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HomeMy WebLinkAbout01- Bozeman 2020 Community PlanBozeman 2020 Community Plan This certifies that the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan has been duly adopted by the Bozeman City Commission by City of Bozeman Resolution No. 3486 dated October 22, 2001. Bozeman City Commission !If..°'~ 6 ff:·o..,.,."-- Marcia B. Youngman, Mayor Jarvis H. Brown Joe N. Frost Steven R. Kirchhoff Sandra L. Smiley Bozeman Planning Board Ed Musser, President Ben Alexander Brian Close Joanne Eaton Joe Frost Brian Gallik Mark Haggerty Eric Lindeen Rich Noonan Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bozeman 2020 Community Plan This growth policy is the result of many hours of data gathering, public participation and comments, and thoughtful discussion. Hundreds of persons participated in various ways throughout this process. With- out their help and participation this plan would have been significantly lessened. The following persons and organizations are recognized for their participation in the planning effort. Many others also partici- pated through surveys and other means that can not be individually listed. Their input is also gratefully recognized. Bozeman City Commission Marcia Youngman, Mayor Jarvis Brown, Commissioner Joe Frost, Commissioner Steve Kirchhoff, Commissioner Sandra Smiley, Commissioner Joan Rudberg, Past Commissioner Alfred M. Stiff, Past Mayor Don Stueck, Past Mayor Clark Johnson, City Manager Planning Board Ed Musser, President Rich Noonan, Vice-President Ben Alexander Brian Close Joanne H. Eaton Joe Frost, Commission Llason Brian Gallik Mark Haggerty Eric Lindeen Bill Mitchell, Past Member Richard McConnen, Past Member Nikki Naiser, Past Member Lynn Rugheimer, Past Member Sandra Smiley, Past Member Mary Ellen Wolfe, Past Member Acknowledgements Planning Staff Andrew C. Epple, Planning Director David Skelton, Senior Planner Chris C. Saunders, Associate Planner Jody J Sanford, Associate Planner Bozeman 2020 Community Plan John Sherman, Past Associate Planner/Urban Designer Jami Morris, Assistant Planner Karin Caroline, Assistant Planner Derek B. Strahn, Past Historic Preservation Officer Jim Jenks, Historic Preservation Officer Community Design Charrette Jim Pepper, Team Director Dale Beland George Mattson Richard Charlesworth Thomas Bitnar Bozeman 2020 Logo Design Benjamin Bennett, Palmquist Creative Other Organizations Bozeman Area Transportation Coordinating Committee Gallatin County Planning Board Gallatin County Trails Committee Bozeman Recreation and Parks Advisory Board Bozeman Historic Preservation Board Bozeman Chamber of Commerce Gallatin Development Corporation Bozeman Downtown Improvement Board Downtown Bozeman Association Bozeman Bicycle Advisory Board Bozeman Cemetery Board Gallatin Valley Land Trust Business & Economic Development Committee Jim Drummond Sue Leigland Steve Schnee Marilyn Wessel Janice Whetstone Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Acknowledgements Individual participants - Many persons other than those listed below participated through surveys and other means which did not provide for individual identification. Thanks are equally expressed to those individuals as well. Alance Mueller Celia Wood Ellen Trygstad Alex Phillips Chandler Dayton Eric Albright Alicia Bradshaw Chris Nixon Eric McConaghy Alvin Goldenstein Clain Jones Eric Stemes Angie Wasia Clark Alexis Erica Skinger Ann Dickensheets Clark Babcock Erok Rosberg Anna Newman Clark Johnson Eva Patten Anne Banks Claude Matney Frank Manseau Annette McDowell Clayton Marlow Frank Munshower Anya Tuton Cort Felts Frank Schledorn Art Wittich Cynthia Mernin Gail Richardson Ashley Greene Dale Beland Gary Vodehnal Austin Anderson Dallas Thomas Gavin Anderson Averil Heath Dan Himsworth Gayle Hendricks Barb Cestero Dan Schmidt Gene Graf Barb Lester Daniel Murray Gina Barghini Barbara Mall Darcy Tickner Glenniss Indreland Barbara Rusmore David Baker Gannie Siebel Barry Sulam David Barbisan Gretchen Rupp Becky Adamson David Durant Hallie Rugheimer Ben Lloyd David Gaillard Harold Fryslie Betty Smithgall David Jarrett Harry K..irschenbaum Bill Armold David Johnson Harry Murphy Bill Clinton David Lutschg J acy Brouillette Bill Ranard David R. Smith James Cannata Bill Reinhardt Dawn Smith James Goehrung Bob Harrington Dean Ulrich James Healy Bob Hawks Deb Gertiser James Smith Bob Hendricks Debbie Deagen Jan Harmon Bob Hunter Dick Lund Jan Schwartz Bob Lee Dick Milligan Janice Whetstone Bobbi Geise Dick Prugh Jayce Hymes Brad Garnidz Don Bachman Jean Clinton Brian Gertiser Donna Lovell Jeanne Wiese Buck Taylor Doris Ward Jeff Buchowiski Caren Roberty Dorothy Eck Jeff Krause Carl D. Esbjornson Dwight Wiese Jeff Rupp Carl Thomas Ed Adamson Jen Elliot Carla Neasel Ed McCrone Jennifer Drinen Carson Taylor, Esq. Elaine Schlenker Jerald Swenson Cathy Weeden Elizabeth Darrow Jerry Coffey Cecillia Vaniman Elizabeth Roberts Jerry DiMarco Acknowledgements Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Jim Birnam Livera Wall Paul Cartwright Jim Cannata Lloyd Mandeville Paul Rugheimer Jim Devitt Lora Dalton Paul Thomas Jim Drummond Lori Simms Penny Murray Jim Pepper Lowell Springer Pete Strom Jim Ryfell Lucy Pope Pete Strum Jim Vernon Lynn Greenlee Peter Mommsen Jim Walseth Lynn Rugheimer Peter Rugheimer Jim Webster Marcia Kaveney R.L. Lindstrom Joan Holborn Marcus Hawkes Rachael Wallace Joanne Jennings Marianne Filloux Ralph Zimmer Joanne Smith Marilyn Trace Ray Rasker Joe Gutowski Marilyn Wessel Renee Baker Joe Hansen Marjorie Johnson Rex Easton Joe Mangiantini Mark Edgerly Richard Burke Joe Newman Mark Evans Richard Peterson John Curtis Mark Story Richard Shanahan John Huotari Marsaili Aspinall Richard Smith John Loor,Jr. Martha Lonner Rick Chin John Nordwick Mary Danforth Rick Kerin John Shepard Mary Etta Parkinson Rob Drew Jon Engen Mary Hunter Robb Goodell Jon Gerster Mary Keck Robert Bukvich Jon Yarger Mary Leslie Robert Dougherty Judy Mathre Mary Martin Robert Hamlin June Crawford Mary Pat Sietzer Robert Hendricks June Safford Mary Vant Hull Robert Lee Karen Thomas Mary Wictor Rod Gilbert Karin Jennings Megan Nasrallah Roger Bennett Karlene Swenson Mel Howe . Roger Craft Kathryn Strickland Melissa Richey Ron Batchelor Kay Woods Michael Dean Ron Glock Kayla Gerrity Michael Lilly Russ Tuckerman Kelly Pollington Micheline Bisaillon Sandy Dodge Kim Davitt Mike Delaney Sarah Helfrich Kirsten Boyle Mike Gaffke Scott Doss Kris Fedro Mike Phillips Sean Gerrity Kristen Taylor N Doyal Young Shane Boyle Kyra Deprez Nancy McCampbell Shelburn Murray Lanette Windemaker P. Schladweiler Shelia M. Ruffato Laura Fox Pam Barrett Shelley Henry Laurie Simms Pam McDonald Shelley Wickstrom Leo Schlenker Pamela Barrett Shelly Henry Lilly Lund Pamela Pride Sheri Cole Linda Barge Pat Yaney Sian Mooney Linda Pierce Patricia Cramer Spencer Williams Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Stacy Haugland Stephanie Nelson Stephen Custer Stephen Tanner Steve Forest Steve Kelly Steve l<irchhoff Steve Tanner Steve White Steven Potuzak Steven Wallace Stewart Mitchell Stuart Challender Susan Barbisan Susan Ewing Susan Swimley Tamara Feenstra Teresa Mann Terrence Gotz Terry Lonner Terry Mann Terry Quatraro Thomas Anacker Thomas Bitnar Acknowledgements Acknowledgements Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .... .... ...... ................. ... .............. ................ ... .. .. -....... .......... .... ........ ............. viii LIST OF TABLES.......... ............... ....... .. .............. ............. .... .. .... ....................... ....................... lX LIST OF GRAPHS ... ...... .. .. ,.. ..... .. ..... .. ......... ......... ............................. .. .... ..... ... ......... ......... .. .. ... xi CHAPTER 1 - DEALING WITH CHANGE........... ...... .... ......... .. ............. .. ........................ .. 1-1 1.0 INTRODUCTION................ ......... ... .................................. ............................ .... 1-1 1.1 VISION FOR THE FUTURE.... .... ........................................ ...... .... .......... ........ 1-1 1.2 RESPONSE TO CHANGE................... .... ..... ............ ...... .................. ....... ........ 1-3 1.3 COORDINATION AND COOPERATION.... ..... ......................... .. ................. 1-4 1.3.1 Statement of Coordination....... ...... ..................... ................. ... ...... .......... 1-4 1.4 SHAPING CHANGE......................................................... .................... ............ 1-7 1.5 IMPLEMENTATION........... .... .... ... ................................. ................. .......... ....... 1-8 1.6 DEALING WITH CHANGE GOALS, POLICIES, AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES...................................... ............... ............. .... 1-9 CHAPTER 2 - INTRODUCTION..................................... ... ................... ...... .. ... .... ......... ... .... 2-1 2.0 PLANNING AREA .................. .. .................................................... . ,..... .... ......... . 2-1 2.1 PLAN ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION...................................... 2-1 2.2 ST ATE REQUIREMENTS.... .. ........... ... ......................... ........ ...... ........ .... ... .. ... .. 2-3 2.3 NEED FOR A NEW COMMUNITY PLAN (GROWTH POLICY).................. 2-4 2.3.1 The Need for Good Planning................................. .. ............................ ..... 2-4 2.3.2 Why A New Plan Now?............................................ ............... ...... .... ....... 2-5 2.4 REVIEW AND AMENDMENTS TO THE PLAN.......................... .. .. .. ............ 2-7 2.4.1 Criteria for Review and Amendment.................. ... .. ..... ............................ 2-7 2.4.2 Timing of Amendments.................. ......................... .... ......... ... .... .. ...... .. .. 2-9 2.5 HISTORY OF PLANNING IN THE BOZEMAN AREA...... ................. ... .. ..... 2-10 2.5.1 Past Master Plans ...... ........ .............................. ..... .................... ...... ........... 2-10 2.5.2 Other Existing Plans............................................. .......... ........................ .. 2-14 2.6 BOZEMAN 2020 COMMUNITY PLAN ELEMENTS......... ............................. 2-19 2.7 PLANNING PROCESS......... .. .................................................. .................. ......... 2-21 CHAPTER 3 - BACKGROUND INFORMATION............................................................... 3-1 3.0 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE....... ...... ............. ...... ... .............. .......... ...... ........... 3-1 3.1 PHYSIOGRAPHY......... ................. ..................... ... ..... ............... .......... .... ............ 3-10 3.1 .1 Geology and Structure ... ... ................. .. ................ ...... ..... ............... ... .. ... .. , 3-10 3.1.2 Hydrology.......... ....... .............. ...... .. ... ...... .............. ...... ...... .......... ...... ....... 3-13 3.2 BOZEMAN AREA ATTRACTIONS............... ..................... ... ........................ ... 3-13 3.2.1 Yellowstone National Park.................................. .. .. ................................. 3-13 3.2.2 Montana State Universitv - Bozeman........... .. ......................... .............. ... 3-13 Page i Table of Contents Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 3.2.3 Recreational Lands and Activities........................ .. .......... ......... ................ 3-14 3.3 COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS............... .... ................. ................... .. .. ... ..... 3-15 3.3.1 Population ...... ............... .. ........... .... .. ......... .. ....... ................. .............. :.... ..... 3-15 3.3.2 Population Characteristics ..... ........ ....... .. ................... .. .......... .. -... ..... ........... 3-17 3.3.3 Household Characteristics ......... .. ... ....... .... ................ ......... .... ,........ .......... .. 3-20 3.3.4 Education Characteristics........... ... .................. ... ..... .. .. ................................ 3-21 3.3.5 Employment and Income Characteristics ................... ... ......... .. .................. .. 3-23 3.4 PROJECTIONS ..... .... ... ........ ...... ............. .......... .... .................... ........ ....... ... ... .......... 3-26 3.4.1 Population Projections ............ ......... ............................................... ,........... . 3-26 3.4.2 Household Projections... .. .. ................ ..... .. .. ...... .... ...... ................... ... ...... ..... 3-26 3.4.3 Employment Projections .......... .... ..... .... .. .. .. ......... .. .. -.. ..... ......... ... .. .. .. .. ........ 3-27 CHAPTER 4 - COMMUNITY QUALITY .. .. .............. ................ .... ............................. .... .... ..... .. 4-1 4.0 COMMUNITY DESIGN ........ ... .................. ......... ..... .............................................. 4-1 4.0.1 Introduction .. ................................................ ..... ........ , .. .. ..... .. .. ...... ............. .. 4-1 4.0.2 Relationship to the Land-Use Element.. .................................... , ........... ....... 4-1 4.0.3 Existing Design Review Programs ........... ..... ............. ......................... .......... 4-1 4.0.4 Urban Development Design ....... ................ .. .... ................ ......... .... ........ ....... 4-7 4.0.5 Suburban Development Design .. .. ..... ............................ .............. ................. 4-9 4.1 NEIGHBORHOOD DESIGN .. ........... .... ....... ... .. ....... ......... ............... ............. ....... 4-11 4.2 D ESIGN GUIDELINES ......... ............... ............ .. ........ ..... ............ .. ....... ..... ....... ....... 4-12 4.2.1 Commercial D evelopment.. ............. .. .. .. ............ ....... ........... ......... ............. .. . 4-12 4.2 .2 Residential Development ........ ................ ..... ........ .. ... ..... ...... ............. ............ 4-13 4.3 PUBLIC LANDSCAPING AND ARCHITECTURE ........... .................................... 4-14 4.4 URBAN FORESTRY ................ ......... ............ ........... ... .... ......................................... 4-15 4.5 PUBLIC HEALTH ..................... ........ .... ... ........ ....... ..... ................. ............... .... .. .... .. 4-16 4.6 ARTS AND CULTURE .................................... ... ......... ................................... ......... 4-18 4.7 DOWNTOWN BOZEMAN ...... ....... ......... ... ... ..... ...... .. .. .... .... .. ........... .... ..... ...... ...... 4-20 4.8 HISTORIC PRESERVATION ............ .. .. .......... ...... ..................... .. ...... ........ ..... ........ 4-21 4. 9 COMMUNITY CHARACTER GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES ............................................ .. ......... ......... ............ 4-24 CHAPTER 5 - HOUSING .......................... ... ........... .. ... ............ .. ... .......... .. .. ... ...... .. ... ............. .. .... 5-1 Page ii 5.0 INTRODUCTION ... ... ............ ....... .... ..... ....... ... ..... ........ .......................... .............. ... 5-1 5.0.1 Number of Housing Units ...... ................ .. ......... ......................... ... .. .............. 5-1 5.0.2 Size of Housing Units ... .............. .. .. ...... .. ............ .. .......... .......... .. .. ... ........ ...... 5-3 5.0.3 Tenure .. ... .. ... ........ ... ..... ..... ... ..... ... .. ...... .. ............. ..... ....... ...... ... ... ....... ............ 5-4 5.0.3 Age of Housing Units .. ............... .............. ..... ..... .............. .. ........ ........... ...... .. 5-4 5.0.5 Duration of Occupancy in Housing Unit ...... .. .. ............................................ 5-5 5.1 HOUSING AFFORDIBILITY ........ .. .... .. ...... ......... ... ................ ..... ................... .. .... . 5-6 5.1.1 Value of Housing Units............ .... .................. .............................................. 5-6 5.1.2 Monthly Contract Rents .. ........... .. ......... .... ...... ....... ....... .. .. ........... ..... ............ 5-7 5.1 .3 Homelessness.... ............. .... .. .. .. ...... .... ...... .... .. ............................... .......... .... . 5-9 5.2 SPECIAL NEEDS POPULATIONS .. .............. ........ ... ... ........ .. ............. .. .. .............. 5-10 5.3 RENTAL VACANCY RATE ................ ............ ........ .............. ............................... .. 5-10 5.4 DISPLACEMENT ..... .. ... ..... .... ... ...... .... .... .. ..... ....... ..... .......... ....... ..... ............... .. ...... 5-11 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Table of Contents 5.5 IMPACTS OF MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY STUDENT BODY ............... 5-11 5.5 HOUSING SUMMARY ........................................................................................... . 5-12 5.6 HOUSING GOALS, OBJECTNES, AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES ...... 5-13 CHAPTER 6 - LAND USE ........ .. ...... .... ................ ........ ....... .. ...... ........................ .................. ... , .. 6-1 6.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 6-1 6.0.1 Past Land Use Patterns ................................................................................. 6-1 6.1 VISION .................................................................................................................... 6-2 6.1.1 Goals and Objectives................................................................................... 6-2 6.1.2 Land Use Principles...................................................................................... 6-5 6.1.3 Neighborhood and Sub-Area Plans ............................................................... 6-6 6.1.4 External Influences on Land Use Planning ................................................... 6-9 6.2 LAND USE DESIGNATIONS AND MAP ............................................................. 6-10 6.2.1 Existing Land Uses and Areas ................................................................ .. .... . 6-10 6.2.2 Future Land Requirements ....................................... .. ................................... 6-15 6.2.3 Land Use Designation Descriptions .............................................................. 6-20 6.2.4 Land Use Map ............................................................................................. .. 6-26 6.2.5 Annexation ......................................................................................... .. ........ . 6-27 6.3 OVERLAY DISTRICTS ......................... .. ............................... ............................ .. .. . 6-27 6.3.1 Existing Overlay Districts ............................................................................. 6-27 6.3.2 Capital Facilities Overlay District .............................................................. .. . 6-28 6.4 LAND USE AND FACILITY PLANS ................................................................... ... 6-30 6.5 IMPLEMENTATION AND ADMINISTRATION. .......... ................. ..... ... ............. 6-31 6.6 LAND USE GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES ..... 6-32 CHAPTER 7 - ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT .. ...................... ... ... ... ........ ... .. ......................... 7-1 7.0 BACI<:.GROUND ................................. .................... ........... .. ...... ... ......... ................... 7-1 7 .1 CURRENT EMPLOYMENT. ..................... ... ............... ........................................... 7 -2 7.2 FUTURE EMPLOYMENT ...................... .... .... ............................... ......................... 7-4 7.3 LAND USE ACTIVITIES .................. ......... .............. ............ ................... ..... ........... 