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PLANNING352
BOZEl\-ZAN
1983
BOZEMAN
CITY COUNTY
PLANNING BOARD
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411 EAST MAIN
GTP.O.BOX 640,BOZEMAN,MONTANA,59715
PHONE:(406)5863321
To whom it may concern:
This revision of the Bozeman Area Master Plan represents countless hours of study,
listening and debate by the members of the Bozeman City-County Planning Board. The
professional staff has taken special efforts to present the Plan and its elements to all in-
terested local organizations to address any concerns or questions that the groups may
have had.
On April 28, 1983 the Bozeman City-County Planning Board conducted a public hearing
on the proposed Plan at which time public testimony was welcomed. Both the written
and oral testimony from that hearing was reviewed in detail and used to prepare the final
document for consideration by the Bozeman City Commission and Gallatin County
Commission. The revised Bozeman Area Master Plan was adopted by local governing
bodies on December 12, 1983 and November 8, 1983 respectively.
The content of the revised Bozeman Area Master Plan recognizes the unique qualities
and problems experienced by Bozeman and its jurisdictional area. The document's goals
and policies suggest that we strive to preserve those qualities and further suggests means
by which many of the problems may be resolved. To insure the document will keep in
step with the future needs of the Bozeman area, the Plan will be reviewed and updated
by the Planning Board on three year intervals.
The Bozeman City-County Planning Board will continue to welcome public testimony
and input as the needed documents are prepared to address the concerns generated by
the goals and policies. The Board members extend their sincere thanks and gratitude to
those that have participated in the planning process and hope their efforts have served to
keep the Bozeman area a place of quality to live.
Sincerely yours,
a, s�
Joel A. Shouse, Chairman
Bozeman City-County Planning Board
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This list of acknowledgements should not be viewed as a list of everyone who was involved in the
development of this Master Plan. For those whose names are not mentioned, we would like to thank them
for all of their help and cooperation.
Gallatin County Commissioners Bozeman Zoning Commission
Joy Nash, Chairman Roger Craft, Chairman
Ruth Mary Tonn Bob Soper, Vice Chairman
Wilbur Visser Jim Banks
John DeHaas
Ted Metzger
Bozeman City-County Planning Board Jeff Rupp
Joel Shouse, Chairman Dick Shanahan
James Craig, Vice-Chairman
Steve Custer
Bob Hawks Bozeman City Commission
Dennis Jordan Al Stiff, Mayor
Dan Kamp Ann Anderson
Harold Lindvig Judy Mathre
Don McLaughlin Mary Van't Hul
Ray White Ken Weaver
Planning Staff
John Moss, Director
Steve Lere, Sr. Planner
Mike Money, Sr. Planner
Katie Morris, Graphics Planning Tech.
Martha Hodder, Pl. Tech.
Kathy Ball, Pl. Tech.
Jim Hanson, Intern
Lisa Volf, Secretary
Special Appreciation
To Members of the:
Citizen Advisory Committees
League of Women Voters
Past City & County Commissioners
Past Planning Board Members
Montana State University
470 - Geographical Planning Class (MSU)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.&Title (Section-Page)
1 MSU Campus Plan . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
(Section-Page) 2 Slope Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . .. . . . . . . . . 3-7
SECTION I Summary of Bozeman Area 3 Geology Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . 3-8
Master Plan .................... ..... 1-1 4 Geologic Constrants Map . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . 3-9
5 Soil Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ....... ..... . .3-10
6 Hydrology Map . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .... .......3-11
SECTION II Background of the Plan 7 Bozeman Water Supply System . . . .... ..... ..3-22
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... .. 2-1 8 Sanitary Sewer Service Area . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ..3-23
The Impact of Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. 2-1
9 Sewer Collection System . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..3-24
10 Soil Potential Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3-30
Planning for Development 11 Urban Impact .. . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .3-31
in the Bozeman Area . . . . . . . . . . ... . 2-1 12 Transportation Plan (City) . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ...4-13
Past Comprehensive Plans . . .. ......... 2-1 13 Transportation Plan(Jurisdictional Area) . . . . .4-14
Summaries of Existing Plans .. ......... 2-2 City Land Use Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .Packet
Jurisdictional Area Land Use Plan . . . . . . . . ... .Packet
SECTION III Plan Elements
Environmental Resources ........... ...... 3-1
Population . . . . ....... .... ......... ... ... 3-6
Housing ...... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ...... . .. ...3-15
Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. ...3-17
Public Facilities and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-20 LIST OF TABLES
Parks, Recreation and Open Space . . . . . . . . ..3-26
Existing Land Use .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....3-27 Table No.&Title (Section-Page)
1 Geologic Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . 3-2
2 Soil Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . 3-4
SECTION IV The Development Plan 3 Population Change . . . . . . . . . . ........... . . .3-12
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4 Population by Planning Area . ........... . . .3-12
5 Age Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... .. ...3-13
Questions, Issues and Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 6 Natural Increase and Migration ......... . . . .3-14
Goals and Policies . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 7 Percent Migration . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . .... . . . .3-15
Land Use Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 4-5 8 Population Projections . ...... . . . . . . . .. . . . .3-15
Land Use Plan and Classifications .. . . . . 4-6 9 Housing Inventory . . . ........ . . . . . ..... . . .3-16
Public Lands Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9 10 Housing Composition .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . ...3-16
Community Facilities Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-10 11 Housing Condition . ... . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . ...3-17
12 Non-Farm Economic Base . ...... . . . . .. . ....3-18
Transportation Plan . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . .4-10 13 Bozeman Water Availability
and Demand Projections . . .. .. . . . . . . . .3-25
14 Park Acreage Standards . . . . .. .... . . . .. .. . . .3-27
SECTION V Implementation 15 Land Use Evaluation System ... . .. . ... . .. . .. 4-8
Zoning and Subdivision Regulations . . .. . . . . 5-1
Building Codes .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 5-1
Annexation Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Financial Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Summary of Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Review and Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
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SECTION I SUMMARY OF BOZEMAN AREA MASTER PLAN
This document provides a series of goals and grow to a size comparable to Vail, Aspen, Sun Valley,
policies established by community input and the etc., during the next 15 years; if the Bozeman area at-
Bozeman City-County Planning Board.These goals and tracts new industries employing at least 700 to 800 peo-
policies relate to such concerns as: Residential Develop- ple, and if Montana State University increases enroll-
ment, Public Facilities, Natural Resources, Economic ment to about 17,000, then the Bozeman area popula-
Development,and Energy Conservation. Section 1 is an tion should increase to about 41,000 people by the year
abbreviated summary of the Plan. The summary pro- 2000. Population of Bozeman and the planning area
vides an overview for the person who can not take the was 17,128 in 1980; it is currently about 28,310.
time to review the entire document, and it will help the There are about 7,000 acres subdivided for de-
person who may have an interest only in limited areas of velopment in the planning area outside the city and out-
the Plan. side the design area for the Bozeman sewer system. De-
The Master Plan contains summaries of special mand per the above population projections suggest
purpose plans for the Bozeman area. These include the there will be about 1,240 new homes built in this area by
Bozeman Wastewater Facility Plan, the Areawide Water the year 2000. It is not likely the building lots for these
Plan for Bozeman, the Water Rate Evaluation for the new homes will occupy more than about 2,000 acres.
City of Bozeman, Stormwater Master Plan for the City There is much more land subdivided than will be re-
of Bozeman, Housing Element, Bozeman Park and quired by these new homes.
Recreation Inventory and Work Plan, Outdoor Recrea- A concern or problem is there is not enough
tion - Open Space Plan for Gallatin County, Bozeman development in present subdivisions so that the people
Transportation Plan, Montana State University Plan can afford to maintain and keep up the roads and other
for Campus Development, Final Report for the improvements, and the population projections do not
Bozeman Public Schools,the Bozeman Central Business suggest there will be enough development in the future
District Study, and the Blue Ribbons of Big Sky Water to solve this problem.
Quality Management Plan.As background data to form
a basis for the Plan,the Master Plan contains studies of LARGE LOT DEVELOPMENT WITHIN
energy conservation, environmental resources, geology, CENTRAL FACILITIES SERVICE AREA
soils, hydrology, population, housing, the economic
base, agricultural land use, manufacturing, Montana Large lot development with on-site sewer and water
State University's impact on the area, bicycle transpor- has taken place within the planned Bozeman central
tation, parks and recreation. Background studies con- sewer and water service area. This will tend to stop the
clude with a detailed tabulation and analysis of the extension of central sewer and water facilities; it will
distribution of land uses in the area for residential hous- retard the growth of the entire urban area; it will fin-
ing,retail business,public activities,manufacturing and crease the cost paid by all people for facilities and ser-
industry, and agriculture. Relationships drawn from vices, and it will eventually have a negative impact on
review of the existing special purpose plans and back- the local economy.
round studies support Should development in these areas be controlled
g pport projections of future population unless central sewer and water has been made available?
and economic conditions.
Some questions, issues and problems identified in This Master Plan recommends development be restrict-
the Master Plan are: ed until central sewer and water has been constructed.
VACANT SUBDIVISIONS AND UNUSED DEVELOPMENT WITH ON-SITE SEWER
FACILITIES AND WATER
Population growth in the Bozeman area the past 20 On the average, the regulations will allow devel-
years has been quite rapid, and the outlook for future opment of about one dwelling unit per acre with on-site
economic and population growth are encouraging. But, sewer and water. This generally will not create a prob-
prospects for the future are definitely limited. If Big Sky lem or contaminate surface or ground water. However,
and other developments of similar impact on Bozeman over a large area, it is possible that development at 1�/z
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acres per dwelling could create the potential for ground may be noted that modification to control misuse or ex-
water pollution. It is possible that if most of the vacant emptions to the state subdivision law could be an impor-
subdivision lots in the planning area were developed tant action to help. It is also noted this Master Plan
there could be surface and ground water pollution prob- recommends consideration of development density
lems in some areas. There are presently some problems transfer to provide a method of compensation to owners
with well water quality in smaller lot subdivision areas of land for which development may not be possible.
near Bozeman. Measures such as requiring that septic
tanks be pumped and flushed every 12 to 18 months BOZEMAN HAS UNIQUE NATURAL BEAUTY
might help reduce the potential problem;however,there The beauty of the city of Bozeman and the Gallatin
is a possibility that once ground water is polluted,it will Valley is a valuable resource. The area is truly unique.
remain polluted for an extended period of time. The people have done a good job of protecting these re-
Should the Master Plan control development with sources,but some of the uniqueness has been destroyed; '
on-site sewer and water to prevent possible problems? some has been damaged, and some is being threatened.
This Master Plan supports development controls. Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley are not likely to con-
tinue to grow and develop as a tourist, cultural and
BASIC FACILITIES MUST BE DESIGNED employment center unless their amenities are protected.
FOR THE FUTURE Should the Master Plan provide for protection of
views and vistas such as the top of Sourdough Ridge and
Major expansion of the Bozeman Wastewater Story Hills;should it restrict building heights to prevent
Treatment Facility has been completed. The expansion blocking of views; should it provide for the protection
is designed to serve a population of some 36,000 people. of floodplains and stream banks; should it protect and
Population served was 21,645 by the 1980 Census. The enhance historic resources; should it provide for the
present 1983 population served is estimated to be 22,457 protection of ground and surface water quality; should
people, and the projected year 2000 population to be it provide for protection of wildlife winter range areas;
served is 32,853 people. It is concluded the facility will should it prevent development of steep slopes,landslide-
have sufficient capacity well into the twenty-first cen- prone areas, fault zones and productive agricultural
tury. Since wastewater treatment facilities generally land, and should it prevent strip commercial develop-
operate more effectively and efficiently near design ment and the carnival appearance generally associated
capacity, and since per capita costs will tend to decrease with such development on approaches to the city? This
dramatically with increase in population served, it is Master Plan concludes that one of the Bozeman area's
also concluded that encouragement of development most important resources is its natural beauty. This
within the sewer service area will benefit the entire resource must be protected. The answer is yes to all the
Bozeman area. previously stated questions.
There are 25 goals and 47 policies in the Master
URBAN SPRAWL INTERFERES WITH Plan that provide a basis for planning decisions.
AGRICULTURE The issues, problems and questions, and the goals
If new residential development in the jurisdictional and policies to a Land Use Plan with four major desig-
area from 1982 through 2000 is at the density of present nations:
development, 1.41 acres per dwelling, the 1,240 new 1. The area within the city limits of Bozeman is
homes will occupy about 1,748 acres of land. This is not proposed to develop at city densities with
a large amount of land considering the area is about growth occurring as public facilities are ex-
52,000 acres, and it is not likely to remove large areas of panded.
land from agricultural use since about 27,947 acres are 2. The proposed sewer service area extends
in agricultural use. approximately one mile around the city limits.
A problem,however, is that several thousand acres Development in this area is to be restricted to 20
are likely to have their agricultural use potential acres per dwelling unit to prevent the city from
eliminated or severely limited as a result of speculative becoming surrounded by large lot devel-
subdivision activity, scattered subdivisions and dis- opments.An overlay zoning district is shown on
persed developments. Some 9,822 acres may already be the jurisdictional area land use plan and
considered to have had their agricultural use potential designates higher density urban land use in the
severely impacted because they are adjacent to subdivid- service area when the area connects to central
ed and/or developed land on at least two sides.Another City services or package sewer disposal systems.
6,727 acres are in parcels less than 80 acres in size, and 3. All other subdivided areas are designated as
this limits their agricultural use potential. About 17,969 rural development nodes. These areas are en-
acres have not had their agricultural use potential im- couraged to develop at the highest density al-
pacted by scattered development. lowed by State Health Department require-
This Master Plan supports prevention of scattered ments.The increased development in these areas
residential development to help preserve and protect would provide for cost effective services and
agricultural land and activities.This policy will also help would provide incentives for filling the vacant
assure more efficient public facilities and services. It lots in existing subdivisions.
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4. Undeveloped rural lands with no physical con- In addition to allocating planned land use objec-
straints are allowed to develop at a density of 20 tively,the numerical evaluation system removes the pos-
acres per dwelling unit. sibility of treating any one tract of land or area of land
A numerical evaluation system was utilized in different from any other. It is fair to all; it is objective,
preparing the jurisdictional area land use plan map.The and it is easy to apply and understand.
numerical evaluation system includes five major areas The Master Plan concludes that all communities
of concern for determining land use in the jurisdictional may have problems, but that problems must be identi-
area. These are: fied, recognized and understood before they can be
1. Public facilities and services, solved. The Plan says by solving problems,it is possible
2. Transportation network, to decide the kind of community there will be in the
3. Physical and environmental impacts, future. Plan implementation is to be based on an annual
4. Conservation of agricultural land and preserva- review of the Planning Board's budget each year.
tion of agricultural activities, and Review and update of the Master Plan is to be under-
5. Effects on the surrounding area. taken every three years.
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SECTION II BACKGROUND FOR THE PLAN
HISTORY
The growth and development of Bozeman must be discouraging development where public facilities and
compared to the background of early development services can not be economically provided. It calls for
throughout Gallatin County. higher densities where subdivisions have been developed
Settlers began moving into the Gallatin Valley after with streets and other improvements installed in order
the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805. Their numbers to encourage full use of these facilities. It allows for
increased significantly during the 1850's and 1860's. higher densities to encourage expansion of central urban
Bozeman became the focal point of county activity and facilities where engineering plans provide for expansion.
was named the county seat in 1867. The development of The zoning regulations seek to protect agricultural ac-
the Bozeman Trail, a more suitable route for travelers tivities by discouraging sprawl development. It also
from the Midwest to gold camps in the West, also im- aims to encourage improved public services and facili-
proved the position of Bozeman as a major trading ties at less cost. It encourages economic growth and
post. The highly productive soils throughout the valley development by providing for an attractive, orderly
produced a variety of agricultural products with community.
Bozeman serving as a major distribution point to na- With few exceptions, Gallatin County and Boze-
tional markets. Recognizing the importance of the city's man City officials have insisted that the Master Plan be
strategic location, the United States Army established used to help make decisions affecting the community.
