HomeMy WebLinkAboutBozeman Monitoring Report final
Archaeological Monitoring During the Initial Excavation of the Bozeman Intermodal Facility Site in Gallatin County, Montana.
Conducted for the Bozeman Historic Preservation
Advisory Board
Submitted to:
Bozeman Planning Department Box 1230 Bozeman, MT 59771 Submitted by:
HD
istorical
iscoveries
Missoula, MT
September 2007
Archaeological Monitoring Historical Discoveries Intermodal Facility – Bozeman, MT September 2007
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Archaeological Monitoring During the Initial Excavation
of the Bozeman Intermodal Facility Site
in Gallatin County, Montana.
By: Dagny K. Krigbaum With contributions from: Bill Cole & Scott Carpenter
HDistorical
iscoveries
Archaeological Monitoring Historical Discoveries Intermodal Facility – Bozeman, MT September 2007
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Project Summary ........................................................................................................................................... iii
1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1
2.0 Project Description ................................................................................................................................... 1
3.0 Defining Significance ............................................................................................................................... 2
4.0 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 2 4.1 Historical Research……………………………………………………………………………………2
4.2 Monitoring…………………………………………………………………………………………….3 5.0 Findings .................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.1 Historical Background ......................................................................................................................... 4 5.2 Physical Findings ................................................................................................................................. 6 5.2.1 Asphalt Removal - Phase I……………………………………………………………………7 5.2.2 Mass Excavation - Phase II…………………………………………………………………...7 6.0 National Register Eligibility & Recommendations .................................................................................11 6.1 Eligibility ............................................................................................................................................11 6.2 Recommendations ...............................................................................................................................12 7.0 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................13
APPENDICES Appendix A: Plan View Map & UTM Coordinates…………………………………..................................A1 Appendix B: Additional Photographic Documentation…………………………………………………….A3 Appendix C: Sanborn Maps…………………………………………………………………………….…A12
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Project Summary Historical Discoveries was contracted by the City of Bozeman to conduct archaeological monitoring during the initial excavation of the Intermodal Parking Facility site. Excavation is taking place in a downtown area
that has been occupied and continuously developed since sometime prior to 1884, and is associated with Bozeman’s earliest commercial developments. Monitoring was conducted in a regulatory context to
determine if significant cultural resources associated with the city’s historic commercial developments are present.
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1.0 Introduction
The City of Bozeman has proposed the construction of the Intermodal Parking Facility with adjoining retail and condominium space on a city block that is a portion of the original Bozeman townsite. The facility is currently designed as a three-story building, with one story located below ground level. Excavation is taking place at 26 East Mendenhall Street in preparation for construction of the new facility. Most recently the site served as the Powderhorn parking lot, and was completely paved over in asphalt in the early 1980s. No buildings or structures exist above ground level, but sidewalks, a curb and gutter system, and two small arbors border three sides of the project area, with a paved alley bordering the south side. The project area consists of lots 13-24 in Block F, as designated in the Original Townsite Platte of Bozeman, and is located in the NW 1/4 of Section 7, Township 2 South, Range 6 East, in Gallatin County, Montana. The property is privately held by the city of Bozeman, who is the responsible permitting and compliance agency for the development. The Area of Potential Effect (APE) is approximately 1 acre, almost all of which will be impacted by the proposed project. The arbors, however, will not be impacted. Historical background research of the project area was conducted in July 2007, and archaeological monitoring was conducted on August 16th, 22nd, and the 25th. Monitoring resulted in negative findings of significant cultural resources. 2.0 Project Description
The City of Bozeman requested that an archaeological consultant monitor construction for a total of two days during the initial phases of excavation for the Intermodal Facility. The first excavation phase involved removing the asphalt from the parking lot, along with any sub-grade material directly below it. The second phase involved the mass excavation or soil removal, in which a deep pit was created with sloped sides. Specific project plans were not available at the initial writing of this report, but communications with the project director and project superintendent for Walker Excavation indicated that no less than the top 18 inches would be removed during the first phase, and that the second phase would create a sloped pit between 15 and 20 feet below ground level (Giffin, 2007; Cole, 2007). Although there weren’t any cultural resources located in the APE above ground level at the time of construction, the city’s Historic Preservation Advisory Board expressed concern about the potential for locating archaeological resources, and agreed to resolve any adverse effects through data recovery.