7-7 7.4 MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY ............. .............................. ............................ 7-8 7 .5 BOZEMAN'S SUPPORT FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.: ....................... 7-9 7.6 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES ................................................. .......................... 7-9 CHAPTER 8 - ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND CRITICAL LANDS ......................... 8-1 8.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................... ....................... .................................. 8-1 8.0.1 Critical Lands Study ............................ ........................ ..................... ... .......... 8-1 8.0.2 Montana State Constitution ............... ... ........................ .......................... ..... . 8-2 8.1 WETLANDS.......................................................................... .. ........ ..... .. .......... ....... 8-2 8.1.1 Introduction ........................................ .. ........................ .. ..................... ......... 8-2 8.1.2 Wetland Benefits ................................. ....................... ........... ... ...... ........... .... 8-3 8 .1.3 Types of Wetlands in Montana ......... ..................................... ... ·.··············..... 8-4 8.1.5 Regulations and Programs to Protect Wetlands ........ ................................ .. .. 8-4 8.2 WETLAND ISSUES AND ANALYSIS ....... ............................. ........................... ... 8-5 Page iii Table of Contents Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page iv 8.2.1 Loss of Wetlands ................. .... ... ... .... ........... .... .......... ....... .. ........................ . 8-5 8.2.2 Wetlands Mapping................ .. ..... .......................................... ...... ................. 8-9 8.2.3 Wetland Buffers ........................ .. .............................................. .. ... .. ............. 8-9 8.3 FLOODPLAINS..................................... .......... ........................ .. .... ... ......... ..... ........ 8-9 8.3.2 Introduction....................... .... .... .. ...... ................... .. ....... .... .... .. ..... ..... .......... 8-9 8.3.2 Definition of a Floodplain ...... ...... .......................... ............................ ......... 8-10 8.3.3 Flood Damage Factors ....... ... ...... .. ..... ... ...... .... ......... ........... ........ ... .. ........ .... 8-10 8.3.4 National Flood Insurance Program .. ..... ..... .. ............................. ................ ... 8-11 8.3.5 Federal, State, and Local Floodplain Regulations .. .................................. ..... 8-12 8.4 FLOODPLAIN ISSUES AND ANALYSIS ............................ .. .. .. .... .... .. ................. 8-14 8.5 WATERCOURSES .................................... .. .. ....................... .......... .... ..... ... ............. 8-15 8.5.1 Introduction ............................. .... ... ......... ........................ ... ... ...................... 8-15 8.5.2 Watercourse Degradation Factors............... ..................................... ............ 8-16 8.5.3 Regulations for Watercourses.. ........... ......................... ...... .... ......... ...... ...... .. 8-17 8.6 WATERCOURSE ISSUES AND ANALYSIS ....... ................... ......... .... .. ..... ...... ... . 8-18 8.7 GROUNDWATER .. ........... ... ..... .. .... .. ... ...... .. ...... ...... ...... .. .... ..... .... .... ... ................. 8-19 8.7.1 Introduction...... .......... ....... ......... .. .... .. .. ..... .... .. .. .. .... ....... .. ... .... .... ...... .... ... .. 8-19 8.7.2 Groundwater Benefits.. ... ... ............. .. ... ... .... ... ............... ... .................. .. .. ..... 8-20 8. 7 .3 Costs of Groundwater Contamination........................ .. .... ... ....................... 8-21 8.7.4 Threats to Groundwater...... .......... ...... ............................. ............ .. ... .. ........ 8-21 8.7.5 Federal, State and Local Regulations and Programs to Protect Groundwater............................. ............................................ .... .......... ......... 8-22 8.8 GROUNDWATER ISSUES AND ANALYSIS.................................. .... .. .. .. .......... 8-23 8.8.1 Soil Contamination.... ..... .... ....... ....... .... ................... .. ...... ... .... ... ..... .. ..... ...... 8-25 8.9 GEOLOGIC CONSTRAINTS... .................. .. ..................... ... .. .... ...... ......... .. ......... 8-25 8.9.1 Introduction ... ... ..... .... ..... .. .... .... .... .... ......... ........ ... ..... .. .. .. .. .... ........ .... ...... .. .. 8-25 8.9.2 Federal, State and Local Regulations and Programs...... .. .................... ......... 8-26 8.10 GEOLOGIC CONSTRAINTS ISSUES AND ANALYSIS ............. ...... ................... 8-27 8.10.1 Erosion and Sedimentation... ... ... ....... ................ .......... .. .. ........... .. .. .. .......... 8-27 8.10.2 Steep Slopes ................................................... ; .. ..... ;.... ....... .. ...... .. ... ..... ... ... . 8-28 8.10.3 Seismic Hazard .................... .... ...... .. .. .. ........ ............... .... " .. ... .... ... ....... ... .. ... 8-29 8.11 FISH AND WILDLIFE HABITAT... ... ..................... ..... .. ......................... ..... .. ... .. .. 8-29 8.11.1 Introduction ............................... .. ......... .............. ....................... .. ... ............ 8-29 8.11 .2 Prevalence of Species....... .. .. .. .... ......... ...... .. .. .. .. ... ............ ............. ........ ... .. 8-30 8.11.3 Federal, State, and Local Regulations and Programs.................................. . 8-31 8.12 WILDLIFE AND WILDLIFE HABITAT ISSUES AND ANALYSIS... .. ..... ......... 8-31 8.13 OTHER CRITICAL LAND AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ISSUES...... 8-32 8.13.1 Noxious Weeds................... ............... .............................. ...... ..................... 8-32 8.13.2 Noise Pollution................... .. ... .... ........................................ .. .. .. ................. 8-33 8.13.3 Light Pollution.......................... .. ..... ......................... .. .................. ........... ... 8-33 8.13.4 Viewsheds and Ridgelines.. .. .. .......... .... .. ... .. .............. ..... .... .............. ........... 8-34 8.13.5 Air Quality..... ............ .. ............ ..... .......... ...... ... .... .... ......... .......... .. ...... ...... .. 8-35 8.14 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND CRITICAL LANDS GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES.... ....... ......................... .. 8-35 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Table of Contents CHAPTER 9 - PARKS, RECREATION, PATHWAYS AND OPEN SPACE. ..................... 9-1 9.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................... ....................................... 9-1 9.1 PARKS BACKGROUND INFORMATION....................... ....................... ........... 9-2 9.1.1 Introduction.......................................................... ......... ............................. 9-2 9.1.2 Changing Demographics and Parks.................... ......................................... 9-2 9.1.3 National Park Standards ............................................. ,................... ............ 9-3 9 .1.4 Parks by Type................................................... ... ............................ ........... 9-8 9.1.5 City Parks Department ............... ,........................ ....................................... 9-9 9 .1.6 Parkland Acquisition............................................ ..... ................................. 9-10 9 .1. 7 Regional Park............................................................................................. 9-10 9 .1.8 Joint Park/School Site Acquisition........ ..................................................... 9-11 9.2 PARK ISSUES AND ANALYSIS................................. ...... ................................... 9-11 9.2.1 Park Maintenance and Development.................................................... .. .. . 9-11 9 .2.2 Parkland Aggregation and Consolidation................................................... 9-12 9 .2.3 Addressing the "Freerider" Effect.............................................................. 9-14 9.2.4 Working with Other Local, State, and Federal Agencies............................. 9-14 9.2.5 Parks - Current and Future Needs.............................................................. 9-15 9.3 RECREATION.................................................... ............. .. ................ .. ......... ....... 9-15 9.3.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 9-15 9.3.2 Recreation Department Facilities............................................................... 9-16 9.3.3 Recreation Programs................................................................................... 9-16 9.3.4 Recreation Issues........................................................................................ . 9-17 9.4 PARK AND RECREATION ACTIVITY /FACILITY STANDARDS................... 9-23 9 .4.1 Assessment of Recreation Facility Needs.................................. ................. 9-23 9.5 PATHWAYS........................................... ................................................................ 9-24 9.5.1 Introduction................................. ....................... .. .................... ................. . 9-24 9.5.2 Pathway Groups........................... ................................................... ........ .... 9-25 9.5.3 Future Pathway Categories..................... ......... ... .............................. ........... 9-26 9.5.4 Pathways and the POST Plan........................... .............. ...... ....................... 9-26 9.6 PATHWAY ISSUES AND ANALYSIS ...... .. ..................... ...................................... 9-27 9.6.1 Acquisition of Land or Easements for Trails............................................... 9-27 9.6.2 Aesthetics of Trail Corridors ........................................................................ 9-29 9.6.3 Width of Trail Dedication/Easement.......................................................... 9-29 9.6.4 Homeowners Association Trail Maintenance ............................................... 9-29 9.6.5 Coordination of Standards...................................................... .. ................... 9-29 9.6.6 Liability Issues .............................................................................................. 9-30 9.6.7 Holding of Easement Agreements............................................................... 9-31 9.6.8 Weed Control............................................................................................... 9-31 9.7 OPEN SPACE .......................................................................................... ........... .... 9-31 9. 7 .1 Introduction................................................................................................. 9-31 9.7.2 Gallatin County Open Lands Board ............................................................. 9-32 9.7.3 Open Space Preservation Options ............................................................... 9-33 9.8 OPEN SPACE ISSUES AND ANALYSIS .............................................................. 9-35 9.8.1 Loss of Agricultural Lands .................... .. .... .. .... .. .. .. ..................................... 9-35 9.8.2 Urban Open Space..................................................... .. ......... .............. .. .. ..... 9-36 9.8.3 Location of Open Space In and Near the City ............................................. 9-36 Page v Table of Contents Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 9.9 PARKS, RECREATION, PATHWAYS, AND OPEN SPACE GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES .. .................................... ... 9-37 CHAPTER 10 - TRANSPORTATION ............ ..... ... .... ................................. .. ... .......... .... .. .... .. .... 10-1 10.1 INTRODUCTION .... .. .. ..... ..... ...... ........................................ ...... ..... ... .......... ....... .... 10-1 10.2 GENERAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM DESCRIPTION. ............................. 10-1 10.1.1 Transportation Planning....................... ..... ................ ...... ............... .............. 10-2 10.1.2 Transit ...... ...... .............. ..... ........... .... ... .............. ........ ... .. ............... .. .. ....... .... 10-2 10.1.3 Air Travel............ ...... ....... ........... .. ... .. .. ...... ...... ..... .. ..... .... ... ... .... .. ...... .......... 10-3 10.1.4 Rail...... ......... .. .. ....... ............ .. .. ..... ... ...... ........... ........ ........ .. ..... .. ... ...... ... ....... 10-3 10.1 .5 Pathways.... ... .............. ...... .. ................ .. ... ... .............. .... .... ............. ........ ...... 10-3 10.2 LINK BETWEEN TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE/ DEVELOPMENT ... ..... ........ .. ...... ................. .. ... .... .. ....... ... .... ...... ... .. .. ...... ........ .... .. 10-4 10.3 TRANSPORTATION PLAN ................... ...... ........... ... .... .................... .......... .... ..... 10-6 10.3.1 Street Network............ ... .. ...... ........... ... ..... ..... .......... .. ...... ........... .. ... ........ ... 10-7 10.3.2 Functional Classification and Limitations .................... ... ...................... ....... 10-10 10.3.3 Coordination of Multi-Modal Transportation System Development .. :.. ...... 10-11 10.4 TRANSPORTATION MODES AND LIMITS...................................................... 10-12 10.5 TRANSPORTATION DEMAND MANAGEMENT. .... .... ........ .. .. ...... .. ........ ... .. .. 10-13 10.6 PATHWAYS ....... ...................... ....... ............... ....... ............... ..... ............... ... ...... ...... 10-14 10.7 AIR TRAVEL ... .. ... ................. ..... .................. ... .. ................. ...... ................. .. ... ........ 10-16 10.8 TRANSPORTATION GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES........ .. ............. ... ... ..... ................ ... ... ............ .. ..................................... .... 10-17 CHAPTER 11 - PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES ................ ... .. .................................... 11-1 Page vi 11 .0 INTRODUCTION ................. ... .. ..... ................. ...... ........... ....... .... .. ..... .. ................. 11-1 11 .0.1 Privitization................................. ................... .. .. ...................... ... ... ....... ...... 11-2 11.1 WASTEWATER FACILITIES ......... ............ ............................... ...... ........... ... ... ...... 11-2 11.2 WATER FACILITIES.......................................... ...... ............. ..... ...... ...... ................ 11-3 11.3 STORMWATER SYSTEM ..... .......................... ... ............. ............ .... ..... ... ............ .. 11-4 11.4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT .......... .. ........... ........... ............... .... ...... .............. 11-5 11.4.1 Bozeman City Landfill... .......... . -....... ...................................................... ..... 11-5 11.4.2 Recycling.... .... .. .......... ... .. ... ...... .. ...... .......... ........ ........ .. ............................. .. 11-5 11.5 TRANSPORTATION ................................ ..... ............. ...... .......... ...... .. ..... ........ ...... 11-6 11.6 PARKSANDRECREATION ... .... ... ........ .... ... ......... ............. ..... ... ......................... 11-7 11.7 FIRE PROTECTION .......... .. ..... ..... ... ..... .......... ................................ .. ... .. .. ... ...... ... 11-7 11.8 POLICE PROTECTION........... ... ... .... .. ........ ..... .... ...... ... .... .... .... ... ..................... .. . 11-9 11.9 EDUCATION ........ .................... ......... ......... ... .. ........... ......... .......... ... ........ .. ........... 11-10 11.10 LIBRARY SERVICES................. .. ..... .............................. ............ ........................... 11-12 11.11 IRRIGATION WATER ... .... .. ........ ..... .......... ............ ...... ........... ... ........ ... ......... ... .. . 11-13 11.12 SUNSET HILLS CEMETERY. ..... ... ................. ............................ .. ....................... 11-13 11.13 OTHER CITY SERVICES....... ... ... ... ....................... .................. ... ........ ... ..... .. ....... 11-14 11.13.1 Three Branches....... .............................. .................................... ........ ...... .. 11-14 11.13.2 Department of Finance...... ... ............... ........ ........................ .......... ..... ..... 11-15 11 .13.3 Department of Law. .. ........................... ....................... ...... .. .... ...... .. ... ...... 11-15 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Table of Contents 11.13.4 Building Department.................................................. .. ...... ...................... 11-16 11.13.5 Engineering Office................................................................................... 11-16 11.13.6 Department of Planning and Community Development.......................... 11-19 11.14 PRIVATE UTILITY PROVIDERS ......................................................................... 11-20 11.15 PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES.......................................................................... 11-20 CHAPTER 12 - SUBDIVISION REVIEW............................... .. ... ............. ..... ....................... .. .. 12-1 12.0 INTRODUCTION....... .. ..... .......... .............................. .......................... ....... .......... 12-1 12.1 REVIEW CRITERIA FOR SUBDIVISIONS....................... ........................ ......... 12-1 12.2 DEFINITIONS AND REVIEW PROCEDURES..................................... ........... 12-2 12.2.1 Agriculture..................................................................... ................ ............ 12-2 12.2.2 Agricultural Water User Facilities........................................ .. ...... .. ............. 12-3 12.2.3 Local Services.................................................................. .... ...................... 12-3 12.2.4 Effect on the Natural Environment................ .............................. .. ............ 12-4 12.2.5 Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat........................................ .... ..... ....... .......... ... 12-4 12.2.6 Public Health and Safety................................................... ............ ..... ........ 12-5 12.3 PUBLIC HEARING PROCEDURES...................................... ............................. 12-5 CHAPTER 13 - IMPLEMENTATION AND POLICIES............................................. .. .... .. . 13-1 13.0 IMPLEMENTATION OVERVIEW.......... ......... .. .... ....... .......... .. ................... .. .... 13-1 13.1 IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS......... ........ ........... ................................. ...... .......... 13-1 13.2 IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES.... ..... ............. ................................................... 13-5 CHAPTER 14 - GLOSSARY OF TERMS........................................................... ....................... 14-1 APPENDIX A.. ...... ... .. ...... .... ....... ........... .... ............. ............................... ...... ...... .... .. ............ .... ... A-1 APPENDIX B .... . ,.. .................. .. .. .. ...... .... ......... .. .. ... ... ...... ... .... .. .. .... ....... .............. ....................... B-1 APPENDIX C......... ..... .. ...... .......... ... ...... ........ ... ...... ........ .. .. ....................... .. .................... .. .. ...... .. C-1 APPENDIX D............. ....... .. ............. ...... ..... .. ........... .. ... .... ................ ... ... ........... .. ... .. .... .. .. ......... . D-1 APPENDIX E... ... ....... ... ... ................ ................... ..... ......... .... ........ ..... ................ ... ..... .... ... .. .. .. .... E-1 APPENDIX F.......... ........ ................... ... ...... ........... .. .. ... ............ .... .... .. ....... .... ......... .. .................. F-1 APPEND IX G .... ... . . ........ . ... ... .. . . ..... .. ... . . .. . ....... ... .. . ... . . . .............. ... ..... .. ........ ... ... . . ......... . .. .. ...... .... G-1 Page vii List of Figures Bozeman 2020 Community Plan LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 2 - INTRODUCTION Figure 2-1: Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area........................... ................ 2-2 Figure 2-2: Former City-County Planning and Zoning Jurisdictions...... ......................... 2-6 CHAPTER 3 - BACKGROUND INFORMATION Figure 3-1: Vicinity Map, Including Surrounding Mountain Ranges..................... .. ......... 3-11 Figure 3-2: Major Watercourses In and Near the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area.............................................................................................. .... .... 3-12 CHAPTER 4 - COMMUNITY CHARACTER Figure 4-1: Neighborhood Conservation District and Historic Districts... ...................... 4-4 Figure 4-2: Entryway Corridor Overlay Districts.. ........................................................... 4-5 Figure 4-3: Example of a Suburban Development Subdivision Design........................... 4-10 CHAPTER 6 - LAND USE Figure 6-1: Existing Land Use Inventory Map................................................................ 6-11 Figure 6-2: Future Land Use Map.................................................................................. . 6-23 Figure 6-3: Typical Neighborhood Commercial Development Pattern and Integration With Surrounding Land Uses. .............. ................................... .. ....... ... ........... ...... 6-25 CHAPTER 8 - ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND CRITICAL LANDS Figure 8-1: Example of a Conservation Subdivision..................................................... 8-8 CHAPTER 9 - PARKS, RECREATION, PATHWAYS AND OPEN SPACE Figure 9-1: Bozeman Parks, Existing Trails, and Future Trail Corridors......................... 9-7 CHAPTER 11- PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES Figure 11-1: Fire Service Area Map ......................................................... ............. .. ........ . Figure 11-2: City of Bozeman Organization Chart.. ............................................ .......... .. Figure 11-3: City of Bozeman Organization Chart by Department.. .. ........................... .. Page viii 11-8 11-17 11-18 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan List of Tables LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 2 - INTRODUCTION Table 2-1: Annexations to the City of Bozeman (in Acres)-1990 through 2000............. 2-1 CHAPTER 3 - BACKGROUND INFORMATION Table 3-1: Historic Population Trends by Decade - 1990 through 2000......................... 3-16 Table 3-2: Population Trends During the 1990s - 1990 through 2000 ......... ,.................. 3-17 Table 3-3: Historical Gender Composition of the Population - 1910 through 2000....... 3-18 Table 3-4: Age Distribution and Median Age by Decade - 1930 through 2000.............. 3-19 Table 3-5: Number of Households and Average Households Size by Decade................ 3-20 Table 3-6: School Enrollment by Decade - 1950 through 1990...................................... 3-22 Table 3-7: Educational Attainment by Decade - 1940 through 2000........... .................. 3-23 Table 3-8: Employment by Industry Per Decade - 1950 through 1998........................... 3-24 Table 3-9: Household Income.................................................. ........................................ 3-26 Table 3-10: Population Projections - 2000 through 2020................................................ 3-26 Table 3-11: Household Projections - 2000 through 2020.... .............................. ............ .. 3-27 Table 3-12: Employment Projections for Gallatin County - 2010 through 2020............. 3-27 CHAPTER 5 - HOUSING Table 5-1: Number of New Dwelling Units Permitted - 1990 and 2000......................... 5-2 Table 5-2: Number of New Dwelling Units Permitted - 1990 through 1999.................. 5-2 Table 5-3: Number of Bedrooms in Dwelling Units - 1990 and 2000............................. 5-3 Table 5-4: Year Dwelling Units Were Constructed ......... ,.... ...................... ...................... 5-5 Table 5-5: Housing Values - 1990 and 2000................................................. ................... 5-7 Table 5-6: ~onthly Contract Rent Costs - 1990 and 1997 .............................................. 5-8 Table 5-7: Low and Very Low Income in Gallatin County............................................... 5-9 CHAPTER 6 - LAND USE Table 6-1: Existing Land Use by Zoning Classification Within Bozeman........................ 6-14 Table 6-2: National Averages for Land Uses for Communities Under 100,000................ 6-14 Table 6-3a: Existing Land Use Area by Individual Lot Development.............................. 6-15 Table 6-3b: Summation of Existing Land Use Area by Individual Lot Development...... 6-16 Table 6-4: Expected Residential Land Use Demand by 2020 by Density Classification.. 6-17 Table 6-5: Employment Sector Groupings and Average Land per Employee Requirements..................................... .................................................................... 6-14 Table 6-6: Future Land Area Requirements by Employment Groupings.......................... 6-19 Table 6-7: Land Area Requirements for Current and Future Employment....................... 6-20 Table 6-8: Acres Designated by Land Use Category on the Future Land Use Map........... 6-20 Page ix List of Tables Bozeman 2020 Community Plan CHAPTER 7 - ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Table 7-1: Historic Employment by Standard Industrial Classification Sector.......... ...... 7-3 Table 7-2: Employment Detail for Retail Trade, Services, and Public Administration Third Quarter of 1998................................................................. 7-4 Table 7-3: Future Employment by Standard Industrial Classification Sector.................. 7-5 Table 7-4: City Employment as a Portion of Total County Employment by Sector........ 7-6 CHAPTER 8 - ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND CRITICAL LANDS Table 8-1: Urban Non-Point Source Pollutant Generation..................... ................. ........ 8-17 CHAPTER 9 - PARKS, RECREATION, PATHWAYS AND OPEN SPACE Table 9-1: Inventory of Existing Parks............................................................. ...... .. ..... .. 9-4 Table 9-2: Park - Current and Future Needs.................................................................... 9.15 Table 9-3: NRPA Recreation Facility Standards.............................................................. 9-18 Table 9-4: Assessment of Bozeman Recreation Facility Needs........ ..................... .. ..... ... 9-22 CHAPTER 10 - TRANSPORTATION Table 10-1: Comparison of Expected Vehicle Activity 1998 and 2020 Inside the 2000 Bozeman City Limits .............................. ............................ ............... .... ..... . Table 10-2: Roadway Characteristics ... ... ......................... ... .................................. ... ....... . 10-9 10-10 CHAPTER 11- PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES Table 11-1: Major Offenses as Reported by Individual Public Safety Agencies · 1997 ........... .......................... ..................... ............. ...... ..... . ..... .. 11-10 Table 11-2: Bozeman School District School Enrollment - 1990 through 2010.............. 11-11 Pagex Bozeman 2020 Community Plan List of Graphs LIST OF GRAPHS CHAPTER 3 - BACKGROUND INFORMATION Graph 3-1: Historic Population Trends by Decade - 1900 through 2000........................ 3-16 Graph 3-2: Median Age by Decade - 1930 through 2000................................................ 3-18 Graph 3-3: Average Household by Size by Decade - 1920 through 2000........................ 3-21 Graph 3-4: Final Educational Attainment by Decade - 1940 through 2000. ................... 3-21 Graph 3-5: Employment by Industry in Bozeman - 1950 and 2000................................ 3-25 CHAPTER 5 - HOUSING Graph 5-1: Housing Building Permits Issued by Type - 1990, 1995, and 1999............... 5-3 Graph 5-2: Number of Bedrooms in Housing Units - 1990 and 2000............................ 5-4 Graph 5-3: Year Dwelling Units Were Constructed...................................... ................... 5-5 Graph 5-4: Length of Time in Current Dwelling Unit......... ............ .. ............................ .. 5-6 Graph 5-5: Location of Previous Housing Unit.............................................................. 5-6 Graph 5-6: Resale Value of Housing Units in Bozeman - 1990 and 2000...................... 5-7 Graph 5-7: Monthly Contract Rent Amounts - 1990 and 1997.......... .. .. ......................... 5-8 CHAPTER 7 - ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Graph 7-1: Eight Largest Employers in the City of Bozeman Based on Number of Employees............................................................................................. .. ...... .. 7-5 Page xi Note: This document includes many photographs of Bozeman and other communities. These photos are illustrative and are intended to aid in communication of concepts or to make the document more pleasing to read. The photos were not adopted as a regulatory standard. .. .. ~.,. .. •11,11111111• 2 0 • 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together CHAPTER 1 Dealing With Change Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Dealing with Change CHAPTER 1 Dealing With Change 1.0 INTRODUCTION All communities constantly undergo a process of change. Regardless of alterations in population or employment characteristics in a particular city, persons and facilities age, new technologies arise, and the broader world alters. A community must therefore determine how it wishes to address change: by ignor- ing change and losing any ability to shape it, or by trying to look forward and ensure that as change occurs the things that the community values most are able to remain and thrive. Looking forward allows for some basic decision making to take place without the pressure of an immediate crisis. Although not all elements of change can be foreseen, essential decisions of priorities and means of interacting with change may be prepared. Bozeman has chosen to respond actively to change. One of the means se- lected to address the needs and concerns which change will bring is the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 1.1 VISION FOR THE FUTURE Bozeman is unique and our residents take pride in living in a community with beautiful surroundings, a rich and colorful history, a safe environ- ment, and an active citizenry composed of interesting and friendly people. Because Bozeman is such an attractive community, the City has experi- enced considerable increases in both population and the land area of the City during the past decade. Recognizing that the growth trends of the past decade will likely continue into the future, the City of Bozeman has prepared the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan to proactively and cre- atively address issues of development and change. The Bozeman 2020 Plan formalizes a long-term vision designed to retain and enhance those qualities that make Bozeman a desirable place to live, work, and play as the community continues to grow and evolve. Over the past year, an extensive public participation and outreach pro- cess has resulted in a shared vision for our community. The goals, objec- tives, and policies contained in this document support this vision, and are described as follows: Bozeman ***** 2001 We must retain and enhance Bozeman's unique identity, characterized by its natural surround- ings, its historic and cultural resources, and its downtown, which is the heart and center of the community. We must strengthen Bozeman's economy. We must protect and preserve our natural resources for future generations. We must provide a diversity of recreational facilities, activities, and parks. Page 1-1 Dealing with Change Bozeman 2020 Community Plan We must ensure adequate levels of public services and infrastructure to support our growing population in a cost-effective manner. We must achieve an orderly pattern of development that enhances the fabric of our community and preserves our safety and quality of life. We must create pedestrian-oriented neighborhoods and foster alternate modes of transportation. We must foster increased cooperation and coordination between Bozeman and other govern- mental entities. We must recognize that the individual and collective choices we make have consequences. Public input has revealed several important characteristics that make Bozeman a desirable community, including: Access to outdoor amenities and recreation Natural environment Low crime rate Montana State University Attractiveness of the town On the other hand, the planning process has also shown community characteristics that are not desirable, and need to be addressed, including: Traffic Low-paying jobs Loss of rural lands Cost of housing Urban sprawl Basically, these community characteristics-the good and the bad-are issues related to livability and quality of life. The first list of characteristics conta,ins foundational elements of the high degree of quality of life Bozeman residents enjoy. These are the reasons people and companies move here and stay here. The second list of characteristics contains issues that threaten the City's livability and the essence of Bozeman's unique character. These are reasons our children seek opportunities elsewhere and many companies leave Bozeman-or never come here at all. This plan is about maintaining and enhancing Bozeman's strengths, and addressing and reducing the City's weaknesses. Development of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan emerged from the relatively recent evolution of urban planning and development paradigms. Beginning in the 1960s, urban development became in- creasingly automobile-oriented. The resulting development pattern was designed to accommodate trans- portation via automobile. Now, four decades later, much of the development within the City of Bozeman cannot be conveniently or safely accessed without the use of automobiles. Our development pattern can hest be described as linear, with commercial establishments clustered along major routes in and out of the City. This auto-oriented development pattern has resulted in neighborhood isolation, traffic conges- tion, declining air quality, and uninviting visual impacts. Page 1-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Dealing with Change A new urban planning and development paradigm has emerged in recent years. This paradigm signals a return to the development pattern that characterized Bozeman from its founding in 1892 through the 19 50s. During this era citizens largely commuted by foot or by trolley. A modern version of this early development pattern can promote a City where residents have balanced transportation options such as walking, biking, mass transit, or driving. Neighborhoods can once again be centers of social activity and interaction. Traffic congestion and air quality impacts can be reduced. Other concepts of this new paradigm include increased acceptance of mixed-use projects, higher residential densities, and pedes- trian-friendly site development. This new paradigm was evaluated against Bozeman's unique challenges and opportunities. The components of this new paradigm that are compatible with the future Bozeman residents envision are an integral part of this plan. The City's logo is "Bozeman: The Most Livable Place." Preparing a community plan that strives to live up to this statement has been a considerable challenge. Not all preferences can be pursued because some are in conflict. The community must be prepared to make difficult choices and trade-offs to adopt an acceptable and workable plan. The community's vision for its future must be balanced against political, legal, and financial realities. However, the vision is worthy of every citizen's endeavor to make it reality. The guiding principles of this Community Plan can best be described as follows: Strives to achieve a fair and proper balance among conflicting interests, to protect the rights of citizens and to affirm community values as they have been expressed by citizens and throughout the planning process. Is designed to realize interrelated goals for land use, housing, transportation, air quality, and other areas. Builds on desirable existing conditions while recognizing and improving upon undesirable condi- tions. Engages citizens in planning and decision-making efforts at the neighborhood, citywide, and regional levels. Affirms Bozeman's commitment to responsible stewardship of the natural environment, excel- lence of environmental design, and conservation of the heritage of the built environment. Assures that growth is accompanied by adequate infrastructure through such means as level of service and adequate facilities mechanisms, planning policies for public facilities, and a strategic approach to financing investments in capital facilities. Uses the influence and authority of local government to realize this vision by coordinating many public efforts and developing partnerships with private sector efforts. 1.2 RESPONSE TO CHANGE By undertaking the planning process and producing the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, the City of Bozeman has stated that its desire is for change to occur as an orderly process, especially as it may occur regarding the community development pattern. To help establish order, the City will create or refine a variety of implementation tools for this plan and the community goals described herein. These tools will become the means with which change will be directed and supported so that the end result is more in accord with the community's goals than would otherwise have been possible. In shaping the implemen- tation tools, the City has adopted the principle that change in and of itself is neither desirable nor undesirable. All change brings altered needs and circumstances. It will be important for new needs to be Page 1-3 Dealing with Change Bozeman 2020 Community Plan identified as they arise so that necessary accommodations in public and private facilities and services may be made to ensure the preservation of the public health, safety, and welfare. 