store. The six-county trade territory had 797 retail stores with an average annual turnover of approximately $62 000. These figures w.ere based on the 1950 census, but theL' relative value remains about the same. The 44 food stores of Gallatin County had an average annual turnover of approximately $105,000, as against the six counties of $75, 000,.and the State of $76,000. This interesting comparison shows that Bozeman mer- chants have the central stoJ?es of the six-county district and compare well with the State average. A similar comparison may be made in regard to bank deposits. Gallatin County leads with approximate- ly $890. 00 per capita, whereas the State has a per capita bank deposit of only $820. 00 . and the six-county area of about the same. Yellowstone County (Billings) had a per capita bank deposit of $677. 00 but Lewis & Clark County (Helena) a government center approached the national per capita f deposit with $1075. 00, but Cascade (Great Falls)) an industrial center, exceeded it with $1164. 00 per capita deposit. (See page 48) In all these items the Bozeman Central District shows as being aggressive and energetic. It manages to serve a very large district effectively. * Sales Management. 47 BANK DEPOSITS Gallatin Co. Broadwater Park Madison Meagher Sweet Grass 1950 TOTAL DEPOSITS -6 COUNTIES $37,622,000 MONTANA $483,224,000 Bozeman is a self-contained city, by which we mean a city which is not subservient to a nearby, larger center, but gives complete service to its patrons. Many cities are satellites to a larger city and see most of their more important patronage go to this larger city. Bozeman like all other cities loses some patronage to its larger neighbors, but the amount of this is small and partly set off by return patronage. To retain its position as the central purchasing place of a fifty mile radius circle, the City must retain its aggressive service in all directions. It must sell goods of quality and at competing prices. It must remain up-to-date and ahead of the daily changes. It must show its wares effectively and be convenient and accessable. We believe the district must be :attractive and we will discuss that again under fiDistricts". 48 l l 1 Extension of the Trade Territory must come by continued good service and will not be spectacular. We believe .ac::fdiffon~1 sales volume is possible to a considerable extent, but spectacular increase is more apt to come from tourists. There is still a great field in flagging down the passing through-traveler and give him good service in lodging in food and meals, in supplies, in wearing apparel and especial- ly in curios and gifts. Items designed by and made by" :taca.l workers from local material. should be made available. Like the small restaurant on U.S. 10 near Miles City which specializes in unusual dough- nuts anct:·.is famous along the length of the road. Boze- man should specialize in unusual items of trade, many of them. ,·· 49 MONTANA STATE COLLEGE With a faculty of around 200 and a large main- tenance force, the Montana State College is one of the most important employers in the City of Boze- man and its trade territory. In 1955-56 the total enrollment was 3241 of which 2542 were men and 1335 were women. In 1957-58 the number of students rose to 3561. It is interesting to analyze the development of this school. The school has had a steady and continuing growth in enrollment uneffected by the discontinuance of the government's pos1war veterans program. See table below: YEAR 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 ENROLLMENT 2677 2276 2276 2331 2778 3241 3175 3561 In addition to these full term students, the College has a summer class which has climbed from 1 79 to 395 students in 1956. It is very interesting that two- thirds of the students are men. The school library has 122, 200 volumes. Taking the annual expenditures of Montana State College as approximately $4 million, much of which 50 J ] J J J J is spent here and add to it money brought into the City by students and visitors, we may say roughly that the Colle1Re contributes more than five million dollars annually to the Bozeman economy. A faculty of around 200 professors and instructors, -all H:v±ng-i-rrthe-eity-, :> £. ,-1;-... ...._ together with the maintenance staff receiving steady salaries adds a high degree of stability to the economy. The College, however, contributes more than just money to the Bozeman picture. It h?,s a major effect on people of all ages and through it brings better edu- cation1 recreation and culture. Besides what this gives in more complete living, it makes the City a center for ·· engineering and agricultural enterprises, for science, art and music. There are few cities which have the opportunity for cultural leadership that Bozeman has. COMMUNICATIONS Mail Service Bozeman has very good mail connections due to the through-character of the Northern Pacific Railroad, Greyhound Buses1 and the Northwest Airlines. There has been some discussion of a new federal office build-~ in_g, but for the present the Post Office building on _:... ·;-,ACnC'/ Babcock Street and Wil-1:serrAvenue seems to be suffi- cient. During the year 1956-57, the _total postal re-· ceipts were $1172, 872. This is an increase of 27. 2% above I949-50 which was $135,748. This increase was slightly less than that of Helena which had 37. 7%, Billings which had 66. 5% increase, and Butte which had 28. 8% increase. Telephones Bozeman has a modern dial system tele])hone service operated by the Mountain States Tele_phone and Telegraph Company. The number of telephones 51 has increased steadily. The number of telephone connections in 1954, as given by the <city Directory was 5582, but many new connections have been made since_and today there are 7026 telephones in the City. <GallatmJY.alJ.eyi:has &250 uBits, all serviced by the Bozeman exchange. The Company also gives mobile telephone service. There is good long distance serv- ice, not::only with the trade territory, but also with the rest of the country. Western Union serves the City with telegraph service from an office on Main St. , Newspap.ers . ~-· The Bozeman Daily Chronical serves the City and its Trade Territory with very active daily news service. The paper reaches the entire Trade Terri- tory and is an important means toward connecting the Territory with the business houses of the City. It receives national news and subscriptions have climb- ed steadily from 4073 in 1949 to 4863 in 1958. The Gallatin. County Tribune is a weekl~ serving Gallatin County and catering to the rural area espec- ially. Between the two papers, Bozeman has unusual news service. Radio Broadcasting There are two stations KBll/IN" and KXLQ both operating with the same power. During daytime they reach the outer edges of the Trade Territory while at night they only cover the immediate neigh- borhood of the city. ______________________ _ T . V. Service Gallatin County has television service with a total of 2700 TV sets which is 34. 6% of the possible total. This is considerably lower than the adjoining counties such as Cascade with 57. 3%, Yellowstone with 57.ta%, .. 52 l l l ) l Silver Bow County with 72. 8%. Gallatin County, how- ever, has a higher percentage than Lewis and Clark County which has 32. 9% of its possible total. We are adding a brief note on livability of cities. Bozeman already has a high degree of it. To increase this and hold it should be the goal of every citizen, not only for the effect it has on the individual lives, but al-. so on the over-all business of the city. Today industries seek attractiveness in cities as well as Us transportation facilities. Professional and business undertakings are stimulated by city beauty and tourist business fully depends on it. CONCLUSION This study of Bozeman' s trade territory is not a de- tailed listing of all its enterprises. The study was nec- essary to determine the pote.ntial physical development of the city and its region in order that street plans, zoning and recreation plans can be safely proposed for the future. The study hinges on employment, its problems today, and potential for tomorrow. Bozeman has a period of winter- time unemployment which in depressed times may become serious. In the final chapter of this report which sets up a long range work program we have included a special list of continuing projects which can be used f6r unempLoyment fill-in work. The number of men and women on the unemployed benefit program for ·se,veral 53 years during the winter has been around 400 for several months and this year is twice that amount. These people, we believe, can be put to work on projects which will improve Bozeman and its region. These projects would include private as well as public works and would include work for technical and professional people as well as un- skilled workers. The work must be of a nature which does not compete with contract work and would largely be projects which otherwise would not be built imme- diately. In the various chapters of this report we have in- dicated items of work which are important to the city's economy and which can be worked on year after year. · Some of these are: 1) Provision for ice skating on a large lake and with races of nation-wide importance. 2) Still more emphasis on skiing. 3) More emphasis on sledding and creation of special runs. 4) Promotion of special service on trains, buses and planes to bring people to Bozeman for winter sports. 5) Encouragement of special hotel and restaurant service, sport shops, bus runs to winter sport places, etc. 6) Increased feeding and fattening of animals to be sold at Bozeman auction. 7) Increased meat production. 54 l l l l 1 ) ]( 8) Wood processing and manufacturing. 9) Surveying and mapping of mineral deposits where possible in winter months. 10) Road building , such as Bridger Mountain Road, and streets in the city, such as Bluff Road. 11) Building of an outdoor-indoor swimming pool. 12) Construction of an amphitheatre. 1 3 ) An arcade could also be made through a large store building. Black Avenue is not an important traffic artery and frontage on it could be designed for arcade stores. The church walk is another suggestion to bring interest to the shopping district. These are only a few of the projects which might be encouraged. The first plan should include stimulation of enthusiasm for building the city with a slogan such as: "BUILDING A BETTER BOZEMAN" 55 TRANSPORTATION RAILROADS Many of the cities of the West have been built onRailroads, just like olders cities were built on Waterways or Highways. While modern conditions have changed this materially, the fact remains that location on a main line railroad is still a major item in the economy of a city, and even more so in that of a state or a nation. In times of war the railroads are one of our main items of defense. It is, therefore, common sense that as a people we assist the rail- roads to our utmost ability. Rail transportation is the most efficient form of transportation. "The lack of friction (on rails) is such that a given amount of fuel will propel a freight car five times the distance it will a truck carrying the same load. In commuting, the railroads can move 48, 000 passengers by rail in one hour over one passenger line, compared with 6, 720 by bus, and 2, 250 by automobile. "* In spite of this tremendous physical advantage the railroads can not compete against other forms of transportation. The same writer lists obsolete forms of labor contracts as an outstanding handicap, also an obsolete station setup based on the days when grain was hauled to the railroad by horses, competition with buses and trucks running over pub- licly built and maintained highways and planes land- ing on similarly maintained airports. * Ben W. Heineman, Chairman, Chicago & North,7est Railway in U.S. News & World Reports. 56 We believe that modernizing our Rail System would mean: A. Review of all regulatory laws to allow for free competition against other forms of transportatipn. B. Railro.ads are equipped to carry heavy truck trailers and can provide equipment to handle buses and automobiles. We believe that in this direction must be found new patronage for rail service. C. To reduce the serious pounding OI). highway pave- ments by heavy trucks the maximum limit of weight should be reduced or truck lines allowed to build their own pavement strips on highway rights-of-way. D. Door-to-door freight and passenger delivery has been improved but needs far more publiG under- standing to give the full needed service. PACIFIC NORIHWEST RECIONAL PLANNINC COMMISSION -.11CaNQ _,...._..._.I ..._... ___ _ The building of the Northern Pacific Railroad stabilized the settlement of Bozeman in 1883. In 1884 the City was incorporated and organized a City Government. Bozeman is situated on the main line of the Northern Pacific and is served by a branch line of the Chicago, Milwaukee, st. Paul and Pacific which originates in Three Forks. Since Bozeman is a summer and winter tourist center, faster connections with terminal cities can be exploited. Additional manufacturing plants would be advan- tageous for the Bozeman area. These might be based on lumber production , which has a large potential growth, and on agricultural and livestock products. The location of thedntlus_triaJ cdiStrict:.near Jhe rail- road wilYf.Utn'.the proposal in the City Plan to have the industrial district north of the city. The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul Railroad has a branch freight line which leaves the Main Line at Three Forks. At one time the branch line was im- portant and the Company built the Gallatin Gateway Inn. Freight service in4 Bozeman is offered by both railroads. The Nort:1ern Pacific has an average of five through-freight trains a day, but occasionally as many as 20 through-freight trains.pass through Bozeman because of "extras". The Milwaukee line has one local train daily, Monday through Friday; the Northern Pacific has two locals, one to Townsend six days a week, and one to Whitehall twice a week. The Northern Pacific locals are made up at Livingston on the East, and at Helena on the West. •. Milwaukee 58 locals are made up at Three Forks. All trains being used in this area are Diesels. During 1956, the Northern Pacific received 808 cars, and forwarded 1478 cars. Grains and flour are shipped in largest quantities, with livestock and utility poles and other wood products shipped second and third in that order. The Northern Pacific maintains its own loading- stock pens on railroad property, while the Milwaukee can load at the auction yards. RAILROAD CROSSINGS The crossings of the Northern Pacific track with U. S Highway #10 north of the City are by means of viaducts and are adequate for convenience and safely. The Bridger Canyon Road which enters Bozeman on North Rouse Ave- nue serves the northeastern part of Gallatin County, which is largely devoted to farming, livestock and dude ranches. This road crosses the tracks at grade. The traffic sur- vey:.shows the amount of vehicular traffic and of trains on this grade intersection which indicates the need of an over- pass. North Wallace Avenue also crosses the main line of Northern Pacific tracks at grade. A proposal to solve these grade crossings is discussed under Highways. RAILROAD STATIONS The Northern Pacific has an adequate passenger sta- tion on Front and Tamarack Streets near the end of Wallace Street, which is the main connection with the Central Busi- ness District. This street connection is an extremely poor and unattractive one. The possibility of a better roa.d to the ~:t-.ation will be considered in the Street Plan, together with the new Rouse Avenue artery. 59 The station grounds are small but well kept, and tree planted, but tre . surrounding area is unattractive and a poor advertisement for beautiful Bozeman. The Milwaukee line has an abondoned passenger station near Main Street and Sour Dough Creek. It is boarded up at present and not in use. Is is, how- ever, a well-built structure, and this study will con- sider, further on, the possibility of using it for rec- reational use under a lease from the railroad. The two railroad companies each have a freight s tation on Main Street at Wallace Avenue. The Gallatin Valley Railroad h,as become a subsidiary of the Milwaukee Line. HIGHWAYS Cities have always been built on transportation lines. First these were waterways or wagon roads, later railroads. To- day's city depends on major highways and to- morrow's city many depend on airways. In all cases, a city's growth and prosperity depends · on highways and farm-to-market roads. This city was settled in 1864 on a trail used by John Bozeman as a shorter route to the East. In 1883, the rail- road was built through Bozeman. . At that time, the highways were dirt trails. Bozeman is the center of a highly developed agricultural area. Its industry and commerce are primarily serving the agricultural interests in its trade territory. 60 ·i ' G M STATE HIGHWAY SYffiM / ............ , ... Go... ... CITY PLAN BOZEMAN, MONTANA HIGHWAYS U.S. HIGHWAYS PROPOSED PARK TO PARK ROAD ROUTES •IO• •91- 111111111111 \ FARM-TO-MARKET ROADS Ro ads conn· e. ct i n .g · a city I s cent r a 1 business district with its trade terri- tory are o ft en as important as main high w a y s . Bozeman has a prosperous trade territory in the Gallatin Valley. Good roads must be made available to bring people to the City, for bus i-. ness as well as to the seat of County Government. Some of the existing and proposed farm-to-market roads are listed below: 1) Bridger Canyon Road which is presently b~ing widened by the State connects with Wilsall aud Clyde Park. 2) A connection between Bridger Canyon Road and Maudlow as par t of a park-to-park road. 3) An improved road, Bozeman to Maudlow and White Sulphur Springs . ./4) A direct road, Bozeman to Amsterdam and beyond built partly on the abandoned roadbed of the Northern Pacific ;Freight Line does not seem practical at this time. 5) Existing roaq from Bozeman to Norris, Ennis and Virginia City. 6) Existing road from Bozeman to Norris and Harrison . . 7) Improvement of r oad, Bozeman to Hyalite Dam and thence by a summer road to connect with US 191 via Squaw Creek. 8) Improvement of road, Bozeman to Hyalite Dam and Mystic Lake with summer road to U.S. #191. 61 -;:. . ----·~--~-------------- 8) Improvement of road, Bozeman to Gardiner via Trail Creek. Some of these become part of the main highway ."'_.Y:.:3tem. ---.. -------------------------- MAIN HIGHWAYS Bozeman is served by U. S. #10 and by U. S. #191, which links the City to Yellowstone Park. A. U. S. Highway #10, "The Main Street of Mon- tana", is the state's major transcontinental highway. The Traffic Survey of 1953 (see graph under Streets) shows average week-day traffic of 3462 passenger cars entering Bozeman on North 7th Avenue. Of these cars, 36% or 1270 were through-traffic. The eastbound pas- ,sen~ier vehicles totaled 2901 entering Bozeman, and 43% or 1270 of the vehicles were through- traffic on Highway #10. These .figures show the heavy traffic burden which Highway #10 im- poses on the City. Under the new Interstate Highway Program, U. S. #10 will be relocated and by-pass Bozeman on the north. This re- location of U. S. #10 will have a great effect on Bozeman, and that will be taken up in detail later. Main points on U. S. #10 in Montana are Billings and Butte. Billings is the traffic center where north-south routes cross U.S. 4HO and Butte is the meeting place of #91 and U. S. #10. Butte is very important, being the center of the metal industry. B. U. S. Highway #191, "Yellowstone Park Route", connects Bozeman with the West Gate of Yellow- 62 l J J J stone Park. The route is a very scenic one. Along .the 91.,.m.iles to West Yellowstone, there is rvery· wild anq,.-natu:ral scenery. The present connection between Bozeman and Helena is over U. S. #10 north which leaves the main line at Three Forks. Since this is the main connection with Helena and U. S. #10 to the East, consideration should be given to a major road which wilJt.connect Bozeman over Manhattan and Teston with Helena. The major north and south line in this area is U. S. #91 which runs from Salt Lake City to Great Falls, over Butte and Helena. There have been discussions of building a shorter line from Dillon over Whitehall and Boulder to Helena, by-passing Butte. This would place this line closer to the city of Bozeman. There would be little advantage in this for Bozeman for it has a good connection to the South in U.S. #191 which also leads to Salt Lake City. The only other U. S. Highway in this area is U. S. 89 which runs through Livingston to Great Falls, and to Glacier National Park. To the south, U. S. #89 enters Yellowstone Park at Gardiner and is closed in the wintertime. A shorter connection from Bozeman to the Gallatin Gateway is important. Briefly, the major highway system, from the stand- point of Bozeman, should have consideration of the following: 63 1) U. S 287 ~-A PROPOSED NEW NATIONAL LINE: A connection linking U. S. #191 and U. S. 287 to make a major diagonal route from Houston-New Orleans- Dallas-Denver-Moran-West Yellow- st one-Boze man-Helena-Calgary. This road would connect Banff Park, Glacie..:c. Park, Yellowstone Park, and Rocky Mountain National Park. It would make a major diagonal route through the United States. TheproposedParkway mentioned below would become partly a part of U. S. 287 but would retain its scenic features in- dependently in other sections. 2) A Parkway connection between Yellowstone Park and Glacier National Park over U. S. #191 from West Yellowstone to Gallatin Gateway direct to Bozeman and around the City to Bridger Canyon, over a mountain road to the Missouri River, thence along the river to Helena, with possible ferry boat service over the length of Lake Sewel, and on to Glacier National Park. (See Park and Recreactipn section). 3) Selection of the by-pass road north of the City with preference to an inner route. 4) A direct route from Gallatin Gateway to the City and to make a direct connection with the Bridger Canyon Road. 0) A circular boulevard around the City. (See Street Plan map). 64 n l I J J HIGHWAY PARKS Roadside pa:r;ks along the highway can be used to make the entrances into Bozeman attractive . .