Since sometime prior to the 1880s, the site has been continuously developed through construction and demolition of buildings, and more recently through the creation of various private and municipal parking lots. Due to the development of the site, to include the removal and infill of gravels and soils, and due to the turbidity caused by construction practices over time, the consultant did not expect to locate significant archaeological resources during the monitoring process. Construction monitoring is not typically a practice that protects sites, because the project underway actively disturbs archaeological contexts. Therefore, it was predicted that monitoring would reveal only previously disturbed artifacts, features, and sites. For this reason in part, it was agreed upon that only two-days of monitoring would take place, with the consultant remaining on-call if any potentially significant resources were located by machine operators. Bill Cole, the
project superintendent for Walker Excavation, offered to note and photograph findings when the consultant was not monitoring, and to contact the consultant if potentially significant findings were located. The interest in properly monitoring the site by Walker Excavation was especially beneficial to the City and to the consultant.
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3.0 Defining Significance In general, cultural resources include prehistoric and historic sites, structures, landscapes, and objects that are of some importance or significance to a culture or community. Archaeological monitoring was conducted to determine if any significant cultural resources were present at the Intermodal Facility site, and to resolve adverse effects through proper documentation and/or preservation of those resources. Determining whether or not an artifact or feature is significant can generally be addressed by following the federal criteria put forth by the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). According to the NRHP, cultural resources should be evaluated to determine if they possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, association, and should also meet one or more of the following criteria: a. associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of history. b. associated with the lives of significant persons in our past. c. embodies distinctive characteristics of a type, period or method of construction, or that represent the
work of a master. d. have yielded or have the potential to yield information important to history or prehistory. For a property to be eligible for listing in the NRHP it must meet one or more criteria for significance, must possess several of the seven aspects of integrity, and should be at least 50 years old. Therefore, significance must go beyond illustrating that artifacts or features simply exist at a site. The cultural resources should be
able to contribute to specific research questions.
4.0 Methodology
4.1 Historical Research Urban archaeology often poses constraints upon monitoring due to the speed involved in construction schedules, the limited exposure of subsurface sediments and artifacts, and the many years in which human actions have introduced, removed, and created turbation of sediments. Distinguishing between introduced and natural deposits can therefore be difficult. In order to aid in distinguishing subsurface sediments and archaeological resources, and to better understand the historic-era human actions that have been introduced to the site over time, a general historical context of the site was created. The background research created a timeline of land use dating from 1884 to around the early 1980s when all of the buildings were removed. Background research was conducted by Dagny Krigbaum, and began by requesting a record search of the study area from the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO), and reviewing the available records. According to SHPO, four previous cultural studies have been conducted, and several sites have been recorded within the designated search local of Section 7, Township 2 South, Range 6 East (Murdo, 1997). Upon further review, it was determined that a majority of the sites consisted of historically significant buildings located in downtown Bozeman, none of which were previously recorded in the immediate study area. Many of the previously recorded sites include those documented during an architectural and historical inventory conducted by James McDonald and Martha Catlin in the 1980s. Various primary and secondary resources were reviewed, to include city planning documents, land patent information, Government Land Office plats and notes, as well as files located at the Pioneer Museum in Bozeman. In addition, several individuals at the museum were interviewed regarding their recollections of
the history of the immediate study area. A Water Resources Survey for Gallatin County was also reviewed in order to determine whether historic irrigation ditches or other water sources were once located in the immediate study area.