Fort Ellis, a military outpost, three miles east of As a clear and concrete policy, a formal Master Plan
Bozeman in 1867. The extension of railroads to Amendment Procedure was adopted in 1981 to meet the
Bozeman in the 1880's and the development of many ever-changing needs of the Bozeman area.
local flour mills made Bozeman a strong agricultural
marketing hub, a vital service point and a center of PLANNING FOR DEVELOPMENT IN THE
governmental administration. Bozeman was chosen as BOZEMAN AREA
the site for the Montana College of Agriculture in 1893. Past Comprehensive Plans
The efforts of the Bozeman City-County Planning
THE IMPACT OF PLANNING Board to prescribe land use recommendations to the
Neither Bozeman nor any other community just local governing bodies originated in 1955 when the first
happens to develop at their locations. They are estab- municipal planning board was formed. The City
lished because of plans and decisions carried out by peo- adopted its first zoning ordinance in 1941. The new
ple. Plans for the city and surrounding area have pro- planning board encouraged the adoption of the first
vided a framework for construction and extension of subdivision regulations in 1956. In April of 1958, S. R.
the city's public facilities in an orderly and cost-effective Deboer & Company (planning consultants from
manner since the middle of the 1950's. Denver, Colorado) prepared Bozeman's first master
Subdivision regulations were adopted by the City plan. It included studies on transportation, street plan-
and County in the 1950's and 1960's. These regulations ing,zoning districts,parks and recreation,schools,park
set standards for public facilities planning and construc- roads and sanitation and health.
tion when new development takes place.They have con- The 1958 Master Plan predicted Bozeman would
tributed immeasurably to the efficiency of the com- have a population of 18,000 people by 1970. The 1970
munity's public services and facilities,and have been the Census showed 18,670 people living in Bozeman, thus
moving force in producing a more functional and at- proving its master plan projections to be quite accurate.
tractive community. The 1958 plan focused on the development of a
Zoning was extended to the three-mile extraterri- transportation and street plan. Many present-day streets
torial boundary around the city of Bozeman in 1973. It were constructed based on that plan. The plan did not
requires at least ten acres per dwelling unit as a means of include a land use plan or a comprehensive plan for
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future land use. The major recommendations of the the master plan and zoning regulations before
plan were to adopt a master street plan,adopt a subdivi- approval.
sion control ordinance and adopt a master zoning plan. 3. In the area identified for expansion of the City's
In 1960, the Planning Board updated and revised central sewer and water services, the plan
the major street plan. The update was somewhat unique recommends that development be discouraged
because it included a detailed layout of proposed until those services are extended to the property.
arterial and collector streets for the entire jurisdictional The agricultural suburban zoning designation is
area. It included an inner loop road system comprised used to require 10 acres per dwelling unit, with
of Highland Boulevard, Kagy Boulevard, 19th Avenue rezoning to a higher density when facilities
and Oak Street. It also included an outer loop system become available.
that encircled the city of Bozeman. In July of 1975, the Bozeman Area Growth Study
In 1960, the Planning Board also: was completed by the Bozeman City-County Planning
1. Prepared a draft ordinance to update the city Staff.
subdivision regulations, This study provides an overview of the reasons for
2. Recommended that county subdivision regula- growth in the Bozeman area and the effects this growth
tions be adopted, and as such, drafted a model, has had on the community.
3. Prepared a draft industrial ordinance, The major emphasis of the study is the effect urban
4. Recommended the enactment of the transition growth has on providing cost-effective public services
overlay district and and facilities. This includes a growth study cost analysis
5. Recommended county zoning for the jurisdic- and a growth study revenue analysis of four possible
tional area. growth situations the city and jurisdictional area could
The draft zoning regulations for the jurisdictional area possibly encounter. The findings of the study list three
excluded building and development within 75 feet of all growth alternatives:
streams and prohibited building on any slope greater 1. Contained growth,
than 30 percent. The maximum zoning outside the cen- 2. Peripheral growth, and
tral sewer and water district was proposed to be 10 acres 3. Selective growth, with a recommendation on
per dwelling unit. which of these alternatives may be best suited
In September of 1967, the Bozeman City-County for the Bozeman area.
Planning Board hired the first city-county planner. In Summaries of Existing Plans
1972, a revised master plan for the city was completed. Wastewater Facility Plan
The 1972 plan was the first master plan for the city The plan for wastewater collection and treatment
to include a comprehensive land use plan and land use w
maps for both the city and the jurisdictional area. as completed in September of 1978 by the engineering
The plan included an extended set of goals and ob- consultant firm of Thomas, Dean and Hoskins, Inc.
The 1978 Facilities Plan includes a complete de-
fectives that were formulated by a group of planning ad- scription of the wastewater treatment system and an
visory committees. These goals were presented in the evaluation of the system to determine future needs. It
plan but were never officially adopted by the governing bodies. identifies a number of alternatives for expanding the
The 1972 plan includes sections on treatment facilities to meet population needs through
P population, the year 2000. It evaluates the advantages and disadvan-
housing, physiographic constraints, economics, parks g
and recreation, transportation and an existing land use tages of each alternative as well as the estimated con-
study. It concludes with a set of recommendations and struction and operating costs. The plan then recom-
suggests strongly they be followed during the implemen- mends the most desirable alternative in relation to cost
tation procedure: effectiveness.
1. Rural development nodes corresponding closely Maps of the proposed sewer service area, existing
to present development and subdivided lands treatment facilities, and proposed improvements are in-
are identified. In these areas, the plan recom- cluded in the document.
mends development at the highest densities per- Area Wide Water Plan for
mitted with individual wells and septic tanks. It Bozeman, Montana
also suggests the appropriate zoning designa- The Area Wide Water Plan for Bozeman was com-
tions to obtain desired densities. pleted in May of 1973 by the engineering consultant
2. The plan identifies undeveloped rural lands and firm of Thomas, Dean and Hoskins, Inc.
recommends that development of these lands be Its purpose was to determine the need for water
discouraged. A density of 10 acres per dwelling facilities in all urban areas within the jurisdictional area.
unit has been established for the purpose of It includes sections on supply, transmission, treatment,
discouraging development in these areas. The storage and distribution. The study contains a descrip-
subdivision regulations and the AS,Agricultural tion of the existing facilities, a discussion of design
Suburban Zoning District, are used to imple- criteria for immediate needs, a five-to ten-year plan and
ment this plan policy. This Agricultural Subur- a long-range plan.
ban zone requires 10 acres per dwelling unit,and A "Capital Improvements Program"in Section III
subdivision plans are required to conform with discusses a financial plan for water system im-
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provements and tabulates the amount of money that is cludes an estimate of land requirements to satisfy future
needed for anticipated construction and operation. The housing needs in Bozeman.
plan includes maps of the existing water system as well The following are findings of the 1978 study:
as proposed improvements that are to be made to the 1. Almost one-half of all single-family houses are
system in the future. being built outside the city;
The plan is for a 20-year period, but many of the 2. Land investment and speculation are creating a
improvements considered in the report have a life expec- haphazard growth pattern of urban sprawl.
tancy far beyond that time period. 3. Housing construction costs have increased due
to materials cost increases.
4. Housing finance costs have risen astronomical-
ly.This has driven up the average monthly hous-
City of Bozeman ing cost at a rate faster than the average wage
The Water Rate Evaluation was completed in with the result that a smaller percentage of peo-
December of 1977 by Thomas, Dean and Hoskins, Inc. ple can afford housing.
Its purpose is to evaluate the existing rate structure 5. The rental market has grown steadily.
to determine the changes that are necessary for financ- Bozeman Park and Recreation Inventory and
ing construction of needed improvements, and suggests Work Plan
a method of financing improvements to the operation of The Bozeman Area Work Plan was completed in
the water system.
This plan updates the "Area Wide Water Plan of 1975 by the Bozeman City-County Planning Staff.
May, 1973." It contains an evaluation of the present The plan is an analysis of inventories and surveys
system and a program for improvements. It also sug- developed to determine community recreational needs
gests an expansion program that is consistent with the and adequacy of the existing facilities to fulfill the pres-
1974 and 1978 Facilities Plans. ent as well as the future needs. It has led to the form-
ulation of development recommendations and plans for
Stormwater Master Plan for the each park or park area within the Bozeman area.
City of Bozeman The study includes sections on:
A Stormwater Master Plan was completed in the 1. Inventories of public and private parks and
summer of 1982 by Thomas, Dean and Hoskins, Inc. recreation in Bozeman and its jurisdictional
The purpose of this document is to provide a prac- area,
tical master plan for the storm drainage improvements. 2. Park standards,
The plan evaluates those areas identified in the city's 3. Individual assessment of all parks in Bozeman
1972 land use plan programmed for residential growth and its jurisdictional area.
for at least the next 20 years and plans the drainage Outdoor Recreation-Open Space Plan for
systems accordingly. Gallatin County
The plan includes:
1. An analysis of the impact of runoff on water The Outdoor Recreation-Open Space Plan was
completed in October of 1979 by the Gallatin County
quality,
2. Recommendations on criteria for the design, Subdivision Review Office.
location and type of improvements needed to The plan contains a detailed inventory and descrip-
serve new subdivisions, tion of all public and private park, recreation and
3. The general location and type of improvements school lands in Gallatin County. There is also an
needed to expand the existing Bozeman storm analysis of past growth and development in Bozeman
drain system to serve anticipated growth, and the jurisdictional area.
4. Recommendations on the type of treatment The plan produces eight findings and addresses six
facilities needed to provide a safe and healthful major questions with recommendations for each of the
environment—a suggested method of financing basic problems.
the recommended improvements and annual Bozeman Transportation Plan
maintenance, and The Bozeman Transportation Plan was completed
5. A proposed ordinance to provide control of the in January, 1982, by Clete Daily and Associates of
storm drainage facilities. Helena, Montana, in cooperation with the Montana
Department of Highways, Federal Highway Ad-
Housing Element ministration, and the City of Bozeman.
The Housing Element was completed in 1978 by the The plan evaluates the existing transportation
Bozeman City-County Planning Staff. system for the City of Bozeman and reviews current
The purpose of the study was to present informa- street and traffic conditions by using projected growth
tion documenting the present and future housing needs information supplied by the Planning Staff in 1977;
for the community. The plan is a comprehensive study future traffic patterns and transportation network prob-
of population growth as well as housing types and con- lems were determined.
ditions. It also evaluates the cost of housing and the The plan includes two scenarios of short-range and
supply and demand of housing types. The study also in- long-term recommended improvements with proposed
2-3
funding plans for each scenario. A loop transportation versity's preferences for land use and provides a solu-
system to access Montana State University and carry tion the university feels will benefit the campus and the
traffic around,rather than through the city,is central to city. Three major land use designations are recognized
the plan. The loop concept was formalized in the 1958 as being needed: R-4 (multi-family housing); RT (Re-
Master Plan, and it has been carried forward with each search-Technology); and B-1 (Neighborhood Business).
update of the plan since that time.
As part of the Transportation Plan, a "Bikeway
Plan" was developed by Clete Daily and Associates for Final Report for Bozeman Public Schools
the Department of Natural Resources and Conserva- The study of Bozeman public schools was com-
tion. The plan is a bikeway map which shows the routes pleted in February, 1981, by the Blue Ribbon Commis-
and recommended improvements such as signing, strip- sion. The commission was made up of 38 citizen ad-
ing and the construction of exclusive bikeways. visory members appointed by the school board and a
Master Plan for Campus Development team of professional consultants. These groups were
(Montana State University) supplemented by graduate assistants from Montana
The Campus Plan was completed by the Office of State University. These groups were assigned to seven
Facilities Planning of Montana State University in sub-committees dealing with population, financing,
March of 1982. facilities, administration, the elementary program, the
The intent of the document is to record and analyze secondary program and auxiliary services.
projected trends and changes in the University's aca- The study inventories existing schools in School
demic programs; to identify elements of potential im- District 7 and offers current and projected student
pact for future study, and to begin establishing guide- enrollments through the year 2000. Student enrollments
lines for development of the campus. are projected to decline.
The plan projects an enrollment of 14,000 students Most school facilities in Bozeman have room for
by 1992 and 17,000 students by 1997. The Campus student expansion and with the prediction of a declining
Master Plan produces three goals concerning the use of student population, the need for additional school
campus land: facilities is not apparent in the foreseeable future.
The study outlined the numerous auxiliary services
1. Campus development should be implemented available through School District Number 7 which con-
with a recognition of further growth potential of sists of The Adult and Community Education Program,
both the university and the city of Bozeman. the Pupil Transportation Service, the Learning Media
2. Central campus development should continue to Services and The Special Education Program. It also in-
provide an academic core in which pedestrian cluded recommendations for acquiring and establishing
travel between most points will require no more future school and park sites.
than seven or eight minutes. Bozeman Central Business District Study
3. Open space within the central campus should be In February, 1972,the Bozeman City-County Plan-
preserved, emphasized and improved. ning Board, in conjunction with a group of downtown
The Montana State University Land Use Map pro- businessmen, solicited proposals to study Bozeman's
poses the following expansion zones (Figure 1): Central Business District in four specific areas:
1. Academic core 1. Marketability,
2. Events, services, research, housing and the 2. Circulation,
museum south of the academic core 3. Parking, and
a. Energy Village-a development to replace the 4. Design.
faculty court The purpose of this joint effort was the preservation of
b. Auxiliary Services - motor pool, central the central business district as the Bozeman area's
receiving and purchasing,traffic and security business focal point. An offshoot of this effort was the
and mail processing formation of the Downtown Development Association.
3. Growth Zone 1 - new married student housing The study was prepared by C.T.A. Architects, En-
4. Growth Zone 2 - academic core support gineers and Planners, Real Estate Research Corpora-
development tion, and staff members of the City-County Planning
5. Growth Zone 3 -redevelopment of married stu- Board. The study suggested basic and practical pro-
dent housing cedures for improving the appearance of the downtown
6. Growth Zone 4 - existing intramural fields area. Many of these suggestions have been accom-
7. West of Campus plished to the benefit of the entire Bozeman area. The
a. Buffer zone along College Street study also suggested more philosophical long-range
b. Growth Zone 5 -married student housing ex- goals, including a downtown mall. (The fundamental
pansion needs of the downtown area pinpointed were first, to
One major area of development which will serve provide additional commercial business space and sec-
both the campus and the community is the land south of ond,to provide an adequate number of well-located free
Kagy Boulevard between South IIth and 19th Avenue. parking spaces.) The plan has led to an active and suc-
A map in the campus plan identifies Montana State Uni- cessful program to provide free public parking.
2-4
m C
S A
BUFFER ZONE -i a 1 ,� "' HOUSING m
r U �' 1 CJ Z
N P
!'ARBORETUM HOUSING N N ACADEMIC HOUSING
z 1 3 0 0
o
1
o jGROWTH ZONEI
Q
AGRICULTURE RESEARCH INTRAMURALS j
z 1 03 z AUXILIARY SERVICES
cr o -
a ENERGY VILLAGE
40
�+ U
EVENTS AND GREEK
PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES HOUSING
RESEARCH
MUSEUM
1
1
1 1
PREFERRED B-I,R-4, AND TR ZONING Ll
1 1
AUXILIARY SERVICES
2-5
Blue Ribbons of Big Sky Water Quality long winters are the distinguishing characteristics of the
Management Plan Bozeman area climate. This makes Bozeman uniquely
The comprehensive area-wide study of water quali- suited to building earth-sheltered and superinsulated
ty in the Madison and Gallatin River drainages was structures. It also concludes that high density residential
begun in February, 1976. The study was sponsored by development such as multi-story apartments, condo-
the Madison and Gallatin County governments in- miniums and townhouses are the most energy efficient
cluding their incorporated cities and by the Madison of all residential developments. Because of Bozeman's
and Gallatin Soil Conservation Districts. northern location and cloud patterns, a solar-heated
The Blue Ribbon's study was intended to determine structure is not as suitable.
the water quality of the lakes, streams and rivers in the In 1981, there were 4,000 fireplaces and wood-
Madison and Gallatin River drainages, and what must burning stoves in the Bozeman area. Almost one-half of
be done to insure their quality. The Water Quality these have been installed since 1976, resulting in a sur-
Management Plan recommends a wide variety of alter- prising increase of visible air pollution. This increase in
native actions including zoning to control development wood burning will affect the availability of firewood
density, treatment of streams, and city-county planning and will undoubtedly result in increased wood prices.
jurisdictional area plans and regulations to restrict Vehicle fuels represent over one-half of all energy
development to the central sewer and water service expenditures in the Bozeman area. If energy savings are
areas. to be made,greater decreases in personal transportation
Energy Element for the Bozeman Area energy consumption will necessitate public involvement
in three essential areas:
Master Plan 1. Land use controls and incentives will have to
The Energy Element was completed in June of 1982 prevent scattered development and encourage
by an energy consultant employed by the City of Boze- higher density development with central urban
man. facilities.
The study deals with all aspects of energy use in the 2. Provisions will have to be made to provide for
community. It includes studies relating recent consump- better bicycle and pedestrian transportation
tion patterns to future energy prices, energy conserva- facilities.
tion to land use planning, and energy costs to transpor- 3. Arterial streets will have to be improved to per-
tation. mit the free flow of larger volumes of traffic.
The study concludes that low temperatures and
2-6
� e
w y
�L ,
SECTION III PLAN ELEMENTS
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES teristics, can be an important determination of land use
development patterns.
This section is a generalized survey of the area's Less obvious characteristics of the substrata are
natural environment. The information is taken from also important in area development plans.also
more detailed studies that have been completed for stability, depth of bedrock, surface water, depth of the
Bozeman and its jurisdictional area.This overview iden- water table and many other physical factors contained
tifies the more significant problems and issues in the in subsequent sections should also be considered in the
relationships of urbanization and the natural environ- process of land use planning.
ment. A geologic time span of over 4.5 billion years has
Slope produced many events, all of which are not preserved
Slope is defined as the degree of rise or fall or ex- completely within any one area. This section deals with
pression of steepness over land surfaces. geologic units exposed in the Bozeman area (Figure 3).
The degree of slope is very important in slope Regional Setting
stability. Steep slopes often generate higher runoff The Gallatin Valley is near the southern border of
velocity and are more susceptible to erosion than gentle the northern Rocky Mountain physiographic province
slopes. Land instability from such factors as seismic and is part of the Three Forks structural basin which is
hazards may also be extremely serious on slopes greater one of the high intermontane basins that are
than 30 percent (Figure 2).