- -,BUSLINES Bus service to B,0:z.eman is offered by two bus lines. Northwest Grayhound buses run from Minneapolis through Bozeman to Seattle on their transcontinental route. Greyhound has eight scheduled trips a day, four each way. Since this is a transcontinental route , all connections are good. North and south connections are at Billings, Helena or Butte. Kar st Stages have one bus a day, eaqh way, to West Yellowstone via U. S. #191 from May.1st to October 1st. During the winter the line runs only once a day on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. The Mil- waukee Railroad runs two buses daily in each direction from Three Forks to Bozeman to Gallatin Gateway. Due to its strat~gic position on U. S. #10, the Bozeman: business district has good service to all of its customer cities along the highway; but no service is available in the following directions: 1) Bozeman ·-WilsaU-White Sulphur Springs 2) Bozeman -Menard -Maudlow -Lombard 3) Bozeman -Amsterdam -Manhattan 4) Bozeman -Norris -Ennis -Virginia City 5) Bozeman -GaTdiner • I A local company starting in a small way could well make a business out of this service. It would be a boon to the customer cities and the Central Busi~ ness District. Both present lines are served by the same bus depot in Bozeman. During 1956, an estimated 11,000 passengers purchased tickets from the Bozeman sta- tion. The size and efficiency is apparently sufficient for the amount of traffic received, but the general appearance of the depot should be improved. LOCAL BUS SYSTEM At the present time Bozeman lacks a local bus system. There is no adequate, cheap transportation available for residents of outlying areas, for the college stu- dents and faculty, and for school chil- cren, especially the high school stu- dents. Private cars and taxis are the only avail- able means of transportation.. The local chapter of the Lions Club has approached the City Commissioners in the hope that some method can be found to provide transportation for the school children of the City. Local service in the City may well be combined with the suburban service mentioned above. AIRLINES In the past, cities have been located on waterways, railroads and highways. In the future these older transportation lines will be less. important and busi- ness will require that cities be located on airlines. A modern airport and good connections are essential for modern cities, not only for passenger transportation, RR BOZEMAN MONT. BUS LINES """'. NATIONAL 0 PAR i __ ....... ROUT& S.R. OE BOER a COMPANY -·--..,, ...... ~•• ftll!:NVf'A "-\ ' .1 ••••••• n 1 l l J l but also, for mail and for shipping of light-weight and valuable goods. Bozeman is located at present on the Northwest Airlines which connects with Billings, Minneapolis, Milwaukee and Chicago. It also connects with Butte, Helena, Seattle and Portland. At present, there are no other companies operating through Bozeman. Passengers using the plane service have increased about 211% since 1952, airmail about 131%, express about 250%, and freight about 268%. The three largest shipments of freight received are flowers, business supplies and supplies for Yellowstone Park, in that order. The percentage of passenger traific is much greater during the summer months due to tourists, many of whom are en route to Yellowstcme Park. Gal- latin Field is the nearest commercial field that serves Yellowsone Park. The Northwest Airlines constitutes a major trans- world line. It connects the Atlantic coast with the Orient. It is of great importance to the North American Continent. The line connecting Bozeman with this inter- national system is a local one connecting Billings, Helena, Butte, Spokane and Seattle. Another airline in the Bozeman territory is the Western Airlines which has a major line from Los Angeles over Salt Lake City to Butte, Helena, Great Falls and Canada. These lines are intercepted by a through-line from Minneapolis over Casper and Salt Lake City to Los Angeles. This company, therefore, makes the connection between Bozeman and California area possible . .. A third line in the territory is the Frbntier Air Line which gives local service to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah cities. It serves Billings; Cody, Wyomir.g, etc. Most of Western and Frontier flights cater to the travel to Yellowstone Park into Jackson, Wyoming. Bozeman has a location similar to these Wyoming cities in relation to the north entrance to the park. The Frontier Airline is the most logical line to give Bozeman additional service. A line over Casper to Jackson, Bozeman, and Great Falls. would give this ' area additonal service. The traffic from private planes at present is not very voluminous, but we believe in that direction the City can accomplish a great deal, especially so, if a good bus or rental car service can be established in the surrounding scenic area. This service can also be rendered by helicopters and this service could be centered in Bozeman with runs to Yellowstone Park and nearby cities. Bozeman has a very modern airport, buildings and facilities to serve more business than it re- ceives today. This service should be played up. In this connection the Montana State Agricultural College plays an important role to the "Flying Farmers" of· .. · the surrounding area. TRANSPORTATION TO YELLOWSTONE PARK Bozeman:~ is in a unique position to greatly pro- fit by the tourist trade to Yellowstone National Park, and also to Glacier National Park. Utilizing the four methods of public transportation, railroads, bus service, airlines and highways, Bozeman can really become the Gateway to Yellowstone National Park. This can be accomplished by cooperation between these services, such as tourist buses from the air- port, rail or bus stations with through tickets. 68 ) ] PIPELINES The Yellowstone Pipeline:from Bil1~gs.ioil. re- finery to Spokane passes through Bozeman where a pumping station is maintained. The pipeline has a capacity of 25, 000 barrels a day, along the entire line. --------------------------------Carter Oil Company and Continental Oil Company maintain the pumping stations at the Bozeman terminal. Each company has a storage capacity of 80,000 barr·els .. The two companies serve the area around Bozeman bounded by Dillon, Idaho Falls, We st Yellowstone, Gardiner, Livingston and White Sulphur Springs. Carter and Continental both provide approximately 50,000 barrels of oil products a month to their dealers in the Trade Territory. .J cu,,1 .. 1. I Beu•••• Me•t•u I I AIRWAYS __ ...... ..._ .. c... -... -. Cele. --111n11•• UNU ____ .,,,,.uo 11100,,, _,, _, ~{""""' 69 • i STREET PLAN GENERAL THE STREET PLAN IS THE MAJOR PART OF A CITY PLAN. THE LOCATION OF STREETS DETERMINES THE LO- CATION AND SIZE OF ALL ZONING DISTRICTS, BUILDINGS, UTILITIES, AND ALL OTHER PHYS- ICAL FEATURES. A city's streets are as nearly permanent as any effort by human hands. The street pattern of an - cient cities often survives catastrophies and is frequently dug out and revived from the ruins. BOND ISSUES PREVENTED BY CAREFUL PLATTING Cities must be careful how new streets are added to the street system. Frequently subdivisions are platted without any relation to others or to any master plan. A city :c.:treet plan and its extension, when once adopted, becomes a permanent guide in the develop- ment of the city, and all additions. must be .. made .. to fit into this pattern. It is only by careful and persevering work of this kind that the expense of opening and widen- ing of streets in built-up areas can be prevented. De- termined adherences to the master plan of streets will prevent many bond issues. 70 i-- i -.. ......... ,.... ---------_..,__._. "IM•t ..... -----.... , _._,.°"'--. -- Melffl~Wl ..... f4~ l(. ... •t"·-·~· --.. uooc.•TC.P :, ~·-~'"""""au. YO"I'& 1-.,&0f" OCT"~ JUftvCVJ if= :.-::::::L .. ~//)} 77/7? I}; I} -...;., . ......... t · 7-n7,p-,,.-,,,,7~ \;I ':.:· ... :.:....,;,,;..:.;::.<.<04_,.:.,.~~-.:....!...!L~L...·...-~-,'·~~-..-·.£.--__;, cm,u1 1101.~:MAN. MONTANA "'·--M40UU-ltlffl'l.Mt ~~.'~n-_:-_ -• --~,--·-----l•h-· l ~, l l 1 ] 1 J J J J J J 1 HIGHWAYS DIVIDE A CITY The character of the street plan is largely deter- mined by that of the highways as they enter the city. A fast through-highway becomes a barrier and divides the city in segments, which influence the location of schools, playgrounds and utilities. HIGHWAY PATTERN The National and State Highways must serve the largest number of people. This means that they must lead directly to the heart of major cities. Ap- proaching the center of a city, however, the con- fusion of local traffic and through-traffic becomes so great that the highway loses its through character, and the city business district much of its business value. When the confusion becomes too great, the highway must by-pass the city's business district. TYPES OF STREETS In addition to highway streets, the city plan con- tains major city streets, business streets, industrial and truck streets, and residential streets, and may have recreational roads or parkways. These classi- fications are described below: Highway Streets--The new Interstate Highways are nearly everywhere shun t e d a r o u n d the c it i e s . In the past they were not limited-8:,ccess roads, but were open for the building of stores and service stations, causing serious traffic hazards and the need for ex- pensive widening. Unless controlled by zoning, it leads to shoestring-type of development along miles_ 71 of highways, to the detriment of the Central Busine~,s District and the highway. Where highway streets enter the Central Business District it is usually a good policy to lead the through and fast traffic around the shopping street over a parallel street which is sometimes one block, some- times two blocks or more away from the main street. In such cases, the traffic on the main street itself should be limited to a nif'nfurnm speed of 15 to 20 mph. By doing this, the motorist who is not going to stop and shop, will find it advantageous to take the street on eitper side of the main street which can remain a shopping and largely a pedestrian street. Mendenhall Street DISTRICT Off-Street Parkin Babcock Street Schematic Diagram of One Way Traffic Flow B -Passin the Central District Width of Highway Streets--The lanes for moving t raffic on the main highways have gradually been increased from 9' to 12' width. Inside the city, the traffic is slower and these lanes can be reduced to 11', but in the other streets a .10' moving lane is the most advantageous. Thus, a shopping street, 72 l l 1 1 l l l I J J - J ] I such as Main street, should have ten feet per lane of moving traffic. For parallel parking of cars the com- . mon rule is eight feet per car, and a street of this kind should have a minimum of 361 between curbs, but in a busy street, such ~s Main Street, !-lanes.'of mdVlip.g cars are neede·<t.m·aml)g:ta· iUOO~Y.,.7Width::oD5'.6.:£eei. Entrance Highway Streets s hould have 11' per lane for moving traffic, or 441 for four lanes and two lanes of parked cars, making a roadway width of 60 feet. The frontage is usually zoned for drive-in business, filling stations, garages, restaurants and laundries, and many other business houses which today cater to the motoring public. In .such places, the curb line becomes of minor importance. Frequently th~re is no·place for parallel parking, and in extreme cases no place for sidewalks. Truck Bypasses come under this same classification of 11' per lane or 60' between curbs .. Sidewalks--Since these streets are the entrance roads to the city's Central Shopping District, it is necessary to maintain a walk. A walk along a street like this must be protected by curbs. Such a roadway can carry six lanes at a slower speed of 101 penj_afur..bnt should be separated from the rest of the street by curb and gutter. The sidewalk should not be closer to this curb and gutter than eight feet., W'i~ a 51 side-· walk and a 2' strip between the sidewalk and the prop, erty line. In other words, such a street should be 90~ in width or right-of-way. This leaves a narrow band ; for tree planting and the city should insist that trees : be planted in these areas. 73 CURB.CUTS. OFF-STREET PARKING ON BY-PASS ROADS One block away from the main street, behind the stores of the city are the most advantageous places for parking automobiles. In other words, traffic will run into these one-way streets and reach a terminal right behind the shopping district, thus making it possible for the stores to have rear entrances and serve their traveling customers efficiently;, J PROPOSED OFF-STREET PARKING PLAN S.R. OE BOER a CO.-OENVER NOVEMBER, 1957 74 1 I l t J ] J J MAJOR CITY STREETS The major city streets carry the main amount of traffic from one s ection of the city to another and fre- quently carry the traffic to farm-to-market roads leading into the country. In these streets traffic should be limited in speed to perhaps 25-30 mph, and a traffic lane of 10' per car is sufficient. Allowing for two parked cars, a width between curbs of not less than 56' for the more important streets and 36' for the lesser ones .. is ··sufficient. Such streets should have sidewalks near the prop- erty line. It is not safe to have curb walks on these streets. In other words, there should be 10' -15' be- tween curb and property:.line and, therefore, a width of right-of-way 86 1 or 90'. These major traffic streets serve as the arteries for a residential dis- trict and may run through it. All the minor resi- dential streets should discharge into these roads so the':fast traffic can be diverted from the quiet resi- dential streets. TWO CLASSES OF RESIDENTIAL STREETS Residential streets are divided into streets of con- siderable length where a rather large amount of cars must go to reach a major traffic street. Such streets should carry two lanes of moving cars and two lanes of parked cars, or be 361 between curblines. These are the streets of 1500 feet or more in length. .,"fl""l"fttt.ie-- ~Hter street-&-ar:e.-.Shor.ter.,an.d the ;ttbad~~9' ~ay b~nar- ..xo.wed-tG-30.!-e-!'-&-2-t:--A:-30'--r-oae.-eaF--F-ie& two lanes of ~ked cars and two extremely narrow lanes of mov- ~ing cars. This width is too narrow for any fast dri- v--ing and will naturally slow-down traffic to a low min1mum, Many cities have found tha-t-this..is advan- tag:eeus-in shor-t r-esidential streets. Adding two feet 75 to the width of this road makes the traffic slightly --easier and perhaps better, but widening the road- way to the standard size of moving lanes will simply increase the speed of the automobiles and danger to the residential area adjoining it. CURVIN"G RESIDENTIAL STREETS A curving street is more interesting and attrac- tive and makes a neighborhood more secluded and traffic slower. The width of the roadway in this case is similar to that in the previous street, namely- 30' for short residential streets, and 36' for long residential streets. Sidewalks should not be on the c::_ .·.: curb and a right-of-way of 60' to 661 is required. U. S. 10 Bypass The City County master plan proposes a line which has many advantages for the city. It is based on an elevated road in front of the Northern Pacific Station. The approach to the station would be under the viaduct which would also keep Wallace Avenue and Tamarack Street open under the viaduct. This proposed route for the Interstate System through the city would begin just inside the city limits on the present U. S. #10. It crosses the Milwaukee Railroad and Broadway and is located West of the west line of Front Street. This street would be retained as an access road to the Railroad Station. All roads leading to the station would be combined into one street leading into Fr·ont Street. The proposed elevated road would commence umth of the station and continue with one structure over Wallace Avenue, Railroad Switch'Line::;;, CChurch 76 . l l l t J J J J 1 ] and Rouse Avenues and Sourdough Creek at Rouse Avenue. An i?,pproach road would run over the North- ern Pacific mainline into Rouse Avenue north over a branch viaduct.. This roa9-would connect with Rouse Avenue north. The railroad bridge would also allow the highway traffic to connect with the Rouse-Bridger Canyon Road which will be of great importance for the City. The Bridger Canyon Road inbound would go over the Railroad viaduct and turn under the highway bridge to the City. This highway line would redeem much property in this section of Bozeman, make a far better approach to the railroad station, solve the problem of Wallace Ave., 1 Tamarack Street, Church and Rouse Avenues street crossing, as well as bridging over the Sourdough Creek. The State Highway Department, however, has announced that this line would be too ex_p~~sj,ve. ·77 INDUSTRIAL STREETS These are the streets which are mainly dedicated to industrial development. In such streets, provision must be made for heavy trucks of great length, which back up against the buildings and extend to the middle of the street. To accommodate this kind of traffic, a street width of not less than 40' from the building line to the center of the street is necessary. Curbs can be set near the property lines and sidewalks are not re- quired. This means a street of 80' between buildings, or better a width of 90'. RECREATION OR PARK ROADS Much of the driving on city streets can be classi- fied as pleasure driving. Where it is possible to lead this traffic on special roads. through parks, or along streams the city gains much in livability and relieves its main business arteries. Such streets, therefore, should have two one-way roads with a center strip not less than 30'. Frequently a creek bottom can be placed on the center strip of a major traffic line, also, and quite often advantageously. Running water and a tree-planted creek bottom are attractive features in the city. This is the cheapest parkland the city can get, and also, the cheapest surface water drainage. 78 l l l ] l J 1 ) J J J STREET PLAN MA JO R .A:.R'T E~R:.LE S TRAFFIC DENSITY A survey made in August 1953 ~y the Montana State Highway Department and the City of Bozeman illustrates the relative traffic density on the through streets of Bozeman. The peak traffic during the working day hours was 5:30; for Saturdays ·it. was 4:30 to 5:30; and Sundays it was 4:30. On all days ex- cept Sundays the highest peak was in the evening from 8 _:30 to 9:30. The accompanying graph shows the peak hour flow from 4:30 to 5:30 P. M. found in this survey. • ~ I .. l J ~ i • J J 11-·T. TRAFFIC FLOW DIAGRAM ! AUGUST 19'3 J rz9 The average week- day traffic entering or leaving Bozeman in August 1953 was 10, 856 vehicles, of which 9795 were passenger cars and 166Lwere trucks. Of these, 34. 3% did not make an essential stop, 24% eit;Jrer originated or destined for the Cen- tral Business District. North 7th Ave. at Main Street is now operating at capacity and will be 34% above capacity in 1970. During peak hours traffic was operating on Main Street at 15. 6 mph westbound, and 13. 6 mph east- bound. An estimated 300 commercial vehicles and c:20 through-passenger cars plus 500 local vehicles could advantageously use a by-pass route on U.S. #10 highway. A considerable change has happened to the Boze- man traffic pattern. The extension of Main Street as a new U.S. #191 highway has greatly relieved 8th Avenue and na,-row College Street. The diagram shows the importance of Babcock and Mendenhall Stre2U.:; as parallel relief lines fo;· Main Street. The 1953 report indicates that Main Street is not as yet running to full capacity but it is questionable whether _ _ this would be advantageous to business. A much ---:::;;,better arrangement is to increase traffic on the parallel sli0 eets where it feeds directly into the parking lots behind the stores. The importance of Willson Avenue as a cross- town line is shown very clearly in the diagram. 80 n l I J J 1 J J J J A traffic count was made Friday November 22, H:157 from 4 :30 -5:30 P . M. showing the following results: Place Cars Main St. between Willson & Tracy 920 Main St. at High School 292 Main St. at Buttonwood 352 Babcock W. of Willson Ave. 940 Babcock West End 33 Babcock at Rouse Ave. 328 Mendenhall E. of Willson 703 Mendenhall at 7th Ave. 388 Mendenhall at Rouse 282 Willson Ave. So. of Main St. 501 Willson Ave. No. of Main St 412 Willson Ave at Peach St. 19 Willson Ave. No~ of College 478 Willson Ave. So of College 428 Tracy Ave. No. of Main St. 327 Tracy Ave. So. of Main St. 370 Tracy Ave. at Peach St. 67 Rouse Ave. No. of Main St. 265 Rouse Ave. at Railroad 88 Church Ave. So. of Main St. 177 Church Ave. at Story St. 86 Wallace Ave. No. of Main St. 177 Seventh Ave. No. of Main St. 602 Seventh Ave. at City Limits 408 Eighth Ave. So. of Main St. 657 Eighth Ave. At College 641 A1 ___ 40& _.f.!.T.:Y LIMITS TRAFFIC FLOW DIAGRAM PEAK HOURS 4'.30-5:30 P.M. NOVEMBER 1957 " , • 7 ' w w ' ~ 0 0 ~ • -• • "' § "' • z X ~ 0 , • • , X 0 STORY •• There has been a material increase in the peak hour flow at the main points since 1953. Willson Ave. and Babcock St. had 20 autos more than :M:ain St. Mendenhall at Willson was lower than Babcock, but also very heavy. The graph shows still the same importance of No. 7th Avenue and So. 8th Avenue, but also an increase in West :M:ain Street. PROPOSED PLAN The main traffic line in Bozeman is U.S. 41'10 v1hich enters the City at the East end of J\/fain Street, North on 7th Avenue, while U. S. 41'191 continues 82 J 1 J j West on Main Street. It is possible tO" by-pass the City's Business District with the new Interstate Highway in a way that the new line is close to the City and has good access roads. MAlN STREET-U. S. #10 / The present U. S. #10 highway enters Main Street at the East City Limits. Main Street is the main shop- ping street of Bozeman and for its 46, 000 population trade territory~ As such it is a p e des tr i an street as well, and requires wide side- walks. The opening of the hiew U. S. #10 by-pass will relieve the street from some of its through traf- fic but will still leave it as a major business route. 0 Main Street has a right-of-way of 9~ and a road- way of 64' for the curbed section of the street. It should have slow traffic and 10' moving lanes are suf- ficient. This leaves 12' on each side, which is too wide for one parallel parking lane but not wide enough for diagonal parking. MAIN STREET-U. S. #191 Main Street continues with a 90' wide right-of- way and 64' roadway for its whole length to the high school. The character of the district, however, changes from a pedestrian shopping district to a drive-in motor service :are_q_ . .'.: .