HomeMy WebLinkAbout72- Bozeman Area Plan Price — $15.00
wear C dMM ozeman
bowman
area Icy n
prepared by
bozeman city-count
planning board ita f
The preparation of this plan was financed
in part through an urban planning grant
from the Department of Housing and Urban
Development, under the provisions of
Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1954
as amended.
bozeman
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planning authormity
BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS
Ralph Armstrong, Chairman Clifford Pasha Walter Sales
BOZEMAN CITY COMMISSION
William Grabow, Mayor Carl Lehrkind III James Vollmer
Edmund Sedivy Milton Vandeventer
CITY-COUNTY PLANNING BOARD
H.C. Rose, Pres. Bruce Ellis Erhardt Hehn
Mrs. Jane Fitch, V.P. Walter Sales E. L. Bogart
R. C. Fargo William Grabow Richard Boylan
CITY-COUNTY PLANNING STAFF
Richard (Rick) Mayfield - Director Stephen Hanson -Planning Technician
William (Bill) Trimm -Associate Planner Linda Mooney-Secretary
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION 7 LAND USE PLAN 77
Scope 7 Locational Requirements 77
History 7 General Principles 77
History Highlights 8 Work Areas 77
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 13 Living Areas 77
Citizens' Advisory Committee 13 Leisure Time Areas 77
Planning Staff 17 Establishment of Use Areas 77
Land Use Standards 77
POPULATION 21 Developmental Proposals 78
Scope 21 City 78
Background Data -Total Population 21 Jurisdictional Area 78
Background Data -Census Divisions 22
Background Data -Sex Distribution 23 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 85
Conclusions 85
Minority Population 24 Recommendations 85
Findings 24
PHYSIOGRAPHIC 27 TABLES
Land Suitability 27
Analysis of Natural Features 27 Table No.
Recommended - Use Locations 29 1 Population 1930- 1970 21
Findings 30
2 Montana State University Enrollment 23
HOUSING 41
Scope 41 3 Forecast- Population 1971 - 1990 21
Existing Conditions 41 4 Distribution -Minority Population 24
Physical and Economic Aspects 43
Findings 45 5 Distribution - Housing Conditions 41
ECONOMIC 51 6 Percent Distribution - Housing 42
Labo, Force 51 7 Distribution - Housing Type 43
Occupational Composition of L. F. 51
Employment by Major Industry 51 8 Owner Occupied Units-Value 44
Selected I ndustry 52 9 Renter Occupied Units- Monthly Rent 44
Income - (Family) 52
Findings 52 10 Labor Force Characteristics 51
CIRCULATION 55 11 Employment by Occupation 51
Street Classification 55 12 Employment by Major Industry 52
Street Description 55
Design Standards 56 13 Selected Industry -County 52
Findings 56 14 Family Income -County 52
PARK AND RECREATION 63 15 Design Standards 56
Bozeman Parkland Needs 63
Findings 63 16 Bozeman Parkland Needs 63
LAND USE INVENTORY 67 17 Land Use Distribution -City 68
Existing Trends 67
Bozeman Analysis 67 18 Percent of Uses by Area 68
Jurisdictional Area Analysis 69 19 Land Use Distribution -J. A. 69
Community Facilities 70
Sewer and Water Plan 70 20 Distribution of Developed Area 71
Findings 71 21 Comparative Land Use Data 71
map/—fi urei
9
Map No. Figure No.
1 Limitations for Septic Disposal 31 1 Gallatin County Census Divisions 22
2 Limitations for Building Foundations 32 2 Population Growth -County 22
3 Limitation for Roads and Streets 33 3 Age -Sex Distribution 23
4 Slope Limitations 34 4 Suitability Methodology 27
5 Geologic Hazards 35 5 One Way Couplets 56
6 Hydrology and Flood Plains 36 6 Right-of-way Illustrations 57
7 Limitations Composite 37 7 Park Guidelines 64
8 Housing Condition 47 8 Bozeman Sectors 67
9 City Streets Plan 58 9 Jurisdictional Area Analysis Areas 67
10 Jurisdictional Area Streets Plan 59 10 Projected Urban Acreage 70
11 Existing Land Use-City 72
12 Existing Land Use -J. A. 73
13 Land Use Plans 82
cuct►on
introduction
NEED FOR PLANNING In a series of reports prepared in 1960, a consultant re-
Planning is basic to our society. In almost every function viewed and made recommendations on the major street
of our daily lives we involve a certain amount of planning. plan and prepared recommendations for a county zoning
It seems only logical for citizens of an area to insist their resolution, revisions of the subdivision ordinance, and esta-
local governments lay forth an organized plan for growth blishment of procedures for subdivision review. In 1967,
and development for all to follow. Planning Studies were done by Consulting Services Corpor-
I n promoting this theory, the Montana Legislature has ation and Ted J.Wirth and Associates. This plan included
provided enabling legislation for planning (11-3800 R.C.M.)
the jurisdictional area of the City-County Planning Board
which allows local governments to establish planning with elements of arterial streets, existing land use and park
boards.The state statute on planning charges planning and recreation development. As referred to in the plan,
boards with the responsibility of preparing master plans certain elements were not completed and a recommendation
for their jurisdictional areas. In keeping with this responsi- was made to have these done in the near future. Among
bility, the Bozeman City-County Planning Board has direct- the incomplete were an economic study and forecast, a
ed its staff to make necessary inventories and studies and population study and forecast, a land use plan, a public
organize information into a community plan. facilities plan, and a comprehensive plan to coordinate all
of the plans. The current studies are expanded to include
The information contained within this report is the the Bozeman area up to 4 1/2 miles from the city limits of
result of that directive. Bozeman. Studies also include elements that are lacking in
The Bozeman area encompasses eighty square miles and the previously adopted plan.The methodology used to
is located in the eastern portion of the Gallatin Valley. This develop the plan for the Bozeman area involved the basic
valley is highly productive in agriculture activities and is planning process. The goals and objectives for the com-
surrounded by various mountain ranges. Due to this geo- munity are defined and detailed. General inventories have
graphic setting, the Bozeman area is a highland climate with been prepared and analysis made for each particular land
four distinctive seasons. This area with its sparsely settled use. From the analysis, recommendations have been made
population, natural beauty, geographical setting and dis- for the implementation of the proposals set forth in the
tinctive climate is particularly vulnerable to rapid growth. plan.
Obviously, the associated problems of massive urban Several elements contained in the plan have not been
development are not prevalent in the area, at least not yet. studied in depth, rather a general analysis of these items
However, the area is currently experiencing many growing been made based on available information. These elements
pains which serve as examples of things to come. Without (transportation, parks and recreation and economics) should
some predetermined logical path to follow, it is inevitable therefore be programmed for further and more in depth
that the present growing pains will result in haphazard and study in the near future when resources are available. How-
undesirable development. The purpose, then, of this plan is ever,their general significance is still reflected in the com-
to provide a guideline for the future growth of the Bozeman prehensiveness of the Bozeman Area Plan.
area. In order to irsure orderly development in this unique
setting, the followin� plan includes recommendations for HISTORY
the public and private s;ctors to use when making decisions Bozeman is located at the southern end of Gallatin
concerning the physical development of the planning area. Valley. Thirty-five miles northwest, the Gallatin, Madison,
and Jefferson Rivers join to form the Missouri at Three
SCOPE Forks. The great valleys formed by these rivers provided an
A city planning report was prepared for the City of early thoroughfare for Indians coming eastward to hunt
Bozeman in 1958. This planning report did not include a buffalo on the plains and for ancient migration from the
land use plan or a comprehensive plan map for the city. Bearing Strait southward to Central and South America.
The master plan map presented in the report included only Because of the migration of many Indians through the area
the street plan. This report was the first step toward the and because heavy snows in winter prevented any tribe from
development of a comprehensive plan for the Bozeman using the valleys as permanent residences, the region was
Planning Area. early declared a "common hunting ground."
The first known visits to the area by white men were in John M.Jacobs in scouting a shorter route to the east in a
1805 by the Lewis and Clark Expedition. After resting at perilous adventure in 1863. On August 9, 1864, settlers on
the three forks, they followed the Jefferson River westward, the East Gallatin with Bozeman as chairman formed an asso-
then across the mountains and reached the Pacific Ocean. ciation to make laws and record farming claims for mutual
On the return trip,the expedition divided in western Mon- protection and thus founded the town of Bozeman.
tana. Clark came to the three forks, and following the ad- The location of Bozeman near the eastern mountain
vice of the trusted guide,Sacajewea, he took a course which passes caused it to grow rapidly. Traditionally,agriculture
lead him toward Bozeman Pass. On the night of July 14, has been the basis for Bozeman's growth, and today it is
1806,the Clark party camped at the site of Fort Ellis. The the center of one of the most productive agriculture and
establishment of Bozeman was planned in 1863 by William stock raising regions in the state. It was chosen as the site
J. Beall, Daniel E. Rouse, and John M. Bozeman. for Montana College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in
The story of John Bozeman is one of many epics of the 1893. Its steady growth has been based upon stable indus-
mountain west. In 1859 he left his native Georgia and came tries and the growth of the valley.
to the Deer Lodge Valley in Montana in 1862. He joined
history highlights
1803— Louisiana Purchase included this area.
1806— William Clark and party camped here.
8 1846— Montana, west of the Continental Divide became United States territory by treaty with England.
16 1864— Montana territory established on May 26. Organization founded for land claims and protection on August 9.
Town named for John Bozeman.
1865 — First flour mill completed. First school located at 130 East Main Street.
i
1866— First cattle drive from Texas to Montana by Nelson Story.
1867 — John Bozeman died on Mission Creek some ten miles east of Livingston. On April 17, Bozeman became county
seat for Gallatin County. Fort Ellis established three miles east of town.
1869 — First school house and first newspaper.
1870— Bozeman townsite formally platted. The national park idea proposed.
1872 — Yellowstone National Park, the first of the national parks created by act of Congress.
1874— Town incorporated.
1878 — Bozeman High School opened.
1880— First fire company organized.
1882 — Bozeman Chronicle began publication.
1883 — Bozeman declared a city. Northern Pacific Railroad reaches city.
1889 — November 8, Montana admitted to the union.
1890— City Hall and opera house completed.
1892 — Opening of Bozeman Hotel.
1893— Montana State College created by the legislature on February 16.
1896— First hospital built.
1899 — Gallatin County High School formed.
1922 — City Manager government adopted. I
1927 — Improved highway to West Yellowstone built.
1929 — Baxter Hotel--a community project completed.
1956— High School district changed from Gallatin to Bozeman High School. New Building at Main and Ninth Avenue
begun.
1964— Bozeman's centennial.
1965— Municipal Buildings—Administration, Fire and Police placed under construction. Bozeman Main Street and
North Seventh Avenue reconstructed. Montana State College name changed to Montana State University.
1966— Municipal Buildings dedicated April 23. Federal Building dedicated September 12.Old City Hall and Opera
House razed. Interstate Highway opened — Bozeman to Three Forks.
1967 — Frontier Airlines inaugurated air service in Bozeman, providing area with north-south air service for first time.
1968 — Extension of Bozeman City boundaries (Annexation of MSU property of approximately 300 acres)
Planning Board,City and County adopt Subdivision Regulations.
1969— New landfill opened,SE '/4, and a portion of SW%,Section 30, Township 1 South, Range 6 West. New
sewage plant put under construction,est.$1,753,900 construction contract.
1970— City Commission increased to five member Board for first time. First City-County Planner hired by Planning
Board.
1971 — Total construction of waste water treatment plant and interceptor sewer lines completed.West Main water
project approved — largest S.I.D. in City history.
1972 — Airport Master Plan completed. Revised Constitution for Montana passed. Historic 100-year-old Yellowstone
National Park rededicated.
History Highlights to 1956 from CITY PLAN FOR BOZEMAN MONTANA,S.R. DeBoer and Company,City
Planning Consultants, Denver,Colorado, 1958.
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Planning is viewed by some as a series of actions and deci- CIRCULATION
sions that are organized around and are moving toward the 1) Transportation facilities in and near Bozeman
accomplishment of objectives. In this context, at least,the should be consciously designed to minimize the disruption
goals must be identified for obvious attainment; but also, of existing community and neighborhood living patterns and
just as important, because they form the framework for values and to minimize the removal of productive land from
planning and also public and private decision making. tax rolls while providing the transportation needs of the
Goals are usually directly related to what the community community.
values most in the future development of their area. The 2) Major highway development near Bozeman where
citizens of the Bozeman area have expressed their values ever possible should be limited to major transportation cor-
which have been translated into goals for the community to ridors already in existence.
pursue for the planning period. In addition to the citizen's 3) Jackrabbit Lane should be given high priority for
goals the planning staff has also expressed their values for improvement as a potential connective link between High-
planning for the Bozeman Planning Area. way 191 and Interstate 90, especially for commercial ve-
CITIZENS'ADVISORY COMMITTEE hicles.
Bozeman area citizens participated in the formation of 4) The proposed Kagy Boulevard from Bear Canyon
this plan through activities on a Planning Advisory Commit- interchange to Gallatin Gateway should be revised for Kagy
tee. This Committee worked from March to June of 1971 to extend from Bear Canyon interchange and terminate at
to bring together ideas and values from the "grass roots" South Nineteenth Street.
level of how the area should develop. Individual ideas and 5) In development of Kagy Boulevard extreme care 13
values were joined together and presented as representative should be taken to protect existing residential areas.
goals and objectives from citizens of the Bozeman area.
Even though these citizen goals and objectives have not 6) It is recommended that high immediate priority be
given to the widening and improving of Highland Boulevard.
officially been adopted by the Planning Board or planning
taff,they are presented here to reflect views representative 7) It is recommended that circulation in the Bozeman
_)f area residents. (For a more detailed description of the Central Business district be improved to enhance the attrac
Committee's work see the final report entitled "A Final tiveness of the downtown area.
Report of the Bozeman Planning Area Citizens' Advisory The committee is also sympathetic with the idea of con-
Committee.) verting Babcock and Mendenhall Streets to one-way opera-
AGRICULTURE tion but is convinced that this should not be done without
1) Because of the high cost of bringing marginal or adequate study.
non-productive land into production, it is recommended g) It is recommended that alleys in the downtown area
that all urban developments (residential,commercial, and be improved and not vacated.
industrial) be on marginal or non-productive land.
9) Consideration should be given to safe pedestrian
2) It is recommended that future planning and devel- circulation between Willson and Emerson Schools if Babcock
opment take into consideration physical and natural limita- is converted to one-way operation.
tions such as soils conditions, hydrology,and geological
conditions. 10) It is recommended that Oak Street be planned as a
major arterial from Rouse Avenue to Nineteenth Avenue.
3) Local subdivision review boards should consider
the impact on existing community facilities such as schools, 11) All new utility lines should be placed underground
in all new subdivisions and within road right-of-way when
roads,fire protection and especially the tax burden on
farmers and ranchers when reviewing any proposed sub- ever feasible.
division development. 12) Road rights-of-way should be landscaped and
multiple usage should not be overlooked in future planning.
4) Due to the economic importance as well as the
aesthetic value of open agriculture land, we strongly recom- 13) Pedestrian and/or bicycle paths should be provided
mend land remaining in agriculture be taxed for that pur- adjacent to roads and streets much more frequently than
pose and the consideration of farm land preferential tax has been the case.
laws. 14) Consideration should be given to suitable bridle
5) Because of the excess silt and rapid run-off in paths from the Bozeman area to national forest areas.
ecent years we recommend a more concentrated effort to 15) Consideration should be given to pedestrian paths
protect the Gallatin Valley water shed. along streams in the area.
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL 8) The possibilities of establishing a community resi-
1) The central business district of Bozeman should be dential planning service should be studied.
expanded both north and south of Main Street to expand 9) High rise apartments or condominiums should be
the downtown core. allowed within two blocks of the perimeter of the University
2) A study should be made and consideration given to campus with a maximum number of floors not to exceed
a sign control ordinance. twelve.
3) Strip commercial development extending along High density housing in an area immediately adjacent to
major arterials of the city should be curtailed. the campus is highly desirable and in keeping with existing
4) Neighborhood convenience shopping areas should campus high-density housing.
be provided in strategic locations throughout residential
sectors of the city. 10) The current Bozeman City Zoning Ordinance
should be revised to allow four story apartments in A & B
5) Adequate requirements for off-street parking,front- zones.
age roads and landscaping should be made.