The erosion hazard of slopes is influenced by soil characteristic of this province.
texture, permeability, parent material and vegetative The Three Forks structural basin was probably
formed in pre-Oligocene time. In the Oligocene and
cover. A gentle slope devoid of vegetation with shallow,
fine textured soils may have a higher erosion potential faulting along one or more of the basic boundaries or a
Moicene time, there was either a continuation of down-
than asteep slope with medium textured soils and good
vegetative cover. down-warping of the basin. During the formation of the
Topography is a significant determinant of devel- basin, through drainage was interrupted and many hun=
dreds of feet of sediments derived from the adjoining
opment suitability. Flat lands are usually the easiest and
highlands and from falling volcanic ash were deposited
cheapest to develop, but may be flood-prone or prime
under lacusterine and terrestial conditions. These Ter-
agricultural lands. These areas are best suited for urban
uses which require a large flat surface for building and tiary strata constitute most of the valley fill. Resump-
tion of through drainage in late Tertiary time resulted in
parking. As steepness increases, increased costs and
extensive erosion of these materials. A mantle of
development limitations tend to diminish suitability for
alluvium was deposited in much of the basin during
urban uses.
Quaternary time.
Although steepness is a valuable index to general
development suitability, site-specific suitability should Structure
also be observed in terms of access, soil characteristics, The Bridger Range, a high linear mountain range
slope stability, availability of services and other pertin- which bounds the Gallatin Valley on the east, extends
ent facts. The views associated with slopes and other from Bridger Creek to the head of Dry Creek. The
notable topographic features often give an area its mountains are composed of rocks ranging in age from
uniqueness and beauty. The land use plan map shows Precambrian to Cretaceous (Table 1). The Paleozoic
areas of natural scenic vistas affecting the entire Boze- and Mesozoic rocks strike north-northwest, parallel to
man area. It is suggested that these areas be preserved the axis of the range. They dip steeply to the east and in
and protected through the use of view protection zoning places are overturned to the east.
and through design of subdivisions to protect ridge top Several high-angle trust faults transect the Bridger
and hillside areas. Innovative design may overcome Range. Most of them have an eastward trend. Normal
these limitations. faulting along the west side of the Bridger Range is
Geology believed to have elevated the range with respect to the
Geology, along with other physiographic charac- valley.
3-1
TABLE 1
GEOLOGIC MATRIX
GROUP OR ROCK EASE OF SLOPE FOUNDATION POROSITY AND
FORMATION CHARACTERISTICS BEDDING FRACTURING TOPOGRAPHY DRAINAGE EXCAVATION STABILITY STABQ.n'Y PERMEABILITY
Alluvium Silt,Sand and Thick to Unconsolidated Rolling to Very Good to Easy Variable Variable Variable
Colluvium Gravel;Chaotic Lense Shaped Flat Moderate See Soils See Soils See Soils
Debris,Till in See Soils
Cirques
Pinedale and Bull Lacustrine Silt, Not Present In Planning Area
Lake Glaciation Weathered Till
Gallatin Andesite and
Absaroka BaLSalt Flows, Not generally present In planning area.Where found the unit Is quite variable ranging from stable to very
Volcanics Brecca,Aggomerate, unstable and generally showing poor drainage.
and Tuff
Bozeman Silly Shale, Medium Poor Rolling Good to Fair Easy Unless Good Unless Fair Moderate
Group Vitric Ash,and Lease Depends on Cemented Slope Over See Soils See Sol]
Conglomerate Shaped Depth to Water 15010 ClassiOatlon Classification
Fort Union/ Siltstone,Sandstone, Medium Blocky to Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Easy to Shale Very Shale Poor to Sandstone
Livingston and Conglomerate Hackly Ridges,Shale Good to Fair Rippable,Shale Poor Very Poor Moderate
Group Valleys Shale Poor Easy Unless Sandstone Good Sandstone Shale Low
Silicified Good to Fair
Eagle Salt and Pepper Thin to Blocky Ridge Forming Good Unless Moderate Good Except Good High Unless
Sandstone With Thick Cemented Rippable to Near Colorado Cemented
Intercalated Excavatable Group
Shale and Coal
Beds
Colorado Interbedded Medium Hacky to Valley Forming Very Poor Easy Very Poor Very Poor Very Low
Group Shale To Thin Blocky Unit Except in Except in (Swelling Clay) Except in
It, In Sandstone (Low Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone
Stmstone
N Ridges) Where Drainage Where it
is Moderate is Moderate
Medium Kootenai Shale and Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone
Sandstone To Thin Blocky Narrow Ridges Good to Rippable Good,Shale Good,Shale Moderate to
Shale Little Shale Valley Moderate Shale Easy Fair Poor Low,Shale
Shale Poor Low
Morrison Shale and Thin to Poor Valley Forming Poor Easy Very Poor Poor Low
Siltstone with Medium Rolling
Intercalated
Calcareous
Siltstone and
Sandstone
Swift, Calcareous Sand- Thin to Blocky Ridge Forming Sandstones Variable,Shale Generally Good Good to Variable
Rierdo"wanson stone,Oolitic Medium Narrow Occasionally Good if Un- Easy,Sandstone Minor Problems Very Good Sandstone
and Phosphoric Limestone,and Spacing Cliff Forming Cemented Poor Rippable May In Some Shales is Good if
Cherty Calcareous if Cemented Require Local Uncemented
Sandstone All Others Blasting Otherwise Low
Poor
Amsden SHIstone and Medium Poor Valley Poor Easy in Shale Very Poor Low
Fossiliferous to Forming Difficult in Unstable
Limestone Beds Thick Siltstone
(Rippable)Big Snowy Cherty Fossiliferous
Group Shale and This unit is highly variable.In areas of limestone,see Mission Canyon,
Limestone in areas of shale or modstone,see Amsden.
Mission Canyon Resistant Limestone Massive in Blocky,Very Cliffs and Poor Unless Very Difficult Excellent Excellent Low Except
and Lodgepole With Breccins, Mission Widely Ridges,Forms Dissolved in Requires Except to Areas of
Fossiliferous Canyon Spaced Crests of Mission Blasting Near Shale Fracturing
Limestone Thin in Mountain Canyon or Solution
Lodgepole Ranges (Karst) Muni)
TABLE 1 (continued)
GROUP OR ROCK EASE OF SLOPE FOUNDATION POROSITY AND
FORMATION CHARACTERISTICS BEDDING FRACTURING TOPOGRAPHY DRAINAGE EXCAVATION STABILITY STABILITY PERMEABILITY
Three Forks Thin to Variable Valleys or Moderate Moderate Moderate Good in Moderate in
Medium Low Ridges to Poor to Easy Siltstone Siltstone
(Rippable) Poor in Poor in
Shale Shale
Jefferson Thick Blocky Cliff or Poor Very Good Good Fair to
(Massive) (Wide Space) Ridge Forming Difficult Except Low
(Blasting) Near Shale
Contact
Jefferson Thin Poor Valley Poor Easy Fair to Poor Low
(Lithology Forming Poor
Dependent)
Pilgrim Massive Oolitic, Thick Blocky Cliff or Poor Unless Very Difficult Good Unless Good Unless Poor Unless
Ledge Forming (Some Shale (Widely Ridge Fractured (Blasting) Near Shale Shaley Dissolved or
Limestone Interbeds) Spaced) Forming or Dissolved Contact Fractured
Park Interbedded Thin Poor(Split Valley Forming Poor Easy Poor Poor,Requires Low
Shale Shale) Rolling Depending on Foundation
Topography Engineering
Meagher Interbedded Thin Blocky Cliff or Poor Unless Very Good Unless Good Low Unless
Massive Cliff (Massive Widely Ridge Forming Fractured or Difficult Near Shale Dissolved
Forming Weathering) Spaced Dissolved (Blasting) Contact (Karst)
Limestone
Wolsey Interbedded Shale Thin Poor Valley Forming Poor Easy Poor, Poor,Requires Low
(Splits Shaley) Rolling Depending on Foundation
Relation of Engineering
Bedding to
Topography
w Flathead Resistant Poorly Blocky Ridge Forming Poor(Very Rippable Unless Fair to Good Stable If Low if
w Quartzite Sandstone and Bedded Unless Good if Un- Silica if Joints and Thick Bedded Cemented
Quartzite 0.5-50 ft. Uncemenled Cemented or Cemented Bedding are High if Not
Weathered) Favorable
Precambrian Homogeneous None Well Steep Slopes Poor Unless Very Excellent Excellent None
Gneiss Folded-Faulted (Foliation Developed Mountainous Weathered Difficult Except on
in Some Places May Behave Talus or
as Bedding) Unfavorable
Joints or
Foliation
TABLE 2
SOIL MATRIX
SOIL TYPE AND SUBSOIL PERMEABILITY DEPTH TO DEPTH TO FLOODING SHRINK-SWELL LOAD BEARING FROST HEAVE SPECIAL
SOIL MAP SYMBOL TEXTURE MODERATE BEDROCK(FEET) SEASONABLY POTENTIAL POTENTIAL CAPACITY POTENTIAL CONSIDERATIONS
SLOW HIGH WATER NONE LOW SLIGHT SLIGHT
RAPIl TABLE-FEET OCCASIONAL MODERATE MODERATE MODERATE
SEASONAL HIGH SEVERE SEVERE
As Silt Loam to MODERATE >3' >6' NONE MODERATE SEVERE SEVERE
Amsterdam Series Silty Clay
Silt Loam Loam
Bg Ofi"Gravelly 0-13"Moderate >6' >6' USUALLY LOW SLIGHT SLIGHT
Beaverton Loam 15-60" NONE
Gravelly Loam 6-25"Gravelly Rapid
Clay Loam
25-60"Coarse
Sand&Gravel
81 0-13"Sill Clay 0-13"Moderate >6' >2' USUALLY LOW SLIGHT SLIGHT
Beaverton Loam 25-60" NONE
13-25"Gravelly Rapid
Loam
25-60"Coarse
Sand&Gravel
Bo 0-28"Silty SLOW >6' >6' NONE 0-8"LOW MODERATE SLIGHT
Bozeman Sill Loam 28-600 Silty 8-28"MODERATE
qay 28-60"LOW
Bm 0-9'Loam SLOW >6' >6' NONE LOW MODERATE MODERATE
Bridger Loam 9-24"Clay
2456"Gravelly
w Clay Loam
35-60"Stoney
Loam
Bc Silty Clay Loam SLOW >6' >6' NONE LOW MODERATE MODERATE
Bridger Silty
CUN Loam
Bs Stoney Loam SLOW >6' <6' NONE LOW SLIGHT SLIGHT
Bridger Stoney Coarse
Loam Fragments
(severe)
Gc 0-15'Loam MODERATE >6' <3' OCCASIONAL LOW SLIGHT SLIGHT HIGH ORGANIC
Gallatin Silty 15-19"Loam MATTER CONTENT
Clay Loam 19-34"Silt Loam
60"Gravel
and Sand
Gs 0-19"Losm MODERATE >6' SURFACE TO OCCASIONAL LOW MODERATE SEVERE HIGH ORGANIC
Gallatin Silt 19-34"Silt Loam 3 MATTER CONTENT
Loam 34-50"SandyLoam
Swampy Phase 60"Grovel and
Sand
Elf 0-8"Silt Loam 0-8"Slow >6' <3' OCCASIONAL LOW MODERATE MODERATE WATER TABLE
Havre Fine 8-60"Fine 8-60"Moderate AND FLOODING
Sandy Loam Sandy Loam VARY WITH THE
SITE
Hi 0-15"Silty 0-24"Moderate >6' >3' NONE LOW SLIGHT SEVERE HIGH WATER
Huffine Clay Loam 35"+ Rapid TABLE
Gravelly Loam 15-24'Silt Loam
24.35"Grv.Loam
3540"Sand
Hs AS AS >6' >3' NONE LOW SLIGHT SEVERE HIGH WATER
Huffine Silt ABOVE ABOVE TABLE
Luam
TABLE 2 (continued)
SOIL TYPE AND SUBSOIL PERMEABELITY DEPTH TO DEPTH TO FLOODING SHRINK-SWELL LOAD BEARING FROST HEAVE SPECIAL
SOIL MAP SYMBOL TEXTURE MODERATE BEDROCK(FEED SEASONABLY POTENTIAL POTENTIAL CAPACITY POTENTIAL CONSIDERATIONS
SLOW HIGH WATER NONE LOW SLIGHT SLIGHT
RAPID TABLE-FEET OCCASIONAL MODERATE MODERATE MODERATE
SEASONAL HIGH SEVERE SEVERE
Ms Silty Clay SLOW >6' >3' NONE MODERATE SEVERE SEVERE
Millvllle Slit and TO TO
_ Loam Slit Loam MODERATE HIGH
Rh
Rough,Broken and TO VARIABLE TO EVALUATE
Mountainous Land
Rw VARIABLE VARIABLE >6' VARIABLE FLOODS VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE
River Wash FLOODS SEASONALLY
SEASONALLY
w
in
The available subsurface information indicates that Surface Water
a fault system exists along the front of both the Gallatin Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley are interlaced
and Bridger Ranges, but its exact location is not easily with numerous rivers, streams and irrigation canals
identified. The fault's general location is illustrated on (Figure 6). The final report produced by the Blue Rib-
the geologic constraints map (Figure 4). bons of the Big Sky Area Wide Planning Organization
The mountains are composed of Precambrian in 1979 points out the high overall water quality of the
gneiss and some infaulted blocks of Paleozoic and waterways in the planning area. However, it also stated
Mesozoic rocks.The rocks are tightly folded and severe- that the largest recognizable impact on the streams of
ly crurhpled in places, yet a general east-west trend is the planning area is erosion and sedimentation. This
recognizable. may be attributed to a wide variety of sources ranging
The Gallatin River Canyon separates the Madison from the overgrazing of pasture land to the discharge of
Range on the west from the Gallatin Range on the east. storm sewers into the waterways without proper filtra-
Structurally, however, the two ranges are segments of tion. Recently, the Bozeman City-County Subdivision
the same mountain unit. This unit bounds the Gallatin Regulations were amended to insure sedimentation and
Valley on the south. erosion control measures are taken for all subdivisions
The Tertiary strata in the Gallatin Valley form a reviewed in accordance to that document.The Bozeman
homocline that dips from 1'to 5 'in a general direction Area Zoning Regulations have also been amended to re-
toward the Bridger Range. Several of the faults that quire a 35-foot setback from all water courses. Through
transect those parts of the Bridger and Gallatin Ranges proper planning and management practices as recom-
adjacent to the valley undoubtedly also cross the valley, mended by the Blue Ribbon Study, the effects of ur-
and the basement complex is probably broken into banization on our local waterways may be minimized.
blocks, especially near the Bridger frontal fault zone.
Small normal faults in the Tertiary strata are seen Ground Water
throughout the valley. Most of the faults are parallel to The aquifers receive their recharge from numerous
the general northward trend of the Bridger frontal fault sources. It is received from infiltration from the many
system. The displacement along these faults generally is rivers, streams and irrigation canals. Faults located
less than one foot;however,displacements of more than along the mountain fronts also aid in the recharge by
20 feet have been noted. distributing the rain and snow runoff along their cor-
ridors. The ground water generally flows from south to
Soils north to the East Gallatin River. With the ground water
Bozeman planning area soils exhibit much varia- so close to the soil surface, the overuse of septic tanks
tions from area to area as a result of diverse geological and drainfields could present ground water contamina-
and topographic formations(Figure 5).Each soil has in- tion problems in the future.
herent potential and limitations. The concentration of septic tank and drainfield
Soil characteristics such as texture, structure and disposal systems increases the opportunity for ground
porosity can be used as guidelines to determine and en- water pollution. The accumulation of one-acre lots
courage land uses that can be beneficial to the planning located along the direction of the ground water flow
area(Table 2). Soil data, combined with other base data may result in serious ground water contamination.
can assist decision makers in determining the best use POPULATION
for a given site. Soil survey information is basic to
sound planning and development of our rural and urban Regional Position
land resources. Even though severe soil limitations can Gallatin County and Bozeman are growing at a rate
often be overcome through engineering and technology, faster than either the state of Montana or the United
it is our purpose to encourage careful consideration of States. For example, while Montana grew 13.4 percent
all costs to developers, buyers, and taxpayers before in the ten-year period from 1970 to 1980, Gallatin
soils are put to uses which are not suited to their natural County increased 31.9 percent and Bozeman increased
properties. 15.9 percent. The increase for Bozeman is misleading in
that the jurisdictional area surrounding Bozeman in-
Hydrology creased by 62.2 percent (Table 3).
Hydrology may be defined as a science which deals Bozeman's population growth in the 1970's ap-
with the properties and circulation of water. Man's very pears to have been much more stable than was the case
existence and use of the land in the Gallatin Valley during the 1960's. This was due partially to the lack of
creates numerous opportunities for the degradation of land available for new development within the city
the area's water quality. The information presented limits, thus causing more of the 70's growth to take
herein is a synopsis of several previously prepared place in the jurisdictional area. The bulk of that growth
documents concerning the Bozeman area water took place in the southern portion of the jurisdictional
resources. area (Table 4).