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The Sanborn Company Fire Insurance Maps served as the main source of direct information regarding the blocks building history from 1884 to 1943. The Sanborn maps illustrate the residential and commercial development history of the block, and a map overlay was produced in order to provide the consultant with a reference for each of the historic building footprints and their specific location within the block boundary.
4.2 Monitoring
The monitoring process began with communications between the consultant, city planners, and excavation project managers. Maps illustrating the early building history and a brief background of what archaeological resources could be expected to be encountered were communicated, in order to facilitate coordination. The Sanborn building footprints were passed on to the project manager and superintendent in charge of excavation, and explanations of what would constitute a “significant” archaeological resource were given.
It was predicted that years of turbidity from building development and occupation would reveal glass, ceramics, iron, bone, and materials and features associated with historic building construction. Geologically, artifacts and features were expected to be located in the upper soil levels below the asphalt and subgrade materials, until reaching stream sediments and valley fill. The City requested that on-site monitoring consist of two days, predicting that asphalt removal would be completed in one day, and that one day of monitoring would be sufficient during the mass excavation. Monitoring was initially planned to be conducted during the asphalt removal phase, but methods were redirected after excavators revealed that removal would take place over a three-day period, and that it
involved a demolition and milling process and an efficient removal of sub-grade materials. Monitoring methods were also redirected during the mass excavation phase, as specific methods of excavation had not been agreed upon by the city and the excavators until after the monitoring process began. The goal for the first monitoring phase was to ascertain if removal of the asphalt and the residual soil accumulations by construction related activities would expose cultural resources. Due to the construction methods utilized during the first phase, it was decided that monitoring should take place toward the end of asphalt demolition and/or after asphalt removal was complete. The consultant was on site August 13th after
more than three-quarters of the asphalt had been removed, and observed the ground surface, piles, pits and individual artifacts placed to the side by machine operators. Testing of subgrade materials below the asphalt was not conducted due to the speed and intensity of which the materials were moved into common piles, and then loaded into trucks and removed from the site.
The second phase of monitoring involved observations during the mass excavation. Monitoring during this
phase was to be conducted in a way that individual cuts and walls, as well as backdirt could be examined. In order to do this most effectively, monitoring of the site took place after a majority of the pit was dug to a minimum depth.
An unplanned, additional day of monitoring took place after heavy machinery operators exposed several historic building features. Walker Excavation notified the consultant and operators avoided the features until they could be documented. Personal communications with Bill Cole and James Goehrung indicated that one of the intact features was believed to be associated with the old tin shop or the hardware and agricultural implement warehouse (see 1927 Sanborn, Appendix C), and that it was possibly a forge. Scott Carpenter documented the features on August 22nd, and operations in this area resumed immediately after
documentation.
The second day of monitoring during the mass excavation was chosen when a lift of materials were removed to a depth of 2 to 3 feet below ground level. The measurement was predicted to be an appropriate depth to find archaeological resources associated with historic Bozeman. Due to the construction methods utilized for this phase, it was deemed most beneficial to monitor during a time when machines weren’t
operating. This allowed for careful assessment of walls, pits, and backdirt, and sub-surface testing could be conducted as needed.
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5.0 Findings
5.1 Historical Background
Although the consultant reviewed historical background information for Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley, background research was generally restricted to the specific study area. Therefore, a historical contextual overview of the general study area does not appear in this report.