11) Adequate open space and playground areas should
6) Along Highway 191 west,only one neighborhood be provided around apartment complexes.
commercial shopping area should be allowed between Col-
lege Street exit and Four Corners. The location should be 12) The Bozeman Zoning Ordinance should be revised
at the Gooch Hill Intersection. to reduce the minimum floor area requirement in apart-
ments.
7) The present industrial area south of Main Street in
the vicinity of South Wallace Street should be eliminated. 13) It is recommended that a distinct zone be created
8) Industrial development to the north and east of for mobile home parks and travel trailer parks.
1
4 town should not be encouraged due to the flood plain level PARKS, RECREATION, AND SCHOOLS
of Bozeman Creek, East Gallatin River and Bridger Creek. 1) Consideration of recreational interests and needs.
16 9) Industrial development should be controlled through The assessment of recreational needs and interests of the
the use of performance standards instead of approval by the community should provide the basis for park acquisition and
City Commission. development.
10) Bozeman Zoning Code should include the following 2) Consideration of educational opportunities in park
commercial classifications: Central Business District, Neigh- development. A growing interest in ecology has prompted
borhood Business, Retail Commercial, and Heavy Commer- many school systems to use natural areas as classrooms to
cial. study marsh, pond,stream, prairie, or forest life or to study
RESIDENTIAL rock formations or soil.Such areas are also popular with
1) Multi-family housing should meet all the provisions
young groups, i.e.,Scouts. Consideration should be given to
of the city building codes and zoning codes regardless of this type of development.
whether the building is of new construction or a converted 3) Relationship of density and age of population to
older residential home. park needs. a) In areas of high density and multi-story
2) Preservation of existing trees on public streets apartments, more park land is required. This could include
play lots for small children, small areas with seating and
should be encouraged. sun pockets for the elderly, areas for active recreation or
3) Minimum set-back distances from roads in rural areas for informal gatherings. b) Building regulations for multi-
areas should be established and maintained. Cluster develop- story buildings should require more land to be developed
ment should also be encouraged. for outdoor use of the residents, such as play lots if the
4) It is recommended that any rural area approved for apartment is for families, outdoor seating and landscaping
platting meet the same right-of-way requirements for streets for others.c) Since areas zoned for apartments are not
and utilities as required in the City of Bozeman. usually new subdivisions with new park dedications, land
should be purchased in these areas for park use. Pocket
5) Subdivision developments should be discouraged parks should be considered.Some streets may be blocked
from location in highly productive agriculture areas. off for park use.
6) A study should be made to determine densities for 4) Aesthetic considerations. a) Some parks or sec-
the area.The density should be maintained through zoning tions of parks should be reserved as quiet areas and beauty
controls and encouraging cluster developments rather than spots. b) Consideration should be given, in the acquisition
row type of developments. of land,to outlaying natural beauty spots. c) The develop-
7) It is recommended that a design control committee ment of small beauty spots along with businesses or as small
be established for residential structures. park developments (such as downtown Soroptomist Park)
should be encouraged. d) Attention should be given to are other methods of financing mentioned in the Wirth
�antings along streets, around public buildings,schools, report on page 59.These should be investigated.
1 unty fair grounds,and around parking lots,etc. e) The RECREATION
,ity-County Planning Board, Park Board and civic groups
should work with the Highway Department in landscaping 1) Within the City of Bozeman, priority be given to
the development of play lots and neighborhood parks.
the interchange leading into Bozeman.The previously land-
scaped area near the interchange to the east should be pre- 2) Play lots should serve a quarter mile radius, be a
served and cared for. f) Unsightly areas should be inventor- city block in size and provide swings,slides,and sand boxes
ied and steps taken to clean them up. g) Special studies and for small children up to six years of age. In addition, some
efforts should be made to alleviate the ugliness of Main shaded rest areas should be provided with benches and
Street and North Seventh Avenue. h) As soon as park drinking water.The play lots should allow pedestrians the
land is dedicated a plan should be made for its development chance to walk about without interfering with other users.
and preservation in its natural state. i) South Eighth should 3) Neighborhood parks— play grounds should serve
be considered and maintained as a parkway. j) City-County one-half mile radius, be two to seven acres in size and pro-
comprehensive plans should recommend areas to be zoned vide recreational opportunities for those 5 to 18 years of
as conservation areas. age.Such parks should include swings, and gymnastic
5) Comprehensive Planning. a) Planning for parks and equipment,tennis and basketball courts,field space for
recreation must be comprehensive with a tentative area for ball games and shaded area for rest.Several picnic tables
parks, open areas, pathways,green belts,etc.,designed for and grills might be provided in the rest area. Toilet facilities
the whole Bozeman planning area (and eventually the entire are a necessity. Priority in the development of play lots and
county). b) Such a system requires coordination among all neighborhood parks should be given to: a) An area north
those concerned and responsible. A park and recreation of Main and east of Rouse Street. b) Area west of Eighth 15
council of some kind, with representatives from the city, and south of Main Street. c) Married student housing, MSU.
the county,the university, school districts,special planning d) Subsequent areas for development be ranked by popu-
districts,state and federal agencies involved and private and lation density and park need, using the guidelines established
civic groups should be established. c) Planning for parks by the National Recreation and Parks Association.
,nd recreation must be part of an overall comprehensive 4) Kirk Park and the old Elks' golf club be developed
3n. Residential growth should be given some direction so as community parks to serve the entire city.Special con-
,at it might take to the hillsides rather than eating up sideration in these parks should be given to the develop-
agriculture lands. (The west slopes of the Bridgers, the ment of a Little League complex,top quality tennis courts
Story Hills,etc.,should be encouraged as areas of residen- and the provision of picnicking areas and facilities for family
tial expansion.) A land capabilities element in the compre
use.
hensive plan would give direction to residential as well as
open space and conservation area acquisitions. 5) Land in the flat area east of Third Street,which
will be dedicated by Sour Dough Creek Properties, be dev-
6) Financing a system of parks and open space.
eloped into ball fields.This would permit the removal of
a) A comprehensive plan of financing parks should be con
sidered. It is recommended that any bond issue which may the ball field, bleachers, and lights, etc., located on the
North Grand Park, and this land could be developed as
be proposed for the construction of a swimming pool should
also include funds for the necessary construction of new ball playground for American Legion housing.
parks, tennis courts,etc.,and the major renovation pro- 6) The City of Bozeman acting alone or in conjunction
jects needed in existing parks. Development of the old with the County should make an arrangement whereby the
country club sight (end of North Grand Park) especially if County Fair Ground land could be used as a community or
the old ball field is moved and the sight of the old landfill county wide park, meeting some of the highly developed
dump might be included. Other park areas such as Langohr recreational needs.Such uses might include the development
Park and the Westridge Parks, might more appropriately be of a ball field with bleachers and lights and possibly a cycle
funded and developed through neighborhood special improve- track. Development of a camping area might be considered.
ment. c) If a county levy is requested, its use should be Similarly the exhibition buildings could be used for indoor
designated for recreational purposes of value to both city sports such as volleyball,tennis,skating,as well as for ex-
and rural people. d) Park development matching funds are hibits, lectures and adult education classes.
available on a 50-50 matching basis from the Bureau of 7) A system of bicycle, riding and hiking trails be
Outdoor Recreation. Funds from local government bond developed within the jurisdictional area to serve residents
issues and special improvement district can be matched. in town.A few areas should be given special consideration.
'onations of time labor, equipment, planting materials,etc., It would be possible to link city parks and
in also be matched. In any small,extensive project of park jurisdictional area open space lands with narrow
development,these funds should be considered. e) There pathways,starting at Lindley Park, a path might
be developed through land proposed for cemetery Schools,a Recreation Council composed of providers, users
expansion to the old Elk's Country Club area, and citizens interested in recreation be created. The purpose
from there through land held by the Deaconess of the Recreation Council would be: a) To provide an oppof
Foundation for future development to the area tunity for exchange of program information ideas. b) Plan
around Hyalite Subdivision. Here the dedicated and develop recreation programs that can only be carried out
lands make up drainage courses,some of which on a cooperative basis.Such programs would include summer
would be suitable for trails. The area in the north- use programs, etc. c) Serve as both an advisory group to
eastern part of this park land is not accessible by the City Recreation Board, Commissioners,and County
road, but could make a good pathway picnic area. Planning organizations as well as being a vehicle through
From the place this trail would meet Kagy, it could which public support for such items as bond issues could be
split with one section going out Kagy to where stimulated.
a few new subdivisions are developing and the 14) The Recreation Council in cooperation with local
other section going down Kagy to Langohr Park press and radio, publish a quarterly schedule of activities
then back through the park with the possibility available in the greattr Bozeman area.
of following the Milwaukee Railroad lines or
cutting to the area not yet annexed to the city, 15) The Recreation Council consider the following pro-
then west of Sour Dough Creek back to Lindley gram measures: a) encouraging and helping local churches,
Park. Another route might leave Kagy at the west clubs, merchants, etc.,to sponsor-without recognition - a
side of the golf course and follow the creek out decentralized system of youth drop-in centers. b) in con-
to the new Westridge Park, then up the hill and junction with bankers,Chamber of Commerce and other
over to South Third where a path could follow the influential citizens, study the feasibility of creating some
road to Goldenstein Lane along it and back on form of community foundation to which bequests and gifts
Sour Dough Road. could be made for the beautification of Bozeman, and the
,6 advancement of cultural and recreational opportunities.
8) Camping, picnicking and rest areas should be pro- c) assist groups,such as the Senior Center, in finding suitable
opvided for tourist and the Interstate traveler.The north program facilities.
Ninth Park, the Fair Grounds or the landfill dump sight
might be developed. Proprietary tourist areas should be 16) Proprietors of commercial developments be encour-
aged to develop facilities that would especially serve the needs encouraged. Land for this special use might be acquired
through the cooperation of local, state, and federal agencies, of the tourist and interests traveler.Such facilities would
include overnight camping, temporary camptrailer parks,
9) Some form of City-County political structure be dining and entertainment facilities.
created such that this body or bodies could secure funds for
the acquisition, development and maintenance and planning 17) In general,where a recreation use is very specialized,
or limited demand and high cost, it be provided by commer-
of park and recreation areas,which serve and are used by cial proprietary interests.Specific needs are for stable riding
residents of the entire county.
facilities, indoor skating, skeet shooting, automobile and
10) The county and the Fish and Game Department cycle racing.
should provide more fishing access sights, appropriately
18) All commercial proprietary operators be subject to
marked. all licensing and applicable zoning laws and that these be en-
11) The City Recreation Board and Commissioners forced.
create an Ad Hoc Development Committee consisting of 19) Some form of community recognition be instituted
School Board, County and State officials, interested citizens, to recognize citizen initiation and citizen let programs de-
and groups such as the YMCA,Swimming Pool Committee signed to meet special cultural/recreational interests and
and Chamber of Commerce to consider the development and needs.Challenges awaiting citizen led groups are organizing
financing and location of the following: a) Indoor-outdoor a historical tour of Bozeman, a botanical garden,etc.
swimming pool. Consideration should be given to an AAU SCHOOLS
size pool, or even two pools separately rather than the 1) Acquisition of additional school sites and related
present emphasis on an Olympic size pool. b) Indoor gym- problems: a) This committee is in agreement with the Board
nasium - recreation complex, to include recreational gym of Trustees that a school site of not less than 10 acres
and meeting room facilities for people of all ages. c) Civic
auditorium to seat 500-1200 people. (Willson School has should be acquired in the Bridger Drive area. Because of
the expected low density of the area between the Bridger been suggested.) d) Enlarge and improve library.
Canyon entrance and the Bridger Bowl ski area, it is recom-
12) This Ad Hoc Development Committee seriously mended that the school site be located near the mouth of
consider preparing and authorizing a bond issue to fund the the canyon. b) Sell or trade the District No. 7 property
prospects listed in recommendations No. 11,a-d. adjacent to the fair grounds,and the Placek property.
13) That, under the aegis of the Citizens' Advisory c) Because of the access,exchange the Thompson site for the
Committee and the Subcommittee on Parks, Recreation and park area that is immediately to the west. d) If the Rosary
School closes,every effort should be made to obtain the mittees within the Citizens' Advisory Committee but did
land and building. e) Each school should develop its own not pertain to the subject of the specific committee.
r hrary and resource center, rather than trying to create a Nevertheless,these ideas are worthy of the same con-.
,ntral resourceteria. f) This committee agrees that the sideration as those above.
Willson Building is unsuitable as a school. Its location in 1) Recently passed flood plain zoning laws should be
relation to traffic and its small grounds area make it unde- used to protect the flood plains from deterimental develop-
dirable. g) There is zonsiderable community support for ment.
community schools at a K-6 level (for both rural and city). 2) Adequate park area should be required in mobile
If one new community school could be acquired,this could home parks similar requirements for park dedication within
be accomplished,eliminating the need for the Willson new subdivisions.
Building as a school. There would have to be a change in the 3) An urban renewal project should be given serious
tax structure to allow rural children to enter Junior High
at the 7th grade level, rather than the 9th, as the present and prompt attention to the area along Bozeman Creek
north of Main Street.
structure allows.
2) Extra-curricular and recreational activities: a) Ac- 4) The city should be encouraged to implement a plan
quire land and facilities that would give much more emphasis giving priority to the extension of city sewer and water ser-
to intramural athletic programs and would allow an active vices to areas designated as most desirable for residential
and sustained participation by all students. b) Plan and con- development.
struct facilities that can adequately accommodate the crea- 5) There should be a requirement for certain improve-
tive arts. Investigate the concept of oral arts classrooms in ments within all new subdivisions.
schools at all levels. c) The school facilities should be avail-
able for creative and physical activities by all members of PLANNING STAFF
the community, provided supervision and maintenance are In addition to ideas and goals of the Citizens' Advisory 1
7
funded,and if such activities do not interfere with the Committee,the planning staff has used the following broad
school's commitment to youth. goals as parameters for study and analysis of various elements
3) Rural Schools: a) It is recommended that the rural of the plan. (These ideas and goals do not necessarily reflect
schools (K-6) be maintained as long as the community de- those of the members of the City-County Planning Board.)
-es them. b) Take steps to phase out the position of County 1) Develop a balance and variety of land uses in such
iperintendent of Schools, placing the rural schools under a manner that will fulfill the behavior patterns of individuals,
the administration of the appropriate District Superintendent, institutions, families,and firms of the area.
(Each school maintaining its own Board of Trustees) for the 2) Maintain an agricultural atmosphere and economic
purpose of offering better educational resources. c) Take base for the area.
necessary steps to offering better educational resources. 3) Promote and develop a sufficient amount and ade-
d) This committee would like to see a stronger liason be- quate housing for all.
tween city, rural and parochial schools.
4) Offer a creative design and insure individuality and
4) Career Education (Vo-Tech): a) Adult education identity in housing types.
(Vo-Tech) is now ten years old and presently services about
1500 people in the fields of career education and avocational 5) Establish a dynamic and safe circulation system
that will accommodate different activities of the area.
interests. b) The Career Education program should be
strongly encouraged by all segments of the community, 6) Preserve the natural environment in such a manner
even though it questions the "American Dream" that all that the physical development and natural environment can
should prepare for college. function inter-relatedly.