1.3 COORDINATION AND COOPERATION Bozeman is only one part of a series of larger entities. A variety of natural and political influences acts upon Bozeman and shapes the community. Although little can be done to negotiate with a weather system to bring a more desirable result, there are many entities with whom Bozeman can interact with positive results. Bozeman, other local municipalities, and Gallatin County share a wide variety of influ- ences, such as fiscal and land use policies, which impact each other. Many issues may not be adequately addressed if only one party undertakes efforts. Bozeman also has the opportunity to interact with many private organizations in a manner that advances or detracts from community goals. A failure to coordinate and cooperate with other governmental entities will limit the effectiveness of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Therefore, it is the intention of Bozeman to pursue cooperation and coordination through many venues and opportunities. Three entities that have the ability to strongly affect the future of Bozeman are Gallatin County, Montana State University, and School District Num- ber 7. Each of these entities has the ability to influence the use and development of land within or around Bozeman. A variety of opportunities are currently being utilized to support common interests . The City, County, and MSU all participate in common transportation planning through the Transportation Coordinating Committee, as discussed in more detail in Chapter 10, Transportation. The professional staff and mem- bers of planning boards have recently conducted meetings to discuss common interests and gain insight into areas of concern. The consensus was that such meetings arc helpful and should be conducted on a regular basis. The City and County Planning Boards have established a coordinating committee with representatives from each board to discuss areas of concern and coordinate land use policy in the area surrounding Bozeman. The City and County Commissions meet quarterly to discuss common concerns and work out problems. Additional opportunities should be explored to further cooperation on the tech- nical and policy levels. Such future coordination could be facilitated through the use of inter-local agreements that establish fixed procedures or mechanisms for coordination. 1.3.1 Statement of Coordination As mentioned above, Bozeman is one element in a larger setting. Actions undertaken by the City of Bozeman, Gallatin County, or other governmental body may affect another. For example, the develop- ment requirements of the County influence how people evaluate development requirements within the City. Because of these interactions, working to establish cooperative approaches can provide a more effective means of addressing challenges. There are several existing formal organizations, such as the Transportation Coordinating Committee, as discussed in Chapter 10, through which a wide variety of governmental entities work together to address problems and opportunities which are not confined to a single jurisdiction. These cooperative approaches to problem solving should be supported and addi- tional opportunities sought. Based on the nature of the concerns being addressed, a broader regional approach which involves multiple county areas may be appropriate. Page 1-4 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Dealing with Change Section 76-1-601 MCA describes the required contents of growth policies. One of the required ele- ments is a statement of how the City of Bozeman will coordinate and cooperate with Gallatin County in matters relating to the growth policy. The following is intended to meet this requirement. In relation to the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and any subsequent revisions and updates the City of Bozeman will cooperate and coordinate with Gallatin County as follows: County officials and staff will be provided with an opportunity to review and comment on all proposed amendments to the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Such opportunity for review and comment shall be of at least three calendar weeks' duration. County officials and staff will be provided with an opportunity to review and comment on the implementation tools for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Such tools shall include subdivi- sion and zoning regulations and may include others which have been identified as having a mate- rial impact on county land uses. Through the mechanism of the Transportation Coordinating Committee, the City and County will strive to ensure the adequate provision of transportation services in a fashion that will provide for consistent rights-of-way and street section standards, encourage efficiency in trans- portation alternatives, and address other items of common interest. The City of Bozeman Planning Board will participate in the planning round table sponsored by the County Planning Board. The City will work with the County to coordinate land use policies in the area within the defined Planning Area shown in Figure 2-1. The City will work with the County on identified items of common interest, including open space protection, water quality and supply, and other items. Joint funding, if appropriate, will be pur- sued as allowed by state law. The preceding list of cooperation strategies is not intended to be all inclusive. It is intended to illustrate several opportunities; additional opportunities for cooperation should be pursued as they may become available. Gallatin County was preparing its own growth policy at the same time the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan was being prepared. This coincident preparation of growth policies resulted in opportunities to interface and coordinate the two plans. There are many ways in which the City of Bozeman and Gallatin County are already working together to cooperatively ensure that land use change in the Bozeman area, and in the urban-rural interface, is orderly and well planned. Some examples of this coordination in- clude: 1. Boards Coordinating Committee. Together, the Gallatin County Planning Board and the Bozeman Planning Board established the Boards Coordinating Committee to discuss matters of mutual importance. The Committee prepared, and each Board adopted, a Statement of Coordi- nation and Cooperation. A copy of this statement is found in Appendix A of this document. A copy of this statement is also contained in the Gallatin County Growth Policy Resource Docu- ments. 2. Coordinated Planning Boundary. The Boards Coordinating Committee facilitated the estab- lishment of a mutual planning boundary for the Gallatin County Growth Policy and the Bozeman Pagel-5 Dealing with Change Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 3. 2020 Community Plan. The boundary known as the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area is the same area as the Bozeman Urban Land Use Area in the Gallatin County Growth Policy. Both the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and the Gallatin County Growth Policy en- courage urban level development within this area, and are therefore mutually reinforcing. Intergovernmental Agreement. One of the best opportunities for cooperation between the City of Bozeman and Gallatin County would be the preparation and adoption of an Intergovern- mental Agreement. The Interlocal Cooperation Act (7-11-101, et. seq., Montana Code Anno- tated) permits local governmental units to make the most efficient use of their powers by en- abling them to cooperate with other local governmental units on a basis of mutual advantage and thereby to provide services and facilities in a manner and pursuant to forms of governmental organization that will accord best with geographic, economic, population, and other factors influ- encing the needs and development of local communities. The City and County are working on such an agreement. If adopted, this agreement would formalize cooperative procedures and relationships between the City and County regarding mat- ters such as adopted growth policies, subdivision review, zoning administration, and neighbor- hood plans. Specific topics for inclusion in the agreement might include: The establishment of a common planning boundary; Provisions to encourage properties proposed for development to annex to the City of Bozeman; Provisions to encourage properties proposed for development, but not suitable for annex- ation, to develop at urban levels and with urban standards to facilitate future annexation; Provisions to encourage the adoption of a Building Code Review and Enforcement pro- gram for areas outside the City of Bozeman, but within the 20-year Bozeman 2020 Plan- ning Area; and Provisions to encourage coordination of CTEP and CBDG grant projects; park acquisi- tion, development, and maintenance; and improvements to County roads. A copy of a draft Intergovernmental Agreement is included in Appendix B of this document, as well as in the Gallatin County Growth Policy Resource Documents. 4. Transportation Coordinating Committee. In 1996, the Memorandum of Agreement for Continu- ing Transportation Planning in the Bozeman Urban Area was signed by Gallatin County, the City of Bozeman, and the Montana Department of Transportation to establish the Transportation Coor- dinating Committee (TCC). The TCC strives to plan for the adequate provision of transporta- tion services using a coordinated approach for consistent rights-of-way, street section standards, and other items of common interest. The TCC has been responsible for the preparation of the Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan 2001 Update, which was adopted by the TCC in May of 2001. Much of the hard work for coordinating planning activities in the Bozeman area lies ahead. Gallatin County intends to prepare a Neighborhood Plan for the Gallatin County/Bozeman Area Zoning District. This Zoning District includes all of the land outside of the City of Bozeman, but inside the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area. The provisions and policies outlined in this Neighborhood Plan Pagel-6 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Dealing with Change will largely dictate the future location, density, and form of land use development in the area into the future. The City's stake in this Neighborhood Planning process lies in the reality that much of this area will likely be annexed to the City at some point in the future. 1.4 SHAPING CHANGE Many factors influence how change will affect a person or community. Bozeman can undertake actions to modify several elements of change. The implementation tools to be prepared or refined can affect the location, timing, and configuration of land use development, alter the desirability of developing in a specific area, and affect the City's ability to respond to other opportunities. There are two basic types of implementation tools-regulatory and non-regulatory. Many implementation tools share elements of both types. Regulatory tools establish some kind of standard with which devel- opment, new or old, must comply. The most commonly seen tool of this type is zoning. Others include regulations governing subdivision, facility standards for functions such as transportation, and regulation of floodplains and wetlands. All tools of this type are intended to protect and enhance the public health, safety, and welfare by avoiding or mitigating some detrimental circumstance or action. Chapter 13, Imple- mentation and Policies, discusses in more detail the scope and purposes of these tools. Non-regulatory tools are based on the allocation of efforts and resources rather than regulation. An example of this type of tool is the annual City budget that commits the City's financial and technical resources to certain activities and projects. Other similar tools are facility planning and capital budgeting, which indicate where certain facilities, such as sewers, should be installed; comprehensive planning to gather public input and determine priorities and goals for the community; and the pursuit of grants and cooperative funding with private partners to sup- port activities such as the arts or the provision of low-income housing. Implementation tools of this type are intended to protect and enhance the public health, safety, and welfare by positive actions to direct or influence future circumstances. City of Bozeman, Montana Capital Improvement Program Committee Working Document Fiscal Years 2001-2005 In the development of either type of implementation tool a variety of interests, duties, rights, circum- stances, and resource availability must be balanced. Cities operate within a complex and interrelated set of unique physical and financial circumstances, legal mandates and limitations, community priorities, and private actions. To help balance these sometime conflicting pressures the City of Bozeman will establish by ordinance, resolution, and administrative policy a variety of standards and regulations as well as examining its allocation of resources by City actions. The development of these implementation tools will be through a public participatory process, including public hearings and formal adoption pro- cesses as required by state law. Ultimately, written documents will result which set forth policies, proce- dures, and requirements. These tools are discussed in more detail in Chapter 13, Implementation and Policies. Although private businesses also deal with complex circumstances, because they are private they are able to shift priorities, make budgeting decisions, and pursue their objectives at the discretion of the business owner or executive officer. They are able, therefore, to be responsive to shifting circumstances and offer Page 1-7 Dealing with Change Bozeman 2020 Community Plan a focused set of products desired by their customers with the aim of receiving the maximum return for their efforts. In contrast, the City is a government body that is ultimately controlled by the voters and citizens of the community and is not intended to be an organization oriented towards making profits. Governments are charged with responsibility for societal values that are not easily quantified or mea- sured in dollars, such as equity and justice. The development of City actions requires the input of its citizen "owners," which is often a time-consuming process, because of the range of issues the City addresses and the need to inform the participants. Since public participation is fundamental to demo- cratic government, the City must follow a deliberative process to alter its regulations or policies. State law also influences the decision-making process by establishing minimum public hearing requirements and advertising of possible actions. Implementation tools used to carry out the goals, objectives, and policies of this plan must accommo- date these constraints and challenges. The following principles should be used to guide the implementa- tion tool development process: Advancement of the community goals and priorities identified with this planning process Clarity Effectiveness Consistency Conciseness Compliance with law Predictability Periodic reviews of implementation tools for effectiveness Many influences that directly affect the development of Bozeman are beyond the City's ability to alter. Federally determined interest rates significantly impact on the financing of both public and private projects. Court decisions and changing statutes modify the mechanisms and requirements that local governments must comply with. Landowners may not wish to develop property at a time that allows a smooth expan- sion of City boundaries or urban services. Landowners may seek payment in excess of actual land value for property and thereby discourage its development in a timely manner. Changing technology alters the economic patterns and products and influences the ability to conduct business operations. All of these factors, and others not mentioned, directly impact the development ofland and the ability of the City to achieve the desired community goals . By regularly reviewing and updating the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan, the City will be able to creatively respond to these influences even though it may not be able to change them directly. 1.5 IMPLEMENTATION After the planning process has been completed, someone must undertake the necessary actions to turn visions into realities. As discussed in more detail in Chapter 13, there are many implementation tools which the City and its citizens can utilize to carry out community goals. Some of the individual imple- mentation policies that will make this happen are very broad (Implementation Policies 1-3 in particular) and apply to the majority of the identified goals and objectives. All the implementation policies for this plan are listed in Chapter 13. Page 1-8 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Dealing with Change 1.5.1 Overarching Implementation Policies 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and a decision-making tool for deci- sions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and construction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and sub- division amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 1.6 DEALING WITH CHANGE GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES 1.6.1 Growth Management-Promote the unique history and character of Bozeman by pre- serving, protecting, and enhancing the overall quality of life within the planning area. Objective 1. Ensure that growth is planned, directed, and developed in an orderly manner that maintains Bozeman as a functional, pleasing, and social community. Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 3, 6, 23, 62, 69 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth . 69) Develop and implement regularly scheduled town meetings hosted by the City Manager, City Commission, and senior staff to directly address citizen concerns. Objective 2. Ensure that adequate public facilities, services, and infrastructure are available and/ or financially guaranteed in accordance with facility or strategic plans prior to, or concurrent with, development. Implementation Policies: 2, 3, 23, 62 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- ru Plan. Pagel-9 Dealing with Change Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. Objective 3. Require development to mitigate its impacts on our community as identified and supported by evidence during subdivision or zoning review including economic, environmental, and social impacts. Implementation Policies: 3, 4, 5 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified develop- ment impacts. Objective 4. Evaluate a regular program of neighborhood-based planning which, if deemed appropriate for the community, shall be. initiated by July 2003. Implementation Policies: 6, 7 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and sub-area plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. Objective 5. Require and assist in the development of coordinated neighborhood design efforts among separate development parcels. Page 1-10 Implementation Policies: 4, 6, 7 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Dealing with Change 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and sub-area plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. Objective 6. Develop neighborhood plans for all appropriate areas of the City to reflect the values of each neighborhood, with consideration for local conditions, history, and neighborhood character. Implementation Policies: 4, 6, 7, 62 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and sub-area plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 1.6.2 Inter-jurisdictional cooperation-Provide for regional planning that promotes a shared vi- sion of the Gallatin Valley. Objective 1. Promote and enhance communication and cooperation between the City of Boze- man, Gallatin County, other municipal governments, School District 7, and other governmental entities in the region. Implementation Policies: 8, 9, 10, 12 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. 9) Continue to support and participate in existing cooperative intergovernmental groups such as the Transportation Coordinating Committee, Gallatin City-County Board of Health, and the Gallatin Valley Roundtable. 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. 12) Establish a regional planning coordinating committee based on the model of the Trans- portation Coordinating Committee to address planning issues with regional impacts. Objective 2. Ensure that local decisions minimize harmful impacts on neighboring jurisdictions. Implementation Policies: 8, 9, 10 Pagel-11 Dealing with Change Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. 9) Continue to support and participate in existing cooperative intergovernmental groups such as the Transportation Coordinating Committee, Gallatin City-County Board of Health, and the Gallatin Valley Roundtable. 