Age Distribution
Age profiles indicate the number of people in cer-
tain specified age groups that reside in a jurisdiction. By
3-6
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3-9
TABLE 3
POPULATION -UNITED STATES, MONTANA, GALLATIN COUNTY, BOZEMAN
YEAR ESTIMATE PERCENT CHANGE
JURISDICTION 1960 1970 1980 1983** 1960-1970 1970-1980
UNITED STATES 179,323,000 203,302,000 221,227,000 13.37% 8.80010
ROCKY MOUNTAIN
REGION 8,290,000 10,853,000 30.9007o
MONTANA 675,000 694,000 786,690 2.8007o 13.35%
GALLATIN COUNTY 26,045 32,505 42,865 24.80% 31.90010
BOZEMAN 13,361 18,670 21,645 22,457 39.70010 15.93%
JURISDICTIONAL
AREA* (BOZEMAN) 2,100 3,380 5,483 5,853 73.70010 62.2007o
" Bozeman City-County Planning Board Area of reponsibility outside the City of Bozeman.The area extends approximately 4.5 miles around the
City.
Population for 1983 has been estimated by multiplying average number of housing starts from 1980-1982 by the average number of persons per
dwelling in the respective areas.
SOURCE:Census data
TABLE 4
PEOPLE PER PLANNING AREA
(JURISDICTIONAL AREA)
ESTIMATE 1980-1983
1970 1980 1983* % CHANGE %CHANGE
NORTHEAST 64 56 71 —12.5 27.2
NORTH 594 703 764 18.3 8.7
NORTHWEST 319 633 648 98.4 2.4
WEST 1,140 1,199 1,336 05.2 11.4
SOUTHWEST 143 610 610 326.6 0.0
SOUTH 647 1,708 1,723 164.0 9.0
EAST 473 574 635 21.3 10.6
TOTAL 3,380 5,483 5,787 62.2 0.6
' All 1983 projects are estimates derived from the number of housing starts within the individual planning sectors during the 1981 period.
SOURCE: Census data and Housing Inventory
reviewing the age groups over a ten-year period, indica- Population Density
tions of population age group shifts are noticeable. Un- Bozeman exhibits a rather low population density.
derstanding the age profile of a jurisdiction and how it This lower density indicates the city has the ability to ab-
has shifted is useful in evaluating commercial service sorb a greater population. The residential density of the
needs, employment supply, housing demand and com- city at present is 6.1 people per acre. Development dur-
munity facility requirements (Table 5). In Bozeman, ing the last four years has been at a much higher density,
certain age distribution characteristics of the population approximately 18 people per acre.The economy has dic-
provide insight into present and future economic and tated that building projects be directed towards multi-
community service needs. family projects, mainly condominium and townhouse
In the last ten years, Bozeman's 1 to 15 year age development. This trend will continue as long as the
group has been decreasing.This indicates there may be a economy remains in its present state. There has also
decreased demand on grade schools and high schools been an increase in density due to the large number of
for the foreseeable future. The effect of Montana State single-family homes being converted to apartments in
University is shown in the 15 to 24 age group and again the university area.
in the 25 to 34 age group. The 65+ population has
changed very little from the 1970 figures. Increases in Natural Increase and Migration
this age group can indicate an increased need for health The population of an area can grow either by
care and nursing homes, low cost housing and recrea- natural increase, more births than deaths, or by migra-
tion and social facilities. tion. The determination of how great a role each of
3-12
r,
these plays in an area's growth is important in order to population projections are valuable in estimating future
best plan future development and facility needs. community and commercial service needs, labor supply
There has been a nationwide trend of declining and other population characteristics, so that proper
birth rates through the 1970's. This has held true for planning for healthy community development can take
Bozeman. Since 1970, the birth rate has declined from place.
17.9 births per 1,000 people to 13.1 births per 1,000 in Based on past trends and current development, the
1980. Gallatin County's birth rate has increased from population in Bozeman and Gallatin County is expected
17.8 births per 1,000 people in 1970 to 18.8 births per to increase at a rate similar to that experienced in the
1,000 in 1980 (Table 6). 1970's (Table 8). Growth should be evenly distributed
Although the percentage of population migrating through the year 2000. Nevertheless,during this 17-year
decreased in the 70's, its portion of the population time span, if a major upswing in the economy occurs
growth remained significant. Migration is still the most and a major industry locates in Bozeman,an upswing in
important factor for population increase in Gallatin population could occur.
County and Bozeman. Sixty-two percent of the popula- The population of Bozeman should increase at a
tion increase of the county from 1970 to 1980 and 54 higher rate than it has in the last ten years due to the
percent of the city's increase has been from migration large amount of residential land annexed to the city in
(Table 7). the past few years. Energy conservation is also becom-
Population Projections ing a more important factor in settling within the city
Population projections are used to estimate what a limits.
jurisdiction's population might be at a given future It appears that population growth within the city
date. In and the jurisdictional area will continue in a western and
part, population projections are used to southern direction as central services are available.
estimate future land use needs. In addition to land use,
TABLE 5
AGE DISTRIBUTION
BOZEMAN
_ 1980
AGE MALE FEMALE
1970
65 +
55 64
45 54
35 - 44
25 - 34
15 24
5 - 14
0 4
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 PERCENT
I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I
3-13
TABLE 6
F700 NATURAL INCREASES - GALLATIN COUNTY & BOZEMAN
600
579 564
539 556
500
484
400 CIO
\ 416
w 393
J 346
w Ow GPI 356
300
299
263
235
200
185 166 DATA NOT
136 146 153
A AVAILABLE
141
B�ZEM N
100 105 100 115 122
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82
YEAR
TABLE 7
PERCENT MIGRATION - NATURAL INCREASE
1970 - 1980
NATURAL
MIGRATION INCREASE
BOZEMAN 54016 46016
GALLATIN COUNTY 62010 38016
TABLE 8
POPULATION PROJECTIONS
1980 - 2000
JURISDICTION 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
GALLATIN COUNTY 42,865 47,151 53,045 59,676 67,135
BOZEMAN 21,645 23,809 26,190 29,333 32,853
JURISDICTIONAL
AREA 5,483 6,140 6,878 7,703 8,627
HOUSING Multi-Family
The demand for housing is directly related to Multi-family units are becoming considerably more
population. As the population of the city and jurisdic- important in the development of housing in Bozeman.
tional area increases, so will the demand for housing. Since the beginning of 1979, 80.4 percent of all housing
Housing demand is created by new household for- unit starts in Bozeman have been multi-family unit.This
mation and residents whose homes do not meet their trend will most likely continue until a change in the
needs. Housing supply is the total number of residential economy occurs.Multi-family units are less expensive to
units available. Likewise, an adequate housing supply build, thus the cost per unit is less expensive for the
must provide a wide range of housing prices and hous- buyer. Also, maintenance and utilities are less expen-
ing types in a suitable environment to attract new resi- sive, and energy and transportation costs are generally
dents and to meet the changing needs of the city's pres- lower.
ent population (Table 9). Age Distribution of Housing
Housing Types The existence of deficient and substandard housing
Single-Family Detached can be explained by the age of the city's residential de-
velopment. Thirty-six percent of all housing was built
Historically, Bozeman's housing supply has been before 1940, while only 24 percent has been built since
predominantly single-family detached units, comprising 1970. The replacement of structurally deficient housing
49 percent of the housing stock in the city and 74 per- in the city has slowed because of the availability of less
cent of the housing stock in the jurisdictional area in expensive housing in the jurisdictional area where 75
1970. Through the 1980's, the percentage of single-family detached units should stabilize and the role of percent of all new housing has been built since 1960.
condominiums, apartments and townhouses will rise in Housing Condition
significance. It should be recognized that many single- In June of 1983, Housing Development Associates,
family units have been converted to apartments to help a consulting firm from Billings, Montana, completed a
ease the housing shortage for university students (Table housing condition survey. The survey was a windshield
10). survey and the form used for the survey was suggested
The number of mobile homes has increased in both and developed by the Department_ of Commerce for
the city where existing mobile homes and parks are full Community Development Block Grant Applications.
and the jurisdictional area where land is more plentiful The results of the survey show that 67 percent of the
to develop mobile home parks. Twenty-four percent of overall housing stock was in standard condition, 30 per-
the housing in the jurisdictional area is made up of cent was in substandard condition, and 3 percent was in
mobile homes while they only comprise 7.5 percent of substandard condition not suitable for rehabilitation
the housing in the city. (Table 11).
3-15
TABLE 9
HOUSING INVENTORY
GALLATIN COUNTY
1970 1980
TOTAL%
HOUSING HOUSING CHANGE
LOCALITY UNITS VACANCY UNITS VACANCY 1970-1980
GALLATIN COUNTY 10,761 9.4010 17,173 14.6016 59.5016
BOZEMAN 5,736 4.4010 7,971 7.1% 39.0%
JURISDICTIONAL
AREA 1,081 6.8016 2,173 7.9016 101.0010
TABLE 10
HOUSING COMPOSITION
BOZEMAN AND JURISDICTIONAL AREA
1970 1980
NUMBER % NUMBER %
BOZEMAN
Single Family 2856 49 3184 48.5
Multi-Family 1247 22 1505 22.9
Apartment 1327 23 1380 21.0
Mobile Home 306 6 503 7.6
TOTAL 5736 100 6572 100.0
JURISDICTIONAL AREA
Single Family 800 74 1558 71.8
Multi-Family 54 5 69 3.2
Apartment — 0 20 1.0
Mobile Home 227 21 526 24.0
TOTAL 1081 100 2173 100.0
CITY & JURISDICTIONAL AREA
TOTAL 6817 8745
3-16
ECONOMICS
An understanding of the institutional and func-
TABLE 11 tional framework unique to local and regional econo-
HOUSING CONDITION mies is fundamental to the role the planning process
commands in land use and resource allocation. Studies
NUMBER of the economic base help to explain present levels of
OF development and can offer fruitful insight into the
UNITS PERCENTAGE future.
STANDARD CONDITION 4,442 67.0 The Economic Base Today
SUBSTANDARD
CONDITION It appears that Bozeman has entered the 1980's
SUITABLE FOR from a position of strength despite national economic
REHABILITATION 1 985 30.0 woes. This optimistic outlook can be further examined
SUBSTANDARD by breaking down the area's economic base into its in-
CONDITION tegral parts. The short-term prospects for small
UNSUITABLE FOR economies such as the Bozeman trade area are often
REHABILITATION 198 3.0 founded on the economic base concept.The cornerstone
of this analysis stems from the belief that the major
6,625 100.0010 determinant of economic growth is change in the basic
or export industries. Basic or export industries are ones
SOURCE: 1983 Housing Survey completed by Housing Development Associates that produce goods and services for sale to people out-
side the area.
The basic industries in the Bozeman trade area are
agriculture, manufacturing, tourism, a portion of retail
trade, Montana State University, and the federal
government. A positive production and distribution
Housing Tenure function in these industries can increase employment
In 1980, approximately 36 percent of Bozeman's opportunities. The resulting influx of new earnings
population lived in their own homes, while 40 percent cyclically injects new money into the local area. This in-
lived in rental housing and 21 percent lived in group creases demand both publicly and privately for local or
quarters. The profitability of multi-unit development is derivative industries—industries that primarily serve the
likely to keep available zoned city land at a premium local population.
price so that growth of rental property should continue Employment Status
to exceed that of privately owned homes. A study of the employment make-up indicates
Group Housing changes have been occurring in the number of occupa-
Group housing in Bozeman is composed of the tions, relative growth rates in various industries,
Montana State University dormitories and married stu- balance between technical and labor-related occupa-
dent housing, the fraternities and sororities, and the tions, and possibilities for future employment. Boze-
nursing and retirement homes. These complexes make man does have employment opportunities that are well-
up about 24 percent of the city's living quarters and diversified in range. However, this is overshadowed by
represent a significant portion of the city's population. the fact that most of this diversity is related directly to
The university enrollment of 11,000 students has a Montana State University. During the 1970's, the pres-
significant influence on the housing market. Approxi- ence of the University had a stabilizing effect on the
mately 5,100 students (46 percent)live in campus quar- overall economic conditions of the Bozeman area.Boze-
ters, of which there are 614 married student units and man must be careful to not let this produce a false sense
room for 3,700 students in dormitories. Presently, the of security. A large reduction of enrollment, such as
university housing is occupied over 100 percent. This is many of the Eastern colleges are experiencing, will have
due to the nonavailability of housing at a reasonable a tremendous effect on the Bozeman economy due to
cost in the private sector. the services that have been created to support the insti-
The private rental housing sector will continue to tution.
play an important role in providing housing for During the 1970's, the most significant loss in both
students. With more multi-family units becoming avail- dollars and percent occurred in the wood product indus-
able, there may be some reduction of student impact try, which was accounted for by the downturn in home
and balancing of rent levels. building and the decline in production at Gallatin
Fraternities and sororities house approximately 600 Homes of Belgrade. Montana State University and the
students at the present with future expansions to in- federal government also experienced slight declines due
crease capacity only 5 to 10 percent. to inflation outdistancing salaries.
Nursing and retirement homes house approximate- The overall picture presents a small(1 percent)gain
ly 240 residents with no major future expansions ex- in the total nonfarm economic base. Declines in wood
pected. products, Montana State University, and federal
3-17
employees were offset by increases in manufacturing Bozeman to continue in its prosperity, it must support
other than wood products, tourism and trade, and agri- University efforts to attract the student population, and '
cultural services. it must encourage a balancing of the economic base by
Table 12 is presented in order to illustrate the promoting the expansion of existing businesses as well
magnitude of the nonfarm components in Gallatin as development of new.
County in 1980. The influence of Montana State Uni- Principle of Economic Characteristics
versity is extremely important. Salaries paid to workers
affiliated with the university provided 44 percent of the Agriculture
total nonfarm economic base. Tourism and trade con-
tributed 19 percent. Manufacturing contributed 20 per- toward livestock production, the Bozeman area is more
cent, which is below the national average. The federal diversified than many parts of the state. Hay, barley,
government contributed 14 percent and agricultural ser- wheat, hogs, dairy and poultry products, and potatoes
vices 3 percent. The concentration of public employees are important sources of farm income in addition to cat-
has been a stabilizing factor to the local economy and tle production.
hopefully will continue to do so in the future. Federal The recent decline in both employment and income
and University employees are usually less subject to in the agricultural sector are due in part to the low
cyclical turnovers, but the University is heavily depend- market price of cattle and wheat. The price of wheat is
ent on a continued student enrollment.Therefore,as the apt to stay low until the nationwide surplus declines.
population produced by the baby boom of the 1950's However, the 1970's witnessed a greater equilibrium
matures, enrollment should begin to drop. Universities between nonfarm jobs and agriculture than any time
around the nation have already witnessed this fact, but since World War II. This indicates that the surplus
fortunately, Montana State University has picked this should level out. Economists have been predicting
up through attracting more of the older student popula- greater prosperity for American agriculture in the
tion.The older student usually has a family and as such, 1980's as world demand for farm products increases.
the spouse is employed thus having a broader effect on It appears that agriculture will not employ any
the Bozeman economy than the younger student. For more people in the future than it does today. This does
not lessen its importance to the area economy.
Agriculture in this area has been relatively stable com-
pared to other parts of the state. One factor has been
that irrigation provides protection from drought.
Economic projections indicate the Bozeman area should
continue to reap prosperity in this sector.
Manufacturing
Manufacturing contributed a great deal to the eco-
TABLE 12 nomic growth of the 1970's. The wood products in-
dustry has been by far the dominant factor even though
THE NONFARM ECONOMIC BASE of large declines since 1978 have adversely affected the
area. The strength of the wood products industry
GALLATIN COUNTY,1980
depends on national interest rates. It is unlikely that
growth will exceed the 1978 levels due to the increased
costs in transportation. Because of this, the timber in-
dustries have begun to move back towards the major
population centers.
Montana state University Potential employment opportunities in other man-
44% ufacturing areas could compensate for the sagging wood
Au products industries. Allan-Bradley (formerly Summit-
Dana) and Ideal Cement are major operations. These
3�
firms have had to cut back in operations because of the
Federal Mining, high interest rates but will recover as the economy im-
Government Manufacturing proves.
74% and Railroads Wood products,mobile homes,electronic compon-
20% ents, and cement offer some diversity in a small
Tourism economy,but there is also a variety of minor operations
and Trade in the area. Among these products are plastic contain-
19%
ers, corrugated boxes, camera cases and backpacks, in-
sulation, air quality devices, instruments for testing and
fusing optical fibers, and T-shirts. Many are small
plants that may not survive, but it is wise to encourage
SOURCE: University of Montane,
Bureau of Economic Research innovative decentralization that doesn't require the
moving in of a major plant.