·.'J'h1s..wilL be discussed again under Districts. In the motor service district traffic will be faster and an 11' lane is required~ Also, the curbs and side- walks will be broken and be far less important. If we figure four lanes of moving cars at 11', and two parked cars, the roadway width should be 60'. In places -fat- 83 ther out the curb parking may be eliminated and six lanes of moving cars allowed in a total roa,d wi.dth of 66', We conclude that the 64' width is a usable com- prornise for both treatments, The new :Line of U. S, #191 from Main SL to College SL 01iven great rel.iE:,f to the crowded 8th Avenue and College Street. At the time of con- struction there was some discussion of contirruJng the diagonal Eno to Gallati.n Gateway, The present line, hov;.,ev0r, serves 8. great trade territory area West of the Gallatin River and is, therefore, of great import-, ance, Nev.r pl.ans for a Yellowstone Park -Bozema.n - Glacier Park Parkway revive thl.s proposal and a diagonal Jlne may a,wln h2ve to be considered, NORTH 7th AVENUE -U, S, #10 ':'hie; l.s tbe major highway for North and West bounci trai:fic from Bozeman, It wlJ.J re.maln the City's .main entrance frorn thi.s direction even aJter the buUding of U, S,. 4f10 By-pass, The present U. S. #10 nwkes a right-angle turn and leavE;s the city to the North on 7th Avenue The right-angle turn at this V-'int Is not conducive to speed for a major highway. The street should be planned for four lanes through traffic and two lanes of parked cars, or a 60' road width, For three blocks, from Main St. to Beall St. , this street has a right-of-way varying from 60 1 to 57'. Sidewalk space of 15' would require a right- of-way of 90 1 , Reducing the sidewalks to a mini- mum of 10' each would still require a right-o,f-way of 80'. On the West side of the street widening is possible at this time for the length of the three blocks. On the east side widening is more diffi.culL 84 -'·. -·· ~------ - I ' ~,,=,~ ! ! i! n l l 1 1 l J I J J A detail survey is needed to determine this. To / prevent great expense in the f.uture it i s .a d v i s ab 1 e that th e r i g ht -o·f,:. w a y b e widened at this time. The present roadway is 32' in width and as a tem- porary measure parking may be eliminated from this secti-on. SEVENTH AVENUE has a width of 100' from West Beall to West Juniper Street and 130' beyond this. This greater width has made tree planting possible and at one time this was an attractive entrance to the City.. The building of many business houses has caused the removal of many trees with a loss in ;,/ attractiveness. Restoration of tree planting in such r a way as not to interfere with business operation is recommended. This street is not curbed and has been treated as a highway with borr·ow pits. Curbing and delimiting of drive--in. roads is essential. Through sidewalks must be preserved. BOZEMAN BOULEVARD A theoretical city plan is somewhat /' like a spider web with the central busi- ness district in the hear-t of the web and arterial traffic lines running in all di- rections for fast communication to the outer dist r i ct s, and circular lines to inter-connect them, and by-pass the central district. It is interesting that we can go to the spiders for an object lesson in this regard. 85 Bozeman has many suburb,an towns in its trade orbit. To connect them with the shopping district was discussed before. There are routes from all directions and it is important to inter-connect them. This was illustrated by the proposed Yellowstone- Glacier Parkway which is meanst to connect with Bozeman from Gallatin Gateway and then continue . around the city to Bridger Canyon Road. This is only one illustration. The, iaee.dfor such a connection '. to the livestock auction yard is another one. One-Half of Bozeman Boulev,ard is Po s s i b 1 e Now . Of the immediately possible lines we mention the following: 1) Connection of the new field house section of the College Campus and the Sour Dough Creek area. 2) Continuation of the Kagy Lane Road. 3) A wide road through the proposed Deaconess subdivision to U. S. #10 highway. 4) An approach road from the proposed U. S. #10 Interstate Highway to Main Street. If all these are inter-connected we have nearly one-half of a Bozeman Belt Boulevard. The west and northwest section of the Boulevard from College Street around to the 7th Avenue or 11th Avenue interchange would require a new right-of-way. The east section would follow the East Gallatin River. (see plan) Connecting All Traffic Streets The Bozeman Boulevard would connect up all thG major traffic streets of the city. 8~ n [l J J ---------------. I T""I--,""7 ___ -- A Parkway Bozeman Boulevard should be considered a Creekway as much as~ Parkway. ~ften_ cre_eks would be in the middle and :centerstrips .1n many places may have to be quite wide. --~-~------------ The lines of the proposed Boulevard are shown on the accompanying map. Wherever a creek can be used as ,a .center park .strip;. j.t ·.:mibuld, be included. In new areas the land should be dedicated to the public by the subdividers. J al J~, BABCOCK -MAIN' -·1'1ENDENHALL STREETS 5';,uJ;r_ ----..t:::_,.,,,~,~~ Under Main Street the problem of through traffic and business traffic was discussed} and Babcock and Mendenhall Streets selected as one-way by-pass · routes. Babcock Street has· a width of right-of-way of 50' at Rouse Avenue, 58' at the Post Office} and 60' west of there. The roadway varies from 361 wes.t of Third Avenue to 32' West of 8th Avenue, 401 to 46 1 - near the Post Office to 39 1 east of Black Avenue. If this street is to fulfill its purpose of a faster by-pass road and feed into parking lots, it should have a speed of 25 -30 miles per hour and four lanes of 11' each. If we add to this two lanes of parked cars we have a road width of 60', which will leave no space for walks. Adding two walks of 10' each, the minimum width _of ·r:lght .. of-:-way. would.he 80,' ,-with 90' as a better arrangement. In the proposed plan of slow traffic on Main Street with one-way traffic on the parallel streets, however , 87 the present roadway of Bal:i;oek St:reet would provide .. for three lanes of moving cars, two lanes of parked ~c.ar.s. and no sidewalks. A better arrangement would :J J be four lanes of moving cars, one parking lane and two 4' sidewalks. In this case the street should be widened to 70' leaving 9' for sidewalks. · , The widening of the right-of-way of Babcock i. --.c.-Street is a difficult problem but today it is still possible and should not be delayed. A detail survey is needed for this purpose. I The matter of Off -Street Parking enters in on this street problem and it will be again discussed under this heading. MENDENHALL STREET has a 60' right-of-way from Broadway to 11th Avenue and roadways of 30' to 32'. , As the counterpart of Babcock Street, it should bave the same treatment. One-way traffic from ,. Church Avenue to 7th Avenue is preferable and a right-of-way of 70' should be acquired soon. This is still possible at this time but may not be-prac- tical later. Mendenhall Street would have north- bound traffic with a projected connection from U. S. #10 at Broadway and another connection from 7th Avenue. Babcock Avenue connects with Bozeman Boule- vard on U. S. #191 but ends on Wallace Avenue. Mendenhall does not reach the Bozeman Boulevard · at eitp.er end. A special place for traffic to turn from· Main Street, U. S. #10 and U. S. #191 into these one-way streets must be selected. On the east end we suggest Church Avenue and on the west end 11th Avenue. 88 l I l 1 l 1 J 1 l J J J I I ' / PEACH STREET -DURSTON ROAD This is the main East-West through-street in the northern part of the City. It ;is suggested for a 30mph, 11' lane road. It is 60' in width, or right-of-way, and has no curbed road. It should be designed for 4 lanes of moving cars and two parking lanes of 60' between curbs. In additon it should have a sidewalk width of not less than 101 making a right-of-way of 80'. This is still possible at this time .. For the immediate pre- sent, two lanes of moving traffic will be sufficient. This means a roadway of 38' and can be built in the present 601right-of-way. Eventually widening will 1 have to be done. OLNE AND LAMiv.IE STREETS Both of these streets have a 60' right-of-way. Widening is not imminent on these streets but.:as· rp.~ Central Business District gains in importance they will have to be widened to 80', and consideration must be given to it at this time. TAMARACK STREET This street is shown as a by-pass truck route fl from 7th Avenue to East Main Street. It should be / 801 between property lines with the same width on Front Street and Broadway. OAK ·~ .· Widening~ is re.commended as for Peach _ Street. 89 COLLEGE STREET This is the main traffic artery for the College in this part of the City and used to be the main city entrance from the West. On the east end a connec- tion with Sour Dough Road is proposed. College Street is 60' in width from 8th Avenue west and is Montan State College's main connection with the westbound highway system. A broad double drive parkway is proposed from U. S. #191 to 8th Avenue with tw;0 30' roads, a center parking of 60' and two sidewalks of 15' width or a total width of 150'. On the north side the existing spruce planting should become part of the parkway. The main widening should be on the south side which belongs to the College. GARFIELD STREET -Montana State College Blvd. In the present plan of the Montana State College, Garfielj Street has replaced 8th Avenue as the axis of the campus. Inside the campus, Garfield is a wide parkway with a center park strip of 40' width. Its extension to the west can reach to the Bozeman Boulevard. This extension should carry the same generous dimensions as the campus parkway. To- gether with College Street it will give the College two major access avenues. To the east of the campus this parkway has only 60'[Jwidth of right-of-way and a 32' roadway. Both are too narrow for a monumental street. Garfield Street can be widened only at considerable expense, but 4 lanes of moving traffic, two for parked cars, or 56' between curbs, is essential, 90 I J J and using sidewalks of only 12' will mean a right-of-· way of 80' w'.idth, which should be acquired as soon as possible. The plan proposes to continue his street from Tracy Avenue eastward with two r oadways of 30' each and a center _park . strjp·. of 40' as far as the Sour Dough Road. From there it continues with a 44' roadway for moving traffic only diagonally up the Sour Dough hill and on top of the break of the hill around or through the unpla.tted cemetery to the old U. S. 41='_10 and over it into the approach road of the new U. S. #10 highway. It is suggested that this boulevard be called Montana State College Road. BEAUTIFUL BLUFF ROAD This extension of Garfield Street will connect the College with U. S. #10 highway over a line of unusual scenic beauty. The bluff sector of State College Boule- vard will continue around the west edge of the ceme- tery and the Park, to Main Street near Broadway. This part is i:qtended as a park-type road with outlook points. Some of these points control a city-mountain view which is unsurpassed in American cities. WILLSON AVENUE Cross Axis of the Central Business District. In traffic counts previously described, it was shown that Willson Avenue today is the major cross town street of the City. South of Main Street it has a right-of-way 80' wide and a roadway of 44' with two blocks of 32'. This street should have 4 lanes of slow traffic and of 10' width, also 2 parking·. lanes of 81 and a width between curbs of 56'. 91 This is possible with the present right-of-way and can be done at any time. It is proposed to extend the street south of Lincoln Street to an intersection with the Bozeman Boulevard. TRAFFIC CIRCLE -BUSINESS AREA South Willson Avenue as proposed would end in a traffic circle of 300' radius inside of which a neighborhood shopping center is proposed. (See plan) This traffic circle would gather up the Bozeman Boulevard, Willson Avenue, Montana State Road, and the Gallatin Gateway diagonal. The latter would coR- nect this main business artery direct with U. S. #191. Eventually Willson Avenue would continue. NORTH WILLSON CONNECTION WITH U.S. #10 The north half of Willson Avenue is even more important than the south section because it can be made an entrance from U. S. #10 into the heart of the Central Business District by connecting it diagon- ally with 7th and 11th Avenues. North Willson Avenue has a right-of-way of only 52' for the block between Main and Mendenhall Streets and 60' for the next two blocks. From Beall to Cot- tonwood Street the right-of-way is 80' wide and suffi- cient. The roadway is 36' for the next two blocks and 32' beyond them. If Will.soru Avenue is to become the central entrance into the Bozeman Shopping District, it should carry 4 lanes of moving cars; 10' per lane from Main Street 92 r l I l J J l J / TRAFFIC CIRCLE SHOPPING DISTRICT S.R.De Boer and Co. --November 1957 l l 1 J J to Cottonwood Street. With two lanes of parked cars this would mean a roadway width of 561• Since side- walks are as important as pavements, it can be seen that even with 12' walks the right-of-way for the first section should be 80' M For .the proposed extension,. the road should be faster and have 11' lanes, and 15' sidewalks or a total of 90'. This will allow for tree planting. In the block from Main to Mendenhall, the right- of-way cannot be widened without great expense. The 36' roadway leaves sidewalks of only 81 in width, also inadequate for a central district. In other words, the street cannot be changed without great expense. It is recommended that parking be elip.1inated and the street used for 4 lanes of moving cars with loading and unloading privileges,.at the hotel, and further that if any rebuilding is done that the .ne:w buildings be set back at least 4' to create a~quate sidewalks. North of Cottonwood street il is proposed to con- nect Wi1Ison with 7th Avenue. This part of the street should not be less than 90' in width with a 60' road way, or better still a divided road with two 33' lanes, center parking of 30' and a total width of 1261• ROUSE AVENUE -SOUR DOUGH ROAD SYSTEM Rouse Avenue is the City's main connection with Bridger Canyon and through the mountains to High- way 4#:89. Together with Sour Dough Road and Church Avenue it is at present one of the most important north and south lines in the plan of Bozeman., even more :so because these roads can make a through connection from the Bozeman Boulevard on the south to its con- tinuation on the north side of the City. 93 Rouse Avenue is 60' wide from Olive Street to the Northern Pacific Railroad. With the aid of the State Highway Department the roadway has been widened and paved to a width of 441• This allows four lanes of 30 mph travel and leaves 8 1 on each side for sidewalks. Rouse Avenue continues over the Northern Pacific Railway and at this point will meet the proposed #10 Interstate line. The plan calls for the highway to go over Rouse and the railroad with a grade crossing at Rouse Avenue over the railroad. SOUR DOUGH ROADS -A PARKWAY The present Church Avenue -Sour Dough Road has a right-of-way of 60'. The roadway in Church Avenue varies from 36' to 30'. The Sour Dough Road along the creek is fully built up on both sides. It is crooked and at present crowded. Widening of this road seems out of the question. On account of its great importance in the plan of Bozeman, and the difficulty of connecting Rouse Avenue with the Creek Road and the difficulty of straightening the Creek Road, two one-way streets are recommended. The north bound one would be the present Sour Dough Road. It is possible to build a second Sour Dough Road along the west side of the creek from Adams Street or Kagy Lane to a connection with Rouse A,tvenue at Olive Street. The building lots on the present Creek Road vary in depth from approximately 550' to nearly 800'. About half of this depth is on the west side 94 l 1 I f 1 ] j 1 of the creek. Therefore, it is possible to put a road on the west side and leave sufficient frontage for a row of attractive homes. This plan would have north bound traffic on the east road and south bound traffic on the new west road. The creek would be in the dividing strip and would be maintained as a natural park with picnic places at certain points. The west road would connect with Rouse Avenue along the west side of Bogert Park. The present East Creek Road would connect with Church Avenue which can be extended to the Northern Pacific Railroad and along Sour Dough Creek to the Bridger Canyon Road. In the over-all plan of Bozeman this double road parkway would be very important. We propose that the suggested diagonal roadway be built to Gallatin Gateway and connected with the Sour Dough Roads and along the Creek to the Bridger Canyon Road. In other words there would be a direct connection of the Park- to -Park scenic road through the City of Bozeman. WALLACE AVENUE This street at present is the main connection be- tween Main Street and the Railroad Station as well as the area north of the station. The station is one block east of Church Avenue. On the plan a connection is shown between the railroad station and the Sour Dough Parkway which would make a new station connection. This would leave Wallace Avenue as a possible truck road. It has a right-of-way of 601• On it, at Main Street , is the Northern Pacific freight depot, on one side, and the Milwaukee freight depot on the other side. This would make an ideal truck street up to the Northern Pacific Railroad Station and alomg the railroad to Rouse Avenue or the 7th or 11th Avenue interchange. 95 3ROADWAY North Broadway Avenue is 60' in width in its right-of-way and connects with Front Street at the Northern Pacific Railway Station. Its value is that of 'an industrial street and truck road. 11th AV-ENlJE -HIGHWAY TO COLLEGE An alternate interchange of U. S. #10 is proposed on 11th Avenue. It is all on open land and the problem of interfering with the cemetery does not enter in on : it. At this point can be brought together the extension of Willson Avenue;-11th Avenue, Bozeman Boulevard and the extension of the farm-to-market road on the railroad freight right-of-way as well as the County Road in this section. 11th Avenue requires a new right-of-way from the highway to Lamme Street and a widening from Main Street south to College Street. Since this is a direct connection between U. S. #10 to Montana State College and Main Street it should be provided with at least 4 lanes of 11' width for moving traffic and two lanes of parked autos, or a roadway width of 60 1• South of Main Street this traffic can be made slower and a roadway width of 40' would be sufficient and if parking is eliminated this would make a through con- nection to the College at College Street. The line should be continued to the Bozeman Boulevard. CITY BLOCKS AND STREETS Residential blocks in Bozeman have been laid out in a wasteful way. The average block has a depth of lot of 125' and a width of 270', including the alley. It has a length of 300'. Present day city planning is 96 l l 1 l l l I J I 1 J J r=-_T ___ :;l ~: I ~3.5% 111 IN STREHi I [ ~: a 11 EX1STI~ 1 !c r----+ -----1 ~ I I PQOPOOED~ LAYOUT I : [ __] 1126.0% ·~ IN 5TR£ml ! [ L.: ___ ..:...._ _____ ~ 11 11 1r CITY BLOCK.5 ~ STR.E.ET.S based on residential blocks of twice that length, or 600', and often 900'. In other words, one street could be eliminated out of two. The area in streets in the present residential sub- division is 33. 5% of the total land area. If one street is eliminated between two blocks t;tiis percentage of land in streets is only 26. 3%. The residential block would be more liveable and the cost of street construc- tion, plus the cost of street maintenance, would be re- duced 7. 2%. If the blocks were made still larger, this _figure would be reduced further. In a modern layout, provison is made for wider arteries, and this will take up part of the gain. The gain in buildable land might ·well be used for oth~r service, such as parks and play- gtounds. 97 STREET NAMES AND NUMBERS · ·Streets in Bozeman are divided into two categories. The north-south streets are all called Avenues, and the east-west ones are · calle.d Streets. . Short streets are ' called:p,laces. This is a good rule and it has been carried out conscientiously. East of Tracy Avenue the avenues are mostly named after local pioneer families. West of Tracy to 15th Avenue the streets are numbered with the first tw.o numbered streets named Willson and Grand Avenues. This also has been carefully followed. The first five streets north of Main Street are named r I ;, after local families. Short ;and.jfri-ely Streets could be connected and givep on~· nam~ ,The rest of the streets in this section are named after trees. South of Main Street the streets up to College Street are named after local families. Beyond College Street the streets are named after American presidents. The new arteries shown on the city plan should be given striking names. The Bozeman Belt Boulevard should logically be called "Bozeman Boulevard", which means that Bozeman Street will have to be renamed .. One section of the boulevard, from the highway to the shopping circle would be called 11 Montana State Boule- vard". The main road through the Deaconess subdivi- s1on .has been~called -. "Highland~ Eom.ev;rrd .. 11 The diag- onal road to Gallatin could be called simply "G?].latin Gateway". Rouse Avenue and Church Avenue should retain their names, but the two could be known as the rr Sour Dough Creek Boulevards rr . J 1 ] ] LAND USE ZONING ZONING DISTRICTS Inside the City of Bozeman, a zoning ordinance has been in effect for several years. ·The present proposal is to bring this ordinance up-to-date., to be adopted by. the City of Bozeman. To this is added a recommendation by the Joint City-County Planning Board, providing a zoning resolution for the areas adjoining Bozeman, to be adopted by the County Commission. _Both of these are subject to hearings. Under .th."el)p1ice power granted by the State of Montana, cities may divide themselves into zoning ilis- tricts in which private building is regulated. Under the new state law authorizing city and county planning, a similar authority is granted cities .and counties to regu- late the fringe areas of cities. Inside the city of Bozeman, a zoning ordinance has been in effect for several year. The present proposal is to bring this ordinance up to date and add to it, by Resolution of the Joint City-County Planning Board, pro- visions for the areas adjoining Bozeman. Within the city, the City Commission may provide for the manner in which such regulations shall be deter- mined, and from time to time amended. However, no new zoning ordinance can be adopted unless it has been previously submitted to and reported on by a zoning commission. Neither a new ordinance nor an amendment to the old one can be adopted until after a public hearing at which citizens shall have an opportunity to be heard. Notice of such a hearing shall be published in an offi~ial newspaper at least fifteen (15) days before. 