ADDITIONAL GOALS 7) Establish a dynamic system of community facili-
The following goals were suggested by various subcom- ties that will serve the community in the most proper manner.
o,
ul
ptlOt►
���Illj�ll^ph
u iq�iii�'u9ul�i
lild i „
ppulaoSCOPE
tion The scope of work herein includes a forecast of total pop-
ulation for each 1970 Gallatin County census division:
The inclusion of a population element within a compre- Bozeman, Bozeman Rural, Belgrade, Gallatin Gateway,
hensive plan is imperative; primarily due to its reliability in Manhattan,Three Forks, and West Yellowstone. The
measuring an areas past and future growth.To effectively county census divisions boundaries are outlined in Figure
forecast the population for the planning period, existing 1.The Planning period covered by this study is 1971-1990
trends must be analyzed. Information concerning the with year by year forecast to 1980 and point forecasts at
characteristics of the existing population are projected 1985 and 1990. Each forecast by census division has an
into the future based on economic and demographic para- upper limit, a lower limit, and a most likely forecast. In
meters. From population projections, the need for housing, addition to the above data, the census divisions of Bozeman
utilities, highways, major streets, and community facilities and Bozeman Rural were detailed into expected population
can be adequately planned. by age grouping and sex. The age groups are: under 5, 5 to
9 years, 10 to 14 years, 15 to 19 years, 20 to 24 years, 25
Generally, population data is being constantly used in to 34 years, 35 to 64 years and over.As in any projections
the development and evaluation of municipal services and or forecast procedure,judgments and assumptions must be
facilities.They may be used to study the changing age com- made.Any change in these will,of course,affect the re-
position of an area in order to evaluate the impact on local sulting forecast. It is the opinion that all judgments,assump-
services. tions, and procedures used are reasonable in light of historic,
Because of the relative significance of population pro- current, and expected conditions and that the results re-
jections, it was necessary to select a competent firm exper- flect the dynamics of change in Gallatin County.
ienced in sophisticated projection methods. It was agreed
upon by the City-County Planning Board that T.A.P. Inc., BACKGROUND DATA AND METHODOLOGY RELATING
TO TOTAL POPULATION 21
of Bozeman met such requirements and thus were selected
to provide such a study. The following is a synopsis of that The Bureau of Census historic population for Gallatin
study. County and the included county census divisions are out-
lined in Table 1, 4P
Table 1 Population- 1930- 1970
Table 3 FORECAST - COUNTY CENSUS DIVISION County
Census Division 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970
TOTAL POPULATION UPPER, MOST LIKELY & Gallatin
LOWER LIMITS, 1971-1980, 1985 & 1990 County 16,124 18,269 21,902 26,045 32,505
-ounty Census Division 1971 1972 1975 1980 1985 1990 Bozeman 6,855 8,655 11,325 13,361 18,670
BOZEMAN Bozeman
Upper Limit 19,703 20,424 22,769 29,180 35,969 42,379 Rural NA NA NA 4,087" 4,029"
Most Likely 19,508 20,024 21,685 26,944 32,346 36,948
Lower Limit 19,313 19,624 20,601 23,603 26,685 29,558 Belgrade NA NA NA 2,446 2,951
BOZEMAN RURAL Gallatin
Upper Limit 4,234 4,367 4,863 6,302 7,721 9,121 Gateway NA NA NA 1,019 1,469
Most Likely 4,192 4,281 4,631 5,819 6,943 7,952
Lower Limit 4,150 4,195 4,399 5,097 5,728 6,362 Manhattan NA NA NA 2,575 2,448
BELGRADE Three Forks NA NA NA 1,958 1,839
Upper Limit 3,141 3,240 3,650 4,425 5,333 6,309
Most Likely 3,110 3,176 3,3B1 4,086 4,796 5,500 Vilest
Lower Limit 3,079 3,112 3,212 3,579 3,957 4,400 Yellowstone NA NA NA 599 1,099
GALLATIN GATEWAY
Upper Limit 1,571 1,620 1,813 2,326 2,690 3,01E *The reason for the notable reduction of population of
Most Likely 11,555 1,588 1,727 2,14E 2,419 2,631 Bozeman Rural census division between 1960 and 1970 is
Lower Limit 1,539 1,556 1,641 1,882 1,996 2,105
primarily attributed to annexed land to the City of Bozeman.
MANHATTAN
Upper Limit 2,493 2,500 2.470 2,604 2,796 3,085 Prior to the 1960 Census, population data was recorded
Most Likely 2,443 2,451 2,234 2,404 2,074 2,690
152 based on precincts;and any comparison of county census
Lower Limit 2,443 2,402 2,234 2,106 2,074 2,152
division data with precinct data in areas other than Bozeman
THREE FORKS
Upper Limit 1,844 2,831 2,891 2,181 2,397 2,742 and the total county is impossible.Thus, no census division
Most Likely ,,826 1,795 1,801 2,014 2,156 2,391 totals appear in the other five divisions from 1930 to 1950.
Lower Limit 1,808 1,759 1,711 1,764 1,779 1,913
WEST YELLOWSTONE The historic and projected population figures for the
Upper Limit 1,162 1,162 1,235 1,454 1,696 1,920 Bozeman and Bozeman Rural divisions must be analyzed
Most Likely 1,138 1,116 1,117 1,343 1,258 1,674
339 with special understanding. As the City of Bozeman annexed
Lower Limit 1,138 I,116 1.117 1,176 1,256 1,339
populated areas,the relationship between the divisions
changes independent of normal population factors. This
occurred between 1960 and 1970 and will undoubtedly
occur in the future.The forecasts of these two divisions in
nllaRArn
this study necessarily assume no boundary changes. There is,
of course, no accurate method of anticipating annexed areas
nor their timing.
THREE One major factor which influences the population level
FORKS l of Bozeman and Gallatin County is Montana State Univer-
BOZE AY11A111N MAN sity.The results of a recently completed student enrollment
BOZEMAN forecast are contained in Table 2. The estimated growth of
GAIIATIN
RURAL student enrollment is projected to be relatively stable
GATEWAY throughout the period from 1970 to 1980, reaching a
peak of approximately 8,692 students in 1978.
Net migration was then calculated using recorded birth,
death,and total population.To arrive at an adjustment fac-
tor which considered planned and expected development
WEST
YELLOWSTONE activity extraneous to the base forecast, occupational back-
ground employment data was utilized. An analysis was made
of the Gallatin County population levels of eleven occupa-
tional categories listed by the Bureau of Census for the
years 1950- 1970. Estimates were then made of the future
rates of change based on this analysis and forecast of de-
22 cline and growth in similar categories, as done in recent
studies in the Pacific Northwest and the upper Mid-West.
These rates of change for the occupational classifications
were then used to project future population levels. The
rates of change range from a negative 3.4 percent to a
positive 5.4 percent. The negative end of the scale was
mainly due to the decrease in farm and ranch occupations.
The positive end of the scale was mainly attributed to the
increase in professional and service industries. These rates
of change for the occupational classifications were then
used to project future population levels. From this employ-
Figure 2 ment data, an annual total population figure was computed
197E-1IN COUNTY POPULATION GROWTH based on this historic relationship of total population as a
1971 — 1990 function of total employment.
uxo„eos
360„
xo
BACKGROUND DATA AND METHODOLOGY RELATING
70,�, TO COUNTY CENSUS DIVISION TOTAL POPULATION
�^ An analysis was made of historical population relationship
of each of the divisions of the county. This revealed a strong
statistical trend for only the Bozeman division. A lineal line
260 was fitted to the historic Bozeman and projected to 1980.
Z40
220 With the historic relationships of the remaining six cen-
20 sus divisions tempered by the identification of growth areas,
1B0 a matrix was developed for year-by-year percentage dis-
160 tribution of the remaining county population. The principal
growth divisions in the county were judged to be Bozeman,
10 Bozeman Rural, Belgrade,and Gallatin Gateway.
100
so The trend was altered downward slightly beyond 1980 as
eo1.n.„nurr the population of the county became larger. This is primarily
Be19raL b
due to the projected development occurring outside the
—' —
,p{, LG Bozeman area after 1980.The Bozeman census division has
1971 lei; 19" M4 1975 1976 1977 lylry Wn 11RM 'M 1990 been, and is projected to continue to account for approxi-
mately 60%of the county population.
BACKGROUND DATA AND METHODOLOGY and secondary school enrollment capacity.
RELATING TO AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTION The age-sex breakdown (pyramid - Figure 3) is repre-
Birth rates, death rates, and migration determine the sentative of a qualitative pattern of population distribution
jrowth or decline of any population,sometimes character- which deals with the attributes by which individuals or
ized with the movement of that population in contrast to groups may be characterized. In this category,concern is
its structure.The characteristic groupings which make up wit'. the attributes of people, not the environment. An
the peculiar structure of the population at any particular attribute (a specific quality of the population) may be of
time or its changing structure over a period are known as use when it is discovered there is a connection between it
its composition. Of these groupings, none are more impor- and the behavior, attitudes, motivations,or aspirations of
tant than age and sex. It is essential that particular attention individuals or groups.
be paid to the age and sex of populations in order to plan The general past trends in sex distribution in Montana
for the necessities of that population over a continuous and the county census divisions indicate a slow evening out
period of time. For example,the impact of population of male-female ration of population. The percent of the total
growth on public facilities is being witnessed in communities Gallatin County population that is male has moved from
throughout the country. The age breakdown of school child- 52.2 , ircent in 1930 to 51.1 percent in 1970.The census
ren coupled with the fertility rate of childbearing women divisions show very similar patterns. This"evening" trend
can be used to gain an understanding of future elementary was assumed to continue through 1990.
Table 2 MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY ENROLLMENT RESIDENT& NON-RESIDENT STUDENTS*
Actual Projected
Student 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 2.3
Resident 6,766 6,867 6,967 6,988 7,001 7,052 7,098 7,118 7,110 7,095
Non-Resident 1,347 1,444 1,540 1,545 1,548 1,559 1,569 1,574 1,572 1,568
TOTAL 8,113 8,311 8,507 8,533 8,549 8,611 8,667 8,692 8,682 8,663
*As obtained from Montana State University,April 1972.
Figure 3 AGE—SEX DISTRIBUTION, BOZEMAN 1972 AGE—SEX DISTRIBUTION,GALLATIN-COUNTY 1972
Age 65 65 and
&over over
35-64 — 35.64
25-34 25-34 'ITU
20.24 - 20-24
15-19 15-19
Males Females Males Females
10.14 — 10-14
5-9_ — - 5-9
under 5 — under 5
Population 222018 1614 1210 B 6 4 2 2 4 6 8 10121416182022 44 36 28 20 12 8 4 4 8 121620242832364044
in hundreds 40 32 24 16
1 -
MINORITY POPULATION racial segregation and inequalities in employment, income,
The total number of minorities (Negro, Indian,Japanese, housing, and other necessary amenities. Many metropolitan
Chinese, Filipino, and other) is exceptionally small in Gal- places have areas where minorities are concentrated in older
latin County.This small number is primarily attributable to portions of the city which is primarily due to the income
the lack of industrialism within the county. Usually,areas levels and a host of cultural aspects. Because of the small
that have moderate to large concentrations of industrial size of the minority population,the social and cultural
operations also have a correspondingly large percentage of problems common to other metropolitan areas are absent
minorities within their population working as unskilled within Gallatin County.
laborers.
As indicated by the preceding chart, there are a total of
Table 4 DISTRIBUTION OF MINORITY POPULATION* 302 individuals of minority races within the county.Seventy-
GALLATIN COUNTY seven percent are situated inside the Bozeman city limits,
%OF %OF TOTAL with the next largest percent (7.9) located in the Bozeman
PLACE NON-WHITE NON-WHITE POPULATION WHITE Rural division. This concentration is due primarily to employ-
Bozeman 234 77.5 073 18,436 Bozeman Rural 24 7.9 ment or academic connections with Montana State University,
Bozeman 234 77.5 0.73 18,436
Bozeman Rural 24 7.9 0.07 4,005 FINDINGS
Belgrade 10 3.3 0.03 2,941
Gallatin Gateway 10 3.3 0.03 1,459
Manhattan 9 3.0 0.02 2,439 1. Gallatin County has experienced an enormous
Three Forks 15 5.0 0.05 1,824
West Yellowstone 0 0.0 0,00 1,099 growth during the past few decades. This growth is expected
99
TOTALS 302 100.0 0.93 32,203 to continue through 1990.
24 2. Minority population in the county has always been
Associated with large concentrations of unskilled minor- significantly small and is not expected to change in the near
:ties in the dominant white urban class, are problems of future.
�� ► Ic 1
dol i'
G
phyfilographic
building foundations, and road and street development were
selected to represent the remaining portion of the man-land
relationship which also pose continuing problems to the
Man,whether he is aware of it or not, is a process— a natural environment.
human process. He reproduces his own and carries out a life The degree of limitation is measured in terms of slight,
cycle measured in years. Nature, is also a process.The cycle moderate and severe. Factors rated as SLIGHT are relatively
of plants,animals, geomorphology,climate,etc., all are free of limitations or have limitations that are easily over-
part of the sphere of natural reoccurring phenomena.So, come. Factors rated as MODERATE have limitations that
let it be recognized that there are two processes at work on need to be recognized but can be overcome with sound con-
the earth — the human process and the natural process. It is struction and sound design. Factors rates as SEVERE would
the relationship between these two processes that will domi- indicate that limitations are severe enough to make develop-
nate the physiographic element of the comprehensive plan. ment questionable. However,this is not to say that the
severe factor cannot be overcome for a specific use, but it
Planning is a dual phase relationship — a relationship does mean that careful planning and design is warranted if
between man and the land: In most past efforts, planning development is to occur in a severely rated area. In some
has exclusively dealt with people — the human process.
However,there has been little or no recognition of the cases a limitation may not be economically feasible to cor-
land which supports man's activities. Planning, if it is to be rect. For proposed developments with any degree of limita-
meaningful and successful, must start to be involved with tion, a detailed professional on-site investigation is needed.
the other part of the planning process—the natural pro- The degree of limitation which is represented on the
cess. It is when the human process and the natural process human use maps and the natural use maps are then super-
are collectively considered that successful planning imple- imposed to establish a composite land suitability map.
mentation can follow. 27
ANALYSIS OF NATURAL FEATURES AS NATURAL
The purpose, then, of this element is to evaluate Bozeman CONSTRAINTS
and its jurisdictional area in terms of physical features that The following is a discussion and analysis of the natural to
may be advantageous or detrimental to urbanization. From features which were used in evaluating the Bozeman Area
this analysis, areas can be defined dealing with the following: for land suitability.
1) Where urbanization should occur.
2) What,use should be applied to the area.
3) At what density urbanization should occur. Figure 4
LAND SUITABILITY MAP METHODOLOGY
LAND SUITABILITY
Delineating areas where development should or should Selection of urban uses Selection of natural
not occur warrants the preparation and use of land suitabil- to represent features to represent
ity maps. Land suitability maps define areas where develop-
ment should or should not occur given the impact the human
process would have on the natural process. Urban development Natural constraints
Planning usually fails if the expense comes as a surprise
and failure is particularly painful if the expense could have
been avoided by choice of an equally suitable location where Evaluate urban development in
the land features were more appropriate to the use. So, an
indirect objective of the land suitability maps are to extract terms of natural constraints
the element of surprise (dealing with natural features) from
planning.
Establish a degree of limitation
METHODOLOGY USED
*Slight
The basic premise used in establishing a land suitability
map is the recognition that there is a direct relationship be- *Moderate
tween man and the land. Realizing this, the methodology *Severe
can be expressed in more detailed terms. First,to represent
the natural environment, several natural features were se-
lected that cause continuing problems to man's urban envi- Composite overlay
onment. The selection was limited to soils, hydrology, Land suitability map
geologic hazards and topography. Then, several examples of
man's urban development, such as septic disposal fields,
SOILS — Many persons think of soils as a lifeless residual BR DGER SOILS—The Bridger soils are most exten-
layer which has somehow accumulated over a long period of sive on the foothills and alluvial fans of the Bridger Moun-
time and which merely holds a supply of organic materials tains and northly foothills of the Gallatin Range.These
necessary for plant growth.As soil science has developed, soils comprise about ten percent of the area. They devel-
however, it has become known that the soil is a dynamic op in loam or clay loam materials on upland fans and
layer in which many complex chemical, physical,and bio- terraces. Elevations range from 4500 to 6000 feet and
logical activities are considered as naturally reoccuring phe- the mean annual precipitation is between 18 and 24 in-
nomena. ches.These are well drained,dark colored soils. They
Far from being a static, lifeless zone, it is a changing and have a moderately thick loam surface and thick clayey
developing body. Thus, understanding the soils of a given subsoil.The subsoil is underlain by calcareous stoney
area is vital to determining the many limitations to land use and gravel loams to a depth of 60 inches. Gravel,cobble-
productivity and also in developing holding capacities of stone, and stone comprise five to thirty percent of the
densities in an area.Their nature is extremely complex due volume throughout the soil profile.
to the elements that are involved in their formation. SLOPE —Slope is the natural configuration of the sur-
Soil types are usually grouped into associations depen- face of the land. The important consideration of slope deals
dent upon the locality of the soil type. Associations are with the degree of erosion,soil creep,and human accessi-
groups of two or more soil types which have similar prop- bility of the gradient.The slope has been classified as slight,
erties and are sometimes limited to less than an acre of moderate,and severe as have the other natural limitations.
area.The following discussion as presented in SOIL INTER- A slight limitation is between 0-8 percent;a moderate
PRETATIONS FOR LAND USE PLANNING AND DEVEL- limitation is between 8- 15 percent;and a severe limitation
OPMENT IN THE GALLATIN VALLEY AREA, MON- would be over 15 percent. This breakdown has been ex-
TANA by Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Mon- tracted from FHA statistics dealing with the suitability of
28 tana State University, Bozeman will be concerned mainly dwelling units of different slope gradients.
with several factors of selected associations prevalent in the The west valley portion of the planning area is relatively
4P planning area. It will also deal with the general location of level with a slope gradient of 0-8 percent. The northern
the association, its formative derivation, its characteristics, portion of the planning area contains slight and moderate
and of course,the hazards that it may present for a parti- slope gradients. The northeastern and eastern area both con-
cular land use. tain varying degrees of moderate and severe slope gradients.