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. Objective 3. Support other communities in Gallatin County in their efforts to accommodate change and growth. Implementation Policies: 11, 12 11) Provide assistance to other communities by sharing materials, knowledge, and training opportunities with elected officials and community volunteers. 12) Establish a regional planning coordinating committee based on the model of the Trans- portation Coordinating Committee to address planning issues with regional impacts. Objective 4. Encourage development throughout Gallatin County to occur within existing mu- nicipalities and preserve those municipalities as robust, full service communities. Implementation Policies: 13, 14, 15, 16 13) Continue cooperation and coordination with the Gallatin County Planning Board to sup- port policies and programs that encourage development within municipalities and establish clearly defined urban growth areas. 14) Pursue state legislative changes as needed to advance the goals, objectives, and commu- nity vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 15) Cooperate with School District Number 7 on the siting and redevelopment of neighbor- hood-based schools that will support and integrate with the land use pattern of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 16) Research incentives and regulations and publicize existing incentives, in accordance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, that encourage development within the City of Bozeman. Objective 5. Work with public and private agencies to ensure that adequate public services, including police, fire, education, health, and other services are provided throughout the commu- nity and that no areas of the community are neglected. Page 1-12 Implementation Policies: 2, 6, 24, 62 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Dealing with Change 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. Objective 6. Support the preservation of agricultural lands and activities in Gallatin County. Implementation Policies: 13, 16, 34, 63, 64, 65, 80 13) Continue cooperation and coordination with the Gallatin County Planning Board to sup- port policies and programs that encourage development within municipalities and establish clearly defined urban growth areas. 16) Research incentives and regulations and publicize existing incentives, in accordance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, that encourage development within the City of Bozeman. 34) As described in Chapter 9, prepare and adopt a new comprehensive plan for parks, recre- ation, open space, and trails for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area. 63) Support those segments of Bozeman's economy related to agriculture by encouraging the development of local value-added processes. 64) Support the creation and continuation of local markets such as the Farmer's Market for local products. 65) Support the production of specialty and organic crops in close proximity to urban areas by allowing small-scale agriculture as a home-based business, expanding the Farmer's Mar- ket, and so forth. 80) Establish public/private partnerships to protect and preserve open spaces or other sig- nificant properties to advance the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 7. Coordinate land use policies with Gallatin County so that properties developed within the planning area are annexed prior to development. Implementation Policies: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 12) Establish a regional planning coordinating committee based on the model of the Trans- portation Coordinating Committee to address planning issues with regional impacts. 13) Continue cooperation and coordination with the Gallatin County Planning Board to sup- port policies and programs that encourage development within municipalities and establish clearly defined urban growth areas. 14) Pursue state legislative changes as needed to advance the goals, objectives, and commu- nity vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 15) Cooperate with School District Number 7 on the siting and redevelopment of neighbor- hood-based schools that will support and integrate with the land use pattern of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 16) Research incentives and regulations and publicize existing incentives, in accordance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, that encourage development within the City of Bozeman. Page1-13 Dealing with Change Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 1.6.3 Regulatory Mechanisms-Ensure that all ordinances and policies undertaken by the City to implement the goals and objectives of this plan are clear, concise, and are reviewed for ad- equacy and consistency with this plan at least every five years. Objective 1. Ensure that development requirements and standards are efficiently implemented, effective, and proportionate to the concerns being addressed. Implementation Policies: 3, 4, 14, 18 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 14) Pursue state legislative changes as needed to advance the goals, objectives, and commu- nity vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 18) Review and evaluate development procedures and requirements and make changes, as needed, to improve predictability, clarity, timeliness, effectiveness, and simplicity, while en- suring adequate review of community and environmental impacts. Objective 2. Ensure that the Annexation Policy is in conformance with the goals of this plan. Implementation Policies: 19 1 9) The annexation policy of the City shall if necessary be revised to seek to regularize City boundaries, eliminate existing gaps in the City's jurisdiction, annex all areas adjacent to the City which are developed at a density greater than one dwelling unit per acre, and address other issues as identified in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 3. Strive to maintain a balanced supply of land for the variety of uses necessary to support a vigorous City. Implementation Policies: 20, 21 20) Implement and maintain a land inventory system to track the size and development of the City. 21) Provide to the City Commission a semiannual report summarizing all development activ- ity in the previous six months. The report shall include annexation, subdivision, and land development activity and an inventory of available land for development in each land use category. Objective 4. Review and evaluate the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan at least every five years after its adoption. Pagel-14 Implementation Policies: 22 22) If the annual growth rate of the City either increases or decreases by 50 percent or more in a single year, if the City increases in population or area by more that 15 percent during the period between otherwise scheduled reviews; or if the inventory of land uses within the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Dealing with Change Cityshows one land use exceeding the national averages for cities of comparable size by more than 30 percent, then the Planning Board shall initiate a review of the growth policy to ensure that the goals, objectives, and text of the plan adequately reflect that status and the needs of the community. Should the review indicate the need for changes to the plan to respond to altered circumstances, the changes shall be initiated promptly. Objective 5. Consider the establishment of an Inter-Neighborhood Council, if advantageous to the citizens of Bozeman, with duties and functions as established by the City Commission. Implementation Policies: 3 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. Objective 6. Develop a balanced program of regulatory requirements and incentives to ensure that development within the Planning Area is in compliance with the Bozeman 2020 growth policy. Implementation Policies: 1, 3, 9, 10, 13, 16, 18 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 9) Continue to support and participate in existing cooperative intergovernmental groups such as the Transportation Coordinating Committee, Gallatin City-County Board of Health, and the Gallatin Valley Roundtable. 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. 13) Continue cooperation and coordination with the Gallatin County Planning Board to sup- port policies and programs that encourage development within municipalities and establish clearly defined urban growth areas. 16) Research incentives and regulations and publicize existing incentives, in accordance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, that encourage development within the City of Bozeman. 18) Review and evaluate development procedures and requirements and make changes, as needed, to improve predictability, clarity, timeliness, effectiveness, and simplicity, while en- suring adequate review of community and environmental impacts. Pagel-15 Dealing with Change Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page 1-16 .. ~~ ... ... •;11111111;11• 2 0 • 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together CHAPTER2 Introduction Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 2.0 PLANNING AREA Introduction CHAPTER2 Introduction The planning area for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan covers the City of Bozeman, as well as a quarter- to one-mile area around the City (Figure 2-1 on Page 2-2). The City of Bozeman is approxi- mately thirteen square miles in size (8,309.8 acres), and the planning area is 38.71 square miles (24,772.3 acres) in size (including the City of Bozeman) . Over the past decade, a significant amount of land has been annexed to the City (see Table 2-1). Because population growth is expected to continue, the annexation of land to the City can also be expected to continue. To ensure that the City grows in a logical and orderly manner, it is important that the Community Plan include land use designations for areas that can reasonably be expected to annex to the City during the next 20 years. These land use designations for areas outside the City of Bozeman are not binding until the land is annexed. Table 2-1: Annexations to the City of Bozeman (in Acres)-1990 through 2000 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 21.52 0.00 86.88 315.73 3.43 262.34 21.40 954.11 89.51 104.04 180.00 Source: City of Bozeman, Department of Planning and Community Development, annexation resolution records Predesignating the land use classifications for lands outside the City, prior to annexation, also lends predictability to the land development process. Landowners and developers who are interested in annex- ing land to the City know ahead of time what their land use designation will be, and the sorts of uses they can expect to make of their land. Predesignation also eliminates one step of the annexation and land development process. Currently, developers must obtain a Master Plan Amendment when new land is proposed for annexation. This step in the land development process will be eliminated, which will streamline the development review process. The planning area boundary is based largely on the 20-year sewer service boundary contained in the City's Wastewater Facility Plan. The planning area does extend beyond the 20-year sewer service bound- ary in the west and northwest areas because these areas have experienced the greatest growth in recent years, and contain the fewest barriers to growth in the future. The planning boundary extends beyond the sewer service boundary on the north and east mainly to regularize the boundary. The planning area boundary does not extend as far to the south as the 20-year sewer service boundary. The expense of installing City services to serve this area is viewed as a significant barrier to growth in this area. 2.1 PLAN ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan consists of two primary components-the Community Plan docu- ment and the Community Plan maps. The Community Plan document narratively presents background Page 2-1 Introduction Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Figure 2-1: Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area MXTP..RJ.N J C ATTERSON RD OH"NSON RD Legend ~Roads 1" ,1 20 year sewer service boundary Bozeman City Limits c:::] Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning area Page 2-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Introduction information, goals, objectives, and implementation policies. The Community Plan maps graphically illu- strate the City's existing land uses, water and sewer systems, transportation system, and parks and trails. The maps also represent the planned future land use pattern for the planning area. The City ofBozeman's official Land Use Map is available through the Department of Planning and Community Development. A reduced, nonofficial Land Use Map is contained in this document. 2.2 STATE REQUIREMENTS In 1999, the Montana State Legislature passed a bill related to community comprehensive (or master) planning. While local governments have long been authorized to adopt master plans, this new bill estab- lished minimum requirements for communities electing to prepare plans. Under this new law, master plans, comprehensive plans, or general plans are now referred to as growth policies, and a growth policy is defined as "an official public document adopted and used by a local government as a general guide for development and conservation decisions." Therefore, growth policies are not regulations, but are offi- cial statements of public policy to guide growth and change. The new requirements for growth policies are set forth in Section 76-1-601 of the Montana Code Annotated (MCA) . Section 7 6-1-601 of the Montana Code Annotated identifies several components which must be ad- dressed by local governments as part of the growth policy. These required elements include: Community goals and objectives; Maps and text which describe the jurisdictional area (including information on land uses, popula- tion, housing needs, economic conditions, local services, public facilities, natural resources, and other jurisdictional characteristics); Projected trends for each of the above listed items for the life of the growth policy ( except public facilities); A description of the policies, regulations, and other tools to be implemented in order to carry out the policy; A strategy for the development, maintenance, and replacement of public infrastructure; A timetable for implementing and updating the growth policy itself; A statement which explains how the governing bodies will coordinate and cooperate with other jurisdictions; A statement which explains how the governing body will handle subdivision review and how public hearings related to subdivision review will be conducted; and A statement which explains how the governing bodies will define the criteria for evaluating a subdivision's effect on agriculture, agricultural water user facilities, local services, natural envi- ronment, wildlife and wildlife habitat, and public health and safety. This document was developed as a growth policy, and the requirements of the growth policy legislation have been met. Finally, Section 76-1-601 of the MCA states that Planning Boards are the only public entities authorized to prepare growth policies. The Bozeman Planning Board, a group of citizen volunteers, prepared this document in conjunction with the City of Bozeman Planning Department and other City staff. Once the Page 2-3 Introduction Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Board had prepared an acceptable and adoptable plan, the document was forwarded to the Bozeman City Commission for review, public hearings and final adoption. 2.3 NEED FOR A NEW COMMUNITY PLAN (GROWTH POLICY) 2.3.1 The Need for Good Planning The root of civilization is group effort; individuals are limited in what they can achieve. Joint action by groups of people has enabled the great achievements of history by providing adequate food, exchange of knowledge, and other basic necessities. In modern times, the common striving of our nation has enabled men to walk on the moon, something considered an impossibility for most of history. Locally, joint goals and labor established canals for irrigation, built railroads, and provided facilities and services which single individuals could not do. Governments are formal means for large numbers of individuals to work together. A long-standing prin- ciple of American government is that the government exists to serve the citizens. The principal role of government has been to protect the public and individual health, safety, and welfare. This charge takes many forms: national defense, a common currency, support of education, fire and police services, estab- lishment of standards, provision of clean drinking water, and others. Because there are so many complex interactions between the various branches of government and the citizens, some formal organization is necessary. The comprehensive planning process provides an opportunity for community members to discuss their priorities and decide what the primary foci are their local government wishes to pursue. The research conducted for the planning process helps private citizens, as well as elected and appointed officials, better understand the needs of the community. The planning process also helps to Facilitate the democratic determination and implementation of the public policies which guide the community's physical development. Provide an opportunity for citizen input into the goals and policies that will be implemented through community actions. Encourage efficiency and effectiveness in government by establishing coordinated policies and programs. Improve the physical environment of the community as a setting for human activities-to make it more functional, beautiful, healthful, interesting, and efficient. Promote the interest of the community at large, while respecting and protecting the interests of individuals or special interest groups within the community. Bring professional and technical knowledge to bear on the making of political decisions concern- ing the physical development of the community. Effect political and technical coordination in community development. Page 2-4 Inject long-range considerations into the determination of short-range actions. Identify the citizens' goals and priorities for their community and define how they wish to get from where they are to where they want to be. Serve as a benchmark reference for community priorities, physical attributes such as size, and Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Introduction social and economic indicators such as housing and jobs. A master plan is an abstract of a community. Provide an economic development tool by providing basic information about the community to prospective citizens and employers. A well-conceived and executed plan shows that a commu- nity is actively trying to improve. The preparation of a comprehensive plan, called a growth policy in Montana, allows actions taken by the government to be mutually supportive rather than contradictory. A growth policy also gives guidance and direction to more detailed actions such as selecting where public facilities should be located or prioritizing the City's areas of emphasis. 