Benjamin F. Marsh conducted the first land survey of the Bozeman area in 1868, but the survey notes reveal few details about the immediate study area other than the fact that it is within the original town site of Bozeman. Historically, the project area was utilized for commercial purposes that are typically associated with early frontier towns in the West. William H. Tracy, who claimed the SW, NW ¼ of Section 7, patented the project area June 15, 1872. This 40-acre claim included an area that today spans
approximately 16 full city blocks, several of which face Main Street (BLM, 2007). Tracy also claimed additional forty-acre tracts in areas that would become the Tracy Additions 1, 2 and 3. William H. Tracy came to the area in 1864 and was one of the founding fathers of Bozeman. His business concerns included stock-growing, farming, and freighting. By the 1870s he was also manufacturing bricks just north of town, and in 1883 his kilns produced approximately 1 million bricks. During Bozeman’s early years, Tracy operated a feed lot and stock corral on the west half of the immediate study area, a general merchandise store at 11 East Mendenhall, and a commercial greenhouse at 1 West Mendenhall (Pioneer Museum; Crow, 1971). In 1882 he moved into his newly constructed home on the corner of Tracy and Mendenhall, and that building remained in the Tracy family as late as 1969 (Brister, 1969:15). It was razed
in the early 1970s.
(W.H. Tracy Residence located at the northwest corner of Tracy and Mendenhall) William Tracy was not only influential in Bozeman, but in other areas of the Gallatin Valley as well. In the
1880s Tracy contracted for the erection of a railway station, warehouse and general store in Belgrade, Montana, with an interest in shipping grain. It was reported that over one-half of all the grain shipped out of the Gallatin Valley was shipped from Belgrade during these early developing years (Burlingame, n.d,:76). By 1887 Tracy and associates were buying and selling every kind of produce, grain and stock out of Belgrade, and created a second store of the same type. It was speculated that the purpose of their second store was simply to prevent any major competition.
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(One of Tracy’s stores, with Tracy pictured in upper
left corner (Pioneer Museum))
Tracy was known to have had one of his feedlot operations on the west half of the immediate study area in 1884. The east half of the block was also a feedlot, and housed several stables, sheds and stalls. The southeast corner of the block appears to be associated in part with the Guy House (later named the Northern Pacific Hotel and currently the location of the Story Block). The southeast corner along the alley housed an
earth cellar and a warehouse with a building for butchering meat, as well as a log icehouse, and stables. Although some of the buildings on the east half of the block appear to have been directly associated with
other commercial enterprises, there is no indication that the block was subdivided, and Tracy may have had a portion of his feed lot on the east half of the block in the early 1880s.
(Buildings located just across the alley from project area with the Guy House located at far right)
By 1890 the block is shown as being subdivided into at least an east and west half, with the overall land use
slowly changing. Some buildings, and especially stables and stalls were removed, and new building types were constructed. By the turn of the twentieth century the entire block was becoming associated more with
the industrial crafts, and less with stock farming and agriculture. Newly constructed buildings soon served as iron, machinery, and electrical supply warehouses.
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By 1912 the block housed very few buildings, and all were utilized as warehouses except a tin shop located in the southwest corner, and a two-story iron clad stable located at the northwest corner. One of the longest standing buildings on the block was constructed sometime between 1904 and 1912, and wasn’t removed until sometime around the early 1980s. This long-standing building was located at 26 East Mendenhall and originally served as a hardware and agricultural implements warehouse. From as early as 1950 to as late as 1979, the building served as a U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Soil and Conservation Service warehouse (Polk; Sanborn). Sometime between 1912 and 1927 a machine shop and implement storage building was constructed just to the east of (and adjoining) the hardware and agricultural implements building. Most of the buildings located on the west half of the block were removed during this same period of time, but two commercial buildings were constructed in the southwest corner, next to the tin shop (see 1912, 1927 Sanborn). The tin shop appears to have been the oldest and longest occupied building on the block, being constructed sometime after 1890 and serving as an electrical supply warehouse as early as 1904. The three adjoining buildings in the southwest corner housed either the same business or similar business types over long periods of time, and include the Northside Meat Market, the Golden Crust Bakery, and the