3-18
Montana State University the area, two different sets of assumptions have been
Montana State University generates the largest formulated.
share of total earnings of this area's basic industries. The first assumption predicts a period of modest
Recent years have experienced continuous enrollment growth in the coming years due to ,the stability and
increases, and payrolls rose higher than inflation in diversity of the economic base. The boom years of the
1981. Increases in enrollment should taper off and even 1960's have tapered off but not before providing a good
decline as the pool of young adults which resulted from deal of today's economic base. This stability was
the unprecedented baby boom of the 1950's diminishes. reflected in the 1970's, which witnessed gradual growth
Several factors could encourage continuance of through the fluctuations of a full business cycle. The
high enrollment. The median student age is growing growth stability has been controlled by Montana State
older, and periods of high unemployment,as at present, University, contributing 44 percent of the nonfarm
are especially conducive to high enrollments. Academic economic base to Gallatin County. If such past trends
programs offered at Montana State University are are indicative of what the future holds in store,
suited for application in today's job market. Programs Bozeman area residents can look forward to steady,
such as engineering, applied sciences, agriculture, continuous growth.
business, and health have also been influential in Although Montana State University has been the
attracting an even greater share of Montana's available major economic contributor in the Bozeman area, its
undergraduates. overall growth from 1970 to 1978 only translated into an
The high level of education attainment in Bozeman 8 percent increase in the area's earnings. This means
bolsters economic potential in higher payment that Montana State University did not significantly con-
managerial, technical, and professional jobs. Even if tribute to the economic growth of the past decade. Nor
enrollment does decline in the years to come, Montana is it likely to provide a great deal of impetus for the next
State University should continue as the major con- few years because of the diminishing pool of young
tributor to the nonfarm base and produce stability in the adults. However, predictions in the recent past have all
periods of cyclical fluctuations. anticipated declining enrollments, when in actuality,
Tourism enrollment has been steadily increasing each year. The
expansion of the Student Union Building, the Health
Along with manufacturing, tourism and trade pro- and Physical Education Complex, and the Film and
vided a great deal of impetus to economic growth in the Television Department ought to boost the number of
1970's. A variety of scenic,year-round attractions, such students wanting to utilize these resources. Although
as Yellowstone Park, Big Sky, and Bridger Bowl at- many factors influence the university, a conservative
tracts many outside visitors. The number of tourists at estimate expects the enrollment to level out around
Yellowstone Park was up 25 percent at the end of 11,000(its present level)in the next few years. Montana
August, 1981 over 1980. Montana State University also State University's role as the community's stabilizing
serves as a major attraction for sporting contests, base will most likely continue in the decade to come.
meetings and cultural events. A large number of visitors
are drawn to Montana by its historical sites. High technology industry aids the area's economy
A large portion of the tourist trade is travel related. by bringing into circulation a large amount of outside
This fact,along with nature's uncertainty and economic money.This industry serves a national and international
cycles, makes it especially difficult to depend on or market and its technological foundations are apt to be
predict future trends. High energy costs,recessions, and in strong demand for many years to come. The presence
snow shortages have affected the Bozeman area in the of the university also aids with engineering and scientific
past. Yet, as transportation costs increase, destination expertise. There have been, however, a number of tem-
resorts may become more popular as vacationers stay porary layoffs in the high technology industry in the
longer in one place and people combine business and past few years. It is surmised that future expansion will
pleasure travel. Bozeman's long history of affluence in take place in Bozeman so that the number of employees
the tourist industry and the increasing demands for will be back up to its original level of over 300 workers
recreation and leisure boost the probability of future by 1983.
success. Promoting and enhancing our historic and The addition of the Main Mall and the University
cultural resources could have a positive impact on Square has greatly increased the retail capacity of Boze-
tourism. man. This fact, combined with national movements
Federal Government toward free market self-sufficiency, could create dif-
ficult conditions for many of Bozeman's retail and ser-
Federal government installations in this area in- vice establishments. The repercussions have shown little
clude the Department of Agriculture and Forest Service, impact thus far, but if old stores close down, new ones
National Park Service, and the Post Office. Salaries will probably arise with hopes of garnering a share of
paid to federal employees usually follow a steady the competitive market.
course. Recent budget cuts make the role of the federal There has been much speculation in recent years
government appear to be on the decline. over the likelihood of a major industry locating in the
The Overall Outlook Ahead Bozeman area. This is the basis of the second assump-
In order to project future economic conditions of tion. The basic goals to consider in planning for in-
3-19
dustrial activity entail stabilizing the existing industrial deficiencies in the dam and the future of its use has not
base and attracting new industry to the area. A major been resolved.
industry or several minor industries would likely bolster The Hyalite Creek system, located south of Boze-
much prosperity in a place like Bozeman that already man, contains the Hyalite Revervoir, a diversion struc-
has a stable, economic base. An increase in tax revenue ture on Hyalite Creek, with a presettling basin, and a
would also help appreciably to offset property and city 21-inch transmission line, approximately 20,000 feet
service taxes. Thus, the Bozeman community can en- long, that links Hyalite Creek to the pre-sedimentation
hance the opportunity for industry to create new jobs basin on Bozeman Creek. The City of Bozeman has
and generate wealth, while recognizing the necessity of contracted with the Middle Creek Water Users Associa-
preserving the surrounding landscape. tion for 2,705 acre feet of water stored in Hyalite Reser-
It is essential that individual communities have an voir.
idea of the type of target industries that may be best Distribution System
suited for their area's unique set of advantages and The Lyman Creek Reservoir is an open cavity-type
disadvantages. New development in the Bozeman area reservoir that is concrete lined. The capacity of the
will probably be amenity-oriented industry. An amen- reservoir is 5.3 million gallons. An 18-inch supply line
ity-oriented industry is one that does not produce severe connects the reservoir to the booster station on North
impacts on the land and its environs. Examples would Wallace Avenue.
be an administrative headquarters, technical research, Bozeman Creek Reservoir is located about 2�/z
and transistorized hardware. This would provide a large miles south of city on Sourdough Road. The reservoir is
degree of compatibility between a suitable industrial site a covered concrete tank with a 4-million gallon capacity.
and adjacent land uses. It must be remembered that for At the present time,water is conveyed from a small
an industry to relocate to any area, it must be able to settling basin at the intake of Bozeman Creek and
realize a larger economic profit over its present location Hyalite Creek through 30-inch and 21-inch transmission
and other competing communities. lines respectively to the concrete pre-sedimentation
Amenity-oriented industry could provide jobs in basins at their junction. The water is then carried
professional, technical, managerial, and labor-related through two 18-inch lines to the south side reservoir.
fields. The population of this area would naturally in- The City is in the process of replacing one of the 18-inch
crease, especially since industries usually relocate their lines with a 30-inch line because of its deteriorated con-
technical and advisory staffs. Labor-related jobs could dition and to increase the storage capacity. They are
also possibly be filled by local people. The presence of also replacing the pre-sedimentation basins with a
the university also provides good incentive to establish 10-million gallon per day water treatment plant. From
in Bozeman. The university attracts a supply of people the reservoir, the water is carried through 18-inch and
with scientific and technical education. 24-inch lines to their connection with the City's distribu-
tion system on South Black Avenue.
The Lyman Creek distribution reservoir has chlor-
PUBLIC FACILITIES AND SERVICES ination and fluoridation treatment facilities. When con-
Water struction is completed in 1984,the water treatment plant
Water System for the Hyalite and Bozeman Creek sources will have
full scale water filtration and treatment facilities
The present water supply for Bozeman is taken available. At the present time, the turbidity of these
from three sources, Lyman Creek,Bozeman Creek,and sources exceeds acceptable levels for drinking water dur-
Hyalite Creek (Figure 7). ing the spring runoff season.The plant will be located at
Lyman Creek, located northeast of Bozeman, the existing pre-sedimentation basins just south of Nash
derives its source from a number of springs. Average Road. The treatment plant will include a filtration
flows approach 134 miners inches during the summer system along with chlorination facilities, chemical
with a low of 50 miners inches in the late winter. The storage space and a control room.
city has the right to the first 238 3/20ths miners inches A two-million gallon reservoir is also under con-
of flow. The water from Lyman Creek is treated with struction immediately west of Highland Boulevard with
chlorine and fluoride. a 20-inch main to be connected to the existing 16-inch
The Bozeman Creek system,located south of Boze- line in that area. Also, a 14-inch main is to be installed
man, consists of a small intake and settling basin on to provide a loop connection between Highland Boule-
Bozeman Creek, about six miles south of the city. The vard and North Rouse Avenue.
city has rights to 200 miners inches of normal flow and There is a total of 74.02 miles of distribution mains
rights to Bozeman Creek flood water. Minimum flow in besides the transmission mains from the sources into
Bozeman Creek is often less than 625 inches of decreed town and a total of 632 fire hydrants.
water rights. The minimum flow in the summer is 2,900
miners inches. The water of Bozeman Creek is treated Future Needs
with chlorine and fluoride. The north portion of Bozeman between Durston
Mystic Lake, in the past, has supplemented Road and Interstate 90 is serviced by a dead-end eight-
Bozeman Creek during summer months. Since that inch line. A 12-inch line on Oak Street from Rouse
time, Mystic Lake has been breached due to structural Avenue North would provide a loop for the system,thus
3-20
providing a second source of water for additional fire 6. Development of ground water storage using
protection in this portion of the city. flood water in the spring,
The City of Bozeman needs to increase its available 7. Development of near surface or deep ground
supply of water. This can be accomplished in part by water supplies, and
better utilizing the water which the city has available.To 8. An education conservation program.
better monitor the amount of water the city is using, in- Studies are needed to inventory and access the
flow, overflow and outflow metering devices will be in- potential sources of water for the city. To adequately
stalled at the water treatment plant. The City also in- assess the water needs of Bozeman, a good water meter-
tends to install metering on all residences in the city that ing system is needed at the major diversion,storage,and
are unmetered. outlet structures as well as all residences. The data
While the City of Bozeman has decreed water rights gathered from metering, the inventories, and studies
to approximtely 13,000 acre feet of water (Table 13), should be integrated into a detailed plan which ad-
several factors combine to make the reliable yield of dresses the water shortage the city faces.
water rights much smaller. The low flows of later sum-
mer,winter,and drought periods are much smaller than
the decreed rights so that supply is actually smaller than Sewer System
the right.The net result is that the reliable yield of water Existing Facilities
rights is substantially smaller than the decreed water The Bozeman sanitary sewer system is made up of
rights the city owns. Freezing constricts water intakes so pipes of various sizes and materials terminating at the.
that water quantities are reduced during the cold winter sewage treatment plant on Springhill Road, north of
months.Water demand is higher during certain times of Bozeman. The northern portion of Bozeman is served
the day. Since the intake gates can not be constricted or by a 20-inch collector that parallels the Burlington
opened as demand rises and falls, water is lost during Northern tracks to a point just south of the new treat-
low demand periods. Reservoir discharge can not be ment plant.The western and southern parts of Bozeman
reduced to store the lost water. The amount lost in- are collected into a 24-inch line. This combined sewage
creases as demand increases. Although inadequate is then brought into the plant in a 30-inch line(Figures 8
metering at the City intake, storage reservoir, homes and 9).
and outlet facility make estimation difficult, losses in The sewage treatment plant has recently been ex-
the distribution system through leakage are estimated to panded and went into operation in October, 1982. It
consume approximately 40 percent of the water entering consists of a pretreatment building housing self-cleaning
the distribution systems. bar screens and a small clarifier to take out rocks and
The City of Bozeman needs to increase its available other heavy objects. This area also includes com-
water supply. In 1980, the City diverted 7,695 acre-feet munitors to grind up the sewage into fine particles
of water, but the reliable yield was only 6,566 acre-feet which then go into two primary clarifiers which remove
(an acre foot is the volume of water). The deficit was the settling solids.
made up by purchasing water from the Middle Creek These solids then go through a primary and sec-
Water Users Association out of Hyalite Reservoir. Pur- ondary anaerobic digester. The digested sludge is then
chased water is available only after the irrigation season disposed of by injection onto agricultural land. The
and can not be depended upon as greatly as the water supernatant from the digesters returns to the system
the City has contracted for. By the year 2000, nearly all where it is combined with the raw sewage. The effluent
of the decreed water rights will be consumed and the an- from the primary clarifiers will be treated in a larger
nual deficit will be approximately 6,877 acre-feet. The four-unit aeration basin, utilizing fine bubble aeration
deficit is more severe during the winter months than for the removal by anaerobic digestion of the suspected
during the summer. If the city is to grow, more water material.Three final clarifiers plus a flotation thickener
must be obtained, particularly during the low-flow will separate the liquid from the solids coming off of the
period. aeration basin. The anaerobic biomass will be returned
A variety of potential sources of water needs to be to the aeration basin and returned to the stream if the
aggressively investigated. Recent studies by several nitrogen levels are low enough,or may be transported to
the infiltration-percolation beds for removal of the am-
parties have suggested the following possibilities: monia nitrogen before the effluent passes into the East
1 . Repair of water leaks in the distribution Gallatin River. Chlorine is an additive that is not con-
systems, ducive to supporting a healthy fish population.
2. Drilling wells to cut down on freezing which During most of the year, it is anticipated that all of
constricts intakes, the plant effluent will be applied to the infiltration-
3. Putting controls on intake gates, percolation beds so as to save the cost of chlorination
4. Active water conservation through economic in- and to provide a better effluent for the fishery in the
centives and education, transfer of agricultural East Gallatin River.
surface water rights,
5. Construction of additional storage capacity on Future Needs
the surface at the distribution point or in the The Bridger Canyon trunk system was installed as a
mountains, private sewer from Rouse Avenue north of Griffin
3-21
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3-24
TABLE 13
BOZEMAN WATER AVAILABILITY AND DEMAND PROJECTIONS
TOTAL
DECREED WATER RIGHTS ACRE FEET
Lyman Creek 4,309
Bozeman Creek 5,664
Hyalite Reservoir via Hylite Creek 2,705
Total Ideal Yield 13,368
THE FOLLOWING TABLE LISTS THE WATER DIVERSION AMOUNTS AS PREDICTED BY THE
CITY ENGINEER`S OFFICE TO BE REQUIRED FOR THE APPROPRIATE PERIOD
TOTAL
MAY-SEPTEMBER OCTOBER-APRIL ACRE FEET
Reliable Yield of Water Rights 4,316 2,250 6,566 **
1982 Water Diversion Requirement 4,195 3,943 8,138
(1982 Water Deficit) (0) (1,693) ( 1,693)***
30,000 Population Equivalent
Water Diversion Requirement + 5,478 4,739 10,217
(30,000 Population Water Deficit) + + (1,162) (2,489) ( 3,651)
40,000 Population Equivalent
Water Diversion Requirement 7,125 6,318 13,443
(40,000 Population Water Deficit) (2,809) (4,068) ( 6,877)
- The amounts shown are in acre feet
• The number does not reflect Mystic Reservoir since it has been breached.Current estimates indicate that if the reservoir is repaired,1,530 acre-
feet of storage may be added. Not all of this water would be owned by the City of Bozeman.
•• This value does not include Mystic Lake Reservoir water.
••* This value reflects a deficit assuming no water from Mystic Lake Reservoir.
+ Future water demand is estimated on the basis of 1980 water demands as follows:
Total Demand = Population Projection x 1980 Total Water Demand
1980 Population
May-September Demand = Total Demand x 1980 May-September Demand
1980 Total Demand
1980 October-April Demand
October-April Demand = Total Demand x
1980 Total Demand
++Water deficits do not take purchased water or potential Mystic Lake Reservoir water into account.
Drive near the Humane Society building and extending south to service the area south and west of Bozeman.
eastward to include Bridger Industrial Center and the Some older sectors of Bozeman contain deterior-
Bridger View Trailer Court. This system can be extend- ating, undersized sewer lines which need to be replaced.
ed to provide collection for those areas along Bridger This has affected the growth and development potential
Canyon Road that are heavily developed areas now us- of the community. This problem will become more
ing private water wells and individual septic systems. acute in the future. It will be a very expensive problem
The Sourdough trunk system, when constructed, to correct, and long-range financial plans are needed to
will extend the system from Kagy Boulevard to include help provide a strategy for correcting it.
those areas west of Sourdough Road and south of Kagy The Bozeman Wastewater Treatment Plant has
Boulevard that are not currently within the city limits. been designed to serve a population of approximately
Annexation to the city will be a requirement for service. 36,000 people.It should,thus,serve the projected popu-
The University interceptor was installed along lation of the city well into the twenty-first century. The
Durston Road and was then extended south to serve the design area for the wastewater treatment plant com-
Main Mall and part of the Triangle Annexation Area as prises about 6,000 acres outside the present city bound-
well as intervening land. This system will eventually be aries. Approximately 600 to 700 acres of this land are
extended to Lincoln Street and then east to intercept the developed, primarily in large residential lots with indi-
sewer on Lincoln Street east of 19th Avenue. vidual wells and septic tanks. Nearly 4,000 acres are va-
The far west trunk has been extended from the in- cant but are subdivided into large, low density residen-
tersection of Baxter Lane and 19th Avenue to service the tial building lots and 20-acre tracts. The remaining land
Valley Unit area, and it will eventually be extended comprises about 2,000 acres in vacant or agricultural
3-25
use. An immediate problem is to prevent the city from The City operates two three-man compactor
becoming hemmed in by large lot development to the ex- trucks.Each truck averages 363 stops per day for a total
tent that growth will be impeded and the central of 3,631 stops per week.
facilities underutilized. Future Operation
Transportation Plan The City would like those using the city's solid
The Bozeman Transportation Plan was prepared waste collection and disposal to pay for such services as
by a consultant for the City and State Highway Depart- a utility.Current user fees levied each year for operation
ment in 1982. The Plan's principal concept is a loop of the landfill would be eliminated. All those using the
system comprised of Highland Boulevard, Kagy Boule- facility would pay a dumping charge based on the esti-
vard, 19th Avenue and Oak Street, which will allow the mated weight of the material deposited.
movement of traffic around,rather than through the ci- The life expectancy of the existing landfill is
ty of Bozeman. limited, and options for obtaining new land for a land-
Future Needs fill or some other method of solid waste disposal are
The future improvements and projected priorities now being considered.
were founded on traffic projections through the year
2000 and on an inspection of designated network prob- PARKS, RECREATION AND OPEN SPACE
lem areas within the city of Bozeman. The Role of Recreation in Community Planning
These future improvements and projected priorities
were established on two scenarios dependent on future Bozeman's parks, recreation areas, and open
funding possibilities. Scenario Number One is based on spaces are vital elements of the city's personality. The
the current urban funding level and estimated funds as preservation and progression of these elements is an im-
provided by the Montana Department of Highways. portant consideration in planning for the future of the
Scenario Number Two is based on current and esti- Bozeman community. In order to maintain the quality
mated urban funding levels,plus an additional$450,000 and character of our environment and the many ameni-
per year to be provided by local funding sources. ties we enjoy, we must maintain and protect our parks
A description of the priority items and a greater and open spaces.
detail of the Transportation Plan appears in the De- As improved technology provides increased leisure
velopment Plan Section of this document. time for people, they are able to spend more time doing
the things they like to do—recreating. The rising cost of
energy and transportation is causing the public to spend
its leisure time closer to home in the City's recreation
Solid Waste areas. Rising population, increased leisure time, and
Existing System high transportation costs are placing increased demands
The solid waste disposal site for Bozeman and on Bozeman's recreational facilities. It is the City's role
much of the county is a 200-acre site located north of to expand and meet these demands.