The southwestern area for the most part has a slight limita-
ASSOCIATIONS tion, however, there are some coulees or gulches located
BOZEMAN SERIES—The Bozeman soils are most within the area that can present problems for development.
extensive in the vicinity of Bozeman and southeastern Slope gradient is a relative phenomenon which varies with
part of the valley. These soils comprise about five per- different geographic areas of the country. A moderate limi-
cent of the area.The developing calcareous silt loam tation as established by FHA for the Rocky Mountain re-
materials are found on upland fans and terraces. Eleva- gion of the country may be a severe limitation in the central
tions range from 4500 to 6000 feet. Mean annual pre- plains of the country.Consequently,relativeness of the area
cipitation is 16 to 24 inches.These soils are well drained must be considered.
and dark in color. They have a moderately thick silt loam GEOLOGIC HAZARDS— Geologic hazards are included
surface layer and a thick silty clay loam subsoil. The sub- here as a limiting factor due to the effect that they have on
soil is underlain by calcareous silt loam to a depth of 60 the other natural features such as soil,slope,and hydrology.
inches.This soil should mainly be used for grain, hay, There are,however,several predominant geologic conditions
and wildlife. in the area that may warrant hazardous conditions. For
The main portion of the Bozeman Series has been example,there is a fault zone running in a northwest direc-
tion to the westerly boundary of the Bridgers and on the
rated severe for urbanization.A severe limitation is northern boundary of the Gallatin Ranges. This is an area of
present in septic waste disposal use and also building geologic separation of the crust of the earth and obviously
foundations with basements due to the short distance to groundwater (0-3 feet) and poorly drained soils. should be avoided for any type of development. Most of the
Bozeman Valley in the northwest,west, and southern areas
The road and street development use is inter-relatedly is located in an area of alluvial fans.Alluvial fans are geo-
mixed between a severe and a moderate classification logic conditions by which gravels and sandy gravels are
throughout the northwest, west, and southwest analysis deposited through extreme deposition.The alluvial fan in
areas of the jurisdictional area (see page 67 for analysis the Bozeman Valley was deposited by way of Cottonwood
areas). The severe limitation for the road and street and Hyalite Canyons.This presents a moderate limitation
development is classified due to the predominantly weak due to its compaction for building purposes.Also,within
load bearing capacity of the soil, the fan itself are known to be different lenses of sand and
water.There is also a known granite dome located in the area top soil,vegetation and natural topographic conditions. In
of the university which could indicate a small mountain their place,compacted soils,stree pavement and roofs have
ridge located beneath the ground level. been substituted which obviously increase the flooding
Fluviatile (another form of alluvium) is a river bed de- hazard.
posit,classified as moderate limitation due to the silts and Encroachment by urban development into the flood
clays in the immediate area. Permeability of the soil is very plain at some time will inevitably result in economic loss
low and is difficult for urban development due to the pro- and possibly human loss as tragic examples are evident
found depth to groundwater in certain areas.The steep throughout the country.Therefore,the recognition and
slopes,coupled with the silts and clays in this fluviatile area delineation of a flood plain can obviously improve the
warrant good construction and design and building founda- quality of our living environment.
tion footings.
HYDROLOGY— Hydrology deals with the investigation RECOMMENDED USE LOCATIONS
and analysis of water based phenomena, i.e.,groundwater, The use locational analysis is arrived at through the com-
surface water and probability of flooding. Hydrologic con- posite use suitabilities map which defines where and to what
ditions are included here as a natural constraint due to the extent certain uses should occur according to the suitable-
varying effect upon urbanization. ness of the land to support each use. The purpose of this
For example,where the depth to the groundwater is be- discussion is not necessarily to limit an area to only that use
tween 0- 3 feet it is considered a severe limitation for urban- which was selected through the land suitability map. A use
ization for reasons of potential groundwater pollution from contrary to a suggested use could be located elsewhere,how-
on site sewage disposal systems. However, if a central sewage ever,a great deal of economic expense will have to be real-
treatment and disposal system was installed to serve a rural- ized in order to situate a use which is contrary to the natural
suburban area the factor of groundwater pollution would be constraints. In this case the developer will have to accom-
diminished and the severe limitation could be upgraded to a plish one of two things. First, he will either have to upgrade 29
moderate or perhaps slight limitation given the particular the severe limitation to either a moderate or hopefully a
situation.Where the depth to groundwater is between 3- 10 slight limitation.This can be accomplished by adjusting the
feet there may be a moderate limitation depending on the natural environment if and only if the adjustment can be
4P
soil to filter the incoming septic effluent. made without any damage to the natural processes. Or,
secondarily, he will have to adjust his development to the
FLOOD PLAIN STUDY— In July, 1972,the U.S. De- natural constraint usually at a greater economic expense.
partment of Agriculture,Soil Conservation Service comple- 1. AGRICULTURE— Geology,climate,soils,slope,
ted a study to determine the flood plain hazard areas for
selected streams of the Bozeman Planning Area. The follow- and drainage,together with exposure,determine locales
i where agricultural uses should be incurred. These factors all
ng discussion is a brief synopsis of that study delineating
frequency flood plains for Bozeman Creek, Bridger Creek, play a major roll in agricultural placement in the jurisdiction-
Bear Canyon Creek, Rocky Creek, and the East Gallatin al area.The west Bozeman Valley is highly suitable for agri-
River. cultural activities due to the great productivity of the Boze-
man silt loam and the Bridger loams.
The full report includes aerial maps showing the 50 and
100 year frequency flood areas along portions of the above Conversely,these same factors make urban development
mentioned streams and is available in the office of the City- highly unsuitable. For example,building foundations with
County Planning Department. basements are susceptible to slippage.Thus,foundations and
"A 50-year frequency flood has an average occurrence of plaster cracks are always prevalent due to the lack of com-
once in 50 years or a two percent chance of occurring in any paction within the soils. Septic tanks are major causes of
given year. A 100-year flood occurs once in 100 years on groundwater pollution due to the seasonally high water
the average or has a one percent chance of occurring in any table of 0- 3 feet coupled with poor filtering soils charac-
given year. Only the 50 and 100-year flood lines are shown teristics in this same general area. Road and street develop-
on the aerial map,valley cross-sections, and water surface ment is also at a disadvantage due to the low compaction of
prof iles."2 The 50 and 100 year flood lines are designated the soil which results in slippage. The streets built on the
on the hydrology land suitabilities map. east side of Bozeman are situated on much the same soils as
in the west valley. Most of these streets are in poor condi-
It is not uncommon that many flooding hazards are more tion due to the underlying soils. Much expense is incurred
prevalent in areas of urban development rather than in natu- annually for street repair in these particular areas.
ral undeveloped areas.This, of course, is primarily due to
2. URBANIZATION — Urbanization is used to repre-
the removal of natural flood preventatives such as porous
sent subdivision activities— including commercial, residen-
2 EAST GALLATIN RIVER FLOOD HAZARD STUDY, tial, and industrial uses.The criterion analyzed for urbani-
GALLATIN COUNTY, MONTANA, United States Depart- zation dealt with slope,hydrology,geologic hazards and
ment of Agriculture,July, 1972. soils. Nodal areas are"generally" delineated in the land use
element where urbanization should occur given adequate proportion of gravels, cobbles and scattered boulders through
consideration of the natural features and proposed or silt and clay is not uniform in each fan; in general, however,
existing transportation arteries and community facilities. the coarse material is predominant near the head of the fan
Generally,the nodes are concentrated in the EASTERN and the finer material near the margins. Scattered through-
and west portion of the SOUTHERN analysis areas (see out the alluvial fans are stringers of moderately clean sand
page67 for analysisareas). These areas were selected as the and gravel which were deposited by tributaries that built the
best location for urbanization to occur given the following fan; lenses of clay and gravel and in some instances water
criterion: also are scattered throughout the alluvial fans. Each fan is
composed of locally derived rock. Due to the low compac-
a. The soils information indicates that building foun- tion rate and probability of lenses of sand, water and clay �
dations in these areas are relatively free of limitations or there is a possibility of sag and slippage of buildings of over
can easily be overcome. The septic waste disposal maps three stories which are built on this particular fan composi-
indicate a combination of moderate and severe limitations. tion.3
b. Hydrologic information indicates that this general Thus, in the southern and eastern portions where faults
area is relatively free of any inundation problems. The area and alluvial fans are located, it is imperative that urbaniza-
is out of the 50-year flood plain, and the distance to ground- tion avoid this particular geologic hazard area.
water is great enough to forego any possibility of pollution
from septic tanks. Professional on site investigation is war—
ranted in certain areas to determine the depth to ground- dictional area, which are relatively free of major soil, hydro-
water. In some areas it may be economically unfeasible to logic and geologic limitations contain some irregular topo-
develop individual water systems for subdivision acitivty. graphic conditions of slope gradient. The moderate and
In this case a planned community concept should be devel- severe limitations are present in small lineal zones running
30 oped with a central water system which could decrease long in an approximate north-south alignment. Topographically,
range facility cost, these are deep coulees and wall depressions made by streams.
Urbanization in this general area should at least avoid these
C. Geologic hazard zones are present in small por- coulees and coulee margins due to excessive slope (greater
tions of the eastern section. Block and lineal faults are the than es a and soil tree and slippage limiting factors to development which occupy certain areas ) P on the coulee margins.
in Section 2 and 3,Township 3 South, Range 6 East.Small
normal faults in the tertiary strata are seen throughout the
FINDINGS
valley. Most of the observed faults are parallel to the general
northward trend of the Bridger frontal fault system.The 1. A dual phase relationship exists between man and
displacement along these faults generally is less than one the land —the human environment and the natural environ-
foot;however, displacement of more than 20 feet has been ment.
noted and it seems likely that faults of even greater dis- 2. Both environments (human and natural) impose
placement are present. constraints or limiting factors upon each other.
Alluvial fans extend through the Bozeman Valley to the 3. Land suitability maps have been developed to de-
foot of the slopes of the bordering Gallatin and Bridger fine where and to what extent certain uses should occur
ranges. The most extensive ones of the west Bozeman Valley according to the suitableness of the land to support each
were deposited by streams that cut into fans of older alluvi- use.
um higher on the slope. Along the Bridger Range several 4. The West Bozeman Valley is highly suitable for
younger fans have been deposited on sediment previously agricultural activities and highly unsuitable for urban acti-
formed on older fans. vities.
The younger alluvial fans are composed of the heterogen- 5. Urbanization should avoid areas of severe natural
eous mixture of coarse and fine grained sediments. The limitations.
3"Geology and Groundwater Resources, Gallatin Valley,
Montana." (1960), Page 42.
, J
using
houlilin The repairs needed can be any of the following: minor re-
9 pairs in the form of new paint or structure appurtenances;
i medium repairs in the form of extensive repairs or replace-
ment of the structure appurtenances including roof and wall
Since man's first existence on earth, the necessity of services.
shelter has been of prime concern.As man evolved from pre
historic times into recent times, he has increasingly recog- 3. Substandard: Structures rated as substandard usually
nized his desire to live in a safe,sanitary and decent home, have structural defects such as the following: no foundations,
for home is where man socially evolves with his family and leaning or bowed walls, a sagging roof line,sagging windows
friends. and door line or badly cracked foundation. A structure is
rated as substandard if it has an accumulation of needed repairs
Historically,when man lives within confines, problems mentioned in the deficient classification and is in generally
of social disorder and blighted living conditions seem to poor repair.
prevail. Although social imbalance and blighted living con
ditions are usually associated with large metropolitan areas, A quantitative inventory was also employed to discover
the same characteristics are present in the City of Bozeman; the existing amount of housing by type.The housing dis-
however,on a much smaller scale. tribution was broken down into five specific types for gen-
eral analysis.The types were as follows: single-family, duplex,
SCOPE 3-4 family, multi-family, and mobile.
Housing elements are mainly used in comprehensive plans 1. The NORTHWEST SECTOR contains a total of 272
to relate the general quality of a city's housing conditions. housing units of which 110 are single-family, six are duplex,
The following analysis is expressed in general terms and is 96 are three and four family and 60 are categorized as mo-
not intended to dwell on such detailed concerns as cost, bile homes in courts. This sector contains only 5.4 percent
financing and/or the social implications of the present hou- of the total housing within the city. Due to the relatively 41
sing market.A study of this magnitude would be used in a recent development of housing in this sector, there exists
detailed real estate or housing market analysis, but not in a no deficient or substandard dwelling units.
comprehensive plan.
4P
Thus,the following is a general description of the housing 2. The NORTHERN SECTOR accounts for 5 percent of
Ituation in Bozeman in terms of quantity and quality and the total city area and contains 11.8 percent of the total
,ocation. Its purpose is aimed at determining the existence housing supply for 590 total dwelling units.The major dis-
problems, identifying the community's housing needs and tribution is devoted to single-family use.There are 403
finally discovering means and methods to solve the problems single-family units, 80 duplexes, 35 three and four unit
and accommodate the needs. structures, 56 multi-family dwellings and 16 mobile homes
located within courts. Qualitatively, 73 percent were classi-
HOUSING ANALYSIS AREAS— EXISTING CONDITIONS fied as standard with 23 percent of the total housing supply
In order to analyze the total housing data dealing with deficient. Only 4 percent were classified as substandard
qualitative and quantitative characteristics,the planning area quality. Forty-nine percent of the area within the sector is
has been subdivided according to continuity and harmonious occupied by housing units with commercial and street right-
characteristics. To adequately survey the city's housing con- of-way carrying the balance of the area. Also, considering
ditions, basic areas were selected for analysis (see page 67
for analysis sectors). Table 5
A qualitative survey was undertaken to gain a basic under- 1971 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING CONDITION*
standing of the quality of Bozeman housing. The survey was CITY OF BOZEMAN
of an exterior nature and thus did not reflect the interior QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
quality of a residential unit, only the exterior.The units (Percentage) (Dwelling Units)
were either categorized as standard, deficient, or substandard, sector Standard Deficient Sub- Standard Deficient Suh-
standard standard
The general criterion used to qualify each unit according to Nmthwes1 100 -- — 212 — —
condition is as follows: No,then 79p„ 23'.. 4% 418 130 26
1. Standard: A structure rated as standard indicated Northeast 46% 277E 2A 339 zoo 183
the following: Structure has a good foundation, the walls are Southeast 83". 14% 3% 300 51 9
straight and solid, roof line is straight, the roof is not in need Southern 987b 2% __ 229 3 1
of repair,there are no roof or porch sags, all structure ap- Sou th cent,al 85% 13% 2.4 s67 129 21
purtenances are in good repair, the exterior finish is in good central 37% 50L 13. 43 59 15
,ondition and the overall appearance is generally good. southwestern 92% 6 -- 82 7 --
2. Deficient: A structure rated as deficient indicates Unrvers'ty 719E 9°^ 20 995 121 284
a need for certain repairs but all of non-structural nature. *Does not include mobile homes.
the contiguous commercial strip (North Seventh) and the 5. The SOUTHERN CORRIDOR occupies 8 percent of
usually blighting effect on adjacent residential land uses, the total land area and contains only 4.7 percent of the total
the quality of housing in this sector is relatively in good housing supply. The major portion of this sector is undevel-
condition. oped. Housing occupies 120 acres with a total of 233 units
3. The NORTHEAST SECTOR of Bozeman is repre- of which 204 are single-family. Only six are duplexes and
sentative of 19 percent of the total land distribution and 22 are three and four unit structures.
contains 15.2 percent of the total housing supply. There is Due to the relatively recent annexation of subdivisions
a total of 762 housing units with the following housing type in the city in this sector, the quality of housing is good.