Pizza Oven Restaurant. The three buildings were all removed in the late 1970s or early 1980s (Polk). As early as 1950 the western portion of the block began to develop in direct association with automobile transportation. The building located at 28 Tracy Avenue (c. 1966 Pizza Oven Restaurant) served as the Greyhound Bus line location, and was also listed in the directories as housing Avis Rent-A-Car and the City Taxi and Ambulance Service. As early as 1962 and as late as 1979, the vacant lot in the northwest corner of the block was listed as the Chambers-Fisher Company Parking Lot. One-quarter of the block furthest east had remained vacant since sometime around 1912, when the buildings associated with the Northern Pacific Hotel were removed. As early as 1961 that lot became associated with automobile parking and it served as the Southern Montana Clinic Parking Lot. It later served as the Story Block Parking Lot as early as 1966; the Merchants Free Parking Lot around 1969; and the Chambers-Fisher Company Parking Lot as early as 1974. The city directories reveal that a majority of the buildings located on the block were vacant by 1979 and that a large portion of the block was already being utilized as parking. The only building that appears to have been utilized commercially past 1980 is the old hardware and agricultural implements building located at 26 East Mendenhall. It was listed as a gymnastics center as late as 1982 (Polk). 5.2 Physical Findings
On-site evaluations resulted in the location of three building features (F-1, F-2, F-3), and two concentrated areas of artifacts (F-A, F-B) that appear to be refuse heaps or middens. In addition, isolated artifacts were located throughout the site. Some areas were also indicative of collapsed building walls and foundations,
but were little more than smears of brick, plaster and wood in soil profiles. The three building and two midden features were documented, photographed, mapped, and UTM coordinates were produced for the
general area of the block in which they were located (see Appendix A). Isolated objects and artifacts, as well as areas illustrating collapsed building walls and foundations were noted, although not specifically described, as they lacked integrity and could not be put into any historical context. With the exception of the middens, a majority of the objects and artifacts located were crushed, and lacked markings that help
identify them. In addition, many had visibly been removed from their original place of disposal during the excavation process. All of the features were located on the east half of the block, as were a majority of the
isolated artifacts. However, it should be noted that the reason for this is in part due to the fact that the mass excavation began on the eastern half of the block, and that one-quarter of the lot furthest west had yet to be
excavated to 3 feet below ground level at the time of this report.
There were no physical remains of the earliest log buildings and structures that were once located at the site, although several artifacts possibly associated with the early stock growing economy were found. It is
presumed that the log structures were disassembled and were recycled for new construction purposes. A
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general description of archaeological findings follows, with additional documentation located in Appendix A and B. 5.2.1 Asphalt Removal – Phase I Monitoring during the asphalt removal phase resulted in negative findings for significant historic and prehistoric resources. No features were located during this phase, although objects and artifacts were located directly below the asphalt and sub-grade materials. A majority of the observed objects and artifacts were located throughout the eastern half of the block, with heavier concentrations along the alleyway. The area making up one-quarter of the block furthest to the east did not have a large amount of sub-grade materials brought in as fill, and therefore, various objects and artifacts were found crushed below the asphalt rather than below the sub-grade, as observed in other areas. Although artifacts were scattered throughout the lot, there were concentrated areas of glass, ceramics, and butchered bone (pork, beef) located in the southeast corner of the block where a 1 ½-story warehouse, earth cellar and meat house was located in 1884. Crushed artifact concentrations were also located in the northeast corner of the block, just south and west of the location of a 1 ½-story stable and residence in the late 1880s. Bile Cole located several iron tool implements on the eastern half of the block that may have been associated with the agricultural implements and machine shop (see 1927 Sanborn, Appendix C), but their specific purpose was not determined. Monitoring during phase I also revealed that a large amount of fill material was brought into the site where the agricultural implement and machine shop buildings were constructed. This deep layer of gravel created a central area on the block where artifacts were located at greater depths than other areas of the block, and also created the possibility that some of the artifacts observed, may have been brought into the site with the fill material.