99 The City-County Planning Commission under the local Planning Law of 1957, has authority to submit a Master Plan including a zoning plan for the areas adjoining the city and to carry these out after appro- val by the County Commissioners. A LAND UiSE'SDRVEY was made in connection with this study and is now available at the City Hall. Each piece of property in the City and its surroundings was analyzed and the results placed on a 3001 scale map. The single family areas of Bozeman proper are inter- spersed with two family dwellings, but are remark- ably free from business and industrial uses. Apart- ment zones are spread over the city and should be kept closer to the business district. Motor business areas have sprung up along the highways and have seriously hurt the attractiveness of city entrances. Industry is largely in the north end of the city, which is the logical place for it, though some places crowd the residential areas on the south side. By and lai::,ge thej city is in good condition. DISTRICTS The districts mentioned in the proposed ordinance establish residential, commercial, industrial and ag- ricultural areas which are listed according to den- sity of population. A-1 Agricultural & Flood Protection District A-2 Agricultural Residential District A-3 Agricultural Residential District R~1 One Family Residential District R-2 Two Family Residential District R-3 Multiple Family Residential District C-B Central Business District M-B Motor Business District C ,commerical District M· · General Industrial District 100 I l PHYSICAL PLAN OF THE CITY ::.fu.:tb.e following pages the various districts are described beginning with the Central Business District, which is the core of the city .. Around it lie the com- mercial or wholesale districts,. the apartment house, two-family and one-family districts.. All of these are in, more or less, concentric circles around the Central Business District. In discussing these.,. we have oegun with the Central District and followed the opposite order from that used in the ordinance. CENTRAL BUSIN"ESS DISTRICT -Heart of the City The Central Business District, on the zoning plan called G-B, is the heart of the City. All traffic arteries feed into it and as in the human body, the heart pumps it out again through major arteries. The human body uses one-way traffic; cities are reaching for this goal also. Like the human body, a city is also a living entity, something that throbs with life, something that can be fed and encouraged, or hurt and discouraged. The central districts of Ameri,e.an cities today are suffering from the strong processes of decentralization. Fast traffic lines and lack of parking facilities have en- couraged suburban shopping centers everywhere. The central district keenly feels this competition, and many people are wondering whether these suburban districts will replace the Central District altogether. To fully understand this problem, we must analyze the character of the Central District.. It is historically not only the place for shopping but for social meetings; not only a place for appointments, but a subconscious meeting place of the city's people. Anything. that en- courages people to come to the district aids the activity. 1 ()1 This means attractive places for refreshments, for recreation and for entertainment are all essential. The Central District is of extreme importance to a city. It represents its highest land and tax values; it is the citizen's as well as the visitor's main point of interest. Its beauty and interest are items which he remembers and takes home with him. To play up to this for the good of the city as a whole is also to the best interest of the citizen. It means this district must be active at all times, eliminate from it all detrimental uses, create the largest and easiest facilities for parking cars and must furnish space for expansion. A Central Business District can not be replaced. Its location in the city plan is permanent as long as the feeding arteries remain the same. This does not mean that it may not shift, something which occurs frequently and usually follows the opening of new traffic lines. The following rules should be considered fundamental in the protection of a Central Business District: 1) ONLY RETAIL USES: The Central Business District must be zoned to allow only retail stores, office buildings and similar uses, as mentioned in the accompanying zoning ordi- nance. Gradually items of an industrial char- acter must be located in adjoining districts. 2) HEIGHT: This is the central area of the city and the one of its greatest height. It is pro- posed that for the present, six (6) stories or seventy (70) feet be set as its maximum height. 102 1 :J) ,/ 1 4) l J ) J J J 5) NO CURB CUTS: Since pedestrian movement is so important and to protect its safety, it is essential that no permits for driving across the sidewalks be allowed. This must be accom- plished by restoration of all curbs and walks which have been turned into roadways. An ex- ception to this will be entrance driveways to parking places on the streets parallel to Main Street. · MAIN" STREET -Slow Traffic: Traffic along Main Street should be reduced to a low minimum of 15 to 20 miles per hour, with two-way traffic. The parallel streets, Babcock and Mendenhall, are designed for one-way, faster traffic. OFF-STREET PARKillG: Shoppers want space,. a lot of space for parking their automobiles. A modern shopping center frequently furnishes space for 2000 or more cars. The Bozeman Central District must and can furnish space for 2500 cars. Each store owner, when erecting a new building or an addition to existing ones, should be required to furnish a certain amount of parking s pace. Sev- eral store owners can go together and save on total space needed. The city must participate in acquir- ing land for parking, and assess the cost to the abutting blocks. Bonds for parking facilities can be revenue bonds issued by the city as improvement district bonds . Parking places should be metered and revenue used for amortization and interest. 103 ONE PARKING SPACE BRINGS $10,000 BUSINESS: · Builders of shopping districts often figure the value of one parking space in gross business for a store at $10,000. In the case of a Central District, with many stores, this figure may be low. · · 1000 FOOT WALK: &tore patrons generally will not walk more than 1000 feet from their cars to a store. This means that auto parking lots to serve Main Street stores can be on Olive and Lamme Streets. There is, however, much ppen, space on Babcock and Mendenhall Sti[:eets and these open spaces should be used until such time when the City has grown sufficiently to fill these areas with store buildings. ONE-WAY STREETS: Traffic feeding into the park- ing lots would be most efficient if Mendenhall be used for one-way, westbound traffic and Babcock Street, eastbound. This has been worked out on the plan of the Central Districts. The change over from East Main Street would be on Church and Rouse Avenues, on West Main Street at 7th and 8th Avenues. MASTERPLAN OF CENTRAL DISTRICT It is possible to combine the ideas discussed here and crystallize them in a master plan which embodies attractiveness as well as efficiency. The accompany- ing plan suggests such a treatment. A PARKING PLAZA A large roomy parking plaza is proposed between Tracy and Black Avenues, extending from the alley ,,outh of Main Street to Olive Street. It will hold 45J cars and additional space can be provided along the alley south of Olive Street. 104 On the opposite side of Main Street a smaller area for 240 cars along Mendenhall Street is proposed, together with another large parking area in the two blocks north of Mendenhall between Bozeman and Tracy Avenues. A smaller area is proposed at Willson and Babcock with additional areas along the alleys south of Olive Street. A larger area is suggested along the south end of Mendenhall Street on both sides of 3rd Avenue, and on the north side including the present Safeway lots. In the East end of the district, major parking areas are proposed on both sides of Babcock Street from Bozeman to Rouse Avenues and along Mendenhall be- tween the same streets. A total number of approxi- mately 2500 cars can be parked in this way, A SHOPPING ARCADE The parking areas are connected with Main Street and with each other by an Arcade of stores which we expect to get by closing Black Avenue from Babcock to Mendenhall. The land acquired here should be given to the store owners in exchange for land needed for parking. The blocks east and west of Black Avenue are very short and the closing of this street would not disrupt traffic movement. The Arcade should have gay window displays, and the same should be true of those facing the parking areas. Restaurants of unique design should be an Arcade feature. TREATMENT OF PARKJNG PLACES The effect of these open spaces on the Central Dis- trict can be very great if they are considered as parks. 105 .,Ul should be tt:ee planted and paved in order that they may give the Central Business District this park-like appearance. The store buildings around the parking plazas should rebuild with rear entrances and facades, and where possible window displays included in the plaza front. OWNERSHIP OF LAND: The parking areas, so acquired, should become the property of the city at large. Private parking lots can be added provided the property is dedicated permanently to this use, and will become city-owned when abandoned. II MAIN STREET." ....... !''MIRACLE MAIN" The plan of the Central Business District would make Main Street and its side streets a real show place. Traffic through it must be slow and curb parking parallel. We like to visualize it as a flower-planted, bright and colorful street, advertised stale-wide as one of the unusual spots in the West. Flower plant- ing can be done in planting boxes built Ori the side- walks by each store. The plan calls for very bright lighting of Main Street with lights of 20,000 lumens or more. Where ever color can be introduced in the building fronts, this should be done. Display of flags and bunting should be a frequent affair. Window displays must be attractive and unigue. Occasional contests should be held for the best dis- play and unusual features introduced. 106 1 l "We like to visualize Main Street as a flower- planted, bright and colorful street, advertised state-wide as one of the unusual spots in the West. Flower planting can be done in planting boxes built on the sidewalks by each store. 11 J l . I J l .1 1 J ] J J ARCHITECTURE To bring Main Street up to the proposed standard of attractiveness, it is necessary to rebuild many of th~ store fronts in a modern way. Setbacks of front walls to leave space for planting, unusual W?indow and flower planting on upper floors all help to accomplish this. A type of building design which would fit the character and atmosphere of Bozeman should be tried. A CNIC CENTER A grouping of public buildings is.' .shnvin in .the .se.c."I!' tionrle~alingL with :parks. The city will have to consider building a new City Hall in the near future. The present building has historical value and can be used as an old time opera house; but better police and fire offices as ., well as administrative offices are essential. A Federal Building housing administrative offices is another im- portant item. If these can be located around a civic c.enter park, they would be an additional feature for the Central District. In this respect it must be remembered that public buildings hardly ever promote business and are best by themselves. A CHURCH PATH Bozeman is fortunate in having its churches grouped together in one neighborhood. It tends to promote re- ligious tolerance. The .. plan:.:.01 the Central Business District proposes a church path from the parking places to the churches and from one church to another. This path, shown on the plan, will be 10 feet in width with flower plantings on one side and small flowering trees on the other side. The walk itself should have a simple pergola-type roof. 107 This church path could well be made into a Sunday morning festive arrangement which would attract nation-wide attenti.on. BOUNDARIES OF THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT The map of the District shows the bmmdaries of this proposed Central Business District. Inside of them, building-use would be of a retail store character, office buildings, etc.; all other uses should be kept in adjoin- ing areas. The opening of the Sour Dough Creek Roads to connect with the Bridger Canyon Road will increase activity at Rouse Avenue and Main Street, and we be- lieve the public buildings group would make a good East 108 l l l l 1 j J J J J J boundary of the District. Willson Avenue is the main cross-town artery on the West end of the District as the Sour Dough Roads will be on the East end. The District as a retail pedestrian area practicaJJy stops at the Junior High School on the West, just like it stops at the City Hall and proposed Civic Center on the East. Along Willson and Tracy Avenues it extends crosswise from Main Street. On the plan it extends two blocks south of Main Street and one biock north. The Mendenhall /rontage is largely motor business to- day and will remain this. On the South side of Main Street the Central District can take in Olive Street. The weight of residential areas is on this side of the city. MOTOR BUSINESS DISTRICT MOTORISTS DISTRICT This district is primarily a motorists busµiess dis- trict. It allows all the business uses needed by the motoring public, and where driving into the property and off the street is essential. This means hotels, . motels., auto courts, restaurants, service stations, grocery stores, storage garages and parking lots and trailer courts when set back 100 feet. Buildings for professional offices and small personal service shops as well as certain accessory buildings and all residen- tial uses are permitted. CURB CUTS This district requires curb cuts. Sidewalks are secondary but should be provided. In general these areas are along major traffic streets and surrounded by residential areas. In most places the M-B district is backed up by an apartment house district, R-3, and 109 provison is made that the sleeping quarters of an auto court or motel may extend into the R-3 District, but not its business use . The height of buildings in the District is kept to three stories or 50'. Buildings must be surrounded by yards. The front yard of the main buildings should be not less than 20' and side yards not less than five .· feet. FIRST IMPRESSIONS The motorists entering the city will receive their first impressions from the appearance of the M-B District. It is expected that the required setbacks will aid in making these places attractive by tree planting and creating parking ~paces. TRAILER COURTS This is a very controversi?,l use .. Many trailer camps have been so objectiona.15.ie that cities have legislated against them, banning them outside the c_ity boundaries. In some places these trailer camps have damaged good residential neighborhoods and caused problems in school capacity without contri- buting to either of these. The other s ide of this picture is that many people, good citizens, travel and live in trailers. As the modern trailer court has done away with many of these objections, cities can now allow them under severe restrictions .. They are allowed in the C Dis- trict under these provisions and attractive trailer camps with 100' setbacks may be allowed in the M-B District. 110 l 1 J 1 J CO:M:MERCIAL DISTRICT -C The Commercial or C District allows all forms of retail business, motor service and wholesale busi- ness, as well as shops, warehouses, lumber yards and other yards as well as light industry. It should exclude junk and salvage yards and coal yards which belong in the M-1 District. lliDUSTRIAL DISTRICT M-1 The M-1 District includes all the areas used for industrial purposes but excludes factories which are obnoxious by large amounts of smoke, dust, P}Oise, etc. This district includes the railroads and their facilities. Bozeman has an u .. p.usual site for industry on the north side of the city. Modern.industry likes to front on the super highways as well as on major railroads. It wants a place where labor is available and above all, it wants to be near a livable city. We believe all of these conditions are fulfilled in the Bozeman indus- trial area . .One ·co'ndition, however' should be respect~din regard to industry. Bozeman is, by and. large, a college town, the center of a mountain farm district and a tourist center. The thin mountain air makes black smoke very visible. The amount may not be harmful, but it is very conspicuous. It is good policy for the city to keep all smoke, dust and noise pro- ducing industries away from the city. Areas in the north and northeast part of Bozeman and extending from the city in that direction are considered the best loca- tion for industry. 111 INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT M-2 The M-2 District is a district in which major in- dustries can be given large areas for factories with- out restricting regulations. This district is unre- stricted and is located outside of and north of the city. RESIDENTIAL AREAS THE APARTMENT HOUSE DISTRICT R-3 The residential areas lie more or less as concen- tric rings around the central and other business dis- tricts. The first ring is that of the Apartment House or R-3 District. The reason for this is to furnish rental space within walking distance of the places of employment. The district permits multiple-family dwellings, tourist homes, clubs and lodges, as long as they do not operate as a business. Also colleges, hospitals and sanitariums, if they provide 100' of space on all sides. Motels are allowed to have their sleeping rooms in the district but must conduct their business in an adjoining district. Height and Yards: Buildings may not be over five stories or 60 1 in height, and require 750 square feet of lot area per family. A front yard of 20 feet, side yards not less than five feet and a rear yard of 25' are required. Automobile storage and park- ing is permitted. THE TWO-FAMILY DISTRICT R-2 The two-family or R-2 District allows single and double homes. Lots for dupl.ix dwellings must not be less than 6000 feet in area nor less than 50 feet in width. 112 l l ] l J ] J J j This district allows for the building of cheaper homes and covers much of the areas adjoining the business district . Building height is limited to two and one-half stories or 35' feet, front yards are 25 feet and side yards fiv~ feet. THE SINGLE FAMILY DISTRICT R-1 The single family residential district is the pride and charm of many western cities. To keep it attrac- tive and free from other uses must be the goal of zon- ing administration. To protect this district,. the provision is made that only single family homes, elementary and high schools, libraries, parks, playgrounds and golf courses shall be permitted. It is not always easy to enforce this rule. Frequently owners will change a large dwelling to a double without asking for a building permit. Others will come in with attractive building designs for a double or triple family dwelling and put up the plea that their building will enhance the neighborhood~ It is important to adhere to the letter of the ordi- nance. Once a deviation is made, it is extremely diffi- cult to follow the law in other cases. Many beautiful districts have been spoiled by this; the city at large has suffered by this loss~ The lot area for this district has been set at 6000 square feet with a lot width of not less than 50 feet and in new subdivisions of 60 feet. Building height is not to exceed 35 feet, front yards not less than 25 feet and side yards not less than ~ feet. 8 113 Provision is made for existing large dwellings which have lost their former use and value to be con - verted into multiple family dwellings provided they conform to the other regulations for the district. RESIDENTIAL AGRICULTURAL DISTRICTS A -2 & 3 On the outskirts of the city provision is made for two districts requiring more than the usual city lot area per family. The first one is arranged for half acre areas, the second one for one acre per family. Front yards and side yards are increased for each district. AGRICULTURAL DISTRICTS A-1 This district includes farming areas in the out- lying sections. The purpose of this district is to protect farming and gardening uses on land which may later be divided into residential blocks. It is meant to prevent the breaking up of good agricul- tural land. The area per fami.ly or per farm should not be less than two and one-half acres. Other re- strictions would be the same as for R-1, except that there are none in regard to farming. Flood protection districts are special areas subject to flood damage. Since the public pays for most of the damage caused by floods, it is essential that these areas be kept open and free from build- ings. For this reason it is recommended that only recreational structures are encouraged here, and that families may live only on tracts of two and one- half acres or more. This type of land,,is__often good park land and it should be purchased by the public for this purpose. 114 l l l J I J J J l Tree and shrub planting can frequently be used for pro- tection against floods and natural park land is not ma- terially damaged if it runs under water. EXCEPTIONS AND SUPPLE:N.IENT ARY OFF STREET PARKING The ordinance provides that all new or altered buildings shall provide off-street parking, space for one car per family in the residential districts, space commensurate to floor space for stores and offices and to number of seats for auditoriums, etc. NON-CONFORMING USES The ordinance provides that uses of land and buildings which exist at the time of passage of this ordinance and which do not conform to the district, may be continued. In other words, the ordinance is not retroactive. It does provide, however, that if the use of a building is changed, or if it is destroyed by fire to a high percentage, the use of the property shall conform to the ordinance. Wrecking yards or junk yards involving only minor improvements may be ordered to conform or be abandoned after three years. NEW SUBDIVISIONS The ordinance prq17ides that all newly subdivided plats shall provide streets of not less than 60 1 width with property line walks if their direct length exceeds 1500'. For short streets, less than 1500' direct length, the street width may be reduced to 50' and curb walks installed. 