breakdown: single-family — 567 units, duplex— 54 units, Ninety-eight percent of the total units are classified as stan-
3 and 4— 55 units, multi-family — 46 units,and 40 mobile dard while two percent are classified as deficient. University,
home units of which some are situated in courts and some Westridge, and Thompson's Third and Fourth Subdivisions
are situatea in individual city lots. It is probable that the occupy a majority of this sector and were the most recent
high percentage of single family units (75%) in this sector annexations to the city. Due to the recent annexations,
is due to the area's early residential development. housing seems to be expanding in a southern direction in
Due to the relative age of housing in this sector the areas of poor soils for urbanization.
majority of the housing units are either substandard or 6. The SOUTH CENTRAL SECTOR is primarily totally
deficient. This poor quality represents 54 percent of the developed in uses. Housing units, obviously, dominate the
total housing units within the sector. area and is responsible for 66 percent of the total land use
A Neighborhood Development Program should be given distribution* -the highest concentration of housing within
considerable attention by local officials to upgrade the the city. There are 638 single-family units, 112 two-family
quality of housing in this area. Also, Bozeman Creek flows units, 137 three and four family units and 130 multi-family
42 northward through the area which could provide tremendous units. Thus, the sector contains 1017 units which accounts
aesthetic and design possibilities, i.e., new and rehabilitated for 20.2 percent of the total city housing supply. The high
housing in harmony with a lineal stream park.Thus,a concentration of housing in this sector is comparatively in
Neighborhood Development Program would not only up- good condition. Eighty-five percent of the units in the area
grade the area's housing but present possible solutions to were classified as standard, 13 percent deficient, and only
other city problems such as lack of open space and park 2 percent substandard.
facilities,and general lack of coordination between hous- 7. The SOUTHWESTERN SECTOR is relatively unde-
ing facilities and the natural environment. veloped as far as housing is concerned. Only 9 percent of -
4. The SOUTHEAST SECTOR occupies approximately the area is devoted to housing. There is a total of 67 single-
one-fourth of the total city land but only 7.1 percent of the family units, 23 three and four family and 170 mobile
total housing supply for a total of 360 units. There are 330 homes situated in courts. The large concentration of mobile
single-family, 14 duplexes, 16 three and four family units. homes in this area is due to the past areas that were outside
Hillcrest Retirement Home is located in this sector which the city and that have recently been annexed to the city.
contains 127 units, however, these units are not counted as City sewer and water is available now for a small area west
dwelling units but as group housing according to the census
material. Thus, they are not reflected in the qualitative or
quantitative statistics. Table 6
The area is dominated by two major subdivisions located PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING — BY TYPECITY OF BOZEMAN 1971
in the northern and southern portions of the sector. Mar-
Mobile Home %of Total %of Total
wyn Addition contains 47 units and New Hyalite Subdivi- see— single Duplex 34 Multi cnntc Housing Supply Land Area
sion contains 110 units of which nearly all are in standard N—h-1 41% 2% 35% 22% 54% 4%
condition. Thus the major portion of the sector is vacant N-h— 68% 1491. fi% 9% 3% 11.8% 5%
between these two subdivisions and is planned for low den- N-h—t 759. 7% 75 6% 5% 15.2% 19%
sity housing.The land is suitable for building foundations, Somh—, 92% 4% 48 71% 25%
.
road and street construction and septic disposal fields. Also, Boulhem 879a 3-1, 10% 4 7% 8%
South Central 63% 1M 13% 13% 202% 5%
the area is located near programmed collector and arterial C-1-1 27, 22% 51% 2 4% 1%
streets which provide transportation arteries to work areas moth—l— M. ego 66% 52% 18%
and other living areas. The density in this area should be un,,e,s,ty 53' 111% 4% 32% 280% 15%
planned at a low rate in paralleling the community's desire
for low density housing. However,due to the aesthetic ad-
vantages of the area,the density could be increased with the *See Table 18, Page 68 , Land Use Distribution by Area,
use of cluster type developments in the form of a planned City of Bozeman, 1972 Source: 1972, City of Bozeman, Lan
unit development. Use Inventory.
of town contiguous to Highway 191. High density residen- say that the housing demand and housing supply will reach
`ial living units may be situated in this area. Mobile homes a level of equilibrium in the next 10- 15 years. However,
1 vere not classified according to condition,thus, the 92 per- although the population is increasing at a decreasing rate,
cent figure of standard housing represents only 82 living other parameters such as the inflated economy and American
units. family life styles which are becoming more affluent daily,
Although the area is platted, many lots remain undevel- play major roles in the demand for more housing units at a
oped. Due to the city sewer and water influence and exist- lower cost.
ing zoning, a medium concentration of mobile home parks Congress has enacted certain pieces of legislation that
could locate in this area if they could be compatible with have been described as monumental in terms of the housing
existing and proposed future uses. field. But actual results prove otherwise.
8. The UNIVERSITY SECTOR comprises 544.67 acres "In terms of what subsequently happened, these mom-
and contains the largest amount of total housing in the city, ents turned out to be not nearly so portentous as they were
which includes married student and faculty housing (but hailed either by the presidents who introduced them or
not dormitories, sororities, and fraternities). The largest congress that passed them. One such landmark was the
amount of single-family and duplexes are located within recently passed housing legislation, the Housing Act of
this sector. There are 1400 total units excluding university 1968. One of the political swan songs of the Great Ameri-
group housing (dormitories,fraternities and sororities are can Society of the Johnson administration was legislation
classified as group housing according to census material). calling for the production of 2.6 million housing units a
The blocks bordering the university and others located in year on the average for ten years or until 1978."4
this sector, contain the largest supply of duplex units. The Since that legislation has been passed we have not reached
major portion of these two family units came about by the projected and needed production rate. One very signifi-
single-family owners converting their homes for the purpose cant factor as to why housing production has failed to re-
of providing additional housing accommodations for the spond to policies, notably the 1968 act, or the urgings of 43
university students. There are more multi-family units, those presidents or cabinet secretaries, or legislators, has been the
structures which contain at least five dwelling units, located fact that this segment of our economy has been beset by
in this sector than in any other sector of the city. Due to rapidly rising housing costs. This has discouraged progress
the need for more multi-family living units, in this particular in this field, especially in the areas of new housing starts and
rear land that is vacant, suitable for high density develop- the number of families able to purchase conventional built
ment, compatible with surrounding uses and with sufficient homes.
capacity for community facilities should be zoned to accom
modate ahigher residential density. This would provide Due to the high cost of housing home buyers have tried
additional land for college housing within a close proximity to discover other types of"livable housing" that is safe,
to the campus. sanitary and decent. Naturally, many families and individu-
als look to the mobile home industry as a type of unit that
PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF HOUSING will satisfy their family as well as their financial needs.
PHYSICAL To be sure, young families are faced with a housing
An investigative observation of America's housing situa- dilema with no actual or sensible alternatives. For example,
tion points to one obvious overriding fact— low production, a young family with one child with an income of$10,000
With the population increasing at a decreasing rate, many has tremendous difficulty locating a place to live. First, he
can buy a single-family conventional built home and pay
Table 7 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING — BY TYPE excessive costs (if the family can afford the downpayment)
CITY OF BOZEMAN 1971 or secondarily he can choose to rent and preclude privacy
Mobile
and lack of equity or he can buy a mobile home for thou-
Home sands of dollars less than a conventional unit and obtain
Sector Single Duplex 3-4 Multi Court Total
some privacy and some equity in a five to ten year period.
Northwest 110 units 6 unlls 96 units 00 unil. 60 units 272 units
Nor them 403 units 80 unll, 35 units 56 wilt 16 units 590 units An estimated seven million households now live in mo-
Northeast 567unIt, 54units 55units 46tNi 40unit, 762units bile homes. The production has nearly doubled since 1966.
Southeast 330—it, 14umts 16u,1, 360units At the present time 1/3 of all persons who are going to
Snuthem 204nnits 6units 23unit, 233unit, occupy dwellings are going to move into a mobile home.
South Central 638 units 1121 rs 137 units 130 antis 1017 units
During the past decade there has been an increase of 300
Central 32 units 26 units 59 Lirl 117 units
Sou these cm 67 unns 22 un11. 170 unit. 259 units
umeersrn- 745units 148units 52unit. 455units 1400units 4HOUSING &POLLUTION,Seminar, EWSC, Center
TOTALS 30%n I, 441unit, 436unn. 746unns 286m,us 51,Wunn, for Urban and Regional Planning, November, 1970, Dr. Art
Gray, Chairman, Pages 101-102.
percent in the production of mobile homes. Development Although the City of Bozeman and the City-County Plan-
of the mobile home industry is undoubtedly a reasonable ning Board have adopted mobile home regulations for the
response to certain social circumstances in the United States city and jurisdictional area, the county should adopt good
as the name suggests. The foot loose attributes of the Ameri- comprehensive regulations for mobile home parks, courts,
can population have not increased so suddenly as the statis- and subdivisions in order to force the haphazard and specu-
tics of mobile home production have suggested. And, as one lative opportunists to develop within the confines of com-
observer has remarked, "To equate the mobile home with prehensive mobile home park regulations.
standard construction would mean shrinking out problems
to fit our answers."5 It is obvious that the real reason for ECONOMIC ASPECTS
the great popularity of the mobile home is that other hous-
ing has become so expensive in a short period of time. The dollar value of owner occupied units is indicative of
Thus, there has been a stigma of social imbalance con- the net worth of housing units.Statistics dealing with the
net worth can be used to illustrate the mean and mode num-
cally, evolved from the post WWII era when America was
nected with the mobile home owner. This stigma, histori- ber of housing units at a given dollar value. From the statis-
tics stated below there are 1,917 owner occupied housing
first introduced to the mobile home by traveling caravan units with a mode of 432 units valued between $15,000 and
people. These people were very transient and not connected
with the community inhabitants and also had no civic aware- $19,999. Although it is difficult to compare this figure with
Hess in any way. Unfortunately, in many areas of our coup-
other cities that have similar characteristics as Bozeman, it
'
try, the American public still associates lack of civic aware can however, be stated that the majority of owner occupied
housing ranges between $10,000 and $34,999— a moderate-
ly high range.
owner.
Mobile homes are here to stay. They can be made com- Valuable information can be gained from monthly rents
patible with surrounding land uses through good site de- of renter occupied housing. The statistics shown are fairly
444P
sign, planning and regulatory devices. The major problem representative of small college towns throughout the nation,
with mobile home parks in Gallatin County is that they The majority of renter units (802) rent from $60 to$79;
are not regulated outside the jurisdictional area. Many prop- this figure is most likely dominated by college students. The
erty owners look at the mobile home park as a windfall next highest number of renters (578) is in the$80 to$99
opportunity. Thus,they establish pencil sketches and land range which a major portion could also be devoted to col-
for the parks with little or no consideration for the mobile lege student housing.
home occupant when considering necessary amenities such The dollar rent range for those other than students is
as decent streets, sufficient setbacks, landscaping and park $100 to$199 which is quite high when compared with
and recreational facilities. This situation may be one of the larger cities. But when compared with smaller cities it
reasons why mobile homes are looked upon as being com- appears to be normal, due to the low supply and slow con-
munity and neighborhood degrading. version rate of owner occupied units to rental units.
5Ibid.
Table 8 OWNER OCCUPIED UNITS BY VALUE
Under $5000 $10000- $15000- $20000- $25000- $35000-
$5000 $9999 $14999 $19999 $24999 $34999 $49999 $50000+
21 198 347 431 366 387 134 33
Source: U.S. Census- 1970
Table 9 RENTER OCCUPIED UNITS BY MONTHLY RENT
Under $40- $60- $80- $100- $120- $150- $200- Without
$40 $59 $79 $99 $199 $149 $199 $299 $300+ Payment
109 480 802 578 312 406 160 19 3 100
Source: U.S. Census- 1970
FINDINGS northeast sector of the city contains the poorest condition
of housing within the city.
1. Typical to other cities in the nation, Bozeman's
' )using supply is low compared to the high demand. This 5. The majority of the mobile home parks in and
is true for home ownership and especially true for rental around Bozeman are characteristic of poor design which
units. offers little if any amenities to the residents.
2. The rental market is dominated by university stu- 6. This study has generally covered the quantitative
dents. The majority of student rentals are in poor condition, and qualitative aspects of the Bozeman housing market.
Accordingly, more housing will be needed in the next 5-10
3. More rental units at a lower cost are needed. years. A detailed housing market analysis will soon be war-
4. The qualitative condition of the housing supply ranted to discover supply and demand conditions of the
seems to fluctuate with different areas of the city. The Bozeman housing situation.
45
1, nomic
i
V
economici of the University growth and influence in the area.
On the other hand,farmers in 1950 accounted for 13.8
percent of the labor force, but by 1970 had significantly
Economics of an area is fundamental in any urban plan- decreased in numbers to account for only five percent of
ning attempt. The destiny of any city, county,or region is the labor force. This decreasing trend in number of farmers
generally controlled by the amount and stability of its in- is not peculiar to Gallatin County, but was a characteristic
come producing activities.Within the economic framework of the entire nation.
of an area is the key to past, present and future development. EMPLOYMENT BY MAJOR INDUSTRY
The growth and development of an urban center including
the amount of land used for urban developments can be Employment by major industry in Gallatin County for
directly correlated to the production and distribution func- the years 1950, 1960, and 1970 is shown in Table 12.
tions that create jobs and employment opportunities. Looking at the most recent year, 1970, the most significant
industries for the County in order were service, trade, and
The economic element of this plan is to give an overview agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Of these industries, the
of the economic and employment condition of the area. first one made the most impressive change growing from
Information presented is on a county basis to portray the 2120 people in 1950 to 5246 people in 1970. In 1950, the
regional importance of the Bozeman Planning Area. service industry accounted for only 26.5 percent of the to-
LABOR FORCE tal labor force but by 1970 had increased to 42.7 percent
The labor force for Gallatin County increased at the same of the total. This change is probably indicative of the grow-
rate as the population between 1950 and 1960. However, ing importance of tourism across the country and of the
during the decade 1960 to 1970, the labor force increased -
31.1 percent from 9,787 to 12,828 while the population Table 10 Gallatin County
increase was only 24.8 percent. Notwithstanding the change LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS 51
in total numbers within the labor forces,the most signifi- %of %of
cant change for the twenty year period 1950 to 1970 was 1950 Change 1960 Change 1970
the increased number of females entering the labor force. Population 21,902 18.5% 26,045 24.8% 32,505
40
Lai Foice 8,245 18.5% 9,786 31.1% 12,828
From 1950 to 1970 the female labor force increased by Labor To ce•",4 of Pop. 37.6% 37.6% 39.5%
15 percent while the male labor force increase was only Males in L.F. 2,164 3,094 4,674
P y Females in L F. 2,164 3,094 4,674
I percent. Females-%ofTotal 26,2% 31.6% 31
,.Chg-Male L.F. -- 9.1% 21-8%
While the labor force has been increasing since 1950 the Employed L.F. 7,993 9,365 12,129
percent of unemployment has also increased. At the time of %.of Total L.F. 9619% 95.7% 94,6%
Male Employed 5,879 6402 7,744
the census in 1950, 2.7 percent of the labor force was unem- Female Employed 2,114 2,963 4,385
ployed. In 1960,the unemployment had increased to 3.8 Male °Lof Total 73.5% 68.4% 638%
Unemployed
percent and by 1970 unemployment had grown to 5.4 per- L.F.Labor
°(.of LaborFoice 2.7% 3.8226 699
% 5.4%
Cent. Male Unemployed 177 249 410
Female Unemployed 49 123 289
The labor force for the County has consistently been Souice: U.S.Census
37-39 percent of the total population since 1950. There-
fore, it is expected to remain about the same in the future
so in 1980 and 2990 the labor force can be expected to Table 11
reach approximately 17,000 and 22,719 respectively. GALLATIN COUNTY EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION
OCCUPATIONAL COMPOSITION OF LABOR FORCE 1950 1960 1970
OCCUPATION Na. % Na. % No.