(Iron implement located during phase I)
5.2.2 Mass Excavation – Phase II Several historic artifacts and features were located during Phase II, but documentation and analyzation
resulted in negative findings for significant historic or prehistoric cultural resources. Although the discovery of historic sub-surface features did not initially point to any significant finds, the consultant arranged to have several of the features documented prior to removal by excavators. This decision was made in part, due to the fact that one feature (F-2) appeared to be fairly well intact, and it’s use was not immediately determined.
Three building features and one midden feature were documented on August 22nd. Documentation revealed that F-2 was likely a cistern, possibly associated with the old machine shop and implement storage building
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located at 30 East Mendenhall. The feature was approximately 10’ x 10’ square, and made of cement construction. Due to its size and location, it was first speculated to be a forge associated with the machine shop, but its construction, to include the lack of fire resistant brick, revealed otherwise. The cistern was located approximately 4 feet below ground level, with the bottom reaching to a depth of 8 feet. A portion of the top of the feature was missing, and it had been filled with brick, wood, and mortar rubble. A modern tennis shoe was found inside the feature, indicating that it was filled at a time when the most recent buildings were removed from the block.
(F-2 looking northwest)
Three building features were observed in the general location of what was 26 and 30 East Mendenhall, and two (F-1, F-3) of the three features were documented. Based on the location and building construction
methods, F-1 and F-3 appear to be two foundation walls from the hardware and agricultural implement warehouse that was located at 26 East Mendenhall. One undocumented feature was observed by Bill Cole,
who described it as a foundation feature similar to F-1 and F-3, and placed it in the vicinity of what would have been the east north/south running foundation of the old machine shop at 30 East Mendenhall.
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(F1 looking north) Two concentrated areas of artifacts were determined to be trash middens (F-A, F-B). They were located approximately 15 feet away from each other, between 5 and 10 feet north of the alley, and in the southeast corner of the project area. The general location of the two middens were speculated during phase I, due to the concentration of crushed artifacts scattered along the ground surface. The first midden (F-A) that was located was burned, and contained a mixed array of artifacts and objects that include glass, ceramics, bone and building materials. Although the age of some artifacts were speculated to be from around the late nineteenth or early twentieth century (i.e. square nails, older glass bottle types), they did not contain markings that would help date them. The midden therefore offered little insight as to when it was created or what it was associated with. The second midden that was located contained some datable artifacts, with a majority being placed between the late 1880s and 1920. There were also a few artifacts near the top of the midden, to include ceramic tiles and insulators that may date into the 1930s. There were no modern day artifacts located in the midden, and it had not been burned. The midden feature was a pit, approximately 4 feet in diameter, and was located approximately 1.5 foot below ground level and 5 feet north of the alley. The depth of the midden was on average 2 feet deep, and the midden was covered periodically in either a silty loam or a heavy clay (both observed in other areas of the site). It appears that there were at least two major times the midden was covered, as two distinct separate soil types and/or levels were noticeable. The location of the midden is just to the east of the storage house, and to the west of the stable that was located in the southeast portion of the block in1889.
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A majority of the midden contained liquor bottles and crockery, along with some butchered bone and porcelain kitchenwares. Interestingly enough, numerous well-preserved eggshells and paper fragments were also observed. This is likely due to the moisture content of the clay in which they were covered, aiding in preservation. Several bottles or portions of bottles with embossments were dated, while a majority of the bottle fragments were without markings, and could not be dated. Several free blown bottles and glass bottle stoppers were also located.
(F-B artifacts)
Datable bottles or fragments include a broken Budweiser bottle, a pharmaceutical bottle, a liquor bottle, and a fragment from the bottom of a bottle. The Budweiser bottle is one of the earliest produced, when the company was still Carl Conrad’s Budweiser. Conrad went bankrupt in 1883, resulting in the subsequent sale to Adolphus Busch. The bottle is a distinctive pale blue glass with a CC&Co base mark, and is
believed to have been distributed between 1876 and 1883. Although typically marks on bottles indicate the glassmaker, Conrad was not a glass company and various local (St. Louis) glass companies made bottles
for Conrad. According to Digger Odell Publications, “Prior to 1890, laws governing the production of beer prohibited brewers from bottling beer at the same location as it was brewed. Many brewers wanting to
provide the public with bottled beer enlisted the help of bottlers (Digger Odell Publications, 2007).”