1:15 All new subdivisions shall be checked against the city's master street plan which is on record. Subdividers must provl.de for the land needed for major streets as shown on the Master Plan. They will also be required to set aside one-ninth of the area for park, playground and school ground pur- poses. This item shall be paid in cash value if these park, play and school grounds are not located on the property. In laying out subdivision plats, developers should be guided by the street plan shown on the Master Plan for major streets and zoning provisions, but they may submit plans of their own for secondary streets. 116 l I 1 ] J I PARKS AND RECREATION Great changes have taken place in the struc- ture of our cities during the last half century. The machine age has given us shorter working hours, days, and weeks, but has added great ner- vous tension to the work. In many cases the mach- ine work is deadly monot- onous , but the greater amount of leisur:~ time enable our workers to spend part of their time at work which they love to do, and therefore are able to do. The great amount of leisure, properly directed, may well give the Amer- ican civilization a new approach in creative arts. The city of Bozeman is unusually equipped toward promoting a program for leisure-time occupation. Due to its topo'graphical location at the head of the Gallatin Valley, surrounded by high mountains and scenic areas, the city is the recreational center of a large territory. It is one of the gateways to Yellowstone Park, where there are nearly one and one-half million visitors a year. Its immediate surroundings contain fourteen hot springs, skiing, hunting and fishing oppor- tunities, horseback riding, mountain climbing possi- bilities, and many more recreational features. Some cities in the West have become great tourist centers by improving their parks and the appearance of the city, together with creating mountain park picnic places and sport facilities. Bozeman has the opportunity of doing this and making it a source of livelihood. With its unusual educational facilities, combined with its recreational features, this city has possibilities of becoming nationally famous in summer and winter sports, art, science and crafts. Tourism in the State of Montana was estimated to have brought ninety-one million doHars of income. The following report indicates how the city can develop its recre- ation resources. PARKS No other single item contributes as much to the liveability of cities as do parks. In old crowded cities, parks were veritable breathing places. In the newer western cities they have become places of relaxation and recreation, where the tension of every- day work may be dropped. In the over-all plan of a city, parks are far from luxuries, and must be con- sidered as necessities. FUNCTIONS OF PARKS Parks must provide the following services to a community: 1) Areas for family picnics and city outings. 2) Areas for active recreation for children, youths, and grown-ups. 3) Areas for passive recreation for older people. 4) Parks must be the showplaces of a city, and on them depends largely the attractiveness and 11 R J J J J livability of a city. A tourist judges a city by its parks, and they must be accessible and visible to an newcomers. The parks must serve all the people of a city, · young and old alike. Many of these services inter- lock. Within easy distances of family picnic places there should be swings and other play apparatus. If there is a small animal collection, it should be ac- companied by a playground. Major ball grounds, handball courts and tennis courts should be close to- gether. Horseshoe pitching courts and shuffle boards should not be too far from the older peoples' nook, and flower gardens should be within reach bf picnic places. The purpose of a park is to furnish relaxation. There must be no traffic in a small park, and in the larger parks only a bare minimum, at the slowest speed practical. Parking places must be furnished at the borders of large parks and connect with traffic arteries which frequently can follow the park boundaries. PARK EXTENSION National standards require one acre of park land for every 100 people. Taking the estimate of the city's population in 1970 as 18,000 we may say that 180 acres of land are needed for parks and recreation purposes. The National Recreation Association standards, how- ever, are based on supervised play areas mainly. They do not include outer park areas, such as mountain parks, golf courses, horseback riding trails, zoological and botanical gardens, flower gardens, walking and hiking areas, etc. The character and livelihood of the city influences this materially. Tourist cities have found it necessary to have large acreages in outer parks. Colorado Springs, with its Pike's Peak background, owns thousands of acres of outer land. Denver has approximately 20, 000 acres of mountain parks and Boulder has approximately 6000 acres. Summarizing this and allowing for city growth and provisions for golf courses, etc. , we feel that 200 -250 acres of city park land, exclusive of Mountain areas, is not excessive for Bozeman. PARK LAND It is important that in providing adequate recre- ation areas for a number of activities the land must be within easy distance of those who are to use them. Park land once acquired raises the value of surround . ing real estate, and it is not unreasonable to expect the adjoining lands to pay part of the land cost. By the same token, park land should never be disposed of and must be protected against sale by the city charter. It is never too early to acquire land for park and recreation purposes. As soon as the master plan is adopted, arrangements should be made for the ac- quisition of the required park areas. Acquisition of the park land can be accomplished by several methods. A good plan requires that the developer deed one-ninth of the total acreage for park purposes. Other methods may be by purchase, gifts, or the use of tax delinquent lands. All public- owned land, city, county, state or federal, should be made available for use as parks or recreation purposes. Vacant land can usually be purchased at a reasonable price, but when areas become built-up the cost is prohibitive. 120 t ] Many cities have shown that parks pay for them- selves in increased taxes due to higher land values. Sound and active park policies promoted by public authQrities will often result in gifts of land from in- dividuals. This holds especially for lands in river bottoms or on steep mountain slopes which are less valuable for building. TYPES OF PARKS-AND PLAY AREAS In' determining the type of parks that Bozeman requires, we will discuss each type individ$lly. PLAY LOTS: ':Chesrlots are designed for children up- te-five-years-of-age-a:nd.-retired peopte-o~B-yea1 s. The desired size of play lots is dependent upon their frequency of location. For the most effective utili- zation, play lots should serve an area of about one- fourth mile radius. For Bozeman, this is fortunate because the school program has picked approximately the same radius for construction of elementary schools. By utilizing the school play lots as play lots for summer vacations and after-school hours, Bozeman can increase its recreation areas. When new schools become neces ... · sary, they will be built with same radii and will, in effect, complete the city's play lot requirements as well as school facilities. PARK PLAYGROUNDS: Playgrounds are designed for children from 5 to 15 years. They should be between two a.nd seven acres in area, and should be spaced in one-ha.11 mile radius circles. By drawing circles of this radius around South Side Park, Beall Park and Bogert Grove, we find that the circles effectively <;0ve.r the city.. These parks already contain many playgr01.fhd facilities. 121 PLAY FIELDS: These are designed for youths 15 to 24 years of age. These fields should be from 10 to 20 acres in area. They should be utilized by city- wide participation or upwards of one mile. These park play fields should be designed as large parks with picnic areas and quiet, scenic areas. Utilization of the County Fair Gr ounds as park and recreation land would yield an area of sufficient size to serve the northern portion of Bozeman, and with proper planning and organization, the remainder of the land would be converted into a passive park area. The new Proposed Park south of the Kagy Lane extension, would also be city-wide in service, but satisfy the need for a play field for the southern por- tion of the city. SUPERVISED RECREATION: Bozeman's recreation director, Mr. A. Glenn White, works in conjunction-with both the School Board and the City of Bozeman. Under his organi- zation, the city offers many recreational activities. SUMMER ACTIVITIES SWIMMING: The municipality owns a heated pool for all ages. For the 1957 season. 32,805 admissions were recorded during the 75 days of operation. The State College has an indoor pool which serves the c .ollege students during the college year. Another pool, open for public swimming is the indoor pool at the Bozeman Hot Springs, located just out of Bozeman. This pool uses the warm water from the springs. The pool is operated in conjunction with a roller rink and is open all year. 122 , l 1 I l J J J ] J J 1 An outdoor-indoor pool would be a material addition to this type of recreatidn. BASEBALL: Supervised baseball was provided for boys 10 years and older, who received instruction. For the more advanced ball players there was the American Legion team and the City In.dependent League. City league softball games are held at the North Side Ball Park and the .American Legion games and M. S, C. games are played at the Williams Field. PLAYGROUND.S: Supervised recreational activities are provided at Beall, Bogert Grove and at South Side Park for children of all ages. SPECIAL ACTIVITIES: There is square dancing for adults; the fishing rodeo for children held annually in the pond at Lindley Park, mens' volleyball, archery, and picnicking. Band concerts are presented by the Bozeman Civic Band. These concerts are given each Tuesday night and are held at the Bogert Grove concert shell in the summer months. WINTER ACTNITIES SKATING: Beall and South Side Park;s have ice skating rinks available during the winter months. The attend- ance records for 1956 -57 season show an attendance of 7, 714 at Beall Park, and 14, 765 at South Side Park with a total of 60 days of operation. ROLLER SKATING RJNK: A rink is operated and main- tained at the Bozeman Hot Springs which is open the en- tire year. 123 SLEDDING AREA: A sledding area is operated at Lindley Park for children interested in sledding, skiing and tobogganing. · VOLLEYBALL: One night each week, during the winter months, a two-hour session is held at the Emerson School gymnasium. SQUARE DANCING: Classes are conducted once a week at Longfellow School. INDEPENDENT BASKETBALL: An independent basketball league has been established and games have been conducted at the college, high school and junior high school gymnasiums. GRADE SCHOOL ATHLETICS: An after-school athletic program is provided for both boys and girls of the sixth grades. 124 l ] I I j j SKIIN"G LESSONS: Skiing lessons are given to begin- ning skiers on Sundays at the Bridger Ski Range, under the auspices of the Bozeman Ski Club. By working with various organizations such as churches, schools, service organizations and others, the following activities are included in the years program: Dancing Hobby Shops Skiing Sports Clinics Hockey Grade School Basketball Various Parties ADULT EDUCATION COMMUNITY ADULT EDUCATION COUNCIL: 11The council considers itself a sort of 'Clearing House' organization for educational urges, talents and opportunities in the Bozeman area. The main function of this organization is to help adults through further education. "* MONTANA STATE COLLEGE With the completion of the new field house, the college can now provide indoor seating for 12, 500 spectators. The college has an interesting schedule of basketball games during the winter months. Plans have been made to give indoor concerts and other events there also. The college has intercollegiate football events. Future plans call for a new football field to be constructed east of the field house. *Mr. A. Glenn White, City Recreation Director. 125 --------------------1~ Montana State College summer special features consist of items such as these: coaching clinics, agriculture courses, conservation workshops, family life conferences, a valuable course in government procedures for girls, teacher clinics, chemistry in- stitute for teachers, floral short courses, nursing work shop, and Montana 4-H Congress. The College Summer Activities are of great value and point directly to the possibility of highly technical courses to graduate students and given by outstanding visiting professors, both of whom would be encouraged to spend their vacation period in Bozeman. The moun- tain atmosphere and the climate creates an ideal loca- tion to spend a summer. HIGHWAY DIRECTORY PARK PL&N Highway Strip 126 l ' I l J J J J 1 EXISTlliG PARKS Bozeman has a total of six parks maintained by the city in addition to the County Fairgrounds. qf these six parks, four are playgounds and two are devoted to picnic areas. They are: LINDLEY PARK: Lindley Park is Bozeman'$ largest park with an area of 12. 6 acres, on #10 highway east, where it makes an attractive city entrance~ It is equipped with tables and rest rooms. and a fishing pond for youngsters. The pond is fed by Bdzfuman Creek and is stocked by the Fish & Game Department and maintained by the Junior Chamber of Commerce. During the winter months a sledding area is created on the east slope. In the p.ark extension: plan, acquisition of a small tract opposite the entrance as a highway park and a picnic place is proposed. This area should be equipped with a city directory and maps for tourist use. (See illustration on opposite page}. COOPER PARK: L0cated at Koch Street on sbuth Eighth Aven.ue, this park is lands.caped area with picnic tables and rest rooms. The area of thls,·park is 4.1 acres. Dur- ing the summer ·months a flower garden ls maintained in the park which is well-equipped for story telling. . . It ls close to the Irving School and withlh walking dis- tance of other schools. A simple outdoor stage for plays might be added. 127 SOUTH SIDE PARK: At Fifth Avenue and College Street, this park is used as a playground. Total block area is 2. 8 acres, and of this . 4 acres has been built on. The park con- tains a recreation building, playground equipment, 3 tennis courts, football practice field and rest rooms. In the winter a lighted ice skating rink is set up. To increase its size, the built-up area on the south- east corner could be incorporated into the park. BOGERT GROVE: This is the largest playground area in Bozeman, covering 6. 8 acres. It contains a recreation building, playground equipment such as swings, teeters, etc., three tennis courts, heated swimming pool, rest rooms, a band concert shell, and playing field with horseshoe courts. This park is· located on South Church Avem1;e between Story and Olive Streets. BEALL PARK: Beall Park is located between Black and Bozeman Streets at Villard Street. Its area is two acres and it has playground equipment, a baseball diamond, a community house suitable for indoor games and meet~ .. ings, rest room facilities, and a playing field with lighting which is converted into an ice rink during the winter. WILLIAMS FIELD: This is a private field located behind Lindley Park to the east. This field is us,ed by the American Legion Ball Club, by local children, and in the spring by the 128 l 1 l .. . , -·1----- ! -r - 1 t r------'------1r-----+------!------i : I I IJL1t;JI .. ID ~ • ~~I I Ulh~: ~ § i • • ~ el "'~•=::i ··••l·•I l>t•s.i: ~ti•1 : ~ el E! 5 • ~ R • ! r r ! r~ i,1'1·· >;' •• r::'l':'f:'l':I• 'i w • I • I § • ~D: ~-,,.,. -~ 'I !r :i: d! I ' --+-- I I .. l l l l 1 Montana State College baseball team. It is tenced and contains bleachers and rest room faciliti~s. During the spring in the baseball season) th,.e nume;rous attend- ance .at the games creates a parking problem. Present parking area is not now being fully utilized, but indi- cations point to the need for additional $ace for parking. The city at present is being approached for parking space on city-owned property adjoining the field; Total area of this field is 6, 1 acres. It is, however, privately owned and subject to sale. On account ,0:f this, it c.annot be considered part of the municipal park system. PROPOSE]) PARKS COUNTY F AlR.GROUNDS The fairgrounds are County property and are pre- sently being used only a few days a year. It is possible, however, to utilize the fairgrounds section of the prop- erty as a park. The fairground buildings are now being leased out to local businesses as storage warehouses. The football stadium has been used up to now as the High Scho.ol foot- ball field. With the completion of the new High School, this service will no longer be used by the school. This leaves the County fairgrounds unused except for a few . days each year and use of the buildings as storehouses or warehouses by local businesses. The fairgrounds should be leased by the city, or an arrangement made whereby the lands may be used by the city as a park and highly developed recreation field. The football stadium should be converted into a base- ball diamond during the summer months. Bozeman has 129 no civic baseball field with the .exception of Williams Field, a ~rivate field, ·and North Side Park, used for baseball by the .Little League and the Babe Ruth League, This field is not large enough for adult basetiall. The exhibition buildings may be used for occas- sional small exhibits, a city dance hall, a large meet- ing hall, indoor skating rink, adult education classes in dancing, etc., volleyball, handball, shuffleboard and other indoor sports, lecture rooms or as a teen- age club. A saddle horse stable could be maintained for rid- ing along the planned bridle paths. The stable could be a commercial business with leased stable space to provide horses for residents and college students. -----=:::::::... . -. ---- ' ...... --00-."' .... o ... - D~OCO.:!>l:D LAK."' 'DA'CI.K. '-N'ITH: A.f.CCl.EATION A.QEA., C.OLP' C.QUQ.~E, 6 0 TAN1C. <.AR.DEN .. ZOO 130 r , • PARK AND GOLF COURSE While the present County Fair Grounds will serve as a major recreation center for the northern part of Boze- man, a large recreation area for the south side of the city is needed. An area for a municipal park of sufficient size and for a 18 hole golf course to be located in the same area should be acquired as soon as possible. rn· order to make best use of the acreage for park and golf course both areas should be tied together and designed as one unit. The best location for parks and golf courses is in: lowland, in valleys and along streams where the water table is favorable and where soil moisture conditions reduce the amount of maintenance and induce better plant growth. We propose, therefore, that approxi- mately 100 acres be acquired for a golf course and at least 40 acres for a park near Sourdough Creek, Spring Creek, and Middle Creek along the extension of Kagy Lane to the west. The park would be bordered on the west side by the proposed Gallatin Gateway Road. The following recreation facilities are suggested: 1. A new proposed golf course with grass greens, a lake and creek hazards. An 18 hole course could handle all of the city's golfers including the membership of the present clubs. This course·would attract many tourists to the city. 131 / 2. Horseback riding along bridle paths in this park which would join other proposed paths along the Sourdough Road to the Fairground Park. 3. A bird sanctuary and duck feeding pond. These are inexpensive little items which have popular appeal. 4. Picnic areas and fireplaces and areas for older persons. 5. Play areas for small children, for informal games, ball games and winter sports. 6. A wild animal collection. Originally we proposed a shallow lake for this park large enough for water sports. Geologists of Montana State College, however, found that the creek bottom is extremely porous. Although a lake may not be possible in this location, there still re- mains the need for a lake of sufficient size (60 to 80 acres) to provide for boating, swimming and other water sports for the people of Bozeman. If designed with a long shoreline and with sufficient park area along the shore it would offer recreation facilities for a large numb.sr of people. MONTANA STATE COLLEGE BOTANIC GARDEN Just north of the new lake park, between the proposed Bozeman Boulevard and Montana State . College Boulevard, is a triangular area of bottom- land which would lend itself to development of a botanical garden or arboretum. It seems appro- pri.ate that the ownership and direction of this would come under the control of the Montana State College. It would provide valuable outdoor study areas of native plants and trees. Going a step 132 J ] further, this relatively natural area would create a perfect setting for a wild animal collection. It would provide stimulating study and recreation for everyone in Bozeman and their visitors. To become a reality, this land might be obtained by the College in exchange for College land that is not as desirable for this use. GOLF There are two golf courses at the present time. The Elks Country Club and the Valley View Golf Club, both have nine hole courses with sand greens and are relatively poor courses. Both are approximately 80 acres in area located on high land and ~e difficult to maintain during the ·hot summer months. Many suggestions to locate the new course on l~w lana .m the Sour Dough Creek vicinity have been pre- sented. This move to low ground would be more de- sirable having sub -irrigating qualities, and this land is not suitable for real estate development. The golf club would increase real estate values in this area. FOREST RECREATION Bozeman is bounded on the north and south by the Gallatin National Forest. Within the forest are 38 resorts and cabin camps. The forest contains 1150 miles of fishing streams and 15, 265 surface acres of lakes. These streams furnish many game fish and provide excellent fishing. The forest also shelters many big game animals such as Big Horn Sheep, Mountain Goats, Bear, Moose, Deer, Elk and Antelope. Game birds are also available in this region. With this wide variety of game, Gallatin Forest is a hunters' paradise and each year, hunters eome from great distances to hunt big game. 133 Upper Gallatin For- est comprises the winter range of the northern elk herd and this portion of the forest is closed to domestic stock. Many sheep and cattle graze ·on other forest lands. A petr.ified forest . can be viewed on the summit of the Gallatin Range just north of Yellowstone Park. Specimens of these petri- fied trunks range up to 20" in diameter. Hyalite Canyon achieved its name from the rare · mineral found in its headwaters region. Geological evidences can be seen that .indicate early glaciation occurred in this valley. Cirques found in this area are similar to those found in Glacier National Parle Rock Haven, a summer youth camp established in 1926 by the Presbyterian Church in Bozeman, is located near the entrance of Gallatin Canyon at the foot of Sheep Rock. It is provided for state-wide and regional use by the Presbyterian churches of Montana. Another camp in the forest is the Regional Boy Scout Camp located at the State Water Conser- vation's giant earth-filled dam in Hyalite Canyon. SKIING A winter sports ski area has been developed, in r ecent years at West Yellowstone which attracts visitors at a time when it normally would be vacant 134 l and closed by the winter snowfall. Other well-known winter sports areas near Bozeman are the BridgerSkiing Bowl and Bear Creek Skiing Range. These skiing areas are well-established and are becoming more popular each year. Also, within the forest boundaries are the Jack Creek winter sports area near Jeffers and ~the Grassy . Mountain area near Townsend. FISH HATCHERY AU. S. Fish Hatchery is located at Davies Springs, which discharges 1200 to 1500 gpm. Because its springs are cold and warm, the temperature can be regulated easily. The hatcherie's plantinq area consist of Gallatin County; and parts of Madison, Jefferson, Broadwater and Lewis & Clark Counties. They plant approximately some 2,250,000 trout annually, mainly Rainbow with a small number of Blackspotte.d in some of the higher lakes of the area. The fish _planted w·eigh around. 