Bozeman on Story Mill Road. Of the 200 acres, there It is essential that we plan for future needs now by
are only about 80 acres that are usable for landfilling acquiring additional parklands throughout the jurisdic-
solid waste. The remainder of the parcel is traversed by tional area so that when the population demands it,
two main drainages. The portion that is not now being these lands will be available for park development. By
utilized by landfill is being leased for agricultural use. acquiring these lands now, we will insure Bozeman a
The city collects solid waste from 5,200 residences future that continues its tradition of a beautiful and
or about 65 percent of the residences within the cor- pleasant city environment.
porate limits. The remainder, mostly new subdivisions Thought must also be given to acquisition and de-
and Montana State University on-campus living,and all velopment of linear parks and path systems to connect
of the commercial establishments are picked up by existing and proposed parklands to provide a network
private haulers. Montana State University operates its of parks and open spaces throughout the city.
own system. The inventory presented here is an update of the
All of the city's solid waste, including Montana 1975 Bozeman Park and Recreation Inventory and
State University, is brought to the landfill, as well as Work Plan and the 1979 Outdoor Recreation Open
much of the waste picked up by the private companies Space Plan for Gallatin County. These two documents,
serving the northeast portion of Gallatin County. plus the 1978 Proposed Goals and Policies Supplement
to the Bozeman Area Master Plan, are the basis for the
Current Operation goals and policies recommended.
An assessment for garbage collection is levied to all
residences served by City solid waste collection. A land- Park Standards and Definitions
fill assessment is levied to all parties within the city cor- Different parks provide different recreational op-
porate limits, regardless of who picks up their waste or portunities and services. Parks can be classified into one
if they haul their own. Waste is collected by city service of five general categories: neighborhood, community,
once per week with a fall and spring cleanup for leaves tot lot, specialty, and linear parks. Sometimes a park
and yard waste. can be a combination of these park types.
3-26
Tot lots provide a recreational facility designed for Urban development or sprawl is threatening to con-
young children. Structures such as sandboxes, slides, sume the open space resources Bozeman residents have
swings, merry-go-rounds, monkey bars and the like are taken for granted.The preservation of this open space is
located here. This park's primary function is to provide necessary to the preservation of Bozeman's living en-
an active play area for the pre-school to early grade- vironment.
school-aged children of the neighborhood. Rapid population growth and extensive urban de-
Neighborhood parks provide a combination of ac- velopment are disrupting and altering our remaining
tive and passive recreation opportunities for all age natural areas. Destruction of geologic and geographic
groups in a defined neighborhood. The park should be formations, biotic communities and other natural areas
centrally located and provide some forms of passive are being threatened. This population and development
recreation, such as picnic areas, shade trees, or walking spread is overcrowding the land and creating a lack of
areas,but its primary emphasis is to provide open space open space.
for active play areas to be used by neighborhood chil- Open space is necessary to lessen this congestion
dren and should include at least one ballfield. and to preserve natural ecological, geographical and
Community parks provide a wide range of passive geological elements in our landscape. The provision and
and active recreational opportunities for an entire com- preservation of open space lands are necessary to secure
munity. An important asset for a community park is a park, recreation, historic, and scenic areas and to con-
focal point to attract users and to provide a special iden- serve the land, its biotic communities, its natural re-
tity to the park. Community parks are more intensely sources, and its geological and geographical elements in
developed than other types of parks, therefore, require their natural state. The reservation or preservation of
buffer zone spaces between active recreation areas and open space is vital to the future health, safety and
surrounding neighborhoods. Good auto access and welfare of the Bozeman community.
parking must be provided. The park should be de-
veloped and maintained for intensive use.
Specialty parks provide a special type of recrea-
tional opportunity that capitalizes on a unique natural EXISTING LAND USE
feature or on a population that is large enough to sup- The purpose of analyzing land activity patterns is
port a special type of recreational demand. Examples to offer a better understanding of how land is used,
are golf courses, historic sites, zoos and sport com- zoned and distributed. The recognition of the amount,
plexes. location and type of use is vital to the understanding of
Linear parks are corridors of land which provide the land activity
public access between different locations for recrea- patterns which exist in the city and its
jurisdiction. To accomplish this analysis, a land use
tional or transportation purposes. Improvements can
include facilities to aid walking, hiking and bicycling, survey is necessary.
In 1971, a land use survey was conducted in con-
and rest stations.
Table 14 outlines park acreage standards. By the junction with the writing of the master plan. This data
use of such tables, Bozeman's park needs can be deter- was updated in the summer of 1981. Comparison can be
made for general information. Statistical comparison is
mined. more difficult.The City has increased some 650.63 acres
Open Space as a result of annexation. In 1971, Bozeman was ap-
Open space is defined as any land which is provided proximately 3,743.51 acres in size. In 1981, its size was
or preserved for park or recreational purposes, conser- increased to approximately 4,394.14 acres.
vation of land or other natural resources, historic or The actual zoning classification of land in the city and
scenic purposes, or assisting in the shaping of the char- its jurisdiction does not necessarily reflect the land ac-
acter, direction and time of community development. tivity patterns. The zoning classification which is as-
The definition includes agricultural land, parkland, signed to each parcel of land more accurately reflects
floodways, stream beds, water sheds, and hazardous the legal possible future use of the land than does the ex-
building areas (including slide areas, fault zones, and isting land use activity. This is because there are some
steep slopes). It also includes both public and private non-conforming uses and much of the land is not util-
lands. ized to its zoned potential.
TABLE 14
Acres per Recommended Population Potential
1000 Maximum and Potentially Service
Park'Type Population Minimum Size Served Area
Tot Lot 1.5 1/a-1 acre 500-2,500 �/z-mile radius
Neighborhood 3.5 7 acre min. 2,000-6,500 %z-mile radius
Community varies 20-acre min. community 11/2-2-mile radius
Specialty varies varies varies varies
Linear varies varies varies varies
3-27
Present Land Use Inventory the only land zoned for mobile home development with-
The 1981 inventory was done on-site in the city and in the city.
the jurisdictional area. The amount of land in each The majority of growth that has taken place in the
zone, as well as the amount of land in use, was then jurisdictional area in the last ten years has been single-
measured and recorded. Upon completion of the land family residential, large lot growth. As of 1981, there
measurement work, the data was summarized and were 1,558 single-family residential units in the jurisdic-
totals for planning areas were compiled. tional area. Single-family development has doubled in
All of the acreage figures include the areas of adja- the last ten years.
cent streets, roads and alleys. There is also a total for The land use survey conducted in 1981 showed ap-
area of roads in the city and jurisdiction. proximately 2,000 acres of land being utilized for single-
family residences at that time,and over 7,000 acres have
Residential Land Use been subdivided into residential lots of 20 acres or less.
The majority of housing in Bozeman and the juris- The number of mobile homes has increased from
dictional area is single-family residential. According to 227 to 556 in the last ten years.
the land use inventory conducted by the planning staff There were approximately 300 acres zoned for mul-
in 1981, 48 percent of all housing in the city was com- ti-family use in the jurisdictional area with approxi-
prised of single-family housing. This was equivalent to mately 15 acres developed with 90 dwelling units.
3,184 housing units. Commercial Land Use
There were approximately 783 acres in use for There are approximately 680 acres of land zoned
single-family residences in 1981. This comprised about for commercial use in the city of Bozeman and 30 acres
17 percent of the city's total land use. Approximately zoned for commercial use in the jurisdictional area.Ap-
1,480 acres was zoned for single-family residences in proximately 290 acres of land are being utilized for com-
Bozeman. At full development, this land could hold an mercial uses in the city and 241 acres are being utilized
additional 4,357 dwelling units. Three major annexa- in the jurisdictional area. The majority of land being
tions have occurred in Bozeman in the last few years. utilized for commercial development in the jurisdiction-
The Valley Unit Annexation, west of Bozeman, is com- al area is non-conforming.
prised of 320 acres that have been zoned. Phase I of this There are three zoning designations for commercial
annexation is subdivided. In 1981,there were 130 single- land in Bozeman and the jurisdictional area: the central
family residences and as of 1981, was not subdivided. business district; highway commercial development,
The Allison Annexation, south of Bozeman is a tract of and neighborhood commercial development.
land 121 acres in size and was zoned Agricultural Sub- The area zoned for the Central Business District is
urban. This land will probably be rezoned and approximately 94 acres in size. Only 32 acres of this area
developed for residential use in the future. is currently in commerical use. A major portion of this
The number of multi-family units in Bozeman has land remains in single-family residential use. Therefore,
increased greatly in the past few years.Eighty percent of there is more land available for commercial use within
all housing starts in Bozeman from 1979 to 1981 have the Central Business District than may be expected to be
been multi-family residential units in Bozeman. This utilized in the near future. As the commercial activity in
totaled 43.9 percent of housing units in the city. There this area expands, the single-family residences will be
were approximnately 2,885 multi-family units in the converted to commercial use.
city. There has been a slow but steady conversion of There are approximately 500 acres of land zoned
single-family units in the city.There has been a slow but for highway business use in the city of Bozeman with
steady conversion of single-family residences to apart- about 250 acres being utilized at the present time. The
ments in Bozeman.These conversions generally relate to majority of this development has taken place along
supplying university students with housing, so conse- North 7th Avenue and West Main Street.
quently, the majority of these conversions have taken There are approximately 38 acres of land zoned for
place in the university area. From 1970 to 1981, approx- neighborhood commercial with about 20 acres being
imately 900 multi-family units were converted from used at this time. The majority of the developed com-
single-family residences. mercial land is in the university area with locations set
In Bozeman,mobile homes are a great deal less im- aside in Valley Unit Subdivision and Story Hills Annex-
portant than conventional housing because of the lack ation as these areas develop.
of land available to develop new mobile home parks.
There are approximately four and one-half acres of land
used for mobile homes on individual lots in the city. Industrial Land Use
There are approximately 65 acres of land with There are presently 679 acres of land zoned for in-
developed mobile home parks scattered around the city dustrial use in the city of Bozeman. Of this, 135 acres
with about 500 mobile homes situated in these parks. are now being utilized.The majority of this land is being
Most of the mobile home parks in the city are developed used for light industrial purposes in the northern Por-
to capacity. tion of the city.
There are 30 acres of land zoned residential-mobile There are 52 acres zoned for technology-research
home in the northest planning sector of Bozeman;this is with nine acres presently being used for the existing elec-
3-28
tronics assembly plant. There are seven additional acres 80 acres in size, and this limits its agricultural use poten-
for plant site expansion adjacent to the existing plant. tial. Figure 11 shows that about 17,969 acres outside the
The remainder of the zoned land is located in Valley planned central facilities area has not had its
Unit Annexation. agricultural use potential impacted by urban develop-
ment.
Existing residential development in the jurisdic-
tional area outside the City of Bozeman occupies about
Soils within the planning area with highest crop 3,122 acres and has a population of about 5,787 people
yield potential are in areas south of the city on either and 2,278 dwelling units. The average developed
side of Sourdough Creek, east of the city, generally residential property is approximately 1.41 acres in size.
south of Interstate 90 and northwest on either side of The projected year 2000 population is 8,627, which re-
the East Gallatin River. The agricultural potential of the flects an increase of 3,150 people and 1,240 dwelling
latter are limited somewhat by poorly drained and units. As the approximate average density of current
swampy areas which are interspersed within good pro- development, about 1,748 acres of now vacant and
ducing agricultural soils with little slope to impede ir- agricultural land will be developed for residential use
rigation or the use of machinery (Figure 10). between 1981 and 2000.
The land use survey prepared by the planning staff The city of Bozeman is greatly affected by devel-
during the summer of 1981 showed 41,947 acres of the opment that occurs outside the city. To a lesser extent,
jurisdictional area outside the city to be in agricultural development within the city affects the county. The ef-
use. This is approximately 82 percent of the total land fects are felt by the residents of those jurisdictions
area. Over 90 percent of the land in the west and north- because of the demands placed on the services supplied
west planning areas was in agricultural use, and nearly by the City and County governments.
85 percent in agricultural use in the east planning area. Nearly half the people working in the city of
Agricultural activities have not been as severely im- Bozeman live outside the city limits. They travel city
pacted by urban development in these areas as in some streets, use city services and require police and fire pro-
others, and these are areas with the more productive tection, but they do not help pay for these services. This
soils on moderately sloping to level terrain. Large problem is compounded by the fact that approximately
acreages were also in agricultural use south and south- 50 percent of the city's population is comprised of
west of the city. The southwest planning area contained University students of which a majority lives on campus
6,916 acres, nearly 80 percent of it in agricultural use. and does not pay property taxes. Approximately 718
The southern planning area contained over 7,300 acres acres or approximately 16 percent of the city is tax ex-
in agricultural use,which is about 72 percent of the total empt University property. These factors impose severe
land. These are also generally more productive soils on burdens on city residents. State legislation and effective
gently sloping to level terrain. It is important to note the land use planning can help prevent this from becoming a
large areas remaining in agricultural use are areas zoned bigger problem in the future.
AS, Agricultural Suburban, ten acres per dwelling unit. The total area of land likely to be taken out of
Approximately 23,740 acres of the City-County agricultural use and developed over the next 20 years
Planning Board's jurisdictional area is zoned. Some will have little effect on agricultural production because
21,438 acres are zoned Agricultural Suburban,which re- it is not likely it will total more than 1,000 to 1,200 acres
quires ten acres per dwelling unit. About one half of in the jurisdictional area. However, several thousand
this, 10,238 acres, is undeveloped land for which the acres are likely to have the agricultural use potential
agricultural use potential has not been impaired by ur- eliminated or severely impacted as a result of speculative
ban development or local subdivision activity. subdivision activity, scattered subdivisions and dis-
Figure 11 shows the impact development has had persed developments unless public policies help modify
on agricultural land use potential. All but about 1,225 these practices. It may be particularly important to note
acres of the land within the planned central sewer and that: 1) the modification of state subdivision law could
water service area have little or no agricultural land use be the most important single action to help preserve and
potential. About 9,375 acres of the land outside the protect agricultural activities; 2) more productive
planned facilities area have been subdivided and par- agricultural lands have tended not to be developed and
tially developed, and about 5,311 acres have been sub- the ten acre minimum lot size has reduced the rate of
divided to prepare it for development. The planned development; 3) past practices may have discouraged
facilities area is that area around the city that may development in planned sewer service areas by permit-
possibly be serviced by the city's sanitary sewer system ting the subdivision of land located in outlying areas;
at its present capacity. Some 9,822 acres is considered to and 4) past practices of approving scattered develop-
have its agricultural use potential severely impacted ment in outlying locations has led to higher public ser-
because it is adjacent to subdivided and/or developed vice and facility costs, a reduction in quality of services
land on at least two sides and contains no parcels 200 and facilities, and may have helped assure the necessity
acres or larger. About 6,727 acres is in parcels less than of higher local taxes in the future.
3-29
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This Master Plan supports the development of such con-
PP P Should the Master Plan provide for protection of
trols. views and vistas such as the top of Sourdough Ridge and
Basic Facilities Must Be Designed for the Future Story Hills; should it restrict building heights when 4
Major expansion of the Bozeman Wastewater necessary to prevent blocking of views; should it pro- t
Treatment Facility is being completed. The expansion is vide for the protection of floodplains and stream banks;
designed to serve a population of some 36,000 people. should it protect and enhance its historical resources;
The population served in 1980 according to the census
should it provide for the protection of ground and sur-
was 21,645. The present 1982 population served is esti- face water quality; should it provide for protection of
mated to be 22,575 people, and the projected year 2000 wildlife winter range areas; should it prevent develop-
population to be served is 32,853 people. It is concluded ment of steep slopes, landslide-prone areas, fault zones
the facility will have sufficient capacity well into the and productive agricultural land, and should it prevent
twenty-first century. Since wastewater treatment strip commercial development and the carnival appear-
facilities generally operate more effectively and effi- ance generally associated with such development on ap-
ciently near design capacity, and since per capita costs proaches to the city? This Master Plan concludes that
will tend to decrease dramatically with increase in one of the Bozeman area's most important resources is
population served, it is also concluded that encourage- its natural beauty. This resource must be protected. The
ment of development within the sewer service area will answer is yes to all the previously stated questions.
benefit the entire Bozeman area.