A deep olive green crown top bottle with opposing seams and an applied lip was found to be a liquor bottle. A long curled tail wrapping around a posing cat is the base mark on the E&J Burke liquor bottle, and it is believed to be from around 1900, as the crown top was not invented until 1892. E & J Burke was a brewer out of Dublin, Ireland, and was the first bottler to get exclusive rights to use a trademark label on export
beer in 1862. The trademark label was issued to bottlers by Guinness beer, and was issued only to bottlers
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who sold no other kinds of brown stout or porter (Guinness, 2007). E&J Burke Ltd., a distributor of E&J alcoholic beverages, was located in the Times Building, Times Square, New York.
(E&J Burke bottle located in F-B) A bottle with PD&CO as the base mark is a bottle made for Parke Davis & Company, a Detroit manufacturer of pharmaceuticals from 1875 to date. The two piece molded bottle is amber in color, and it is believed that bottles with the PD&CO embossment on the base were all made prior to 1930. A broken bottle base was stamped with a two-digit number inside of a diamond, and was made by the Illinois Glass Company in Alton. Although it is unknown what the bottle contained, the two, three, and four digit bottle numbers were produced between 1873 and 1929. Two 6 oz. flask bottles (2-piece mold with seams running from heel to finish) were located, but do not contain markings that help date them. However, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the small, one pint or less bottles often contained liquor, and were also used to contain medicine. The medicine, however, often contained a very high alcohol content. Based on the bottle seams, the bottles are estimated to have been made sometime after 1900. In addition to the flasks, glass stoppers were also located. Although they are not able to be dated, glass stoppers were most popularly utilized from about 1859 to 1900. 6.0 National Register Eligibility & Recommendations
6.1 Eligibility
It does not appear that the commercial block in this study was an overall significant economic success in the big picture of commercial downtown Bozeman. Other than the early agriculture and stock farm buildings associated with William Tracy, the individual buildings and the people who labored over them and in them would not likely meet the criteria for significance, even if the structures were still standing. Block F was constantly re-developed, while other portions of it remained vacant over long periods of time. The block had more of a pattern of casually placed construction, often along the alley, rather than the more symmetrical placement of commercial buildings that face busy streets. The block appears to have lacked the long-term stability and growth that other commercial blocks experienced in downtown Bozeman.
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The blocks original use is obscured by the fact that there were no surviving buildings or structures on the site, and by the fact that the context of the archaeological resources have been highly disturbed over time. The sub-surface features and artifacts have experienced an overall lack of integrity, and appear unlikely to yield additional information beyond what has been documented in this study. Findings do not give any true indication of how the lands were historically inhabited and utilized, and therefore lack the ability to convey the intensity or success of the businesses and the people who were behind them. Although the cistern (F-2) retained a portion of its integrity, it does not appear to embody a distinctive method of construction, nor does it relay its significance for the period in which it was constructed. This is true for each of the additional building and midden features, as none were found to embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, and none were found to be directly associated with significant people in Bozeman’s history. The features and artifacts observed have not, nor are they likely to yield information important to our history. When evaluated, each of the features, and the site as a whole, fails to meet the National Register criteria. 6.2 Recommendations
There was no indication while monitoring during the initial excavation for the Intermodal Facility that any
significant cultural resources were impacted or otherwise adversely affected. At this time, there are no recommendations regarding the preservation of, or further monitoring of the Intermodal Facility site. Due to the lack of significant findings, the site is not able to contribute or yield additional information to the history of Bozeman’s early commercial developments. It is believed that this study, to include the written
and photographic documentation of the site and associated features, is adequate mitigation for resolving any adverse effects during the construction of the Intermodal Parking Facility.