44,000 pounds, the larger share of the fish being of legal or catchable size. U. S. Highway #191, Bozeman to Yellowstone National Park, is almost wholly contained in the Gallatin Forest. All along the highway are campgrounds, cabins and re- sorts offering shelter and picnic areas to the tourists traveling this route. The resorts offer horseback riding into the back country and act as fishing and hunting head- quarters. THERMAL SPRINGS Within the Bozeman trade territory there are fourteen thermal springs. All but five of these are used as resorts or for bathing purposes. The springs vary in temperature from 62° to 168°, and the flow from 30 gpm to 4000 gpm. 135 TH IRMAL Sl'lllmtl I Ni I '--, i I i i --~- ...... NATIONAL l'ORIESTS IN THIE BOZEMAN AREA ---~- w • E T s • 1 The thermal springs are relatively easy to reach. Of the springs in the trade territory, only two have no access roads; The other springs are easily access- ible, located on main highways or just off the main highways on secondary roads. The springs already established as resorts or for bathing purposes are listed here: THERMAL SPRillGS NAME TEMPER-FLOW NEAREST ATURE LOCATION Pullers 120 150 gpm Virginia City Hapgood 124 50 n Norris Clarks 120 550 II Pony Barkels Hot 50 II Silver Star Bozeman 137 250 II Bozeman White Sulphur 125 500 II White Sulphur Hunters 168 1500 II Rock Creek Hubble 70 90 II McLeod Emigrant 102 240 II Emigrant Corwin 120 ? II Corwin (See map for locations on page 136) The Bozeman Hot Springs Resort is located just out- side of Bozeman on State Highway :/i191. This resort operates the entire year and offers a hot spring pool, a roller rink and the therapeutic hot mineral baths. This resort has been allowed to regress into a rather shabby appearing resort. It needs revitaU.izipg to present an attractive appearance to the tourist. 137 INDOOR-OUTDOOR POOL . With the heavy attendance at the Bozeman swim- ming pool during the limited time the pool is open in the summer, (last summer for only 75 days) it is -·1 clear that Bozeman could use another city pool. This pool might be built as an indoor-outdoor pool and utilize the Bozeman Hot Spring' s water. The spring has a sufficient flow at an equally sufficient temper- ature to allow transportation of this water for use in a city pool. With a combination indoor -outdoor pool, this pool would remain open the entire year with warm water. The loss of heat in an insulated pipe for this distance must be checked. This pro- posal will require an engineering study. A design for an outdoor-indoor pool can be built with removable glass walls, as shown in the illus- tration, or with a movable building which slides off the pool. 138 SCHOOLS 11 The public school plant must not only be effi- cient but must impress the children by its beauty of design, color and grounds. " Says Lawrence B. Perkins in his beautiful book, "Work Place for Learning", "The school building must be a setting which makes more effective the work or play going on in and around it. It must contribute to, and intensify the appropriate mood for, each activity -be it exhilarating or serene -and it must do this intentionally. One of the major problems the school designer mus t consider is the 'first impress- ion' his building gives." In the plan of a city the elementary school is the most important public structure. Without thorough edu- cation, a democracy will decay and become an easy prey to dictatorships. The public school is more than a mere center for education, it is the main tool to promote tolerance and friendly understanding among people. It is for this, that the public school is so important, be- cause it raises itself above political parties or religious creeds. THE SCHOOL rn THE CITY PLAN This report deals only with the physical plant of the school syste.m as far as it affects the over-all plan of the city. A single-family zoning district of one-half mile radius produces a maximum or ultimate population of 3, 072 families or , allowing for parks, etc. , an ultimate number of children of the first six grades of about 1,050. For a two-family district this would be much larger. The district served by a school is nev er a theoret- ical cir cle. It i s bounded by barriers such as major highways, rivers and lakes . All of this must be taken 139 into consideration in calculating the number of children to be served. Many writers on school planning feel that a community is better served if the population of an ele- mentary school is less than 700, and today the trend is toward even much smaller schools. The Bozeman school district has met this situation in a very effective manner. It has reduced the ares served by an elementary school to approximately 64 city blocks, or a circle of approximil,tely one -fourth mile radius. In a single family district this would produce a maximum of approximately 300 children and in the usual mlxed district roughly 450 children. Since the number of grades has been reduced to four, we may estimate the number of children as 200 to 300. Since the one-fourth mile radius circle is also the efficient radius for a small childrens' play lot, it may readily be seen that the schoolground and the play lot may be combined. AREA OF SCHOOL SITE The size of the ground on which the school is built with playgrounds, landscape setting, etc. is partly de- termined by the amount of space needed for school playgrounds. This is usually given as 100 sq. ft. per child and 200 sq. ft. as an optimum. Many schools in New York City have had to reduce this to 25 sq. ft. and less. To the school play area should be added the space for a play lot for tots, an area for land- scaping, roads for deliveries, parking, etc. We recommend that no school ground be less than 4. 5 to 5 acres in area. For existing schools it may not be possible to acquire this much space due to built-up areas around the schoolground but for new schools this figure should be used. 140 In regard to the area of elementary schoolgrounds, we quote from, 11Toward Better School Design", by William W. Caudill. 11Pr~cisely how large a school site should be de- pends upon a number of conditions in each case. Three basic elements are: 1) The kind of education program. 2) Ages and classification of children. 3) Number of children. The author quotes a statement by the National Council on Schoolhouse Construction: 11 ' For elementar y schools it is suggested that there be provided a minimum site of five acres plus an addi- tional acr e for each 100 pupils; f. ·or junior and ,senior high schools that there be provided a minimum site of ten acres plus an additional acre for each 100 pupils of predicted maximum enrollment. '11 In the over-all plan of a city, the play lot can accom- pany the school ground as we already saw. The play lot is meant for mothers with babies, and for children be- low school age. Along the same line of economical planning, we find that the city playgrounds which serve the children up to high school age and even older can often be combined with the school ground. The neighbor- hood park which serves adults as well as children, has also nooks for older people, as well as story telling nooks for small ones. Outdoor facilities for stage ac- tivities, for music, for picnicking, etc. is the third item to be combined with the previous two. If we sum this up, we find that an ideal elementary schoolground is not less than 5 acre,s in .area, is attached 141 to a city playground and a neighborhood park. All of this will serve a neighborhood with educational and recreational facilities. In these it must not be overlooked that the school building can then be used for a recreation center building, for the parent - teachers' meetings, and for many social activities of the neighborhood. Such a combination can create a neighborhood spirit of great democratic value. It is now possible to make such a place the ac- tivity center of a specially designed neighborhood. Such a neighborhood may be laid out with the arterial 142 str eets as its boundaries and residential blocks ar- ranged in a way that children do not have to cross any traffic streets at all. If we add .to this neighbor- hood center a small shopping area, we have an ideal plan for city building. (See plan on page 142) SCHOOL DISTRICTS The public school population figures are shown on the accompanying graph. The schools' designed capa- city will accommodate a total of 3200 students. The present enrollment for all schools is 2,745. The dis- trict can accommodate an additional 455 students with- out crowding or excess enrollments. SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS 8 - CAPACITY CAPACITIES-19,1 · EN ROLLMENTS There are two private schools in Bozeman and the surrounding area. These are the Holy Rosary Grade School and High School, and the Mount Ellis Academy, a Seventh Day Adventist School, located five miles east of Bozeman. The school enrollment in the past has shown a steady increase. Pre-school population, ages O -6, indicate a continued steady growth. A study made by the Joint Planning Committee of the High School and Elementary Schools Trustees and the PTA resulted in a projection of enrollment for the High School. 143 Since 1945 -46 school year, the schools have ex- perienced an increase of nearly 100%. In the 1945 -46 school year, there was an enrollment of 1,864 and by 1957 -58, the enrollment has increased to 2,714 pupils. The following tables point to the expected in- crease in school enrollments. SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS rn BOZEMAN* Kindergarten to 8th grade---- 1946 -47 1947 -48 1948 -49 1949 -50 1950 -51 1951 -52 1294 1339 1418 1470 1475 1568 1952 -53 1953 -54 1954 -55 1955 -56 1956 -57 1957 -58 HIGH SCHOOL -9th to 12th grades 1946 -47 1947 -48 1948 -49 1949 -50 1950 -51 1951 -52 564 542 531 558 583 588 1952 -53 1953 -54 1954 -55 1955 -56 1956 -57 1957 -58 1641 1817 1800 1849 1975 2000 611 640 680 682 714 545** PRE-SCHOOL POPULATION -Ages O to 6 1954-55 1650 1955 -56 1728 1956 -57 1802 1957 -58 1913 * School enrollment figures a1·e "Average Number Belonging" figures ** 10th to 12th grades only 144 The residential areas of the city are in the process of beJ!lg filled up with new housing and housing develop- ments. Thls expansion eliminates many vacant play lots and creates a shortage of neighborhood play spaces. It is important that the Master Plan provide new areas for the lots before they become occupied by new build- ing programs. · EXISTThfG SCHOOLS ELEMENTARY Irving School: This school property is the smallest in area. It is located between Alderson and Dickerson Streets on Eighth and Ninth Avenues. It serves a r ather densely populated residential area north of the college. This is one of the older schools in Bozeman. The school and its play lot cover an area of one acre. Although the play area is limited, there are city facilities available at Cooper Park located just one block north. Presently there are 277 pupils in the school with a calculated capa- city of 300. Extension of the grounds would be extreme- ly difficult. Longfellow School: This school is located south of Story Street between Tracy and Black Avenues. Playground space at this school is small with a total ground area of 1. 8 acres. The school serves the southeast section of the city's residential area. At this location there is no heavily traveled arterial street passing the school. With a capacity of 300 pupils, the school has a comfortable enrollment of 256 students. Extension of the grounds seems difficult. Whittier School: This school is a relatively new school '~milt with a modern design. It is located between Fifth and Sixth Avenues on Durston Road. The school serves 145 the northwest portion of Bozeman' ·s residential area. This area has many vacant lots which will eventually fill up with new housing. Presently the school enroll- ment is 258 students with a designed capacity of 300. The school is contained in an area of 2. 7 acres. Pur- chase of adjoining vacant area on Durston Road is recommended by exchanging present ball ground on Willson Avenue. Emerson Annex: Thl.s school adjoins Willson Junior High School and together they are located on a single block with an area of 0. 6 acres. The school serves the central residential area of the city. The capa- city of the Annex is rated at 300, and presently has an enrollment of 183. The school borders Third and Main Streets. Its location between two major traffic arteries is very precarious. Traffic lights on all sides are recommended. We believe this school should eventually be eliminated and the ground used for a playground. Hawthorne School: This school is located between Lamme and Mendenhall Streets between Church and Rouse Streets. This school serves the northeast portion of the city. It has an area of 2. 6 acres and the grounds contain playground equipment and an outdoor basketball court. The school has an en- rollment of 234 and a capacity of 000. Emerson School: This school i.s located at Fourth Street between Babcock and Olive Streets. The school ground has an area of 3. 4 acres. In this school, fifth and sixth graders attend classes on a city-wide basis. The school has a capacity of 500, and now has an enrollment of 432 pupils. School traffic signals are needed on Babcock and Olive Streets. 146 PROPOSED ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS Proper planning and coordination is vital in selec- tion of new school sites. They should be located cen- trally to the areas they serve. Where possible the park areas should be adjacent to the elementary schools. Since subdividers contribute one-ninth of the land or its equivalent to the city for parks, this policy may be easily adapted to coincide with the needs of the school site. Cooperation between the sch0ol and park depart- ments should be encouraged to establish an integrat ed pattern. In the Deaconess Subdivision, the school property adjoins the park area donated to the city by the sub- divider. This provides a more attractive site for the s chool as·well as the park and a maximum use of space by students and park visitors. To the north of this proposed school site another elementary school has been tentatively located. Another proposed elementary school under imme- diate consideration is located on the west side of · Bozeman. This consists of approximately 3. 7 acres on the Placek property, west of 15th and south of Main Street. Following the recommendations of the National Co\mcll of School House Construction, an additional 4 acres should be added to this land purchase. At this location the school will serve the entire area bounded by U. S. #191 on the north, 13th Street on the east and College Avenue on the south. Here again the park do- nation could be located immediately adjacent to the pro- posed school within the subdivision. The platting of this subdivision area should be carefully planned and with emphasis on safety and access to the school building. 147 Another new school proposal should be considered in the area north of U. S. 1191 and west of the High School. ..... . At this time two eo-acre tracts are being prepared for platting. Thi.s 'ffea will be bounded by the Boze- man Boulevard, Durston Road, on the north, 11tlLAve- nue on the east and 1191 on the south. One school cen- trally located should serve this entire neighborhood. Bozeman Boulevard and the other arterial streets will form a distinctive boundary for the school area as well as the neighborhood. The park dedications would provide enough property to join the two schools. This would result in a long park strip in the very heart of the neighborhood termi- nated on both ends by the IDgh School and the elemen- tary school. An alternate use of the park dedications would be to provide a wide park strip along Bozeman Boulevard and then connect the elementary school with the Boze- man Boulevard Parkway. This connection would result in a pattern to be followed in future subdivisions in this area. It may be well to consider an alternate site for this elementary school on part of the High School property. It occupies approximately 25 acres, 15 of which are sufficient for a school this size. The elementary school could then be placed on the other 8 or 10 acres. The maintenance of the grounds would be reduced accord- ingly. 148 I l HIGH SCHOOLS Willson Junior High School: The Emerson Annex shares its location with Willson Junior High School. This school occupies the old senior high school build- ing. It serves the entire city, offering seventh, eighth and ninth grades. Its student enrollment num- bers 560 students. with a capacity of 600. The build- ing has a large auditorium and a gymnasium. It con- tains a playground and fronts on Main Street. In his book, "Toward Better School Design", Will- iam W. Caudill says that a minimum Junior High School site would be 10 acres plus one acre for every 100 chil- dren or 15 acres for Willson Junior High School. The ground area is only 0. 6 acres and far from adequate, but extension is difficult. Eventually the elementary school should be eliminated and the ground used for playground. Closing of 3rd Avenue might be considered. -Gallatin Cc:Ytmt-y High School is located on U. S. #191, just outside the city limits . It has just been completed and is in use for the first time this year. Until the new school was constructed, the High School was housed in the present Willson Junior High School building. At that time the high school contained the ninth through the twelfth grades. Since moving into the new building, the high school presently teaches only the tenth through the twelfth grades. The new high school contains 545 students in grades 10 through 12. The new school has a designed capa- city of 600 pupils. --------Gallatin County High School at the present time has only a gymnasium for basketball and gym classes. Future 2lans of the school call for_ constructio? 149 of a new football field on the grounds. Previously, the high school had utilized the Gallatin County Fair- ground Stadium for their athletic contests, and the area south of Tamarack Street as a practice field. The Gallatin High School is built on an area of 25. 3 acres which is ample for its present enrollment and future capacity. -------------------------· LIBRARIES The Bozeman Public Library is located on the corner of Bozeman and Mendenhall Streets. Figures from the latest American Library Association Report (1954) show that Bozeman rates favorably with other Montana libraries. These figures credit Bozeman Public Library with 13,000 volumes, a circulation of 47, 117 volumes, an income of $16, 823 for the year 1952 -53. The budget for the fiscal year 1957- 58 allows the library an appropriation of $20, 200. For comparison of Bozeman to other Montana cities, consult the following chart. * POPU-CIRCU- CITY LATION VOLUMES . LATION JNCOME Anaconda 11, 254 19,906 27,775 $14,974 Helena 17,581 72,838 64,708 18,338 Butte 33,251 100,000 100,189 BOZEMAN 11, ·352 13,000 47, 117 16,823 * Figures from American Library Assoc. Report 1954 150 I 1 I . In c9mparing Bozeman with Montana State averages, Bozeman is below the state average in volumes per capita. It is lowest of the four cities quoted and has less than one-third of Helena. This is somewhat off- set by the College library. It is above average in cir- culation per capita and expenditure per capita. CITY VPLUME CIRCULATION EXPENDITURE per capita per capita per capita Anaconda 1. 8 2.4 $ 1. 32 Helena 4.1 3.6 1. 04 Butte 3.0 3.0 BOZEMAN 1. 2 4.1 1. 49 Montana 1. 5 3.5 . 88 Using the appropriation figures for the fiscal year 1957 -58 of $20,200.00, the expenditure per capita of Bozeman will be $1. 44. These figures indicate that the library is being used quite extensively. The library features a special room specifically de- voted to childrens' reading. The Montana State College maintains a library at Bozeman, containing 110, 000 volumes. It had an in- come of$ 70,185.00 for the year 1952 .. 53. It is a U. S. Document Depository and also maintains a film and slide library. 