2.3.2 Why A New Plan Now? Bozeman currently has a community plan known as the 1990 Bozeman Area Master Plan Update . This document was actually an update of an earlier plan, the 1983 Bozeman Area Master Plan. Be- cause the community has experienced considerable growth and change during the past 10 years, the 1990 plan has become quite out-of-date. In fact, the Bozeman City Commission recognized the need to update the City's community plan as early as 1997-well before the promulgation of the growth policy law. Beginning in 1998, the City dedicated staff and financial resources for a long-range planning project to prepare a new community plan. In addition, the Bozeman area planning jurisdiction has changed since 1990. In 1990, a City-County Planning Jurisdiction existed in the Bozeman area that extended three to four miles beyond the City limits and encompassed approximately 70 square miles or 44,819.4 acres in size (see Figure 2-2 on Page 2-6). A Bozeman City-County Planning Office managed projects and applications within this area, and a City-County Planning Board made recommendations on planning and subdivision issues in the jurisdic- tion. The final decisions regarding planning and subdivision projects were made by the Gallatin County Commission or the Bozeman City Commission, depending upon whether the proposal location was in- side or outside City limits. The Bozeman City-County Planning program also oversaw zoning administration in an Extraterritorial 7.oning Jurisdiction. The zoning jurisdiction covered most, but not all, of the City-County Planning Jurisdiction and was 57 square miles or 36,725.2 acres in size. The Bozeman City-County Planning Board and the Bozeman City Commission made all zoning decisions within this Extraterritorial Zoning Jurisdiction-whether it was in the City or outside of the City. During the summer of 1999, the Bozeman City-County Planning program and planning jurisdiction were eliminated. The Bozeman Department of Planning and Community Development now manages plan- ning and zoning work in the City of Bozeman. Planning and zoning decisions for projects within the City are recommended by the Bozeman Zoning Commission and/ or Bozeman Planning Board, and finalized by the Bozeman City Commission. Planning and zoning projects in the County that lie within the former Bozeman Extraterritorial Zoning Jurisdiction are now managed by the Gallatin County Planning Office. Final decisions regarding projects in these areas are recommended by the County Zoning Commission and/ or County Planning Board, and are finalized by the Gallatin County Commission. Page 2-5 introduction Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page2-6 Figure 2-2: Former City-County Planning Jurisdiction and Extraterritorial Zoning Jurisdiction Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Introduction Therefore, the planning area for the 1983 and 1990 Master Plans was significantly larger than the plan- ning area for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. As stated previously, the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning area most closely approximates the 20-year sewer service boundary. Land use policies and designations for areas outside the City are not applicable until land is proposed for annexation to the City. Finally, passage of the new growth policy legislation made it necessary for the City of Bozeman to prepare a new or updated community plan. Having a growth policy in place is required if the City wants to prepare new zoning regulations, or amend the existing Zoning Ordinance. 2.4 REVIEW AND AMENDMENTS TO THE PLAN 2.4.1 Criteria for Review and Amendment The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan has been prepared based on information and circumstances as were understood at the time. The very nature of looking into the future is imprecise. As situations change it will be important that the plan be reviewed, and when necessary updated, to accommodate future events. State law requires that a growth policy be reviewed at least every five years. This periodic review, if properly done, will help to ensure that the information upon which the plan is based is accurate and timely and that the goals and objectives of the plan still reflect the desires of the community. Other occurrences besides the passage of time may necessitate the review of a growth policy at a time prior to the passage of five years. Certain assumptions regarding population growth, land uses, and other subjects were part of the preparation of the document. Therefore, significant changes in the rates or interactions of these items may also cause a need for a review of the plan. Specific thresholds have been identified for when these circumstance-driven reviews need to occur. These thresholds are specifically identified in implementation policy 22, and are summarized here: a change, up or down, in the annual growth rate of more than 50 percent in a single year; an increase in City population or area by more than 15 percent during the period between nor- mally scheduled reviews; a change in the semiannual land use inventory which indicates that Bozeman's balance of land uses is more than 30 percent greater in a single category than national averages. Even if none of these thresholds are met, a review of the growth policy shall be conducted at least every five years. The review process should evaluate the existing growth policy text and maps. Opportunities to update information relied upon in preparation of the plan, such as Census information, should be taken and the conclusions of the plan reevaluated in light of the new information. New inventory maps should be made available for consideration during the review process if the new map would display previously unavailable data such as altered land uses or City boundaries. When updated baseline information has been prepared the review should consider the following points: 1. Are the community's goals current and valid? 2. Have circumstances, information, assumptions, needs, or legal framework materially changed? 3'. \v'here have problems with text or maps appeared since the last review? 4. Does the plan appear to be meeting the current needs of the community? Page 2-7 Introduction Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 5. Can this plan be modified to better serve the needs and desires of the community? 6. Is there a balanced and proportionate amount of land provided for the various urban land uses expected to be reguired over the next planning period? Although a formal review process is reguired every five years, a more frequent informal review process is likely to be of benefit, especially when known significant alterations in circumstances can be identified. A review of both planning processes, such as public involvement, and planning products, such as plans or maps, is desirable. A similar periodic formal and informal review process for implementation policies is considered to be desirable. During the process of a review, the need for changes may be identified. A consistent and clear process for making these changes by amending the growth policy is an important part of this document. The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan was formed on the basis of a large number of community outreach efforts and the input of many persons and groups. Alterations to the growth policy should also provide a significant opportunity for public participation and understanding of the proposed changes. Amend- ments to the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan must meet the same statutory standards as the original adoption, including public input and review, public hearings, approval by the Planning Board and City Commission, and written Findings of Fact. Therefore, prior to the adoption of any amendment to the Plan, the public process must be provided. A fundamental requirement for public participation is time for individuals to become aware of proposed amendments and to study the proposed changes. A minimum active public review period of three months is to be expected. The Plan was prepared to balance a wide variety of interests. Changes to the Plan must continue the balancing effort. Amendments which only benefit a few persons, and not the community as a whole, are not appropriate. This Plan has been prepared in a fashion which is internally consistent. This meets one of the fundamen- tal purposes of community planning, coordination between government programs and policies. All amend- ments must be carefully evaluated to ensure that changes do not create conflicts between goals, maps, or implementation tools. If a proposed amendment would cause conflicts within the plan, additional amend- ments must be identified and reviewed so that any conflicts are resolved. Any changes being proposed to either the text or the maps contained in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan must meet all of the following criteria: 1. The proposed amendment cures a deficiency in the growth policy or results in an improved growth policy which better responds to the needs of the general community. 2. The proposed amendment does not create inconsistencies within the growth policy, either be- tween the goals and the maps or between different goals; if inconsistencies are identified, then additional changes must be provided to remove the inconsistencies. 3. The proposed amendment must be consistent with the overall intent of the growth policy. 4. The proposed amendment will not adversely affect the community as a whole or significant portion by Page 2-8 a) significantly altering acceptable existing and future land use patterns, as defined in the text and maps of this plan; b) reguiring unmitigated larger and more expensive improvements to streets, water, sewer, Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Introduction or other public facilities or services and which, therefore, may impact development of other lands; c) adversely impacting existing uses because of unmitigated greater than anticipated im- pacts on facilities and services; or d) Negatively affecting the livability of the area or the health and safety of the residents. 5. The proposed amendment must be approved by an affirmative vote of a majority of the total membership of the City Commission. The burden of proof for the desirability of a proposed amendment and its compliance with the criteria listed above lies with the applicant. Unless all criteria are successfully met and compliance with the criteria above is supported by demonstrable facts, an amendment shall not be approved. 2.4.2 Timing of Amendments A growth policy must balance two important elements, consistency and responsiveness to the needs of the community. If the policy is not consistent, then it will serve little value as a planning tool, will not provide an adequate basis for implementation actions, and will not receive the confidence of the com- munity it was intended to serve. If the policy is not responsive, it will perpetuate policies and actions that are no longer adequate to address community needs, cause frustration among the community, and cannot provide correct guidance for future actions. A variety of factors may cause the initiation of an amendment. This causes difficulty in anticipating the number or timing of amendments. In the past, as many as eight Master Plan amendment requests have been received in a single year. This creates a problem with consistency both within the plan itself and within its implementation tools. When changes are made frequently, persons find it difficult to keep up with the modifications. A series of small changes may result in a large cumulative change to the growth policy. Multiple changes also create difficulties in keeping maps and other resources up to date. It is also not desirable to place excessive limits on proposed amendments which prevent responses to changing conditions. A balance must be struck between the two needs. The Planning Board has the responsibility, by state law, to oversee the preparation of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. The Board also has the responsibility to oversee the periodic reviews and identify necessary amendments to the Plan. The City Commission adopts the Plan and makes it binding on the community. Either the Planning Board or City Commission by an affirmative vote of a majority of its total membership may initiate an amendment to the growth policy any time they feel that it is necessary in the best interests of the community. Amendments may also be proposed by individuals who believe that their interests and those of the community may be better served by a modification to the growth policy maps or text. A request to amend the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan may be submitted at any time to the Office of Planning and Com- munity Development. However, amendment applications by private parties will be grouped and pro- cessed cumulatively on an annual basis. This will allow for all proposed changes to be reviewed collec- tively, prevent unexpected outcomes from incremental changes, and aid in the prevention of inconsis- tencies. The annual review will be predictable and may be included during the scheduling of develop- ment by private persons. This will also make scheduling staff duties more consistent and provide for a Page 2-9 Introduction Bozeman 2020 Community Plan more even review process by combining public input opportunities. This plan has looked outside of the City's current boundaries to examine desired land uses and patterns in the surrounding area. Develop- ment of these outer areas should follow the depicted patterns and therefore should not require amend- ments to the growth policy in conjunction with annexation. For the same reasons, amendments to the implementation tools for the Plan should follow the same principles and group amendments into specified periodic reviews. However, since the implementation tools are oriented at a more detailed level, a more frequent review process may be required. A biannual amendment processing schedule should be established for implementation policies. Amendments may be initiated by the City Commission or an advisory board with special responsibility regarding an imple- mentation tool, such as the Zoning Commission, at a time other than the biannual schedule if they believe it to be in the best interests of the community. The regular review and amendment periods are not intended to limit development on land which is properly planned and zoned for the proposed uses. Such development applications may be submitted at any time and processed as staffing and other circumstances allow. 2.5 HISTORY OF PLANNING IN THE BOZEMAN AREA 2.5.1 Past Master Plans The efforts of local Planning Boards to prepare land use recommendations for the Bozeman area began in 1955, when the first municipal Planning Board was formed. The City adopted its first zoning ordi- nance in 1941. The new Planning Board encouraged the adoption of the first subdivision regulations in 1956. In April of 1958, S.R. DeBoer & Company (planning consultants from Denver, CO) prepared Bozeman's first Master Plan. It included studies on transportation, street planning, zoning districts, parks and recreation, schools, park roads, and sanitation and health. The 19 58 Master Plan predicted Bozeman would have a population of 18,000 by 1970. The 1970 Census showed 18,670 people living in Bozeman, thus proving its Master Plan projections to be quite accurate. The 1958 plan focused on the development of a transportation and street plan. Many present- day streets were constructed based on that plan. The plan did not include a land use plan or a compre- hensive plan for future land use. The major recommendations of the plan were to adopt a master street plan, adopt a subdivision control ordinance, and adopt a master zoning plan. In 1960, the Planning Board updated and revised the major street plan. The update was somewhat unique because it included a detailed layout of proposed arterial and collector streets for the entire jurisdictional area. It included an inner loop road system comprised of Highland Boulevard, Kagy Bou- levard, 19th Avenue, and Oak Street. It also included an outer loop system that encircled the City of Bozeman. In 1960, the Planning Board also 1. Prepared a draft ordinance to update the City subdivision regulations; 2. Recommended that county subdivision regulations be adopted, and as such, drafted a model; 3. Prepared a draft industrial ordinance; Page 2-10 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 4. Recommended the enactment of the transition overlay district; and 5 . Recommended county zoning for the jurisdictional area. l I =l .I.~~ - Master Street Plan from the 1958 Master Plan prepared~ S.R DeBoer & Compa1ry Introduction .. ...... - . . .. u - M .. ITIII lfllHT "1.M !.!!..!!!!U...! c,,,..c-,, ·--- -.. •• ~----1H I>~-• ~~­ _u-"i;~".--~_·-- ·-.· .___. _. - The draft zoning regulations for the jurisdictional area excluded building and development within 75 feet of all streams, and prohibited building on any slope greater than 30 percent. The maximum density outside the central sewer and water district was proposed to be 10 acres per dwelling unit. In September of 1967, the Bozeman City-County Planning Board hired the first City-County Planner. In 1972, a revised Master Plan for the City was completed. The 1972 plan was the first Master Plan for the CiLy to include a comprehensive land use plan and land use maps for both the City and jurisdictional area. The plan included an extended set of goals and objectives that were formulated by a planning advisory committee. These goals were presented in the plan, but were never officially adopted by the governing bodies. Page 2-11 Introduction Bozeman 2020 Community Plan The 1972 plan included sections on population, housing, physiographic constraints, economics, parks and recreation, transportation and an existing land use study. It concluded with a set of recommenda- tions and strongly suggested that they be followed during the implementation procedure. These were Identify rural development nodes, corresponding closely to existing development and subdivided lands. In these areas, the plan recommended development at the highest densities permitted with individual wells and septic tanks. It also suggested the appropriate zoning designations to obtain desired densities. Identify undeveloped rural lands and recommend that development of these lands be discouraged. A density of 10 acres per dwelling unit was estab- lished for the purpose of discouraging development in these areas. The subdivision regulations and the A-S (Agricultural Suburban) zoning district were used to implement this plan policy. The A-S zone required 10 acres per dwelling unit, and subdivi- sion plans were required to conform to the Master Plan and zoning regulations before approval. Identify an area for expansion of the City's central sewer and water services, and discourage develop- ment through the agricultural suburban zoning des- ignation until those services are extended to the property. Rezone to a higher density when facili- ties became available. ... .,. - """o ozeman rea 1972 The Bozeman City-County Planning Staff completed the Bozeman Area Growth Study in July of 1975. This study provided an overview of the reasons for growth in the Bozeman area and the effects this growth was having on the community. The major emphasis of this study was the effect urban growth was having on pr.oviding cost-effective public services and facilities. This documentation included a growth study cost analysis and a growth study revenue analysis of four possible growth situations the City and jurisdictional area could encounter. The findings of the study listed three growth alternatives: 1. Contained growth; 2. Peripheral growth; and 3. Selective growth. The findings also included recommendations on which of these alternatives may be best suited for the Bozeman area. In December of 1983, the local governing bodies adopted the Bozeman Area Master Plan, which was prepared by the Bozeman City-County Planning staff. The Master Plan contained summaries of special purpose plans for the Bozeman area. These summaries were used to project population growth, eco- nomic conditions, and land use trends. Page2-12 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Introduction 1. 2. 3. 