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7.0 Bibliography & Resources Consulted
Berlingame, Merrill G. n.d. Gallatin’s County Heritage. Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana. Bristor, Marjorie & Minnie Paugh 1969 Tour of Historic Sites of Bozeman, May 1969. Self-published. Bureau of Land Management 2007 Electronic patent search. BLM Government Land Office Records, Montana. Cole, Bill 2007 Personal communication to Dagny Krigbaum, August 16, 2007. Crow, Roxa 1971 Historic City Landmark Razed. In The Valley Shopper, Bozeman, Montana, May 1971. Digger Odell 2007 Electronic site on historic bottle typology. Digger Odell Publications, 2007. Early Office Museum 2007 Electronic collection of Vintage Office Photographs, 1907-1909. Electronic collection located at officemuseum.com showing offices of E&J Burke Ltd. Gallatin County Clerk and Recorder 2004 Legal location search, conducted at the Clerk and Recorder’s Office, Bozeman, Montana. Giffin, Tyler 2007 Personal Communication to Dagny Krigbaum, August 8, 2007. Government Land Office 1869 Government Land Office maps and land survey notes, T. 2S, R. 6E. Located at Bureau of Land Management Office, Billings, Montana. Guinness Collectors Club 2007 Electronic information regarding trademark for E&J Burke. McDonald, James R. & Martha Catlin 1984 Bozeman Historic Resource Survey. Unpublished document located at the Bozeman Planning Office, Bozeman, Montana. Montana Hyalite Chapter Daughters of American Revolution. 1957 Old Tombstone Records in Gallatin County, Montana Cemeteries. Compiled from 1955-1957, Bozeman, Montana. Murdo, Damon 2007 Written Communication to Dagny Krigbaum regarding record search for Section 7, T2S, R6E, August 1, 2007. Pioneer Museum 2004 History of W.M. Tracy on file in the research center of the Pioneer Museum, Bozeman, Montana.
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Polk, R.L. & Co. various City Directories for Bozeman, Montana. St. Paul Minnesota and various publication dates locations. Radford, J. D. various Bozeman City Directory. J. D. Radford and Co. New Issue Publishing Company, dates Bozeman, Montana. State Engineer’s Office 1953 Water Resources Survey, Gallatin County, Montana. Published by the State Engineer’s Office, Helena, Montana. United States Department of the Interior 2002 National Register Bulletin: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. Edited by Rebecca H. Shrimpton for the National Park Service and revised for the
Internet, 2002.
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Appendix A
Plan View Map & UTM Coordinates
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UTM coordinates for general area of features: 12T0497247
5058278
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Appendix B
Additional Photographic Documentation
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(Walker Excavation – Phase I)
(Phase I)
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(Phase II showing southeastern portion of block, where a majority of
the artifacts and features were located)
(Test pit showing F-B)
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(Bottom half of artifact located in F-B – One of Budweiser’s earliest bottles)
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(Glass bottle stoppers located in F-B)
(Parke Davis & Company pharmaceutical bottle located in F-B)
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(Insulator embossed with “patent applied for” - located in F-B)
(Artifact located near F-1 after removal of building foundations - Perfectly flat drilled piece of slate, possibly from the top of a pool table)
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(Tools and utensils located throughout eastern half of block)
(F-2 looking southwest, showing rubble filled interior)
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(F-2 looking southwest)
(F-3 looking east)
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(Foundation walls removed from what was the old hardware & agricultural implements building at 26 E. Mendenhall, and the machine shop located at 30 E. Mendenhall)
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Appendix C
Sanborn Maps (1884-1927)
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(1884) The project area is made up of the north half of block 5, and the north half of block 562 on maps produced at later dates
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(1889)
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(1890)
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(1904)
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(1912)
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(1927)
1927 &1943 Sanborn maps illustrate the same building footprints
on north half of block 562