151 PARKROADS AJ\!D. BOULEVARDS NATIONAL PARK ·ro PARK ROAD Bozeman' s location at the headwaters of one of the nation's major rivers, surrounded by high moun- tains and deep valleys is in one of the most beautiful areas of the scenic Rocky Mountains. The largest rivers· of the west have their origin in this mountain area. The two Gallatin Rivers, the Madison and the Jefferson an come together to make the Missouri River. The Yellowstone is a mighty tributary of the Missouri, the Snake River, draining the south slopes of Yellowstone Park helps to feed the Columbia and the Green River and the Colorado River. In this scenic and important mountain area lies Yellowstone Park, the nation's oldest and one of its most heavily visited National Parks. Its thermal sp.cings, mountain peaks, forest and wild life are ::nown world--wide. And on the rivers draining the Pa,.k to the north is Bozeman. It truly has a mar- velous mountain setting. To the north on the Canadian border there is Glacier Park, another jewel of scenic beauty. Be- tween the two parks is the capitol of Montana, one of its largest cities and the mountain center of Bozeman. To connect these scenic items with a wide Parkway is not only a matter of local importance, but even more one of state importance and since these parks are national parks, it is one of national im- portance. 152 0, -.. J~;:;·----· .. '"• ., ' -· :~-- , . . , r r 1 I I ~- ~~..;,- •oz[N4N MOJ Sl"tllUIIGS "' '·-,. , ~ -'j,- ·-;~ w,.-~ -.. ' -. ,· r~ .. -/-~ rf~,.~:-·t.;- .. =. -·:_.:~: :{ , :.!t ter: .uf>. .,.___j 1:--,--i---7~1J.---r--,.-"T--,- Gty pion for Bozeman.!. Montana NORTHElf _:J '"'"fl' S>A)l'l ' • '/ ' •• , •• -.. ,.;, \... OIZt ~ \;,.' .... :.1. ~ ~,\ ,//-~ NATIONAL PARK TO PARK ROAD s.a. o.ao., & Co. -O•n~r, COM. GALLATIN PAIIKWAY '')f:::'·'j LEGEND PROPOSED PARK ROUTE ALTERNATE PARK ROUTE EXISTING HIGHWAYS CAMPING AREAS FOREST BOUNDARIES --~ «<-lSlltl.aM .__ ~ L__ _____ ---==:;::;::::::::::=;:::::;:~~~7' -nL•,.~ ~~.;.~\~-·•-~·-·-J . / . ' . -<(..r -.:. . .Y I ·-· . : ~t -: similar to PROPOSED BRIDGER SKYLINE PARKWAY l l j j PARK TO PARK ROUTE In Volume I, we suggested this Park to Park route connecting Yellowstone Park to Glacier Park via Bozeman. In considering this parkway, we wish to emphasize that we are not proposing a fast highway, but a park, a park strip that will connect two large parks. These are of national interest and attract visitors from all over the United States, as well as from many foreign countries. This connecting link between the two famous parks, must be a parkway which will also be of national importance. This parkway must compare with Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks, in scenic value, in breath- taking heights, gorges and valleys. The Rockies are a most rugged mountain range, and only residents of the western states have any knowledge of their size and ruggedness. Many tourists in the parks are wit- nessing mou.ntains for the first time. By providing a really new and thrilling route, this entire region may become one of the country 's most heavily traveled national park areas. BRIDGER MOUNTAIN For this reason we have included in this parkway a road which would wind up on the slopes. of the Bridger mountain with a spur on its very top and back down to the Missouri River to the north. The vistas over the valleys of the Gallatin and other rivers from. this moun- tain are unusual. It would be a summer road and be closed in the winter except for skiing service, and should be a slow road with scenic values considered ahead of speed. We have also included ln this parkway various other items of interest. One of them is a proposal for ferry boats on lakes of the Missouri River. A ferry ride across Lake Sewell would attract many people who have never had this experience of tra- veling long distances on water. The ferry ride will offer the traveller a chance to relax and walk around on the deck, or fish over the raillngs of the boat while still continuing his trip. Briefly the Park to Park Road would consist of these units: The Gal.latin River Canyon Road beglnning at West Yellowstone. Care must be taken in this sec- tion that speedway bw.lding is not carried to excess, as is already being done in the sections lying in Yellowstone Park. This violates the spirit of this park road. The building of reservoirs in the Galla- tin Canyon must equally be weighed against the park value of the canyon. All efforts must be extended to stop any further destruction of the scenic value for improvement of roads designed for faster traffic. This effort should be undertaken at once. A.long this very scenic route there are numerous camp- grounds and picnic areas set aside for tourists. Horseback riding is a favorite pastime of the tour- ists frequenting the dude ranches along this route. During the hunting season many hunters use these camp grounds and camps. Wild game can be seen all along this route. The road is almost entirely within the Gallatin National Forest. At the mouth of the canyon is the Gallatin Gate- way Inn. This Inn can .be utl.lized as a lodge for the Park and Parkway tourists. Cabins can be built on the grounds, a golf course and swimmlng pool built 154 1 1 ] ] to be associated with the Inn. The swimming pool might receive warm water from the Bozeman Hot Springs via a pipeline. The spring produces enough water to feed both the Hot Springs establishment and a pool erected at the Inn. This inn should be con- sidered an official Parkway Inn and rest stop. When given ad.equate sleeping facilities this will be an ideal spot for national and state meetings. During the win- ter months the Inn would serve as a -~ki lodge. The Bozeman Hot Springs can become a major item on this section of the Parkway, The capacity of the springs is 250 gallons per minute. This is ade- quate for a major hot springs resort and leav~s suffi- cient surplus of water to use some of it at Gallatin Gateway. The Hot Springs and Gallatin Gateway pro- perties should be developed by me company and can become a major attraction on the Park to Park Road. A direct road is proposed from Gallatin Gateway to Bozeman; This should be a tree-planted par}: r oad, and be the shortest route to Bozeman. The route ends inf.".a traffic circle in Willson Avenue. With the com- ple1;,jpn of the Belt Boulevard around Bozeman, ,, the tourist will be able to enter the city in several ways. By following the parkway on Rouse Avenue and Sour Dough Roads and by the proposed Lake Park) the tourist may stay on the National Parkway line, or he may drive on the Bozeman Boulevard around the city by the Montana State College. The Northern Portion of the proposed route is a completely new road through country which offers spectacular scenery along a route starting from Bozeman and entering the Bridger Canyon Road. Leav- tng this road and climbing to the high slopes. of the mountain range with short spurs to the top of the Bridger . . 155 Mountain and skiing areas, continuinq along the side of this range into the Big Belt Range, (See Forest Map on page 1::l6) and then dropping down to enter the head of Lake Sewell. A FERRY RIDE At this pb-i-n:6 we suggest two alternate routes, one a fer ry boat r id@ across the lake, and the other to utilize existing U.13 #10 ar.,0und the lake. The fer ry ride would be 175 m es in length and can be continued over L~e'Helena or down the river to Great Falls. / I The Park Road continues across the Missouri Riv er Valley and enters the Flathead National For- est climbing Flesher Pass, (altitude 6, 0501) con- tinues t o the Continental Divide. Following the Continental Divide for a distance, the road descends into the Flathead River Valley and follows the river until it reaches Hungry Horse Lake. At this point, a ferry boat service can again be used as well as an alternate route around the lake. There are, at present, two roads--one on each side of the lake. At the Hungry Horse Dam, the road follows the ex- isting r oad to U. S. #2, and then follows U. S. #2 into the west entrance of Glacier National Park. As shown on the map alternate road lines could be U. S. #91 going north from Helena, following the Missouri River to Cascade, then to Choteau and East Glacier. The other, instead of leaving U.S. =#91 at Cascade, could follow the river to Great Falls· and then proceed to Choteau and East Glacier. 156 TRAFFIC CIRCLE The proposed tree-planted Gallatin Parkway would enter the city at a combination traffic circle and shop- ping center. This traffic circle collects many main arteries, namely Willson Avenue, the proposed Bozeman Boulevard and the Montana State Boulevard. BOZEMAN BOULEVARD 1 · This is a proposed belt road around the city which will lead the National Parkway travel around the city and on to Bridger Canyon and Glacier Park. It will connect with all the city's main arteries, and as such, will relieve them materially. To the east of the traffic circle Bozeman Boulevard goes around the Deaconess subdivision and follows a small creek to an intersection with U. S. 41=10. Beyond this it will follow the east Gallatin River with a connec- tion to Bridger Canyon. Turning west, it connects with a proposed line west of the city, along small creeks and thence through college-owned land back to the traffic circle. This section is subject to changes caused by a new location of highway U. S. 41=10. This boulevard must be imposing enough to become an at tractive item in the Park to Park Road. While it will carry a considerable amount of traffic, we visualize it as a residential street, with deep wide front yards and in places as a divided parkway with small creeks in the median strip. Bozeman Boulevard should be platted as a divided highway, where at all practical, with roadways of 001 ,aach and center park strip of 60'. Where a single r-oad- 157 way is used it should be 60' wide. The right -of - way should not be less than 901, and with the divided parkway 150' to 180'. Part of the Boulevard line runs over Montana State College land which should be donated by the State. Most of the other sections can be acquired by including them in the platting of the property. Ac- quisition of the rights of way should be done as soon as possible. DEACONESS BOULEVARD East of Sour Dough Road is the beginning of Deaconess Boulevard. From the Kagy Lane which will become part of Bozeman Boulevard it runs north on a curving line through the Deaconess sub- division to U. S. #10 highway. Most of the right- of-way at 90 1 width is now assured. A new section is needed by the Elks Country Club and along the east side of Williams Field to the Highway. This road can be acquired in the near future. MONTANA STATE BOULEVARD This r oad connects the traffic circle with U. S. #10 highway in a direct route and furnishes a shorter direct route. It furnishes a shorter con- nection between the highway and Montana State College. It curves up on the hill east of Sour Dough Road, curves around the east side of the cemetery and into the Deaconess Boulevard and U. S. 4/:10 highway. 158 ) J SOUR DOUGH ROADS Bozeman has the unique possibility to create a Parkway almost directly through the city. With Sour Dough built as planned in our report, Volume II, Boze- man can have a double park road with one-way traffic on each, running north and south through the city along the creek. ~our Dough Road would begin its double ro.ad char- acter at Kagy Lane, splitting into two one-way lanes and following the Bozeman Creek, The north-bound road would be the present Sour Dough Road. The south- bound road would be on the opposite side of the creek. It is possible to plat the rear ends of the present lots in a way so new residences will front on the proposed road, leaving the creek bottom for a park strip. The roads pass by Bogert Grove and then would becom.e Rouse Street. This section then becomes a one-way street of 601 in width, and a roadway of 441 to the . Northern Pacific Railroad tracks. The present Sour Dough Road would continue as a one-way road along Church Avenue. Along the northern portion of Rouse Avenue it is possible to make another divided creek parkway, by creating a parkway on the northern portion of Rouse Avenue. This will result in an almost complete di- vided parkway route through the city. The roads will become very important arteries as they will connect Gallatin Gateway with the Bridger Canyon Road. BLUFF ROAD The Bluff Road would begin with the take-off from the Montana State Boulevard and then run along the eidge of the bluff. This road will be a very beaut:liul road 159 with an unsurpassed view of the city. Along this road at vari.ous intervals will be lookout points to enable drivers to pause and see the wonderful view. After leaving the higher points on the bluff, this road will then drop down and pass around the ceme- tery and Lindley Park and enter Main Street at the park. It should be tree-planted and encourage the bluff to grow up in native grasses and shrubs. No further buildings should be allowed on the bluff side of the road and the steep slope of the bluff should be preserved as a park. HIGHWAY PLANTING With the possibility of the new highway passing through a corner of the fairgrounds, this area might well become a part of a tree-lined parkway through the city of Bozeman used by U. S. #10. The new highway will have a ::JOO' right-of-way and along this right-of-way, it should be landscaped. Through the northeast section of the city to the old location of U. S. #10, the highway will pass along railroad land. The railroad should be expected to landscape their property along the right-of-way. Then with the ex- ception of a few properties which in themselves could be landscaped on the highway side, the entire length of highway #10 passing through Bozeman could pre- sent a very attractl.ve appearance to the passing tra- veller. This parkway treatment encourages visits by passing motorists and means more business for Bozeman merchants and indirectly to very citizen of Bozeman The treatment of Rouse Avenue into divided pave- ment with a parkway treatment along Bozeman Creek would join the park at the underpass of U. S. #10 and 160 l l the exit of Bozeman to the Bridger Canyon. The Ro-1se Parkway joins the Sour Dough Parkway and continues to the southern extremities of Bozeman. This parkway re- sults in a direct line completely through Bozeman con- necting the proposed road from Gallatin Gateway to the Bridger Canyon Road. CEMETERY Bozeman first acquired its cemetery plot on July 18, 1872. The plot was given to the city by William Blackmore, an Englishman on tour from Eng- land. Today the cemetery plot has grown into a large sec- tion of land adjoining Lindley Park. The cemetery is well-cared for, presenting a very attractive appearance to the visitors. The present cemetery is divided into several sections; the old and the new cemetery plus two large portions of unplatted cemetery, and Catholic ceme- teries. A portion of one of the unplatted areas is devoted to the burial of paupers. Along the west side of Cypress Street, the city maintains a small tree nursery. As the city develops, this cemetery will be surround- ed by residential blocks. At present it would seem that there is no harm in this and the cemetery can be con- tinued for a long time. 161 SANITATION AND HEALTH* Great progress has been made in rais:ing the standards of health in this country. They have re- sulted in longer life expectancy, greater saiety from disease and have relieved our people from worry over many serious diseases. Much remains to be done, but water purification has already eliminated the cause of numerous diseases. Sanitation, sew- age disposal, refuse collection, public hospitals and clinics, better housing and greater cleanliness are some of the features in which the American civilization excels that of many other continents. This report will show how Bozeman and its sur- rounding areas compare with State and National standards, to locate areas of weakness, and de- s cribe substandard conditions where they occur. W'P .. TER SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION Bozeman's water supply is derived from the streams as they emerge from the Gallatin and Bridger Mountain Ranges. It is pure and cool moun- tain water, The water originally was brought in from Lyman Creek by a private company in 1889. It was purchased by the City in 1899. It has a small earth dam and concrete intake structure, and the water is piped to a six million gallon reservoir about 222 feet above the City. It is chlorinated before en- tering the reservoir. The Lyman Creek water has its source in a num- ber of springs. It is free from turbidity, but rela- tively hard. * In cooperation with Mr. Charles Liquin, City Engineer. 162 1 ) J The Bozeman Creek system was started when the Lyman Creek supply proved inadequate. It has an in- take and small settling basin. The water is piped to a three million gallon reservoir which is about 305' above the City. In 1940, the reservoir was in need of repairs. The water has some turbidity at all times and more dur- ing a heavy run-off. This water right dates from 1865 and 1866. During dry years this supply can not be de- pended upon. Mystic Lake Reservoir was built by a private com- pany which stores 1480 acre feet of water, distributed in 20 shares of which the City owns six shares. The City has contracted for 500 acre feet of water annually from the Hyalite Reservoir on Middle Creek. This brings the total up to the calculated need for 15, 000 people. Water use during the winter months is about 200 gallons daily per capita for permanent residents and 100 gallons for the College population. The maximum daily use per capita is probably 175% more. During the summer months there must be added to this 275 gallons per capita for permanent residents and 175 gallons for College uses. One industry uses 22. 5 million gallons for the season. For June, July, and August the r eport estimated a total use of 481,500,000 gallons at that time and for a 15,000 population of 711 million gallons. This is based on a per capita daily consumption by permanent residents of 175 gallons, ----- We ar e quoting th~. following from the Morrison Report: "The recorded flows in the Bozeman area are consider ably higher than aver age for similar communi- ties in the United States and in Montana. These high rates of c onsumption for Bozem an ar e due in part t o the large per centage of unmeter ed water services. At 163 I the present time the city is installing meters in all dwellings with two or more families and has installed meters for commercial service. As the percentage of metered water services increase the .capita con- sumption will decrease due to the voluntary elimina- tion of waste from leaky faucets and allowing water to run endlessly. For the purpose of these studies the present per capita consumption rates have been used for the future population of Bozeman even though it is anticipated that there will be soi:ne decreases. The provision of an ample water supply will aid considerably in the de- velopment of a community both from the standpoint of advertising the community and increasing the stand- ard of living. 11 * A subsequent report dated March, 1951 raises the anticipated population for 1980 to 20,000 based on the higher census increase in 1950. WATER DISTRIBUTION The existing distribution system has, like most distribution systems, been built up by extending the system as the city grew.with little overall planning. There were practically no large feeder loops to re- lieve the smaller pipes from carrying the large flows necessary to transfer water from the supply pipes throughout the City. A difference in elevation of over 150 feet in the City resulted in varying pressures · over the City at times of low flow. Beginning in 1957 and completed in 1958 was a Water Works Expansion anq Improvement Program which was based on an extensive engineBring study carried on over a number of years. The cost of this project was slightly more than $1,200,000. 00 and * Morrison Engineering Company Report, 1949. ~ ,·. ~ l 1 l l the purpose of the improvement was to increase the supply and improve the distribution system within the City so as to insure adequate supply and pressure in all parts of the city under all conditions. These engineering studies were based on anticipated water needs for anticipated growth in population for the next 25 to 30· years. · As the City will annex new areas in the Area of Jurisdiction, it will prove necessary to adjust the present water distribution plan continuously in the light of new developments. As the City spreads out, water supply lines have to be planned for the entire Jurisdiction Area. FIRE HYDRANT SPACING. The Fire Vnderwriters of the Pacific have recommended the installation of addi- tional 5" fire hydrants in the principal mercantile dis- trict. They have stated that the area between Menden- hall and Babcock bounded by Wallace and Third will be satisfactory to consider as the principal mercantile dis- trict. One fire hydrant is required for each 65,000 sq. ft. In spite of the recommended engineering corrections, we conclude that the City of Bozemru:i is reasonably weli supplied with water. With the exception of Perkins Place, there are no dead spots or streets on the map of the City where property cannot be reached from water mains. The number of connections has steadily climbed from 2578, in 1950 to ::!011, in 1957. The only street where there is no easy connec~ions is Perkins Place. · SUMMARY After the adoption of a City-County Plan, it will be advi$able to redraw the previous water studies. New population densities are introduced on the outskirts of the City which will require new calculations in regard to water use. The new City-County Plan may lead the 165 way to a Joint Water Plan, perhaps under a Metro- politan Water Board. SEWERAGE Next to water the most important item in a city's health program is sewerage. In this respect also the city has done very efficient work. A new disposal plant, with complete treatment was built a few years ago, on North Rouse Avenue outside of the present city limits at an elevation' iof approximately 4724 feet above sea level. A 20 11 trunkline on North Rouse Avenue and an 1811 line on North Fifth Avenue feed in- to the plant. The upper connections of the system are 4882 feet above sea level. In other words, there is good drainage from the residential districts to the dis- posal plant. Where possible the sewers have been laid in alleys but in most sections they follow the street lines parallel to the water lines. The effluent runs into the East Gallatin River. The built-up areas inside of the City limits are all sewered. Some unimproved areas such as from 8th Avenue to 11th Avenue and from 3rd Avenue to 5th Avenue north of Durston Road, industrial areas south of Cedar Street and Broadway remain to be done when building programs require it. Outside of the City Limits there are tracts which require sewerage. Areas south of U. S. #191 highway, south of the High School and other areas north and west of the school will need sewerage before long. A system is under way for the Deaconess Subdivision. A main line along Sour Dough Road will have to be pro- vided before long. All these should be included in a program of annexation discussed elsewhere. 