The occupational composition of the employed labor
force in Gallatin County for the years 1950, 1960, and Professional-Technical 1014 12.7 1636 17.5 2533 20.9
1970 is depicted in Table 11. Manager 785 9.8 914 9.9 1294 107
Clerical 785 9-8 1141 12.2 1786 143
As can be seen in that table, the professional-technical Sales 544 6.8 530 5.7 764 6,3
fields account for the largest number of people, with clerical Craftsmen 873 11.0 802 a6 1273 10.5
and service ranking second and third. operatives 121 9.0 277 9.5 1196 8.5
Private Households 121 1,5 277 30 19fi 1.6
Two significant changes in the occupational composition Service 781 97 1057 11.3 1747 144
of the labor force have taken place over the twenty year Farmers 1100 13.8 879 9.4 592 50
Farm Laborer 691 8.6 477 5.0 449 37
period. Those changes are the increase of professional-tech- Laborers(Ex.Farm) 476 6.0 490 5.2 465 3.8
nical personnel and the decrease in farmers. In 1950, the Not Reported 106 1.3 276 2.9
-ofessional-technical employment accounted for 12.7 per- TOTAL 7993 100% 9365 100% 12,129 100%
nt of the labor force and by 1970 it had increased to
Source: U S.Census
.20.9 percent of the labor force.This is probably indicative
county's abundant tourist attractions. Part of this growth INCOME (Family)
could also be attributed to the regional importance of the Family income for the years 1960 to 1970 are shown in
Bozeman area.
Table 14. This information is included to illustrate family I
Trade industry, both wholesale and retail, has maintained income change since 1960 and to show numbers of families
a stable position in the labor force since 1950, accounting of specific incomes.An interesting note from the 1970 fami-
for about 20 percent of the labor force throughout the ly income is that 41 percent of the families in the country
twenty year period. had yearly income over$10,000 while 19 percent had yearly
The third ranking industry in Gallatin County for 1970, incomes under$5,000 and 40 percent had yearly income
agriculture,forestry, and fisheries, has shown a sizable de- between $5,000 and$10,000.
cline since 1950. In 1950 23.2 percent of the employed
labor force was involved in this industry whereas by 1970,
only 9.6 percent of the labor force was involved. Again this Table 13
indicates the dwindling number of farmers in the area. SELECTED INDUSTRY-GALLATIN COUNTY
-- WHOLESALE TRADE 1967 1963
Table 12 GALLATIN COUNTY Establishments 51 49
EMPLOYMENT BY MAJOR INDUSTRY Sales ($1,000) 23,124 18,816
1950 1960 1970
INDUSTRY No. r No, i Nn.. i RETAIL TRADE
Agriculture,Forestry Establishments 357 321
Fisheries 1856 23,2 1493 16.0 1175 9.6
Mining a .1 21 .2 6 .04 Sales ($1,000) 52,456 42,275
Construction 513 6.4 498 5.3 696 5.7
Manufacturing 575 7.2 830 8.9 952 7-7 SELECTED SERVICES
52 Tiansporiatinn,.n
U ti6ties 684 8,6 607 6.5 642 52 Establishments 205 247
Trade 1575 19.7 1876 20.0 2551 rz Sales ($1,000) 5,793 5,377
Finance,Ins..Real Estate 190 2.4 250 2.7 439 36
Service 2120 26.6 3160 33.7 5246 42.7%
Public Administration 346 4.3 444 4.7 587 4.8
Not Reported 126 1.6 186 2.0 --• - AGRICULTURE CASH RECEIPTS 1969 1968
TOTAL 7993 100% 9365 100% 12294 100% Livestock & Lvst. Production 12,916,900 10,017,800 .
Crops 4,855,900 4,763,500
SELECTED INDUSTRY Total from Marketing 17,802,800 14,781,300
Table 13 shows four selected industries to illustrate the Gov't Payments 1,576,600 1,472,000
continued economic growth of Gallatin County. As noted All Cash Receipts 19,379,400 16,253,300
in the table, the increases have not been tremendous but Cash Receipts/Farm 22,853 18,899
rather gradual indicating the stableness of the area's econo- Source: Montana Data Book, Montana Department
my. of Planning and Economic Development
Table 14 Gallatin County FAMILY INCOME
1970 1960 1970 1960 FINDINGS
Under $7,000 1. The economy of Gallatin County, indicative of the
$1,000 101 216 7,999 568 599 Bozeman area, has grown significantly over the past 20 years.
1,000 8,000 About the same or slightly faster growth is expected for the
1,999 178 488 8,999 567 434 next 10-20 years.
2,000 9,000 2. Professional and technical occupational growth is
2,999 326 643 9,999 562 262 expected to taper off due to the expected ceiling of growth
3,000 10,000 at the university.
3,999 432 804 11,999 901 491
3. Service industries are expected to grow more rapid-
4,000 37 14,999 I due to the expansion
4,999 372 701 14,999 976 101 Y Of recreation and tourist attractions
o
5,000 15,000 f the area.
5,999 580 842 24,999 938 26 4. Agriculture is expected to continue to maintain an
6,000 25,000 important role in the economy even though the number of
6,999 662 744 49,999 187 N/A farmers is expected to decline.
Source: U.S.Census 50,000+ 33 N/A 5, An economic base study of the area is needed to
more fully measure the economic potential of the area.
uIckbof, �
IliIM
Circulation Local Street:
Provides for access to abutting properties and local traf-
fic movement within a neighborhood.
An urban area is comprised of many individual and dis- STREET DESCRIPTION
tinct activities, i.e., commercial, industrial, residential and Major streets for the Bozeman Area are delineated and
recreational. One of the most serious problems faced by categorized on Maps 9 and 10.
local government officials is the distribution and movement Most streets are designated exactly as found in the 1967
of local population from one of these activities to another. plan;however, the following changes have been made.
The need for orderly, safe and convenient distribution of
individuals to activities calls for at least an area circulation 1. Wallace Avenue - Rouse Avenue- Griffin Drive
plan. The 1967 arterial street plan designates Rouse Avenue
Usually, a city comprehensive plan includes a transpor- and Griffin Drive as community arterials and Wallace Ave-
tation element covering all means of transportation (rail,
nue as a future primary arterial road. The designation of
air,auto, pedestrian) for that particular city. The scope of Wallace Avenue as a primary arterial route was made because
the Bozeman Area Plan does not include a complete trans- of the problems in a grade separation between Rouse Ave-
portation plan but rather includes a circulation element nue and the Northern Pacific Railroad mainline. The plan
dealing primarily with vehicle circulation throughout the suggested that this be a low priority and would not be
planning area. needed until after 1985. Because of the lack of current
traffic volumes and projected volumes for these roads, the
An arterial street plan prepared by S. R. DeBoer and designation made in the 1967 plan for these three streets
Company in 1958 was adopted by the Bozeman City Coun- will remain the same. However, it is the current feeling
cil in July of that year. During 1960, the plan was reviewed that more study should be given this particular area for
by L. C. Gerchens and a new plan proposed but never adopt- the following reasons: a) Griffin Drive should perhaps 55
ed. In 1967, Consulting Services Corporation and Theodore serve as a primary arterial linking North Seventh or the
J. Wirth and Associates reviewed and updated the 1958 plan. Interchange on the freeway at North Seventh with the
TI- jdate was adopted by the City and County Com- industrial area in this part of the city. Also, this would 4P
missions in 1967 and has been the official plan since that link out-of-town traffic coming off or onto the freeway
time, with Bridger Canyon Road serving the Bridger Ski Resort
The circulation element of this plan has been derived area. b) If Griffin Drive is upgraded in capacity it might
largely from the 1967 plan, however, some changes have alleviate some of the potential traffic using Rouse at the
been made to reflect current situations. present time, thereby, alleviating the need for another ar-
terial system serving Bridger Canyon Road.Therefore, a
STREET CLASSIFICATION future plan might designate Griffin Drive as a community
Because of the varied functions of different streets it is arterial and leaving Wallace Avenue as perhaps a collector
necessary to categorize each major street and define its pur- avenue serving the industrial area of the city.
pose.
2. Broadway Avenue
The following definitions outlined in the 1967 plan will Broadway Avenue in 1967 was designated as a collector
be used in this plan. street. The functional classification of streets by the Mon-
Freeway: tana State Highway Department has Broadway classified as
Provides for efficient movement of large volumes of a local street. Depending on the outcome of the study men-
through traffic between communities and regions;does tioned in Number 1, this street could probably be down-
not provide access to adjacent land uses. graded to a local street if Wallace Avenue served as a col-
Primary Arterial:
lector street.
Provides for through traffic movement to and around the 3. Sour Dough Road
city and connects major highways and freeways. The 1967 plan designates Sour Dough Road as a pri-
Community Arterial: mary arterial.After study of the alignment of this particular
Provides for expeditious movement within and through road it is felt that it will probably not reach a primary arter-
the planning area, for cross-town traffic in Bozeman and ial state. However, it will probably serve as a community
for circulation between areas inside the city; it also pro- arterial serving the southeast part of the planning area. It is
vides access to abutting property. still designated on the map the same as in the 1967 plan as
a primary arterial street.
Collector:
Provides for traffic movement between arterials and be- 4. Tamarack Street
tween local streets and arterials and provides access to Tamarack Street in 1967 was designated as a primary
abutting property, arterial connecting North Seventh with Rouse Avenue.
Because of the activities systems on the east and west end of However, not all county roads have been designated as
this street and the two 90 degree corners of the street it is collectors on that map.They should still be considered as
felt that Tamarack will never serve as a primary arterial collectors in future planning.
street. However, it is felt that distribution service will be
DESIGN STANDARDS
needed for residential development in the area and Tama- In addition to a street classification system,standards for
rack should be classified as a collector street. design are necessary for proper use and plan implementation.
5. Kagy Boulevard The following design standards were adopted in 1967 and
In the past Kagy Boulevard has been designated as an shall remain the same for this plan.
arterial link from the Bear Canyon Interchange to Gallatin
Gateway intersecting Highway 191. In 1971, the Bozeman Table 15 DESIGN STANDARDS
Area Citizens' Advisory Committee made a recommendation
that where ever possible new roads not be built through No.
Movinin
g Median
existing prime agriculture ground and also suggested that Thoroughfare Right-of-way Traffic Strip Traffic Volume
Kagy Boulevard be terminated at South Nineteenth. In line Type Width Lanes Width ADT
with this recommendation, the present plan reflects the Freeway 150'-400' 4-8 4'-80' 10,000-150,000
Citizens' Advisory Committee recommendation and Kagy Primary
Arterial 90'—200' 4-6 20-60' Varies with function
Boulevard is extended from Bear Canyon Interchange termi- community
nating at South Nineteenth street and not continuing to Arterial 80'-120' 4 0'-20' 1,000-25000
Gallatin Gateway. It is felt that traffic coming from the Collector 60'—80, 2 0 600-1,600
Gallatin Gateway area can utilize Highway 191 and that
eventually Highway 191 from West Bozeman to Gateway FINDINGS
will have to be improved to a four lane highway. Current planning efforts included only a brief review of
the existing streets plan. Findings in this review reflect the
56 6. South Nineteenth Avenue inadequacies of some areas of the plan and suggest the need
South Nineteenth Avenue in 1967 was planned as a pri- for a more intense update to reflect future growth trends
mary arterial from Main Street to Kagy Boulevard and then and needs. Future circulation planning efforts should mea-
from Kagy Boulevard south as a community arterial.The sure existing volumes of traffic on major streets and project
present designation, that being as a primary arterial from
future needs. This should be of high priority for future
Main Street continuing south reflects the amount of devel
planning studies.
opment happening in the area and the need for a primary
arterial to service the south part of the planning area.
7. South Rouse Avenue
Figure 5 ONE WAY COUPLETS
In 1958, the South Rouse Avenue was designated as a
collector street servicing the south part of the city. In 1967,
South Rouse Avenue was downgraded to a local street pro-
viding no north-south collector system for the southeast part < Q
of the city. To reflect the current development in that area, Q
South Rouse is again designated as a collector street pro- Z E
grammed to extend from the University Subdivision north- ALnOenhattSr. - m
eastwardly to Wallace Avenue. .A— ✓.4-1 Mom St. L
8. One-way Couplets (Babcock-Mendenhall) ' B,b-1,11
For some time there has been talk and planning of a one-
way couplet system in the downtown area making Menden-
hall and Babcock one-way streets. In the 1967 plan there is
an illustration showing the one-way couplet system desig- v
natinq South Eighth and South Sixth Avenues also as one- `= 3
way streets (See Figure 5). Due to the existing residential PRIMARY ARTERIAL
development along Sixth Avenue the feasibility of a one- _ c —COMMUNITY ARTERIALN
o
way couplet system on South Sixth and Eighth is question- IE v. 3 —COLLECTOR STREET Q
able. It is, therefore, felt a more intense study should be PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS Narth
made of the one-way couplet system.
9. County Roads
Because of the sporadic subdivision development through-
out the planning area, it is suggested that all existing county
roads be designated as collectors. This is reflected somewhat
in the area street plan (See Map 10).
Figure 6 RIGHT-OF-WAY ILLUSTRATIONS
Freeway
Right-el-way — —
Primary Arterial
M'ediai i Moving tan '
r Right.11—v
Parkway f
i
f
1 l
- -- Right-of-way ---
Community Arterial g _
Collector 57
g € r�
r�
�— Rlgh[of.—y J
0
pa ,
ecreot�on
O oi�ll,�if rr
..............................................
U
arks & recreation
"At labor,we earn a living— at leisure, we learn a life." trails to be hiked. But what about the area of the city
This phrase by British Philosopher L. P. Jacks was used in where 80 to 90 percent of a persons time is spent?
PLANNING STUDIES— BOZEMAN, MONTANA PLAN- This is the question to be answered when reporting on
NING AREA done by Consulting Services Corporation and parks and open space for the Bozeman Area Plan. Referring
Theodore J. Wirth and Associates in 1967 for the Bozeman again to PLANNING STUDIES— BOZEMAN, MONTANA
City-County Planning Board. It is used again to depict the PLANNING AREA done in 1967,a park and open space
importance leisure time activities play in our lives. section was included.This plan indicated a deficit (See
In this day and age more and more time is being freed Table 16) in available parks for the area and set forth a
from daily labors in order that individuals may participate plan to increase development and make up the deficit.
in personal favorite activities.,Activities that range from The plan also included standards and guidelines for park
merely sitting in a shady area on a warm summer afternoon development (See Figure 7). Even though the standards
to skiing down a mountain side on a cold winter day. have not been strictly adhered to and the recommendations
The Bozeman area is referred to as being abundant with have not been fully met, some acres of park have been de-
natural recreating opportunities and those that have lived veloped and advancement has been made.
here know this to be true.There are many rivers to be It is not within the scope of this plan to do an update of
fished, acres and acres of national forest to be hunted and the existing park plan or to do an indepth study of park
trave+ed by snowmobile.There are slopes to be skiied and and recreation needs. Information given in this section is
included merely to give an overview of the existing park 63
Table 16 BOZEMAN'S PARKLAND NEEDS acres plan, reconfirm the needs and standards and suggest con-
400 sideration be given to an intense update of the existing
plan.
Any update to be done should take into consideration
300 the regional needs and opportunities as well as the area
238.0 needs. Any update should also reflect the recommendations
of the Bozeman Area Citizens' Advisory Committee.
200
186.8 FINDINGS
134.4 1. The Bozeman Area Park Plan is five years old and
100 in need of an intense update including area and regional
recreation needs and opportunities.
33.8
MUL0 2. The immediate Bozeman area is deficient in acres
1966 1970 1980 of developed park land and steps should be taken for more
(18,683) (23,800) (30,100) implementation of the park plan.
city-county jurisdictional area estimated population
3. As indicated by the amount of work done by the
.44 Existing Developed Parkland (1.8 acre/1000 pop.) Parks, Recreation, and Schools Subcommittee of the Citi-
zens' Advisory Committee,the citizens of the Bozeman area
Total Existing Dedicated Parklands(7.2 acres/1000 pop.) have a keen interest in park and recreation development.
IIIIIIIIDedicated Parkland Needed(10 acres/1000pop.) Any park planning for the area should use goals from the
subcommittee as a guideline.
Figure 7
Areas that provide for a variety of recreation
PARK GUIDELINES vita itientin either a natural or man-made en-
AGE GROUP SERVICE MIN AREA PER
TYPE OF PARK s1IE SIZE
SERVED AREA 1000 POP
PLAYLOT
Intended primarily for areas of high population
density such as apartment complexes. Playlots are
designed for the preschool age group. Usually
fenced and sometimes supervised, the playlot tea-1 Pre-School 1/8 - / 1 Acre
should be provided by the developer.