GOALS AND POLICIES
Urban Sprawl Interferes with Agriculture Background for Goals and Policies
If new residential development in the jurisdictional Goals have meaning only when they are followed
area from 1982 through 2000 is at the approximate den- by some action of policy which causes them to be
sity of present development, 1.41 acres per dwelling,the achieved. Any goal for which there is not to be a com-
t.
projected 1,240 new homes will occupy about 1,748 mitment to decision or action should be removed from
acres of land. This is not a large amount of land, con- the Master Plan. Meaningless goals—those not ful-
sidering the jurisdictional planning area is about 52,000 filled—lead to loss of confidence in the Master Plan,the
acres in size. Therefore, it is not likely to remove large Planning Board and public officials of the community.
areas of land from agricultural use since about 47,947 The goals are listed by number so that they may be
acres are in agricultural use. referenced to policy statements which follow them.
However, several thousand acres are likely to have Many policies will help fulfill more than one goal.
their agricultural use potential eliminated or severely Master Plan Goals
limited as a result of speculative subdivision activity,
scattered subdivisions and dispersed developments. Residential Goals
Some 9,822 acres may already be considered to have had 1. Encourage high density development where
their agricultural use potential severely impacted there is adequate road, bicycle and pedestrian
because they are adjacent to subdivided and/or devel- access, in close proximity to shopping and
oped land on at least two sides. Another 6,727 acres are employment and near the central business dis-
in parcels less than 80 acres in size. This limits their trict.
agricultural use potential. About 17,969 acres have not 2. Encourage construction of a full range of r
had their agricultural use potential impacted by scat- housing types, sizes and costs to assure the op- Ic
tered urban development. portunity for future residents to obtain a
This Master Plan supports prevention of scattered choice of living environments. a
residential development to help preserve and protect 3. Encourage planned unit/cluster residential de- 9
agricultural land and activities.This policy will also help velopment techniques that feature a variety of
assure more efficient public facilities and services. housing types, designed to enhance the natural
Modification to control misuse of exemptions to the environment, conserve energy and to provide
state subdivision law could be an important action to efficient public services and facilities.
help. This Master Plan recommends consideration of 4. Encourage the preservation and rehabilitation
development density transfer rights. of the existing housing stock to promote the
Bozeman has Unique Natural Beauty health, safety and general welfare of the
residents of the city of Bozeman and its juris-
The beauty of the city of Bozeman and the Gallatin dictional area, regardless of income levels.
Valley is a valuable resource. The area is truly unique.
The people have done a good job of protecting these Public Facilities Goals
resources, but some of the uniqueness has been de- 5. Provide municipal water supply to meet future
stroyed; some has been damaged, and some is being needs of the Bozeman area.
threatened. Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley are not 6. Encourage development of residential areas at
likely to continue to grow and develop as a tourist, cul- higher densities and in locations so as to
tural and employment center unless their amenities are minimize the cost and maximize the benefit of
protected. providing public services and facilities, and
4-2
discourage development where cost of public new ones are created.
facilities and services would be high and its 21. Provide encouragement and the opportunity
benefits low. for the development of amenity-oriented high
7. Encourage development and utilization of land technology industries in close proximity to
which has been subdivided with streets and Montana State University.
other facilities constructed so that maximum 22. Encourage the development of an economic
use of these public facilities can be realized, so development association or work with existing
that maintenance of these facilities will not associations to promote the expansion of ex-
become a burden on residents,and so that little isting businesses and the location of new busi-
used facilities do not become a community lia- nesses that will provide a wide variety of in-
bility. dustrial and commercial activities, which in
8. Whenever possible, the cost of providing turn will supply a full spectrum of job oppor-
public facilities for future development should tunities.
be borne by the development that requires Energy Conservation Goals
them. In other words,new development should 23. Encourage the use of renewable energy
pay its own way within a reasonable time and
sources.
not create an additional burden for the tax-
24. Encourage high density development within
payer. walking distance of employment,shopping and
Environment, Aesthetic and Natural recreational areas.
Resource Goals 25. Encourage all new development to be designed
9. Preserve the identity of the Bozeman area by for maximum use of alternative energy
encouraging the preservation of steep slopes, sources.
natural foilage, historic sites, ridge lines,
stream corridors and areas of special natural
beauty. Master Plan Policies
10. Protect the welfare of the individual and the 1. Consider incorporating development density
community by preventing development on transfer concepts into the zoning procedure to
landslide-prone areas, floodways, fault zones encourage development only where public
and other sites likely to present hazards if de- facilities are adequate, and discourage devel-
veloped. opment where facilities can not economically
11. Encourage the protection and preservation of be provided (Goal Numbers 1, 3, 6, 7, 11, 15,
Gallatin Valley's productive agricultural land. 19, 21 and 24).
12. Do not allow ground water, streams or air to 2. Use zoning and subdivision regulations and
become polluted or degraded. building codes to provide for mobile home
13. Protect wildlife winter range areas. parks and mobile home subdivisions as well as
14. Prevent strip commercial development and the for mobile homes and factory-built homes on
carnival appearance generally associated with individual lots with appropriate review (Goal
such development on approaches to the city. Numbers 2 and 3).
15: Encourage the beautification of streets, park- 3. Provide for more single-family residential
ing lots, public lands, and bicycle and areas in Bozeman and the planned central
pedestrian ways. sewer facilities service area(Goal Numbers 2, 3
16. Encourage the provision of recreational oppor- and 11).
tunities for neighborhoods of all income and 4. Encourage development within the planned
age levels. central sewer and water facilities service area
only when and where central sewer and water
Commercial, Industrial and General has been provided. (Goal Numbers 1,3,6,7,8,
Economic Development Goals 11, 12 and 24).
17. Protect, maintain and strengthen the central 5. Use the Master Plan, subdivision regulations
business district as the commercial, cultural and zoning to prevent development which
and symbolic center for Bozeman, the Gallatin could cause pollution or degradation of ground
Valley and the region. water and surface water or air (Goal Numbers
18. Strengthen Bozeman's position as a regional 7, 10, 11 and 12).
shopping center and as a tourist and cultural 6. Use the Master Plan, zoning and subdivision
center. regulations to encourage development of the
19. Determine the long-term economic develop- rural development nodes where land has been
ment goals of the community and then support prepared for development with public facilities
programs which will accomplish these goals. constructed (Goal Numbers 3, 7, 8 and 11).
20. Encourage improvement of the appearance of 7. Enact view protection zoning and use subdivi-
existing designated industrial areas and encour- sions and use subdivision regulations to pre-
age infilling of existing industrial sites before vent development extending above the ridge
4-3
Four major land use designations are addressed 2. Rural Development - Residential development
within the city and the planning jurisdiction boundaries. may occur at the maximum density allowed by
The area within the city limits of Bozeman is pro- State Health Department requirements. These
posed to develop at city densities with growth occurring areas are called rural development nodes. These
as public facilities are expanded. are generally subdivided areas with roads and
The proposed sewer service area extends approx- other public facilities already constructed.
imately one mile around the city limits. Development in 3. Low Density Residential - Maximum density of
this area is to be restricted to 20 acres per dwelling unit seven dwelling units an acre and requires central
to prevent the city from becoming surrounded by large sewer and water facilities. The proposed low
lot developments. An overlay district is shown on the density residential areas conform to present
jurisdictional area land use plan and designates higher residential development and zoning. Areas
density urban land use in the service area when the area designated for low density development general-
connects to central City services or package sewer ly conform to surrounding neighborhood uses
disposal systems. and should be screened from noncompatible
Areas designated as rural development nodes are uses. The southern and southeastern planning
encouraged to develop at the highest density allowed by sectors in the city contain the majority of land
State Health Department requirements. The increased designated for single family use. These areas
development in these areas would provide for cost effec- lack sufficient road access and nearness to shop-
tive services and would provide incentives for filling the ping and employment to warrant higher den-
vacant lots in existing subdivisions. sities.
Undeveloped rural lands with no physical con- 4. Medium Density Residential - Residential
straints are allowed to develop at a density of 20 acres development with a maximum of 27 dwelling
per dwelling unit. units per acre, allowing for a variety of housing
A numerical evaluation system was utilized in pre- types and densities within that range. This
paring the jurisdictional area land use plan map. The would require central sewer and water facilities.
numerical evaluation system includes five major areas The majority of medium density residential land
of concern for determining land use in the jurisdictional conforms to existing zoning with the exception f
area. These are public facilities and services, transpor- of an area in the northeast sector of the city that !
tation network, physical and environmental impacts, was originally zoned for high density residential
conservation of agriculture land and preservation of development. This land use is generally located
agricultural activities, and effects on the surrounding in neighborhoods where a mixture of single
area. In addition to allocating planned land use objec- family and multi-family uses currently exist in
tively, the numerical evaluation system removes the new growth areas within and immediately adja-
possibility of treating any one tract or area of land dif- cent to the city. It is recommended that clus-
ferent from any other. It is fair to all,it is objective,and ter/planned unit residential techniques be en
it is easy to apply and understand. couraged in medium density residential areas.
This point system was used on all land outside the 5. Multiple-Use Development - Development of a
proposed sewer service area that did not have physical planned mix of high density residential, amen-
constraints to agricultural use. The maximum number ity-oriented industry and research-technology
of points possible would total 210. To determine devel- development with sufficient commercial space
opment nodes, a parcel of land had to receive a mini- to serve the development. Central sewer and
mum of 112 points. Any land totaling less than 112 water facilities are required.
points was not deemed suitable for any major develop-
ment.
The jurisdictional area land use plan map was pro-
Commercial
duced by utilizing this evaluation system. 1. Central Business District - Development of a
Table 15 is an example of the evaluation system mix of uses with retail trade, high density resi-
used for the land use classification, included here for dential development, professional offices and
reference purposes. entertainment and cultural facilities. Central
sewer and water facilities are required. The cen-
Land Use Classifications tral business district boundaries correspond to
the existing zoning except for a small expansion IL
Residential to the west to North 7th Avenue and north to
1. Agricultural/Conservation - Land which is West Mendenhall Street. This expansion corres
predominently in the two highest soil produc- ponds to the existing land use. It is recom-
tivity classifications and is undeveloped (Figure mended that extension be contiguous with the
10). This includes all lands outside the city limits existing commercial areas and only if it is com-
except the planned sewer and water service area patible with the entire surrounding area in terms
and rural development nodes. The maximum of land use, safety, traffic, and public facilities.
planned density for this area is 20 acres per Generally, only expansion for large scale
dwelling unit. development will meet the requirements.
4-6
2. General Highway Commercial - Commercial If rural development is restricted to lands which
areas concentrated in well-defined areas rather are already subdivided, there will be enough
than isolated small locations. Central sewer and compact development to support a neighbor-
water facilities and a safe well-defined access to hood commercial area in the vicinity of South
a major arterial are required.The Bozeman area 19th Avenue and Nash Road in the future.
has experienced some scattered commercial de- Industrial
velopment along entryways to the city in the 1. Technololgy-Research - This area is to provide
past decade. This scattered development relies for and encourage development of high tech-
on a high automobile use and has an adverse ef- nology industries and research establishments.
fect on residential areas, energy use and the This requires attractive,pleasant,quiet,planned
natural amenities that draw people to Bozeman. surroundings with good road access, central
The highway business areas are located along facilities, protection from the conflicting land
the three entryways to the city on West Main uses and activities, and close proximity to Mon-
Street, East Main Street and North 7th Avenue. tana State University.
3. Limited Highway Commercial - Commercial The areas designated for research-technology
areas concentrated in well-defined areas rather are located in Valley Unit Annexation and along
than isolated small locations. This is limited to the southern and southwestern periphery of
uses that require large parcels of land and do not Montana State University area to utilize the
require central sewer and water facilities. These many technical facilities the University has to
uses include farm implement dealers, mobile offer. The majority of land is outside the city
home dealers, veterinary clinics, nurseries and limits and is designated as multiple-use to allow
commercial green houses, lumber and building high density residential and commercial uses
supply yards, and warehouses. Limited com- along with research-technology.
mercial is specifically not to include uses which To develop in the multiple-use areas would re-
generate a high turnover rate of customer traf- quire connection to central sewer and water
fic, such as restaurants, bars, stores selling facilities.
general merchandise,grocery stores,automobile
2• Light Industrial -This area is intended for light
service stations, motor vehicle and recreational
manufacturing, warehousing, and wholesale
vehicle sales, and personal service and recrea-
t distribution. Through buffering, this area is in-
ional activities. Direct access to limited com-
m tended to create little nuisance. The areas
mercial areas is to be permitted only from
designated for light industrial use correspond to
designated local or collector streets and not
existing zoning. The land is located along North
from arterials. Access to arterials is to be per-
' Rouse Avenue,Griffin Drive and Bridger Drive.
mitted only by way of access frontage roads.
The limited highway business areas are located It is recommended that an effort be made to im-
prove the appearance of some light industrial
on U.S. 10 east of Bozeman, the southeast and
areas in the northeast sector of the city. This
southwest corners of Cottonwood Road and
could be encouraged by civic organizations
U.S. 191, and the southwest corner of U.S. 191
and Lynx Lane. working with City officials. It is suggested that a
future industrial park site be located north of
4. Neighborhood Commercial — Should serve a Oak Street and south of Interstate 90.To attract
one-half to one-mile radius with a population of new industyy, a program for developing an in-
2,000 or more people, and is to provide only for dustrial park with on-site improvements should
local convenience shopping.The areas should be be initiated.
buffered and architecturally blended to protect 3. Heavy Industrial - Development of general
surrounding neighborhoods. Existing neigh- manufacturing and production of goods which
borhood business locations are in the vicinity of because of processing, creates more nuisance
Montana State University, Valley Unit Annexa- than light industrial uses. The areas designated
tion and the Story Hills Annexation. It is recom- for heavy industrial use are in the northeastern
mended that an additional neighborhood com- sector of the city located between the Burlington
mercial location be situated in the southeast sec- Northern right-of-way and Interstate 90 and in
for of the city to supplement the commercial the northern sector of the planning jurisdiction
facility at the corner of South Willson Avenue north of Interstate 90. This land is presently
and Kagy Boulevard. This parcel must have zoned for this use. The land designated heavy
direct access to an arterial or main collector industrial in the jurisdictional area would be re-
street. It is also recommended that at least one quired to annex and connect to public facilities
parcel for commercial use be located in each prior to development. It is recommended that an
multiple use area situated near Montana State effort be made to improve the appearance of
University. These locations should have direct some heavy industrial areas in the northeast sec-
access either to South 19th Avenue or South for of the city.This could be encouraged by civic
llth Avenue. organizations working with City officials.
4-7
1
4. The City and County should attempt to estab- Sanitary Sewer System Plan
lish a cooperative agreement to attain develop- The expansion of the sewer treatment plant was
ment and maintenance of parks, recreation, and completed in early 1983. The sewer treatment facilities
open space facilities that both the city and coun- will now handle a city population of 36,000 and should
ty residents use. handle sewage needs well after the year 2000. This sewer
Community Facilities Plan service area is within the master planned area.
Water Plan The proposed sanitary sewer service area recom-
mends sewer line extensions to the following areas
The City of Bozeman is in the process of construct- (Figure 9):
ing a 10-million- gallon-per-day water treatment plant. 1. The Bridger Canyon trunk system has been built
The plant will use surface water supplied by Bozeman as a private sanitary sewer system from Rouse
and Hyalite Creeks. The turbidity of these sources ex- Avenue north of Griffin Drive and extending
ceeds acceptable levels for drinking water during the eastward to include Bridger Center and the
spring runoff season. The plant is located at the pre-sed-imentation basin site south of Nash Road. Bridger Trailer Courts. This system can be ex-
The treatment plant will be a filtration system in- tended to provide the collection along BridgerCanyon Road for developed areas now using
cluding pre-treatment with the addition of coagulant private water supply wells and septic systems.
aids, followed by gravity filters. The treatment plant 2. The Sourdough trunk system when built will ex-
space, and a control room.
will include chlorination facilities, chemical storage tend sanitary sewer on Kagy Boulevard to in-
A 30-inch transmission line is being installed south clude areas west of Sourdough Road and south
of the city between the four-million gallon reservoir and of Kagy Boulevard that are not currently withinthe city limits.Annexation will be a requirement
the pre-sedimentation basin where the treatment plant is for services.
being constructed. This transmission line is replacing a 3. The university interceptor was constructed
line that has deteriorated beyond repair and will provide along Durston Road and then south to serve the
additional capacity to bring water to the reservoir. Main Mall and part of the triangle area as well
A two-million gallon reservoir is also being con- as intervening land. This system will eventually
structed immediately west of Highland Boulevard with a be extended south to Lincoln Street and then
20-inch main connected to the existing 12-inch line in that area. east to intercept the sewer on Lincoln Street east The north portion of Bozeman between Durston of 19th Avenue.