166 I t. l ~ 1 J As .in the case of the water supply system, the new City-County Plan will require a study of extension for the sewage disposal plan into the outlying area. Here again, annexation or a joint metropolitan management must precede the actual work. CITY DUMP Bozeman is one of the most attractive cities in the Mountain West, largely due to its treeplanted streets, its mountain-circled site and.its pure thin mountain air. We believe that it is of great importance to retain this atmosphere and the livability which it creates. This was mentioned under industrial districts and the recom- mendation made that air pollution be kept to a minimum. One of the offenders in this respect is the city dump and it is very conspicuous as one approaches the City from the north. It is possible to avoid the burning of trash by placing it in a sanitary fill, which means cover- ing the refuse over with layers of soil. STORM WATER DRArnAGE Bozem as a separate system for storm water drainage. The ea from the College and 8th Avenue south of Main Stre t and east to the Ctty Limits is fully drained, The sectio~outh of Cl§!veland Street and east of 6th Avenue drains inf'G~ozeman Creek. The section west of Church Avenue to C()&~r Park and north to Men- denhall Street drains into Bozeman Creek at Rouse Ave- nue and Beall Street. Another sy~~ on north Wallace Avenue drains into Bozeman Creek al :Tamarack Street, and still another cme on 8th Avenue drains the water on both si des of t.9-is street from Harrison Street to Main Street. A 2411 main carries off the water. Separate small sys(e"ms drain into Rock Sumps at Mendenhall and 0rd Avenues. Lamme Street at Grand and :,rd Avenues. 167 One small syste~ ~ Bozeman Creek at Peach Street, another~~ mall creek at Broadway and Mendenhall. A large area south of ,Main -Street west of south 8th Avenue so far has not.-b'een drained, neither has the whole area nort:t} ofiirend\nhall north to the City Limits. East of N~Wallace Ave\ue there are no storm sewers,-rncluding the Deaconess Subdivision area. Outside of the City the Sour Dough area will need storm water drainage which w·ould seem easy due to the proximity of the Creek. C0nsideration must also be given to the growing west end of the City either by __ !.._h~ _CJg 1Ero~gh a~~!a~~ .or b_y _a m~tr~pol:~an dis- FLOOD PROTECTION The Area of Jurisdiction of Bozeman is cut by three streams, the East Gallatin River and its two tributaries, Sourdough Creek and Bridger Creek. The East Gallatin has a gaging station one half mile upstream of the mouth of Bridger Creek. This station reported a maximum discharge of 956 cu. ft. per second on June 14, 1898. The drainage area covers 45 square miles. We found no gaging station on Sourdough Creek. The creek has a rather large drainage area above the city. To the runoff from the upstream area must be added the fast runoff from the city. Al- though in a short rainstorm the city will drain before the runoff from the headwaters comes down the creek, a. prolonged storm may bring Sourdough Creek to flood stage inside the city. As the city grows and covers larger parts of 168 ] the drainage areas of those streams, runoff will be · speeded up and increased. This holds especially for Sourdough Creek. Such a situation has to be anticipated in time and protection measures have to be taken. For that reason we propose that along Sourdough Creek and Bridger Creek a strip of land be zoned for flood protection. In this zone building along the stream would be prohibited for a certain distance from its centerline. The width of the flood protection zone will de- pend on the topography of the river bottom. It is beyond the scope of this report to make detail recommendations for flood protection. Small retarding dams and reservoirs may prove necessary. A flood protection study for the whole Area of Jurisdiction of Bozeman will be needed after the adoption of the Masterplan. TAX DELINQUENCY The City of Bozeman is remarkably free from tax delinquent properties. There are some areas along Bozeman Creek, north of Peach Street which are tax delinquent in the flood plain of the Creek. They hav e no value for building purposes and should be acquirfd by the Ctiy. 169 ' • ' Tax delinquent tracts in the City-County Planning Area outside of Bozeman are practically non-existent. HOUSING The City of Bozeman has no real big city slum: areas. Below-standard homes are usually considered as having: 1} Inadequate room space, especially bedrooms. 2) Poor repairs. 3) Poor plumbing or none at all. 4) No city water. 5) No sewer connection. 6) Outdoor toilets. 7) Poorly lighted rooms. 8) Cellar or basement sleeping rooms. Much has been done all over the world in regard to improving housing conditions. A project in Stock- holm, Sweden has an interesting approach. It is based on mass production of materials and the ability of the average man to put them together. In this case the city furnishes one of 14 standardized sets of plans and the city and government together finance the cost of materials over a long period, provided the man con- tributes his own labor. The United States government has done much in providing housing, and guaranteeing mortgage .loans. We now have a law which enables cities to get govern- ment aid in renewing blighted and poor areas of a city. This urban renewal aid can be granted only if a state law and planning board is available to approve the project. Areas in Bozeman which might be considered a~ Urban Renewal Projects are largely small areas in the 170 l l northeast section of the City, along Perkins Place, Montana Avenue, etc. Substandard units were platted on a map of the city but no definite action seems to be needed at this time. CITY BOUNDARIES Extension of the City Boundaries is a complex matter which should be seriously considered by the City-County Planning Board. A policy governing future annexation should be determined and adhered to. The advantages gained by the City in annexing adjoining areas are largely matters of protection of health and sanitation, of coordinated streets, of park and recreation facilities, and last but not least, pre- vention of poorly coordinated building through zoning. Fire and police protection are a serious matter in areas adjoining cities. On the other side of the question are such matters as water provision, sewer extensions, street construc- tion and many other matters which cause a great deal of expense to the City. The accompanying plan of the City shows the follow- ing extensions and their recommended priority. (Plan still under discussion.) A. Area West of Bozeman B. Sour Dough Creek area C. Bridger Canyon area D. Elks Country Club area E. North West area 171 THE.FillAL SUMMARY OF A CITY PLAN MUST BE A PROGRAM OF ACTION WHICH THE CITY MAY FOLLOW FOR A LONG TIME. THIS MUST CONTAill A PROGRAM OF PUBLIC WORKS, ONE FOR LAWS AND ONE FOR THE ACQUISITION OF LAND. A CITY CAN CARRY OUT A PROGRAM FOR MANY YEARS IF IT ONCE OWNS THE LAND ON WHICH THE IM- PROVEMENTS ARE TO BE MADE. IT HAS BEEN THIS POLICY WHICH HAS ENABLED CITIES TO FOL- LOW A CONTrnurnG PROGRAM FOR MANY YEARS. FOR THIS REASON, WE HEAD THIS SECTION WITH A PROGRAM OF ACQUISITION. PROPOSED LAND ACQUISITION I. . LAND FOR FLOOD CONTROL: Lands along Sour Dough Creek, East Gallatin River, Bridger Creek and others which are subject to in- undation and are needed for conservation. a. By direct purchase or donation b. By s~tting it aside in subdivision plats c. By zoning it against building. Since much of this land is good park or boulevard land, this is mentioned again under that heading. II. LAND FOR mDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT a. Extension of grounds for cattle auction to ac- commodate larger buildings, parking places and animal pens to be owned by the City and County. 173 b. A tract of land north of the City with frontage on Northern Pacific Railroad, U. S. Highway #10 and connection with the Milwaukee Rail- road to be designed as a modern industrial district. This land to be owned by the City and County and leased to industries. III. LAND FOR HIGHWAY EXTENSION a. Right-of-way for new U. S. Highway #10 by-pass to be acquired as soon as possible so that City Street Plan can be adjusted to it. We favor the inner line. b. Land acquisition for U. S. Highway #10 to include city connections to 7th Avenue, North Willson Avenue, Rouse and East Main Streets. c. Surveys to be requested from State High- way Department for Gallatin Gateway Road, and right-of-way acquired. These surveys to include traffic circle and South Willson Avenue connection. d. Surveys to be requested from U. S. Forest Service for Bridger Mountain Road (part of Park-to-Park Road) and r. o. w. acquired. BOZEMAN(GALLATIN)BOULEVARD In the long-range plan of the City, this is a very im- portant line, especially if the Park-to-Park Road be- comes a reality. Our plan for it is to make every de- velopment along it fit into this overall plan and acquire -~his Belt Boulevard, step by step. The present lirn; is a tentative one and will have to be adjusted as surveys and subdivision plans become available. 174 Willson Circle to College Avenue: Part of this r. o. w. is now available. This should be a double drive with 40 ft. center park. Willson Circle to Highland, 180 ft, except- ing from Sour Dough and over the Creek to U. S. #10 highway, road on each side of the creek. College Street over U. S. #191 to U. S. #10 Highway: This line needs a detailed survey. The map shows a line following a small creek whick would be the center of a parkway to the Durston Road, thence diagonally to U. S. Highway #10. Northeast of the City, the Boulevard will follow the East Gallatin River. MONTANA COLLEGE BOULEVARD From Willson Circle to U. S. #10 Highway around the City's cemetery. Most of this land to be acquired in plat - ting. Public owned sections should be set aside immedi- ately . SOUR DOUGH (BOZEMAN) CREEK ROADS This r oad system consisting of two one-way road on either side of the creek is part of the through road net- work and should be treated as a parkway connection from the Gallatin Gateway Road by the Willson Circle and the Civic Center to Bridger Canyon Road. IV. MAJOR CITY STREETS -Rights-of-Way a . North Willson. Mendenhall to Cottonwood Streets, widen right- of-way to 80 feet. b. South Willson. Lircoln Street to Traffic Circle, dedication of 90 ft. right-of-way. c . Sour Dough Roads -(Rouse & Church Aves) Ohe-way roads, right-of-way to be acquired by platting. d. 11th Avenue. Main Street north, 90 ft. by platting. Main Street to College, 80 ft. College to boulevard, 90 ft. by platting. e. 7th Avenue. Main Street to Beall Street, widen to 80 ft. by building setbacks or by condemnation. f. Highland Boulevard. Now dedicated in Deaconess Subdivision as 90 ft. Connection with Main Street to be surveyed. g. Babcock Street. Wallace to 11th Avenue (one-way traffic), widen to 70 ft. by building setbacks or condemnation. 11th Avenue to U. S. #191 -90 ft. by platting. h. Mendenhall Street. 11th Avenue to Broadway, widen to 70 ft. by building setbacks or condemnation. Broadway to Main str'eet, new connection. i. Peach Street. 15th Avenue to Plum Street, widen to 80 ft. j. Tamarack Street. • ].5.th Avenue to }Nallace Avenue, widen to 80 ft. and acquire new r. o. w. by platting. 176 _. k. Oak Street 15th to Rouse Avenue north of fairgrounds, acquire by platting a 90 ft. width. 1. Lamme and Olive Streets From Wallace to 7th Avenue, widen to 80 ft. as new building occurs. m. College Street Detailed surveys are needed for this impor- tant street. 8th Avenue to Bozeman Avenue widen to 80 ft. or wide enough for 56 ft. roadway. Bozeman Avenue to Sour Dough Road, 140 ft. r . o. w. by platting and to Highland Boulevard, 90 ft. r. o. w. by platting. n. Garfield Street This is the new axis of the College Campus from 6th Avenue west, treatment as at present. 6th Avenue to Tracy Avenue detailed survey is needed. Widen r. o. w. to accommodate 56 ft. roadway. From Tracy Avenue east to Highland Boulevard get 90 ft. r. o. w. by platting. Survey needed. V. LAND FOR PARKS AND PLAYGROUNDS a. Land for new park on Sour Dough Creek to be acquired in exchange for two private golf courses and eventually to be owned by the City. b . Land north of Park for College Botanical Gar- dens to be acquired by Montana State College. c , Extension of fairgrounds along proposed \ivillson Avenue. 177 d. Land of Sour Dough Creek bottom to be acquired in platting. e. Bluff east of Sour Dough Road. f. Park on Bozeman Boulevard to be acquired in platting. g. Park land on East Gallatin River to be ac- quired with highway right-of-way, or in platting. h. Land for proposed Civic Center. i. Land for school expansion. VI. LAND FOR CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT: Land for off-street parking to be acquired by central district. 178 LEGAL AND PROMOTIONAL ITEM~, NATIONAL a. Active participation in hearings on U.S. Inter- state Highway System. b. Congressional action on Park-to-Park Road. c. Congressional action on a mineral survey. d. Promotion of new airlines. e. Promotion of U. S. Reclamation Service pro- jects. f. Promotion of defense activities on carefully selected sites. g. Stimulation of forest resource development and reforestation where needed. STATE a. State enabling act on unemployment. b. State enabling act on Urban Renewal. COUNTY a. Promotion of thoroughbred livestock. CITY a. Zoning ordinances. b. Research in regard to by-products of lumber industry. c. Promotion of tourist business. 179 PROPOSED CAPITOL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM LONG-RANGE TRANSPORTATION A. Railroads B. 1. Improvement of approach to railroad station. 2. Grade separation on Rouse and Wallace Avenues in conjunction with U. S. #10 inter- change. 3. Establishment of modern design industrial area north of the City. Highways 1. Completion of U. S. #10 Interstate Highway. 2. Widening of 7th Avenue, Main to Beall Sts. , extension of Willson Street, north and south, interchange on East Main with underpasses at Rouse and Wallace Avenues. 3. Construction of direct route to Gallatin Gateway, Willson Traffic Circle, Bozeman Boulevard, Highland and Montana College Boule- vard, and Sour Dough Creek Road System. C. Bus Lines Beginning of local and trade territory bus ser- vice by private enterprise. Scenic bus service to Yellowstone Park. 180 D. Air Lines Promotion of air service for Bozeman between Helena, West Yellowstone, Casper, Denver, Idaho Falls and Salt Lake City. S'IBEET PLAN A. Systematic work on widening and extending the following major streets: Willson Avenue, 11th Avenue, Rouse and Church Avenues, Babcock and Mendenhall, Olive and Lamme, College and Garfield, Peach and Tamarack Streets. B. Sidewalks along main highway streets. C. Construction of Bluff Road. D. Construction of truck by-pass -Tamarack, Front and Broadway Streets. CEN'IBAL BUSINESS DIS'IBICT 1. Systematic construction of off .... street parking places, paving, lighting and treeplanting. 2. Rebuilding of rear store fronts. 3. Store Arcade on Black Avenue. 4. Construction of Church Pathway. ( 5. Sidealk planting. 181 PARKS AND RECREATION Much of the future development in Parks and Recreation depends on the acquisition of new land. The following project should be in a long-range plan: a. 18 hole modern golf course. b. Indoor-outdoor swimming pool. c. A lar ge lake for boating and skating. d. A small wild animal collection. e. A botanical collection. f. Bridle trails and stables. g. Picnic areas along creeks. h. Outdoor theatre. SCHOOLS Continuation of school construction on sites indicated on Master Plan, as population increases require. WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE Master Plan for Metropolitan Area and con- tinuation of constrcution program. \ ~, '- HOUSING Organization of an Urban Renewal Project . either by City-County effort or with aid of State and Federal financing. 182 MASTER PLAN STREET PLAN The foregoing discussions of the various details of the City and Metro- politan Plan of Bozeman culminate in a Master Plan provided for in the State law creating City and County Planning Boards and including the various sec- tions of this report. While the conclusions of the metropolitan and regional studies are based on the development of the whole area, they are focused on the city of Bozeman. Through them and out of the data submitted we believe it is _possible to guide the development of the City and its surrounding country economically, socially, and physically for many years. We believe with this guid- ance it is possible to stabilize growth, and build a more efficient and attractive city. Greater activity in cer- tain fields should aid in preventing unemployment and increase the city's livability. In order to form the background of the City Plan proper, we had to analyze the economic and physical factors which influence the development of the City. These studies should be continued along the lines indi- cated in this report by specialists in the many lines discussed very much like the detailed surveys needed for street widening and extension, for flood protection, and park facilities. Industrial and commercial expan- sion as well as water and sewerlines extension must be based on the broad lines laid down in this report. The results of this study are the first step in a regional and metropolitan plan, as well as a city plan, 185 and go beyong the usual limited city planning. There are many items in these studies which may lead to future developemtn, in private as well as public enter- prises. The first step in the work of a City-County Planning Board is to determine the area in which the powers of the Board shall be exercised. The following is a quota- tion of the law in this respect.· "Section 30. A planning board shall adopt a master plan for the development of the city and such contig- uous unincorporated area outside the city as) in the judgment of the board,, bears reasonable relation to the development of the city. In order to exercise the r ights and privileges of th.is act over such unincor- porated area, the planning board shall file the limits of such area with the county clerk and recorder of the county in which such city is located) and shall revise such limits, as they are altered from time to time by subsequent filings and the limits of such area as so filed and altered from time to time by subse- quent filings shall be the limit of the territorial jur- isdiction of any city planning board or city-county planning board created under the powers of this act. " The areas to be included in the planning district are shown on the accompanying map which was officially adopted by the Board on April 22, 1958. Under City Boundaries a recommendation was made for the extension of the City Llmits of Bbzeman. This extension is independent of the line of jurisdiction to be assumed by the City-County Planning Board. The City Extension is based on the need for unified administration of the immediate surroundings of the City. This is espec- ially essential in regard to Zoning, Street, and Utility planning. 186 M 1:. r,e 0Pot..1TAN M .e. T .r.z O PCJ,e.J 7"' 4 N ,{_/,;..,,IT~ . . . ..L .L -L .L C,. I -r Y I-I /\rl I-,-"::, ............ <«t«la'.U MASTER PLAN DIVISIONS A Master Plan is an over-all guide for develop- ment. In many respects it can not go into details for these must be based on accurate topographical sur- veys. We suggest the following sequel of procedure in regard to this: A. Adoption of the whole development program report. B. Adoption of a Master Street Plan as outlined in the State Law. C. Adoption of a Subdivision Control Ordinance. D. Adoption of a Master Zoning Plan when authori- ty for this is clear. These items are further described below: A. The State Law specifies the various studies re- quired for a Master Plan. These studies coincide with the various sections of this report. Many of these items, however, do not lend themselves to definite plans which may be shown on maps. SUch studies as of the Trade Territory, Population, Climate, and even Railroads and other transportation items do not lead to concrete items but are general in character. This report was preceded by sectional preliminary reports which have been analysed by the members of the City-County Planning Board and many others. They have been reviewed and condensed after including the additional information received this way. We feel that the final volume is a careful and complete study of the·physical 187 plan of the Bozeman region and City. B. The Street Plan mentioned for the second section will include several items namely: 1. Treatment of existing streets, in regard to widening, extension of roadways and sidewalks as described in the Master Plan Report. 2. Suggested subdivision streets as shown on the map. These are suggested lines, subject to the developer making accurate surveys on which he may express his own plans~ 3. Size of lots and tracts as provided by the State Law but not including complete zoning. 4. Park areas in relation to the development property and the over-all park plan of the City. C. SUBDIVISION CONTROL. Some rules were laid down in regard to Subdivision control m the section dealing with Zoning. They are here repeated and elab- orated upon: The ordinance provides that all newly subdivided plats shall provide streets of not less than 60' width with property line walks if their direct length ex- ceeds 1500 '. For short streets, less than 1500' dlrect length, the street width may be reduced to 50' and curb walks installed. · All new subdivisions shall be checked against the City's Master Street Plan which is on record. Sub- dividers must provide for the land needed for major streets as shown on the Master Plan. They will also 188 be required to set aside one-ninth of the area for park, playground and school ground purposes. This. item shall be paid in cash if these park, play and school grounds are not located on the property. In laying out subdivision plats, developers should be guided by the street plan shown on the Master Plan for major streets and zoning provisions, but they may submit plans of their own for secondary streets. The developer shall construct all street improve- ments according to city standards and the provisions of the Master Plan and subject to approval by the City Administration. He shall also install sprinkling sys- tems, lawns and trees in the park areas which are part of the development, up to 1/9 of the area. D. A Master Zoning Plan accompanies this Master Plan and will be ready for discussion and hearings when State authority in this respect ls determined. 189