Acre 1-5 yrs Mile
NEIGHBORHOOD PARK
As the name implies, this classification is meant 4 Acre
to serve a specific neighborhood area. These parks Min.
are developed primarily for the school-age children 1 yr.&Up 1/q-t/y 2 Acres
and should be, where ever possible, developed in 10 Acres Mile
conjunction with elementary schools. Desirable
COMMUNITY PARK
A large, sometimes natural area, with adult and
community recreation facilities such as tennis 10-20 1 yr&up %- 1 2 Acres
courts, ball fields, picnic areas, etc. Acres Mile
64 REGIONAL PARK
411 A prominent natural area containing large open
spaces as well as some of the recreation facilities 100-200 1 yr&up City& 5 Acres
found in other classifications. Acres
Area
OTHER TYPES OF PARKLANDS
PARKWAYS
Pleasant thoroughfares through natural wooded or landscaped areas, restricted to noncommercial
low speed traffic. Such drives are located to take advantage of the natural and scenic,attractions of
the area. Parkways often connect various parks or other outstanding scenic or historic points of
interest.
DRAINAGE COURSES
Areas along streams or major drainages protected from development(by zoning) that might impair
drainage.Often these areas serve as parkway locations.
GREENBELTS
Buffer zones of natural vegetation separating different land-use areas, such as commercial from re-
sidential.
CONSERVATION AREAS
Areas of undeveloped steep topography or ecological importance, or marshlands. Usually such lands
are difficult and costly to develop,and should be acquired or restricted from development by means
of zoning or public ownership.
MISCELLANEOUS
Small parcels of land,such as at street intersections,or odd lots where old buildings have been removed.
1
inventory_
W ... ...
land uie inventory
The land use inventory is an evaluation of how the land industrial, public and vacant),with more specific categories
is currently being used within the planning area and is the derived from the major use type such as single-family, two-
final step to the land use plan which is a generalized propo- family, multi-family, etc.
sal for the future development of the Bozeman Planning BOZEMAN LAND USE BY ANALYSIS SECTORS
Area. All the major elements of the Bozeman Area Plan, The NORTHWEST SECTOR is primarily devoted to resi-
i.e., physiographic, housing,transportation and population dential uses (49%) and 31 percent is categorized as vacant.
play a major role in the development proposals of the land Thus,the area ss ould be fully developed in residential uses.
use plan. Other land uses that are necessary for a saturated residential
Although there can be many variations in the way they use are previously existing in or contiguous to the sector.
are grouped, in general, the basic elements of the study will For example, the High School and Junior High School are
include the following: a discussion of existing conditions located within adequate walking distance from all residen-
and trends in the use, non-use and mis-use of land;a presen- tial areas. Whittier School, however, is approximately 3/4
tation of future land use requirements and a generalized of a mile away which is considered excessive in walking
future land use map and the identification of proposals in- distance.Coupled with this excessive walking distance, is
volved. North Seventh Avenue which must be crossed by northwest
EXISTING TRENDS sector elementary students to reach the school site.
PLANNING ANALYSIS AREAS Buttrey's and Gibson's shopping centers are also located
The City of Bozeman and the jurisdictional area are the within this sector. Although both centers are community
two major components of the planning area. Each component oriented,they serve as a neighborhood function to service
is divided into analysis areas for analytical and comparative nearby residents.A small commercial tract of land is shown 67
in the 1967 Wirth Plan at the northern end of North Nine-
purposes.
teenth.This area, if developed would circumvent the local
The bounds for the nine analysis areas of the city were traffic from North Nineteenth to Buttrey's shopping center.
selected due to the previous existing census enumeration It would in turn provide a neighborhood commercial area
districts and the general harmonious continuity of each for residents of the northern portion of this sector.
particular area. The bounds within the jurisdictional area Forty-nine percent of the NORTHERN SECTOR is Be-
are identical to the areas delineated in Planning Studies, voted to residential uses while 25 percent is devoted to com-
Bozeman, Montana, 1967. mercial uses. Although much of the area is devoted to resi-
Land uses throughout the planning areas have been cate- dential uses, additional medium density residential uses could
gorized into major use types (such as residential, commercial, be located on vacant parcels of land that offer good orienta-
Figure9 BOZEMAN JURISDICTIONAL ANALYSIS AREAS
FIGURE 8 G
MOZGMAN 10
6FL=0FI13 �z�ro
City of Bozeman
Analysis Areas
Norman \ N
Nor[hwnm,n Northeastern NW
s
Central — \ Bridger Canyon Rd.
- South Centres 1 NE
` ;
i z W
Southwrttcrn Soul—w ,
U.S 191 lj�t-it i�1 I�t�/'t n/e,, •90
University jl/Ii\iltiill I
I t V
Southern 1 I
Corridor SW
I S 1
1
I
tion to schools, parks, and commercial property. The North The majority of the land use in the SOUTHEAST SEC-
Seventh strip dominates the central corridor of the sector. TOR is vacant (74%). The developed lands are located pri-
Due to the in-operative functioning zoning ordinance, North marily on the north-south periphery of the sector. New
Seventh has been abused with a multitude of commercial Hyalite Subdivision is approximately 1/2 developed while
uses. Basic commercial planning practice segregates com- Graf's Second Subdivision is platted, but, not developed.
mercial activity into three distinct districts- neighborhood Due to the existing sewer and water facilities, this area could
convenience districts, highway oriented districts, and a cen- be developed to its fullest potential. Because of aesthetic
tral core district.The nature of North Seventh is obviously values and community desire for single-family dwellings at
highway oriented and should permit only those uses that low density, much of the vacant land within the sector
function as such. However, due to the lack of distinction should be developed. When this area does develop, a neigh-
between different commercial uses and the function they borhood shopping center should be designated to serve the
provide within the zoning ordinance - all three uses have southwest side. Also, the existing and proposed community
been located here. arterials could enhance development while providing ade-
Future zoning amendments should be made that would quate circulation to other parts of the city and surrounding
restrict neighborhood and central core commercial activities areas.
from this highway oriented district, and locate such uses The SOUTHERN SECTOR has been developed in rela-
where they will provide a better function to the community tively recent times. The housing is in good condition and a
as a whole. large percentage of the land area is vacant. More land has
The NORTHEAST SECTOR contains the largest land been annexed to the city from this area than any other area.
allocation of which much of it is undeveloped.Table 18 Thus, it appears that the city is extending in a linear corri-
indicates that the majority of uses are devoted to public, dor,southward. Due to the existing capacity of the sewer
quasi-public, vacant or agricultural uses which total 76 per- within this area, lineal development should be discouraged
68 cent. Although the northern portion of this sector is con- and concentric development encouraged to reduce the special
sidered the industrial area of Bozeman, only three percent improvement district cost of extending and improving com-
of all land uses are devoted to those of an industrial nature. munity sewer and water facilities.
The area does not offer even prime industrial zoned land due A neighborhood commercial area will be needed in this
to poor transportation facilities and incompatible residential ' sector within the next three to five years. It should be
uses located nearby. Many of the existing residential units designated on a large enough parcel that would not only
are categorized as substandard or deficient and the area service the contiguous area but also the university area.
might warrant a redevelopment program as was previously The CENTRAL SECTOR is dominated by central busi-
expressed in the housing element. Although much of the ness district commercial uses with a few mixed residential
area is currently zoned industrial, consideration should be
given to upgrading the existing industrial area to make it uses.
more desirable for new businesses. The area northeast of the The SOUTHWESTERN SECTOR is only 15 percent de-
freeway should be limited to residential uses;thus, the free- veloped. Nine percent is devoted to residential uses while
way would provide a physical buffer between the industrial 6 percent to commercial uses and 2 percent to streets and
and residential uses. highways. Therefore, 83 percent is considered undeveloped,
which is devoted to either agricultural or vacant uses. One
The area south of the freeway to the railroad tracks is other reason for the high undeveloped figure is that Montana
currently used for industrial purposes and should remain so due to the existing railroad spur line connection serving the State University owns a major portion of that sector and is
using it for agricultural related studies or reserving it for
area.
future university expansion.
It appears that the commercial stripping of U. S. 191
Table 17 LAND USE DISTRIBUTION will continue to the west of College Avenue and the 191
CITY OF BOZEMAN 1971
S-6 R-d-W nm.m W IM.101.1 NMI S0.1 Rn V...nt Ag,icultu,. Tot,ls Table 18 PERCENT OF ALL USES BY AREA
Northwest 73.38 829 13.53 8.55 4653 15028 CITY OF BOZEMAN 1971
Northern 98,14 51 07 458 14.fi6 2648 ].95 202 BB Sector Rmid-6,1 Commercial Inde,l,i.l Public Sheet RR V....I Agriculture T-1,
.
N-heazl 129.02 1958 2321 81.42 61.09 129.36 14612 63.14 69194 Northwest 49 5 9 6 31 100%
Southeast lO6,16 5.72 184 100.80 26.82 10856 94990 N-he,n 40 25 2 7 13 4 100%
Southern 120.2E 4 51 19.17 168.32 312 28 N-hea.1 18 3 3 12 12 19 21 12 100%
South Cent,al 130.60 7.23 .09 14 87 41 35 3.01 197.15 Soulheasl I I 1 11 3 14 100%
Central 9.29 7.33 .09 4.53 6.95 56 37.66 Soulhe,n 39 1 6 54 100%
Southwest 58-88 36.65 30 15 37 104 63 441 28 657.11 Saulh Cenhal 66 4 8 21 1 100%
lJn ...ity 164.47 2.18 26144 4074 75.48 544,31 Cenhal 32 26 16 24 2 100%
TOTALS 890,22 138.05 2981 495 BB 26652 12936 120616 52442 3743.51 Saulhweslern 9 6 2 IB 67 100%
University 30 1 48 7 14 100%
intersection. It is recommended that zoning be implemented sewer and water facilities.Thus, it is recommended that the
to restrict further commercial uses beyond this point and to area be retained in agricultural usage until such time that
j keep the commercial uses from infringing upon prime agri- central sewer and water facilities could be installed.
cultural land. The "triangle annexation" property will be The NORTHWEST analysis area, like the other analysis
served by sewer and water facilities in the near future and areas, is dominated by agriculture lands.The Lake Sub-
would thus be ideal for transient lodging. division of single-family conventional built homes and mo-
The Big Sky development and Yellowstone Park traffic bile homes account for the small concentration of growth
will be using this entrance to the city,so policies should be since 1967.
made to upgrade the general appearance as a western en- The NORTHERN analysis area in 1967 was the most
trance to the city. developed area in the jurisdictional area.Within five years,
JURISDICTIONAL AREA ANALYSIS the area has continued to develop especially in the area con-
The jurisdictional area was divided into seven major tiguous to Bridger Canyon Drive.
analysis areas in the 1967 Planning Study. For comparative This area also contains a large concentration of land use
purposes, the same areas are used in the 1972 land use mixture. For example,single-family, multi-family, light and
element. heavy industrial uses,commercial and public and quasi-
The WESTERN analysis area contains 16.42 percent of public uses all play a dominant role in the area's varied land
the total developed land in the jurisdictional area.The ma- use distribution. If one use was to take precedence it seems
jority of the developed land is devoted to residential uses that it would be residential due to the large concentration of
of which single-family dwellings dominate.This area has existing and proposed mobile home parks plus single-family
grown in residential use primarily due to the location of two uses located in the Vogel and Mt. Baldy Subdivisions.
mobile home courts (Kountz and King Arthur) which were Steps should be taken immediately to prevent further 69
not existing in 1967. mixing of incompatible uses. Buffer areas should also be
Due to the severe limitations for building foundations as established between major uses, i.e., residential/industrial.
was expressed in the physiographic element, the major por- With the existing density zoning ordinance and plan for
tion of the area should not be developed to medium or high the Bridger area, North Rouse and Bridger Canyon Drive
density residential uses without the inclusion of central should experience a higher traffic load and may warrant
Table 19 DISTRIBUTION OF LAND USE BY ANALYSIS AREA Bozeman Jurisdictional Area October, 1971
Single Multi- Lgt.
Family Family M.H. Comm. Ind.
Analysis UNITS UNITS UNITS UNITS UNITS Heay. Pub.& Trans.&
Area Acres* Acres Acres Acres Acres Inc. Quasi Comm. Forest Agr. Vacant TOT.
221 8 221 6
Western 111.5 1.0 57.0 5.5 81.5 136.9 6607.7 7.0 7008
36 2 20
Northwest 103.4 .5 14.0 263.6 5432.5 5813
159 133 9 5
Northern 95.5 35.0 12.0 32.0 28.5 300.5 166.6 5087.4 1014.0 6771
21 1
Northeast 12.0 .5 12.0 36.1 933.8 3247.4 478.2 4720
114 5 34 3
Eastern 57.5 1.0 17.0 4.0 69.0 296.8 7040.5 1153.1 9547
163 13 8 2 1
Southern 84.5 2.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 87.0 131.5 6471.5 1579.1 8361
35 4
Southwest 18.0 2.0 114.5 4885.5 5020
r
749 28 401 20 6
TOTALS 482.2 4.5 129.5 22.5 33.0 28.5 550.0 1146.0 933.8 39681.47 4231.4 47243
future widening.Also,the salvage yard should be screened warranted,the area should be retained in agricultural uses.
with appropriate landscaping material to visually screen it With the exception of excessive slope,the eastern portion
from passing motorists on Griffin Drive. of the area (east of Sour Dough Road) is not diversely
Residential developments should not be located within affected with natural constraints to urban-development.
delineated flood plains. These areas are good locations for Thus, concentrations of nodal development should locate
recreational and other uses that are not highly affected by in this general area with the development of Kagy Lane
periodic flooding. which is proposed as a primary arterial.
The NORTHEAST analysis area contains the smallest In the 1967 plan,Sour Dough Creek (Bozeman Creek)
proportion of land area and also is the least developed of was planned for a conservation area for the middle of Sec-
the areas. Only 2.52 percent of the area is developed. A por- tion 30 to the intersection with College Street. This con-
tion of this area is located in the Bridger planning area and servation area could be developed as a pleasing lineal park
thus, a high concentration of development will not occur due if the county could acquire proper easements. Urban devel-
to the density controls of the Bridger Canyon Zoning Ordi- opment should avoid the flood plain for numerous reasons.
nance. Also, much of the land is located atop a geologic Coupled with the conservation plan, such deterrents as
bench with escarpment of upwards of 15 percent which periodic flooding and ice jams could present devastating
isolates the area for future development. effects to residential uses.
The EASTERN analysis area is the second most highly The SOUTHWEST analysis area has not experienced any
developed section in the jurisdictional area. Most of this major development since 1967.The early residential devel-
development is concentrated in numerous small subdivisions opment has occurred in the form of ranch and farm houses.
of less than 40 acres. Due to slight limitations in this area Severe limitations for urban development exist in this area
and the development of Kagy Lane as a primary arterial, and it should be retained in agricultural uses.
this area is designated as low density residential. As was COMMUNITY FACILITIES
exposed in the physiographic element,development should The general life style and anticipated growth of a com-
take the form of nodes that involve cluster living with good munity is usually reflected in the quality and capacity of the
orientations of open space and to the scenic corridors of the community facilities. Community facilities are those facilities
Bridger and Gallatin Mountain Ranges. that are "owned" by the public sector and that provide a
70 Located in the western half of the SOUTHERN analysis service to the private sector of the community. Such things
section are areas of severe limitation to urban development. as sewer and water facilities,fire and police protection,
This area should not be heavily developed without central libraries, parks,etc., are classified as community facilities.
sewer and water facilities and until such development is The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the -'er-
vices that a community obtains from its facilities can be
Figure 10 measured by judging the present carrying capacity of the
PROJECTED URBAN ACREAGE BOZEMAN individual facility. For example, an area only obtains ade-
1971 — 1990 quate service from sewer and water lines when those lines
v1 ^^ are not overloaded by additional dwelling units or other uses
-1 36 Similar facts hold true for schools,fire and police protection
36 parks,etc.
3] Elementary school sites should be located so students
— 30 don't have to walk a distance greater than one-half mile
46 from home to school.This is a particular problem for grow-
P6 ing areas.
Thus,future land use spacial and locational requirements
22 are directly dependent on the availability of community
]0
facilities and service and also the suitableness of the land
,6
to support a particular development.