4. The far west trunk has been extended from the
Road and Interstate 90 is served by an old dead end. A intersection of Baxter Lane and 19th Avenue to
12-inch line on Oak Street from Rouse Avenue to Sth serve the Valley Unit area, and it will eventually
Avenue would provide a second source of water for ade- be extended to the south to complete the collec-
quate fire protection in this portion of Bozeman. lion of the service area south and west of
To better monitor the amount of water the city is Bozeman.
using,a metering device should be installed in the intake
dam diverting water from Bozeman Creek to the 30-inch
line. Solid Waste Plan
The City also intends to install metering on all The City would like those using the City services of
residences in the city that are unmetered. solid waste collection and disposal to pay for such ser-
Other considerations for improvement in the next vices as a utility. Current user fees levied each year for
five years are: operation of the landfill would be eliminated.
1. Purchase additional water rights of areas out- All those areas using the facility would pay a dump-
side the city as they become available. ing charge based on the estimated weight of the material
2. Lower water pressure in the North 7th Avenue deposited.
area by separating the present distribution The life expectancy of the existing landfill is
system into two pressure districts. This would limited, and options for obtaining new land for a land-
also include building a three-million gallon res- fill or some other method of solid waste disposal must
ervoir to the north of the interstate highway. be considered.
3. A main 14-inch feeder line is required on the Transportation Plan
east end of Bozeman from the proposed two- Street design in Bozeman and the jurisdictional
million gallon reservoir off Highland Boulevard area is influenced considerably by topography, popula-
to Bridger Drive and Story Mill Road. tion density, future land development, nature and com-
The City is very near a critical water shortage with position of traffic movement, and cost of construction. _
the present population. By the year 2000, an additional The degree of service required is related to the needs and
6,877 acre-feet of water will be required. An aggressive desires of the system used, the network pattern of ex-
water program is essential if the City is to grow. An in- isting streets, access needs of adjacent land develop-
depth investigation for additional water services should ment, existing and proposed land uses and the overall
be made. city planning objectives.The influence of these controll-
4-10 1..
ing factors must be considered in the development of service areas as they are subdivided and developed. It
suitable service and design standards. should be emphasized that only general locations are
Functional Classificational System shown. More exact locations will have to be determined
This classification system includes all major ex- when land is developed and when detailed engineering is
isting and proposed streets having the following basic completed.
The transportation map also shows existing and
purposes: proposed roads that will serve as arterials and collectors
1. Arterials in that area outside the proposed sewer service area but
An arterial street system serves as a principal within the 4'/z-mile jurisdictional planning boundary
network of through traffic flow in the city. It that will need to be upgraded to meet future demands.
connects areas of traffic generation to highways
entering the city. It serves the major centers of Three areas are designated within the proposed
activity,the highest traffic volume corridors and sewer service area as having more than one alternative
the longest trip lengths within the urban areas for future construction:
and forms an integrated network of highways. 1. A future revision of the corner of College Street
Access directly onto arterials to serve property and U.S. 191 may need to be made to increase
should be permitted only when marginal access safety and the effectiveness of traffic circulation
or service roads can not be provided. Arterial in that area. The intersection locations of pro-
designations have been assigned to: posed collectors with College Street and U.S.
a. Main Street Route 191 could be affected by this.
b. Huffine Road (U.S. Highway 191) 2. Land ownership patterns between Fowler Lane
c. U.S. Route 10 west and South 19th Avenue suggest two alternatives
d. North Seventh Avenue for a north-south collector to connect Stucky
e. Highland Boulevard Road with the extension of Blackwood Road.
f. Kagy Boulevard 3. Stucky Road west of 19th Avenue and Cotton-
g. Nineteenth Avenue wood Road between Stucky Road and U.S.
h. Bridger Drive Route 191 are designated arterials. The exten-
1. Tamarack or Oak Street from North Seventh sion of Kagy Boulevard westward from 19th
to North Rouse Avenue swings south to connect with Stucky
j. Stucky Road Road. An alternative to this would be the exten-
k. Cottonwood Road sion of Kagy as a new arterial to Cottonwood,
1. College Street with Stucky Road as a collector rather than an
m.Babcock Street arterial.
n. Church Street and Sourdough South to A Transportation Plan was prepared by a consul-
Goldenstein tant for the City and State Highway Department in
o. Goldenstein from Sourdough Road to South 1982. The plan's basic concept is a loop system com-
19th Avenue prised of Highland Boulevard, Kagy Boulevard, 19th
p. Baxter Road Avenue and Oak Street, which will allow the movement
q. Frontage Road of traffic around, rather than through the City of
2. Collectors Bozeman. The concept is incorporated into the
This street system includes all distributor and Bozeman Area Master Plan. A summary follows.
collector streets serving traffic between arterials The Bozeman Transportation Plan's recommended
and local streets. It also includes streets used future improvements and projected priorities were
principally to provide for through traffic based on traffic projections through the year 2000 and
movements within a local area and for access to on an inspection of designated network problem areas
abutting property. Collector streets should be within the city of Bozeman (Figures 12 and 13).
spaced approximately at one-half mile intervals These future improvements and projected priorities
so they will efficiently connect adjacent neigh- were based on two scenarios dependent on future fund-
borhood areas. ing possibilities. Scenario Number One is based on the
3. Local Streets current urban funding level and estimated funds,as pro-
The sole function of local streets is to provide vided by the Montana Department of Highways,
access to adjacent land. These streets make up a Scenario Number Two is based on current and
large percentage of the total street mileage of the estimated urban funding levels, plus an additional
city but carry a small proportion of the vehicle $450,000 per year to be provided by local funding
miles of travel. Local street systems should sources.
preserve neighborhoods by diverting through The recommended project priority list through the
traffic. year 2000 is as follows:
The street and road system within the proposed 1. Two-lane construction of Kagy Boulevard from
sanitary sewer service area,shown on the transportation Highland Boulevard to South Willson Avenue.
map (Figures 12 and 13), shows general locations of 2. Short-range projects to be funded at 5 percent
proposed arterials and collectors that need to be built to of the yearly urban fund allocation. These
4-11
short-range projects are listed in the Bozeman South Church Avenue.
Transportation Plan. 8. Improve College Street from U.S. 191 to South
3. Nineteenth Avenue from Durston Road to Oak llth Avenue.
Street and Oak Street from 19th Avenue to 7th Programmed construction times and estimated cost
Avenue (two-lane construction with right-of- of the projects will be determined by future funding
way for four-lane). sources. Present funding sources will not be adequate to
4. Kagy Boulevard from llth Avenue to 19th complete these improvements.
Avenue (two-lane construction with right-of- As a follow up to the Transportation Plan, the
way purchase for four-lane). Planning Board further recommends that a more de-
5. Construct arterial corridor from 7th Avenue to tailed study be completed that will better identify the
North Rouse Avenue. This should either be needs of the jurisdictional area. Such a study will pro-
done at Oak Street or Tamarack Street. vide the City and County governments a complete
6. Improve Durston Road from 7th Avenue to detailed overview of the problems and limitations of the
19th Avenue. transportation network within the Bozeman City-
7. Improve College Street from South Willson to County Planning Board's jurisdiction.
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4-12 .
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SECTION V IMPLEMENTATION
ZONING AND SUBDIVISION REGULATIONS the City are encouraged to annex while discouraging
The completion and adoption of the Master Plan development in inappropriate areas. The owner(s) of
for the Bozeman area are only the beginning steps in the land to be annexed to the City, not the people of the
comprehensive planning process. The plan provides a City of Bozeman, are responsible for construction of
guide for orderly and efficient development of land facilities.
which the Bozeman area strives to achieve.The achieve- FINANCIAL PLAN
ment of the plan relies on the implementation pro- The preceding portion of this Master Plan contains
cedures used to carry out the plan. Typically, land use background studies on the Bozeman area's history,past
regulations are the primary implementation measure. and present planning, natural and man-made environ-
This includes both the zoning ordinance with map and ment, population and economy, and projections of
the subdivision regulations. future conditions. One purpose of these studies is to
Many of the recommended goals and policies sug- identify potentials—the strength of the community—so
gest changes to the land use regulations. In order to that these can be built upon to benefit all people in the
efficiently implement the Master Plan, these changes community. Another purpose is to identify problems
must be incorporated into the zoning ordinance and and issues. It is not possible to build upon community
subdivision regulations. strengths except through addressing problems and
The zoning ordinance is enacted to protect and issues. Unless financial resources are allocated in an ob-
preserve various sections of the City and its jurisdiction jective and businesslike way, though, most of the effort
for particular land uses and to prevent the intrusion of put into planning and problem solving will have been
undesirable uses. The zoning ordinance establishes wasted. There must be a financial plan—an analysis of
form, intensity and future development. The ordinance the issues, problems, and policies of the plan from the
also prevents and limits development where environ- point of view of available and projected financial
mental hazards exist. resources. The priorities will be limited by the financial
The subdivision regulations are set up to govern the resources available. The financial plan has two
dividing of land into smaller units and to set standards elements. One element analyzes the government opera-
for construction of public improvements. There should tions required for providing public services and
be an assurance to the lot purchaser that he will receive a facilities. This analysis consists of:
buildable lot provided with adequate facilities in a well- 1. Reviewing operational costs of each public
placed subdivision. facility and service.
The goals and policies in this plan specifically state 2. Assessing the benefit that the community is
in which cases the subdivision and zoning regulations deriving from the various facilities and services.
should be amended to reflect the needs of the commun- 3. Calculating the actual cost of these services to
ity. the people.
BUILDING CODES 4. Deriving the relative value of one service/facil-
Building codes are enforced within the city limits of ity as compared to other services and facilities.
Bozeman and its three-mile extraterritorial boundaries. 5. Researching the possibility of providing similar
These codes reflect the minimum standards needed services and facilities at a lower cost to the peo-
to safeguard personal and public welfare and property ple.
by the design and construction standards. These The second element of a financial program is a
building codes are based on federal standards and capital improvements program.
should be upheld in all cases. Capital improvements are the major, one-time ex-
penditures a community makes for public facilities. The
capital improvements plan decides when, where and at
ANNEXATION POLICY what cost these facilities are to be provided. The plan is
Policies on extension of public services should re- important in that the scale, location, timing and the
flect the goals of the Master Plan. Current policies operation and maintenance of public facilities helps set
should be revised to insure that growth areas adjacent to the budget of the City and County.The capital improve-
5-1
ments should include all sources and amounts of income Board is required to make recommendations for the
and all obligated funds.The amount of money available present and future welfare of the community,regardless
will determine the timing of new capital improvements. of whether the recommendations are popular.
The City of Bozeman and Gallatin County are The Planning Board has two functions required by
faced with the difficult task of allocating limited funds the state law:
among virtually unlimited demands and competing 1. Assist the City and County with administration
needs for public services and facilities. Establishing and enforcement of the subdivision regulations.
priorities for the various projects that have been pro- The purpose of subdivision regulations is to
posed is a key part of the capital improvement program. plan, design and require construction by the
Setting priorities provides a method of linking policies developer of public facilities needed by new
with investment decisions. development—roads, storm drainage, sanitary
Adopting a capital improvements program would sewage, central water and other utilities. The
provide a means of coordinating a physical development state law says the areas of jurisdiction can be up
plan with a financial plan. to 4'/z miles outside the City. This shared City-
County jurisdiction is provided to permit
SUMMARY OF RESPONSIBILITIES reasonable development of public facilities
around the periphery of cities so that expensive
Citizen Participation sprawl and health problems can be prevented. It
The involvement of citizens of Bozeman in the is also to allow new development to conform to
master planning process was an important facet in the existing development so that the required public
development of the master plan. facilities can, in fact, be built and used at
The City-County Planning Board felt if the plan reasonable cost to the people.
did not suggest a path for future develolpment that the 2. The second item required of a planning board is
citizens could support, then some basic changes in the the preparation of a master plan covering the
plan would be necessary. area of planning jurisdiction. The area includes
To elicit citizen comment, the Planning Board the city, plus area extending up to 41/2 miles
utilized a variety of techniques to inform the citizens of around the City. The Master Plan is required to
the plan's purpose. be used as a guide for both the zoning and sub-
In 1978, citizen advisory committees were formed division regulations. Content of the Master Plan
to review and prepare a set of goals and policies address- is described in detail in the state law,but the law
ing identified problems. These goals and policies would is permissive.This means the description of con-
be incorporated into the update of the master plan. This tent in the law is only for the purpose of sugges-
document was later revised and updated and was incor- tion.
porated into the Goals and Policies section of this plan. The Planning Board is as important as any other
Newspaper articles were written summarizing in- public body in the community, but there are definite
formation contained in the plan. In January and limits to what it can do. It is primarily an advisory body.
February, 1983, presentations were made to service It is a creature of the County and City governments,and
organizations and civic associations and a number of in- it is financed by the people of the jurisdictional area for
formal public meetings were held to inform the public which it plans.
concerning the new master plan. Bozeman Zoning Commission
Advertised public hearings were then scheduled The major responsibility of the Bozeman Zoning
before the City-County Planning Board. These hearings Commission is to develop a comprehensive zoning or-
were open to any public comments. dinance and map that reflects the goals and policies of
Bozeman City-County Planning Board the adopted master plan. The commission is also
The Bozeman City-County Planning Board is or- responsible for review of all zoning matters within the
ganized in accordance with the State Code of Montana, city and its three-mile extraterritorial zoning jurisdic-
Section 76-1-101. The Planning Board is an agency of tion. It is required that the final report of the Zoning
Gallatin County, but it is not a part of the County Commission be reviewed by the City Commission body
government. The Planning Board is an agency of the before action can be taken on any zoning matter.
City of Bozeman, but it is not a part of the City govern- The Zoning Commission is comprised of seven
ment. The Planning Board serves without pay and acts members appointed by the City Mayor subject to confir-
as an advisory and administrative arm of the City and mation of the City Commission members.
County governments with the responsibility of guiding
development in the community. A report prepared for The Board of Adjustment
the Bozeman community in 1960 says, "A Planning The Board of Adjustment hears cases where
Board is a group of civic-minded individuals with im- anyone feels aggrieved by the terms and enforcement of
agination, courage, foresight, good judgment, and the zoning ordinance. It is a quasi-legal body; that is to
above all else,a vital interest in the welfare of their com- say it is to a certain degree a legal body. It is a fact-
munity." The report is correct. A planning board is not finding body. And it administers the zoning code.
meant to be a politically responsive body. The Planning Board of Adjustments are often pressured to make deci-
5-2
I
sions which, in effect, change or modify requirements City Manager who is directly responsible to five elected
of the zoning code or "remedy" legislative decisions. City Commissioners, one of whom is the Mayor.
But, contrary to popular belief, a board of adjustment Various departmental officials including the City
has little discretion. Its actions are circumscribed by the Attorney, the Public Works Director (who coordinates
zoning code and state enabling legislation. City Engineering,Water,Sewer,Cemetery, Street,Park
The two basic responsibilities of the Bozeman and Sanitations divisions)and the City Building Inspec-
Board of Zoning Adjustment are to hear appeals and for are appointed by the City Manager.
variances. An appeal is when someone alleges that there
is an error in the code or that the City zoning enforce- REVIEW AND AMENDMENTS
ment official has made an error in enforcement of inter-
pretation of the code. A variance is a dispensation from In order for the plan to remain useful, regular
the terms of the zoning ordinance where literal enforce- review and occasional amendments will be necessary.
ment of the ordinance would result in unnecessary hard- The development of the Planning Board's budget each
ship.The reasons for granting a variance are required to year will consist of a review of the Master Plan goals
be substantial, serious, compelling and unique to the and policies.
particular property. If the alleged "hardship" is im- The plan shall be reviewed by the Bozeman City-
posed on properties in general by the zoning require- County Planning Board every three years to insure that
ment, it is a legislative rather than a legal matter. It is the goals and policies still reflect the public interest. To
not unique to the specific property if it is imposed on insure that the plan is kept up-to-date, various data
properties in general, and it is not a responsibility of the sources will be revised annually. Census information,
Board of Adjustment. In most cases, the appeal com- building permits, land use changes and school enroll-
prises the administrative function of the Board of Ad- ments are an indication of changing conditions.
justment, and the variance comprises the legal function. Feedback from updating of facilities plans will also
The Board of Adjustment is one of the most often be monitored. Recreation plans, water and sewer plans,
misunderstood, most often criticized and most impor- road plans and others are much more detailed than the
tant public bodies in local government. Master Plan and any changes in these plans should be
Gallatin County Commission reflected.
Gallatin County administration is carried out by a Amendments to the Master Plan can take place by
board of County Commissioners consisting of three two separate processes. The Bozeman City-County
members who are elected representatives of three geo- Planning Board will conduct a review of the plan every
graphical areas of the county. The commissioners are three years and make any amendments to meet the
the primary County level policy-making group. The changing conditions of the community. Any amend-
commissioners are responsible for law enforcement, ments to be considered would be handled through the
road and bridge construction and maintenance, and public hearing process and a recommendation made to
land subdivision review and approval in the jurisdic- the City and County Commissions for further action.
tional area. The plan would also be able to be amended through the
master plan amendment process. The amendment re-
Bozeman City Commission quires that the proponent show that any change to the
City governmental functions are performed by a plan would be in the public's interest.
5-3