16
- THE BOZEMAN AREA COMPREHENSIVE WATER AND
12
SEWER PLAN
,0
— , A sewer and water plan was prepared by Thomas, Dean,
- and Hoskins in July of 1968 to "promote the efficient and
AddAcrelslN-ded 4 orderly development within the Bozeman area." The engin-
_ z eers, after analysis,divided the area into three distinct time
periods of which sewer and water improvements should be
1971 Ir/s 1960 'M 1990
undertaken. The first period, "Plan for the Immediate Needs",
dealt with logical extensions of existing sewer and water followed due to the rationale and criterion set forth by the
lines.The recommendations set forth in the"Plan for Im- engineers in establishing appropriate areas that can be served
mediate Needs" has primarily all been implemented. The by such facilities.
second time period "The Five to Ten Year Plan" concerned
itself with sewer and water extensions through 1978. The FINDINGS
third time period, "The Long Range Plan",dealt with anti- Findings for individual analysis areas have been included
cipated lines to serve the area after the 5-10 year plan recom- within the text of the Land Use Element. However, it should
mendations.The long range plan was also included to meet be recognized that the majority of the land in the planning
practically any growth area south and west of Bozeman after area has been devoted to agriculture uses. Because agricul-
1978. ture has been a dominant factor in the economy of the area
The values of the Citizens' Advisory Committee and the it is felt agriculture will continue to dominate land use but
suitability of the land to support concentrated developments decrease in acreage as urban developments encroach on esta-
reveal that urban growth should be controlled in the western blished agriculture entities.
and southern analysis area. Figure 10 indicates expected land use needs compared to
At such time when growth logically extends from existing projected population,and Table 21 shows a comparison be-
development concentrations, the 5-10 year and long range tween existing land use in the City of Bozeman and a typical
concepts of the Bozeman sewer and water plan should be city.
Table 20 DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPED AREA Table 21 COMPARATIVE LAND USE DATA
Bozeman Jurisdictional Area October, 1971 Bozeman
Analysis Total Total Developed %of Total Percent of Developed
Area Area Area(Acres) Developed Area* Area
LAND USE BOZEMAN NORM*
Western 7006.1 393 4 16-41
Northwest 5813.98 381 5 15.91 Residential 45.7 40.0
Northern 6771.49 6701 27.96 Commercial 7.1 3.0
Northeast 4720.9 606 2.52 ��
Eastern 9547.9 445.3 18.58 Industrial 1.5t/ 7.0
Southern 8361.6 311.0 12.97 Public & Quasi-Public 18.8 10.0
Southwest 5020.0 134.5 5,61
TOTALS 47243.07 2396.4 100.00% Streets 13.7 30.0
Railroads 6.6 4.0
*Total Developed Land: 2396.4 acres
Developed area includes the following: Residential,Commercial,Industrial Public Parks &Open Space 6.6 6.0
and Quasi Public and Transportation and
Communication *Haar- Land Use Planning
use Pion
land uie Ian LEISURE TIME AREAS
Leisure time areas should be located in convenient proxi-
mity to living areas. Major parks and large open spaces should
The purpose of the Land Use Plan is to coordinate plan
be located so as to take advantage of natural features of the elements into a unified series of developmental recommen- landscape and provide for a variety of outdoor recreationand other activities.
dations and proposals for the public and private sectors.
These recommendations and proposals are used as guide- ESTABLISHMENT OF USE AREAS
lines for the public and private sectors of the community Based on the locational requirements expressed above
when making decisions dealing with the physical develop- and coupled with the goals and objectives, the general areas
ment of the planning area. Furthermore,the following rec- for residential, industrial and recreational land uses are
ommendations and proposals can also act as policies since selected. Immediate areas are identified that can be devel-
they are statements of the directions in which the urban area oped either currently or in the near future based on the
should move in order to achieve the objectives of and to im- above criteria. The sewer and water plan of 1968 proposed
plement the proposals contained herein. some developmental areas in regions which have been found
unsuitable for development due to the natural constraints or
LOCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS values that the Citizens' Advisory Committee established.
Locational requirements take the form of guiding prin- LAND USE STANDARDS
ciples and standards for the placement of uses on the land. Land use standards are primarily intended for evaluating
In their most elementary form, locational requirements
the soundness of any future developmental proposals. These
relate to the health, safety, convenience and general ameni- standards discussed below, together with the general use
ties of the urban environment. They involve consideration
of danger from floods and other health and safety hazards, locational principles,govern the location, size,distance and
other physical features of the various land uses, while other 77
the nearness or remoteness of one use from another,the plan elements provide the rationale for plan design. The
compatibility of surrounding uses, the economic feasibility standards should be considered as policy for future devel-
of developing particular uses in particular locations, and the
opment with the official adoption of this plan.
livability and general attractiveness as factors of location.
RESIDENTIAL STANDARDS
13ENERAL PRINCIPLES Areas which are designated as unsuitable for urbanization
General principles relating to the location of land uses should be retained in its present state until the natural con-
customarily identify three major functional areas in the city straints can be overcome.
complex: the work areas, the living areas, and the leisure Residential density,or dwelling units per acres, should
time areas.
vary with the type of development and availability of public
THE WORK AREAS utilities. Areas beyond the influence of such utilities should
Bozeman mainly is concerned with two major work areas; be limited to estate or low densities.
the university campus and the retail service area. Generally, Residential developments should be encouraged within
work areas should be located in convenient proximity to the bounds of defined neighborhoods and should be bound-
living areas where there are nearby interconnecting thorough- ed but not penetrated by major arterials.
fare routes to insure access to and from work, and also, a DENSITY STANDARDS
convenient proximity to related work functions. Some work
areas, such as industrial areas should be in locations accessi- Agriculture 10 acres per unit minimum
ble to heavy transportation facilities. Rural Suburban 1 acre per unit minimum
THE LIVING AREAS Low Density 1 to 4 units per acre
The living areas of Bozeman are dense within the city and Single family only
relatively sparse in the jurisdictional area. The city's living Medium Density 5 to 14 units per acre
areas are concentrated in the south central,southern, north- Single family or multiple family units
ern, and northeastern sectors of the city. Broadly speaking,
future living areas should be located in convenient proximity High Density 15 units per acre or more
to work and leisure time areas where there are nearby trans-
portation routes to insure adequate access back and forth. RECREATIONAL STANDARDS
They should be in close proximity to large open spaces and Recreational areas intended for a concentrated use should
also individual smaller open spaces to provide easy walking be centrally located relative to the neighborhood they serve,
distance of accessory community facilities. Living areas preferably in conjunction with elementary schools.
iould be protected from traffic and incompatible uses with Community parks, stream-side reserves, and natural areas
t attractive aesthetic orientations. A varietyof residential types
ypes should be designated with the inclusion of a city and juris-
and densities should be provided for good housing selection. dictional area park and recreation plan.
INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS 3. Northeastern Sector
Large level industrial sites, convenient to major transpor- Due to physical limitations, the area northeast of the
tation arteries should be provided. The site should have avail- freeway is planned as rural suburban and low density resi- r
able utilities and be compatible with surrounding land uses, dential. The freeway will provide a buffer between this area
with possible protective open space belts and/or other fac- and a programmed heavy industrial area lying between the
tors of amenity both within the site and in relation to ad- freeway and railroad tracks.
joining land uses. Southwest of the tracks is planned for light industry
COMMERCIAL STANDARDS which is bordered by medium density housing.
Commercial uses should be concentrated in well defined Slight central business district expansion is proposed as
and limited areas, well bufferred from adjoining land uses. well as highway commercial along East Main.
Neighborhood commercial areas should be designed to 4. Southeastern Sector
serve a population of 3000-6000. These areas should be well Due to varying limitations, this sector is planned with low
planned to protect surrounding residential development. to medium density residential development accompanied
Zoning provisions should segregate highway oriented and with a neighborhood commercial node. The area long the
central business district uses from neighborhood commercial highway should be oriented to highway commercial activi-
areas. ties.
The amount of land allocated for commercial uses should 5. Southern Sector
be in scale with present demand and future needs. The southern sector should be maintained with low to
medium density residential development. For convenience of
DEVELOPMENTAL PROPOSALS the area residents and to alleviate potential traffic congestion,
Forecasting the future is most difficult, especially when a neighborhood commercial node is planned in the vicinity
78 the determining parameters are unknown. Thus, it is of rela- of Kagy -South Third intersection.
twe importance to make basic assumptions dealing with the 6. South Central Sector
future trends of existing conditions. The south central sector is for all practical purposes fully
The assumptions are: developed. Even though some commercial use exists in the
Land development in the Bozeman Planning Area is in- sector, the majority of the land is used for medium density
evitable and must be controlled. housing. The only change anticipated is a slight expansion
of the central business district.
Speculative and haphazard (uncontrolled) growth is de- 7. Central Sector
structive and leads to poor and hazardous living conditions.
The central sector is the location of the area's central
Observance of conservation principles can avoid destruc- business district.Anticipation is of slight north-south ex-
tion and insure enhancement. pansion. This area should be maintained with businesses
If future growth is planned, the Bozeman Planning Area compatible to a downtown area.
can absorb projected growth without damaging the natural g. Southwestern Sector
or human environment. The southwestern sector is planned with a variety of uses.
Planned growth is more desirable and profitable than un- Highway commercial is planned along Highway 191 skirted
controlled growth. with high and medium density residential. High density resi-
dential is also planned along West College and South Nine-
CITY teenth in relation to the university high density residential
1. Northwest Sector area. The rest of the area is planned for medium density resi-
Medium density residential use is proposed for most of dential.
this sector with the exception of highway commercial along 9. University Sector
Highway 191 and a neighborhood commercial node in the Private land within the university sector is primarily
area of projected North Nineteenth - Oak Street intersection, fully developed with medium density residential units and
Care should be exercised in providing compatible single a commercial node along West College. Plans are to main-
family units and multi-family unit areas. tain this area as it is at the present.
2. Northern Sector The university property is State owned and uncontrollable
In the northern sector, highway commercial is planned through local governments.
along North Seventh Avenue with high density east of the
commercial area and north of West Tamarack Street. The JURISDICTIONAL AREA
rest of the area is designated as medium density residential 1. Western Analysis Area
with the exception of central business district expansion In this area, section eleven is partly developed. Plans are
north to the alley between Mendenhall and Lamme Street. to develop section eleven north of West Babcock Street and
part of section two with medium density single-family hous- opment unfeasible. The area should remain in a natural state
ing.The area between West Babcock and Highway 191 is with possible low density estate development when favorable
ilanned as medium to high density residential with some conditions exist.
rofessional office buildings. Areas of Section thirteen and
fourteen presently outside the city limits are planned for 5. Eastern Analysis Area
medium to high density residential developments to corres- The eastern analysis area is distinguished by Interstate 90
pond to the university development. and U. S. Highway 10 and 191.Several commercial nodes
Commercial development west of the intersection of are feasible but great care should be taken in allocating the
West College and Highway 191 should not be allowed. sites.
However, a commercial node in the area of Rea School Except for a possible low density area immediately ad-
along the highway should be allowed. jacent to the present city limits the area should continue as
The rest of the area should remain as agriculture or low agriculture or develop as low density estates.
density estate development.
6. Southern Analysis Area
2. Northwest Analysis Area
The southern analysis area is marked by residential de-
An area in Section one along Baxter Lane is planned as velopments expanding south of the city limits and influences
high density residential with the rest of this section and of the university.
part of Section two planned as medium density residential.
Plans for the area adjacent to the university are to pro-
The rest of the area should remain as agriculture or low vide compatible and complimentary uses. For example, an
density estates. Areas of existing subdivisions would,of area of high density is planned south of the M.S.U. high
course, remain as low density estates. rise apartments and an area for research technology is
3. Northern Analysis Area planned south of the new Museum of the Rockies.
The northern analysis area affords opportunities for both Surrounding the high density area is planned an area of 79
heavy and light industrial activities in location adjacent to medium density residential. East of South Third to the foot-
the city limits in the vicinity of Griffin Drive, Bridger Drive hills along Bozeman Creek is planned as low density resi-
and Rouse Avenue. It is planned that this area develop with dential with the rest of the analysis area programmed as low
industrial uses provided sewer, water and transportation density estates or agriculture.
-outes are available. Protection of other uses should also be
provided. Urban developments should be discouraged from locating
in the Bozeman Creek flood plain and extending into the
The rest of the area should be retained as agriculture or prime agriculture lands of the area.
developed as low density with the exception of high density
residential south of the freeway and medium density resi- 7. Southwest Analysis Area
dential east of North Rouse and along Bridger Drive. The southwest analysis area is almost totally void of any
4. Northeast Analysis Area urban encroachments. Because this is a prime agriculture
Severe limitations exist for this area making most devel- area, plans are to retain it as such.
c slons
reiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiillillillilljlllIu� 0ndatiOns
IIIIIIIIIII��I'���IIIIIII' ���lhi�j
J
conclufioni & recommendationi
Conclusions presented in this section of the Bozeman Area 11. The park and open space situation for the planning
Plan have been extracted from the various elements of the area is relatively wholesome. Nevertheless, more study should
plan. They are included here to give a general overview of the be done to measure current and expected needs and to allo-
material and findings collected throughout the study. cate neighborhood and community parks in more strategic
Recommendations as presented in this section point the locations.
way for implementing the plan. Without implementation the 12. By 1990, the number of acres in urban development
plan is but a mere academic exercise serving little or no pur- is expected to be twice what it is at the present time. Allo-
pose. cation of the various land uses should be based on this area
It is strongly urged that the recommendations presented plan and subsequent updates.
here be wholly incorporated into the programs and operations RECOMMENDATIONS
of the local governments. 1. Because government is for the people, it should re-
flect the peoples desires. On this premise it is recommended
CONCLUSIONS that local officials adhere to the desires expressed by the
1. Citizens of the Bozeman Planning Area have shown Citizens' Advisory Committee. Any further planning pro-
a strong interest in planning by participation on the Citizens' jects should include citizen participation.
Advisory Committee and suggesting planning goals. 2. With the emphasis of this plan being land use, it
2. Population of the Bozeman Planning Area is ex- seems only appropriate to suggest comprehensive land use
pected to continue to grow similar to past trends. controls. It is therefore recommended that:
3. The Bozeman Planning Area contains many physical a) The present city zoning code be updated and up- 85
limitations to urban development, i.e., poor soil and high graded to present day situations.
water table. The area, however, is conclusive to agriculture b) Zoning reflecting the delicacy of the physical en- 10
production. Much of the area should be retained as agricul- vironment and the importance of agriculture be establish-
ture and urban encroachments should be discouraged. ed in the jurisdictional area.
4. Another limiting factor of the area is the flood c) Present subdivision regulations be revised to reflect
plains of the various creeks.These areas should be protected local problems.
from urban encroachments. d) Flood plain zoning be adopted to restrict urban en-
5. Even though there is a large variety of housing in croachment from the flood plains.
the Bozeman area,the supply is somewhat lower than the 3. In the northeast sector of the city where building
demand.Steps should be taken to encourage more housing conditions are deteriorating it is recommended a community
construction especially for low and moderate income families. renewal program be started.
6. The housing condition for the area is generally good; 4. Local governments should work toward a non-
however, the northeast sector of the city is gradually deteri- discriminatory housing policy and promoting a variety of
orating.Steps should be taken to encourage redevelopment housing types.
of this section of the city.
5. The Bozeman central business district is the nucleus
7. Because of the high cost of housing, many families of a regional trade area, therefore, it is recommended that
are buying mobile homes. Provision should be made for mo- action be taken to preserve the central business district as a
bile home developments.These developments should offer healthy business center.
a pleasant environment for their residents.
6. As pointed out in the economic element,an eco-
8. The economy of the area,even though not over- nomic base study is needed for the area.
whelming, has been rather stable. Agriculture, service, and
the university have dominated the economy spectrum. This 7. Also pointed out in the text of this plan is the need
trend is expected to continue. for an intense circulation study of the area. This should be
high on the priority list.
9. A means should be provided to encourage more
industrial growth.To begin the program an economic base B• The last recommendation was also mentioned in
study should be done to measure all facets of the local the plan;that being an update of the area park plan. With
economy and determine the types of industry desirable and the growth of the area it is very important to designate
Feasible for the area. parks before an area is fully developed and parkland un-
�' available.
10. The overall circulation of the Bozeman area is good.
There are, however, places within the area that are highly With the amount of flood plains throughout the planning
congested.With expected growth of the area, congestion and area it would seem appropriate for governing bodies to esta-
unsafe conditions will increase unless steps are soon taken to blish policies to protect these natural areas and perhaps
alleviate potential problems. develop them within a park system.