4. The plan identified important land use issues and made several recom- mendations. It recommended that development be restricted until cen- tral sewer and water was constructed, and it encouraged development within the Bozeman sewer service area. The plan also recommended consideration of development density transfer (the transfer of allow- able density from an area not well suited for development to another area better suited for development) to provide compensation to own- ers of land for which development may not be possible. There were 25 goals and 47 policies in the 1983 Master Plan that pro- vided a basis for planning decisions. The Land Use Plan organized the issues, goals, and policies into four major designations: The area within the City limits of Bozeman was proposed to develop at urban densities with growth occurring as public facilities are expanded. Development in the proposed sewer service area extended approximately one mile around City limits, and was restricted to 20 acres per dwelling unit to prevent the City from becoming sur- rounded by large lot development. All other subdivided areas were designated as rural development nodes. The increased develop- ment in these areas would provide for cost-effective services and would provide incentives for infill development of vacant lots in existing subdivisions. Undeveloped rural lands with no physical constraints were allowed to develop at a density of 20 acres per dwelling unit. A numerical evaluation system was utilized in preparing the jurisdictional area land use map. The nu- merical system was also used to evaluate new proposals outside the sewer service area. Finally, the plan recognized the natural beauty of Bozeman and the surrounding area. It called for the protection of views and vistas, environmental resources, historic resource preservation, and prevention of unattractive strip development. The 1990 Bozeman Area Master Plan was prepared by BRW, Inc. (consultants from Denver, CO). The 1990 document updated, but did not totally replace, the 1983 plan. The 1983 document contained a significant amount of background data and information, which was not repeated in the 1990 document. This included data on soils, geology, groundwater, and other inventory information. The 1990 Bozeman Area Master Plan was prepared to 1. Simplify Master Plan land use recommendations, allowing for more flexibility in decision making. 2. Give a stronger vision to land use concepts and projects which recognize and enhance the Bozeman area's unique environmental and cultural assets. 3. Encourage more development within the Urban Growth Area, and less scattered development in the unserviced rural area. 4. Identify long-term major capital improvement projects, beyond the scope of current annual funding, to further Master Plan goals. 5. Provide a basis for revision of the Bozeman zoning ordinance. Page 2-13 Introduction The 1990 Bozeman Area Master Plan led to several new programs. First, the Zoning Ordinance that is currently being used was pre- pared after the 1990 update. Second, the City's very successful overlay design review programs were created due to the 1990 up- date. The Entryway Overlay Corridor program requires design re- view of projects proposed in the major entryways into the City, in- cluding North 19th Avenue, North 7th Avenue, Rouse Avenue, East Main Street, West Main Street, and Interstate 90. Projects in these entryways are evaluated by standards outlined in the Design Objec- tives Plan. The Neighborhood Conservation Overlay program re- quires design review of all new construction in the older and his- toric parts of the City. Finally, the 1990 update resulted in the preparation and adoption of the Bozeman Area Sign Code. 2.5.2 Other Existing Plans Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Bozeman Central Business District Study. In February 1972, the Bozeman City-County Planning Board, in conjunction with a group of downtown businesspeople, solicited proposals to study Bozeman's Central Business District in four specific ways: marketability, circulation, parking, and design. As a result of the 1972 study, ongoing efforts were made to preserve the Bozeman downtown area and address its problems. In 1980, the Bozeman Downtown Development Association hired the architec- tural firm of Kommers, McLaughlin and Leavengood to prepare a Phase I Downtown Bozeman Plan. Using the consensus-building technique called a "charrette," the firm compiled a priority list of objec- tives. The charrette noted the evolving nature of Downtown Bozeman towards a cultural center, in addition to its retail trade emphasis. Many of the 1980 objectives echoed recommendations from the 1972 Downtown Study, including: 1. Elimination of through truck traffic 2. Provision of more off-street parking 3. Development of a civic center. In 1986, the Downtown Bozeman Association called for a review of viable alternatives regarding the following: 1 . A sign ordinance 2. Paving of the alleys 3. Increasing the use of the alleys 4. Burying the power lines 5. Providing more greenery along the streets and in off-street parking areas 6. Providing a bus service from the airport 7. Street lighting improvements 8. Hiring a Main Street manager. Page2-14 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Introduction Areawide Water Plan. This plan was prepared in 1973 and utilized information contained in the 1972 Bozeman Area Plan to determine water system improvements for (1) immediate needs, (2) a five- to ten- year plan, and (3) a long-range plan. The changing needs of the City and the imposition of Federal Drinking \v'ater standards made it necessary for the City to construct a filter treatment facility sooner than indicated in the Water Plan. The treatment plant, located south of the City at the mouth of Sour- dough Canyon, was completed in 1984. In addition to the filter plant, large distribution mains and additional storage facilities were completed in accordance with the plan. Bozeman Park and Recreation Inventory and Work Plan. The Bozeman City-County Planning Staff completed the Bozeman Area Work Plan in 197 5. The plan is an analysis of inventories and surveys developed to determine community recreational needs, and the adequacy of the existing facili- ties to fulfill the present as well as future needs. It led to the formulation of development recommenda- tions and plans for each park, or park area, within the Bozeman area. In 1980, the Community Recreation Board completed a study of the Bozeman Recreational Program. The study included an inventory of existing parks, their development status, a compilation of user groups and their needs, and recommendations. This study identified the following areas of concern: 1. A low level of public involvement and support for the City of Bozeman Recreation Department 2. Inadequate financial support and responsibility assignment to the Recreation Department by the City and County 3. Inadequate recreation opportunities for the school age population 4. Lack of a current recreation site acquisition and development schedule. The study recommended the following: 1. Rural areas should be assisted in providing recreation for youths through participation in volun- tary associations and park development planning 2. Joint funding by the City and the County should be provided for the Bozeman Recreation Depart- ment 3. The Bozeman Recreation Department and Gallatin County Subdivision Review Office should coordinate efforts on the disposition of parklands 4. Policy statements and an Interlocal Agreement should be developed that will better serve a re- newed dedication to the concept of cooperative community recreation. Blue Ribbons of Big Sky Water Quality Management Plan. This comprehensive areawide study of water quality in the Madison and Gallatin River drainage began in February 1976. The study was spon- sored by the Madison and Gallatin County governments, including their incorporated cities, and by the Madison and Gallatin Soil Conservation Districts. The Blue Ribbon's study was intended to determine the water quality of the lakes, streams, and rivers in the Madison and Gallatin river drainages, and to identify what should be done to maintain good water quality. The \'(later Quality Management Plan recommended a wide variety of alternative actions includ- ing zoning to control development density, treatment to protect streams, and development of City- County planning jurisdictional areas plans. The plan also recommended the enactment of regulations to restrict development to the central sewer and water service areas. Page 2-15 Introduction Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Wastewater Facility Plan. This plan was prepared in 1978 to analyze what was then the existing wastewater treatment system, and identify alternative system improvements to the secondary treatment of wastewater. Improvements were needed to eliminate Montana Pollutant Discharge Elimination Sys- tem Permit violations. The preferred improvements alternative was carried through the design and construction process, con- cluding in 1982. The design of the improvements was based on parameters identified in the facility plan, including a design population of 36,000 in the Bozeman area. Based on this population projection, the plan identified a sewer service area and a number of trunk.line sewers located inside the service area boundary. This information was used to assure new development sewage contributions would be distrib- uted according to the facility plan. Housing Element. This plan was completed in 1978 by the Bozeman City-County Planning staff. The purpose of the study was to present information documenting the present and future housing needs for the community. The plan was a comprehensive study of population growth as well as housing types and conditions. It also evaluated the cost of housing and the supply and demand of housing types. The study also included an estimate ofland requirements to satisfy future housing needs in Bozeman. The City of Bozeman Housing Advisory Committee was established in December of 1982, and this group expanded on the Housing Element during the spring of 1985. The Advisory Committee prepared a series of reports describing local housing needs and recommended solutions to Bozeman's housing deficiencies. The reports established a list of priorities that should be addressed by the Bozeman community including the need to provide safe, affordable housing for low- and moderate-income people. Final Report for Bozeman Public Schools. The Bozeman Public Schools completed this study in 1981. A Blue Ribbon Commission that was comprised of 38 citizen advisory members appointed by the school board and a team of professional consultants prepared this study. These groups were assigned to seven subcommittees dealing with population, financing, facilities, administration, the elementary pro- gram, the secondary program, and auxiliary programs. The study inventoried existing schools in School District 7, and offered current and projected student enrollments through the year 2000. Student enrollments were expected to increase. The study also outlined the numerous auxiliary services available through the school district, which include the Adult and Community Education program, the Pupil Transportation Service, the Learning Media Services, and the Special Education Program. It also included recommendations for acquiring and establishing future school and park sites. lo January of 1986, the Bureau of Educational Research and Field Services, Montana State University, completed an enrollment and facility study for Bozeman School District 7. The study analyzed commu- nity growth trends, population projections, and facilities. The school district endorsed the project and based decisions on the study. The report stressed the need for new public school facilities . The report also maintained that Emerson and \Villson schools were unsafe, beyond cost-effective renovation, and would need replacement. Master Plan for Campus Development (Montana State University). The Office of Facilities Plan- ning at MSU completed the campus plan in 1982. The intent of the document was to record and analyze projected trends and changes in the University's academic programs, to identify elements of potential Page 2-16 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Introduction impact for future study, and to begin establishing guidelines for development of the campus. The Cam- pus Master Plan produced three goals concerning the use of campus land: 1. Campus development should be implemented with recognition of further growth potential of both the University and the City of Bozeman 2. Central campus development should continue to provide an academic core in which pedestrian travel between most points will require no more than seven or eight minutes 3. Open space within the central campus should be preserved, emphasized, and improved. Stormwater Master Plan. Thomas, Dean & Hoskins prepared this plan in 1982, and it is still being used today. It provides the technical criteria used by the Bozeman Engineering Department to review development proposals regarding storm drainage control. This control includes water quality treatment, maintenance of historic drainage patterns, and runoff rate attenuation. The plan envisioned that stormwater management be centralized and operated by the City as a utility, much like the water and sewer systems. A proposed ordinance to create and fund such a utility was included in the plan. How- ever, the City continues to require stormwater control only upon development, in essence maintaining the status quo. 1982 Bozeman Transportation Plan. This plan was completed in 1982 by Clete Daily and Associates of Helena in cooperation with the Montana Department of Highways, the Federal Highways Adminis- tration, and the City of Bozeman. The plan evaluated the existing transportation system for the City of Bozeman, and reviewed current street and traffic conditions by using growth projections. The Bozeman Arterial environmental impact statement (EIS) was prepared in 1986, and it provided updated informa- tion on transportation issues. Energy Element. This document was completed in 1982 by a private energy consultant. The study dealt with all aspects of energy use in the community. It included studies relating to consumption patterns, future energy prices, energy conservation, land use planning, and the energy costs of transpor- tation choices. The study concluded that low temperatures and long winters are the distinguishing char- acteristics of the Bozeman area climate. This makes Bozeman uniquely suited to building earth-shel- tered and superinsulated structures. It also concluded that high-density residential development such as multistory apartments, condominiums, and townhouses are the most energy-efficient of all residential developments. Because of Bozeman's northern location and cloud patterns, a solar-heated structure is not as suitable. The study also concluded that vehicle fuels represent over one half of all energy expenditures in the Bozeman area. If energy savings are to be made, the desire for greater decreases in personal transporta- tion energy consumption will necessitate public involvement in three essential areas: 1. Land use controls and incentives will have to prevent scattered development and encourage higher density development with central urban facilities 2. Provisions will have to be made to provide for better bicycle and pedestrian transportation facili- ties 3. Arterial streets will have to be improved to permit the free flow of larger volumes of traffic. Page 2-17 Introduction Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Water Rate Evaluation. The original evaluation by Thomas, Dean & Hoskins was completed in 1977, and was superseded by a similar evaluation that was completed by CHZMHill in 1984. The later study established a cost-of-service rate structure that was subsequently approved by the Montana Public Ser- vice Commission. The cost of service rate structure is reviewed annually. Historic Property/Architectural Survey. In 1984 an extensive architectural survey of the commu- nity was conducted. The survey identified over 4,000 historic buildings and rated based on their historic integrity. Nine historic districts, containing more than 800 buildings, were identified and subsequently listed in the National Register of Historic Places. In addition, 40 landmarks were individually listed in the National Register. Outdoor Recreation-Open Space Plan for Gallatin County. This plan was prepared by the Gallatin County Subdivision Review Office, and was adopted in 1989. The plan contained a detailed inventory and description of all public and private park, recreation and school lands in Gallatin County. There is also an analysis of past growth and development in Bozeman and the Bozeman area. The plan suggested the adoption of subdivision park location and development criteria, cash-in-lieu fund disbursement cri- teria, and linear park linkages. This plan also called for more City-County cooperation regarding recre- ation concerns. Design Objectives Plan for Entryway Corridors. This plan was prepared in 1992 by Mark L. Hinshaw of Bellevue, WA. The 1990 zoning ordinance included a chapter designating an "Entryway Overlay District." This chapter of the 1990 zoning ordinance elaborates on the intent and purpose of the overlay districts, specifies the location of entryway corridors and establishes a review process. The review process is conducted by the Design Review Board and the Administrative Design Review staff, and utilizes specified design criteria in evaluating projects. The Design Objectives Plan provides these de- sign criteria, and is considered a supplement to the zoning ordinance. Bozeman Urban Transportation Plan 1993 Update. This plan was prepared in 1993 by Robert Peccia and Associates of Helena, MT. The plan is a comprehensive document intended to address both the short-term and long-term transportation needs of the Bozeman area. The plan contains the follow- ing major elements: An examination of the overall transportation system An analysis of future system needs based on transportation modeling An extensive list of recommended transportation improvements A financial analysis identifying potential funding sources for transportation improvements A strategy for implementing recommended improvements. MSU Campus Design Guidelines. This document was prepared in 1998 by the MSU University Facilities Planning Board. As the MSU campus grows, there will be an associated demand for new facilities, adaption of existing facilities, and the development of campus land resources. This document sets forth guidelines to ensure that this growth and development occurs in a coherent, sensitive, and dynamic manner. The guidelines format allows and encourages the best and most innovative design response to each new project, while maintaining a foundation of order and responsibility to a whole campus vision. The document is not a "campus master plan" that locates future facilities and sets Page 2-18 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Introduction immutable design and development standards, but serves as a planning tool for the University to guide development until a new Master Plan can be funded. 2.6 BOZEMAN 2020 COMMUNITY PLAN ELEMENTS This document is organized into 13 separate chapters or elements, which include: · Chapter 1 - Dealing with Change · Chapter 8 - Environmental Quality & Hazards · Chapter 2 - Introduction · Chapter 9 - Parks, Recreation, Trails, and Open Spaces · Chapter 3 - Background · Chapter 10 - Transportation · Chapter 4 - Community Quality · Chapter 11 - Public Facilities and Services · Chapter 5 - Housing · Chapter 12 - Subdivision Review · Chapter 6 - Land Use · Chapter 13 - Implementation and Policies · Chapter 7 - Economic Development Each element contains background and technical information, goals, objectives, and implementation policies. However, some of the technical background information for some of the elements is found in separate documents, which are listed and described below. These plans have been adopted by the City of Bozeman, and are discrete documents subject to public review and revision independent of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. The current edition of the plans listed and all accompanying appendices, amend- ments and adopted modifications, as amended from time to time, are adopted by reference and incorpo- rated into the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan as if set forth in full, except for any exceptions noted in this document. In the event of conflicts between these other element documents and the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, the policies of the 2020 Community Plan will supersede the other plan. Copies of these other documents are available for review or checkout at the City of Bozeman's Department of Planning and Community Development. Copies are also available for review at the Bozeman Public Library. Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan 2001 Update. Robert Peccia and Associates prepared this plan during 1999, 2000, and 2001. This plan provides background information and maps for Chap- ter 10 - Transportation. The document contains information on the following: existing conditions, travel demand forecasting, problem identification, recommended major street network and street stan- dards, transit analysis, pedestrian and bicycle analysis, traffic and transportation issues in Downtown Bozeman, traffic calming, and transportation demand management. The plan contains recommenda- tions for transportation system management improvements and major street improvement projects. A financial analysis of recommended improvements is included, as well as an implementation strategy. 1997 Critical Lands Study for the Bozeman Area. This document provides background information and maps for Chapter 8 - Environmental Quality and Hazards. The Bozeman City-County Planning staff prepared this study with the direction of the Planning Board. The study describes the benefits natural features provide, and the development constraints natural features can represent. The natural features described in the study include: wetlands; floodplains; rivers, streams, and ditches; groundwater aquifer and recharge zones; geologic constraints; farmland and open space; and fish and wildlife habitat. In addition to background information and data, this study provides maps, goals and objectives, implemen- tation options, and funding options. Page 2-19 Introduction Bozeman 2020 Community Plan North 19th Avenue/Oak Street Corridor Master Plan. This document was prepared by Bozeman City-County Planning staff and was adopted in 1997 to address commercial growth and development in the corridor. The growth policy legislation allows for the development of neighborhood or subarea plans that are in accordance with growth policies. The North 19th Avenue/Oak Street Corridor Master Plan will be considered as one of these subarea plans. Development proposals in the corridor will still be subject to the policies and requirements of the plan. Water Facility Plan for Bozeman, Montana. This plan was prepared by MSE-HKM Engineering, and was adopted in 1997. This plan provides background information and maps for part of Chapter 11 - Public Facilities and Services. The document describes the water system, evaluates current and future water supply and demand, addresses water storage and distribution, and evaluates the water treatment plant. The document provides water system improvement recommendations, and identifies additional investigations. Finally, operation and maintenance costs are discussed. Wastewater Facility Plan. This plan was prepared by MSE-HKM Engineering, and was adopted in 1998. This plan provides background information and maps for part of Chapter 11 - Public Facilties and Services. The document describes the wastewater system, provides analysis of wastewater flows and loads, describes the wastewater collection system, discusses infiltration and inflow, and provides a hy- draulic analysis of the wastewater system. The plan also describes and evaluates the treatment system. The plan provides an analysis of future needs, and recommends system improvements. Parks, Recreation. Trails and Open Space (POST Plan). This document was prepared by the Rec- reation and Parks Advisory Board, and was adopted in 1997. This plan provides most of the background information for Chapter 9 - Parks, Recreation, Trails and Open Space. The document actually combines four previously separate planning documents into one plan, including the following: 1. Bozeman Area Parks, Open Space and Trails POST Master Plan, August 1992 2. Bozeman Parks, Open Space and Trails Plan Update, 1995 3. City of Bozeman Parks Master Plans, 1992 4. Bozeman Area Trails Classification, Design, Maintenance, and Construction Standards. The 1997 compilation includes information and maps of existing parks; discusses the maintenance of existing parks; discusses future park, trail, and open space needs; provides park development and land acquisition recommendations; and provides a synopsis of responsible parties and a timeline. Downtown Improvement Plan. This plan was prepared in 1998 by MAKERS, urban design and archi- tecture consultants. The primary goal of the plan is an economically thriving Downtown Bozeman that attracts investment, stabilizes and strengthens the tax base, and supports the vitality and diversity of the Gallatin Valley and its social and cultural center. The plan addresses issues such as sidewalks, snow and ice, street trees, street furniture, public restrooms, public art, and lighting. The plan also addresses traffic, vehicuhir cirrnh1tion, ;incl pnking. A chapter on implementation includes costs of improvements and possible funding sources. Page 2-20 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Introduction 2.7 PLANNING PROCESS The Bozeman Planning Board was responsible for preparing the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and forwarding the plan to the City Commission for final adoption. The Planning Board formed several committees to work on the Community Plan-two committees to draft goals and objectives, as well as a Public Participation committee. The staff of the City of Bozeman's Department of Planning and Com- munity Development provided technical support to the Planning Board and implemented the Board's public outreach campaign. The Board also worked closely with other City staff, elected officials and representatives from the Gallatin County Planning Board throughout the planning process. Since the plan must represent the community's vision for the future, the Planning Board pursued an extensive public participation and public outreach effort. The following activities and events were used to collect public input and to educate the community about the planning process: Community Characteristic and Opinion Survey Community Logo Design Contest Kick-off Events/Open Houses (4) Bozeman 2020 Community Plan/ Growth Policy Brochures Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Speakers Bureau Bozeman Area Planning News newsletter ( 4) Focus Group Sessions (2) BACC II Booth Land Use Alternative Charrette Mass Mailing of Preliminary Goals and Objectives Visual Preferencing Activity at Schools/Senior Center (4) Open house, visual preferencing activity Business & Economic Development Advisory Committee comprised of local business leaders Information, agendas, and schedules posted on the City's website Display and information at the Bozeman Watershed Festival and Beautification Awards KMMS radio station call-in show Television and radio spots, opinion columns, newspaper ads, and interviews Wrap-up Open Houses at elementary schools and Gallatin Valley Mall (5) Public hearings (4) A detailed description of these events and act1v1- ties, including costs and publicity methods used, is included in Appendix C. The Planning Board used the comments, ideas, and information collected from the public to prepare the goals and objectives for the Community Plan. -.1\~ _J.,1.,; , Planning charrette, June 2-4, 2000 Page 2-21 Introduction Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page2-22 •;11111111,.....~~ . ... ..,lill , 2 0 • 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together CHAPTER3 Background Information Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 3.0 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Background Information CHAPTER3 Background Information Prior to the establishment of permanent settlements in southwestern Montana, a variety of nomadic Native American bands frequented and utilized the region now known as the Gallatin Valley. Archeo- logical evidence documents that prehistoric peoples enjoyed the Valley's once-plentiful natural resources for more than 10,000 years. Later, members of the Bannock, Blackfeet, Crow, Flathead, Gros Ventres, Shoshone, and several other historic tribes seasonally camped in the well-watered region en route to and from the buffalo hunting grounds to the east of the Bridger Mountains. Meriwether Lewis arrived at the Three Forks of the Missouri River on July 28, 1805. Lewis described the Gallatin Valley as "a smooth extensive green meadow of fine grass in its course meandering in several streams ... and a distant range of lofty mountains ran their snow clad tops above the irregular and broken mountains which lie adjacent to this beautiful spot." Nearly one year later, William Clark's expedition, with the navigational assistance of Sacajaewea, a Bannock/Shoshone Indian, ascended the Gallatin River and observed: "several leading roads which appear to a gap in the mountains," which is now known as Flathead Pass. At the recommendation of his native guide, Clark traveled east through what later became known as Bozeman Pass, eventually making his way to the Yellowstone River drainage and beyond. Thanks in large measure to the lavish descriptions of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, others were soon attracted to southwestern Montana. Fur trappers harvested in the region until the 1850s, when local beaver populations had been substantially depleted. The first permanent white settlements in the vicin- ity, however, were established following the discovery of gold in Bannock, Virginia City, and Last Chance Gulch between 1862 and 1865. John Bozeman and others guided immigrant trains along the infamous Bozeman Trail, which entered the Gallatin Valley via Bozeman Pass. Perceiving the economic potential of having a community at the mouth of this important gateway, John Bozeman and two friends-Daniel Rouse and William Beallplanned a town site directly west of the opening. Possessing exceptionally fertile and well-watered soil, as well as geographic proximity to several nearby mining camps that provided a ready market for goods and services, Bozeman, Montana, became one of the earliest and most successful agricultural communities in the Rocky Mountain West. Early resident William Alderson described the community's surroundings as "one of the most beautiful and picturesque valleys the eye ever beheld, abounding in springs of clear water, flowers and grass in abundance." In sharp contrast to many other more arid regions of the West, this comparatively fruitful local environment served as a powerful magnet for settlement and economic development. As Alderson's diary noted, for example, farmers came to the Bozeman area "expecting to make money," and most were not disap- pointed. Page 3-1 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information economic disadvantages of their geographic isolation from eastern population centers, perceived the railroad as nothing less than the key to progress for the Bozeman area. Almost immediately, local expectations were fulfilled as railroad optimism sparked a prolonged redefini- tion of the region's character, appearance, and quality oflife. Confident that the railroad's arrival would spark a major building and settlement boom in Bozeman, Nelson Story and local partners Walter Cooper and John Dickerson platted Park Addition, one of the largest subdivisions on Bozeman's affluent south- ern side. The East Side (later Hawthorne) School at 114 North Rouse, the Masonic Lodge at 137 East Main, the Lamme Building at 29 East Main, and the Spieth and Krug Brewery at 240-246 East Main were constructed in 1883. The City of Bozeman was incorporated later that same year in celebration of the fact that the region was no longer circumscribed by the limitations of geographic isolation. "We may now feel that we are part of the great world's business activities," proclaimed Judge H.N. Maguire. And, indeed, to many local residents the possibilities seemed endless. As is the case in other communities, the advent of the Northern Pacific marks a watershed in the devel- opmental history of the Gallatin Valley. With the railroad's assistance, Bozeman rapidly moved toward economic and demographic stabilization. Population in the Bozeman area increased dramatically from 867 in 1880 to approximately 3,000 in 1883. "Under the impetus of the near approach of the track of the Northern Pacific road," the Avant Courier reported, "Bozeman has doubled its population during the past year." The ongoing transformation sparked by the railroad boom was truly remarkable. Fred M. \Vilson, travel- ing correspondent for the Helena Herald, reported that "Bozeman has indeed made a proud record during the past twelve months. Her wonder- ful growth, resulting from the advent of the iron horse ... has exceeded the anticipations of the most sanguine. Business houses have nearly doubled in number, large and hand- some houses now cover tracts of land which a few years ago were beyond the limits of town, the streets are thronged with a busy, hungry crowd, and one who has been absent but a season finds difficulty in recognizing the staid and sober town of the past in the bustling, ambitious city of the present." While the effects of the railroad boom quickly subsided and local population levels actually declined in the mid-1880s, Montana's attainment of statehood in 1889 served as the impetus for yet another pivotal surge in local development. In an effort to impress Montana voters enough to choose Bozeman as the site of the state capital in an 1892 special election, area promoters set out to redefine their community. Local residents erected several prominent public and private buildings in the years immediately following the declaration of statehood, including the impressive Bozeman City Hall and Opera House (1890), the gothic-styled Saint James Episcopal Church (1890-91) at 9 West Olive Street, the Victorian Commercial Bozeman Hotel (1891-92) at 307-21 East Main Street, and the gothic City High School building ( c. 1892) which once occupied the present site of the Emerson Cultural Center at 111 South Grand Avenue. Several notable local residences, such as the Julia Martin House (1892) at 419 South Grand Avenue, were also constructed in this period. In addition to these ambitious projects, Bozeman also witnessed other significant steps toward sophisti- cation between 1889 and 1892. Community boundaries were officially extended into surrounding farm- lands in an effort to make the City look larger on paper than it was in actuality and, therefore, more Page 3-3 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Bird's rye view of Bozeman, circa 1900 The advent of dry land farming techniques, which were aggressively promoted by the new agricultural college, coupled with an ongoing homestead boom, dramatically increased Bozeman's population from 3,419 in 1900 to 5,107 in 1910. These demographic changes, in turn, reaffirmed Bozeman's advanta- geous position as a regional supply center, inspiring numerous changes in the architectural character of the community. As early as 1907, a surplus of hard milling wheat was, for the first time, available for shipment to markets outside of Montana. This reality prompted the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad to gain access to Bozeman in 1911-a development that further bolstered the local agricultural economy. The volume of agricultural and railroad activity in the Valley continued to intensify during the 1913- 1929 Progressive era thanks in large measure to the growth of Montana State College's Agricultural Experiment Station-which encouraged the application of "industrial principles to agricultural expan- sion." In advocating the scientific management of farming, the Agriculture Experiment Station also promoted crop diversification; and, following 1911 soil tests, 17,000 acres of peas were planted in the Valley. The obvious success of the experiment, coupled with the fact that legume cultivation was a natural soil enricher and pea vines could be used as animal fodder, stimulated the development of four local seed pea companies. The incredible success ofBozeman's seed pea industry stimulated the incor- poration of the Bozeman Canning Company on North Rouse Avenue. Soon the Gallatin Valley was producing seventy-five percent of the seed peas raised in the United States and Bozeman was referred to as the "Sweet Pea Capital of the Nation." The industry thrived in the Gallatin Valley until the mid- 1950s, employing hundreds oflocal residents, particularly women. Drought conditions prevailed throughout the 1920s, but Gallatin County fared relatively well in com- parison to other counties in eastern Montana. The community also reaped the rewards of an active tourist economy during the era as thousands of pleasure seekers flooded through area train stations. \Vith the advent of the automobile, Bozeman's role as a gateway to Yellowstone National Park became even more pronounced; and, for the first time, recreational tourism began to rival agriculture as a major industry in the area. Page 3-5 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Downtown Bozeman, circa 1940 The end of the war and the return of veterans brought ever-increasing activity to Bozeman. The effects of the 1944 G.I. Bill of Rights stimulated further growth at the college and in the housing industry. Local responses to shortages in housing supply prompted the development of wood products industries such as the Idaho Pole plant, which was established in 1946, and the pulpwood industry, started at Gallatin Gateway in 1947. Together these and other developments helped ensure the continuing expansion of Bozeman and its institution of higher learning, Montana State College. In the years immediately following World War II, the major factors influencing Bozeman's earlier devel- opment continued to exert an important influence on Bozeman's character and appearance. The agricul- tural heritage that had shaped daily life in the Gallatin Valley from day one continued to play a major role, as evidenced by the establishment of the Winter Fair in 1946. Likewise, the ever-growing Montana State College remained the largest local employer and continued to ensure the economic vitality of the com- munity. But even as these historic forces continued to shape the growth of the area, a succession of new technological and transportation-related developments further linked Bozeman with the outside world and profoundly altered local life in the coming decades. Radio, television, and Hollywood soon wedded the Gallatin Valley with the broader culture of the na- tion. As music and other mass-produced popular amusements were instantly made available to area residents for the first time, local values and aspirations changed. More than ever, Bozeman youth em- braced the possibility of leaving the Gallatin Valley for more sophisticated pastures. Page 3-7 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Despite brief declines, population in the Bozeman area increased during the last thirty years. From 1971 to 197 5, the number of Bozeman residents rose four to five percent. Even more pronounced growth was witnessed in the area immediately adjacent to the City limits. Within a four-and-a-half mile radius from the City limits, population jumped eighteen percent during the period, with four thousand acres of farm- land turned into housing tracts. Between 1980 and 1990, Gallatin County's population increased an- other 17.7 percent to 50,463. During the next five years, the County's population rose again to 59,406, with an average annual increase of 3.4 percent, the highest urban increase in Montana. During the 1980s, Bozeman's population grew a healthy 4.7 percent. During the early 1980s, as Bozeman prepared for its centennial as an incorporated City, efforts were undertaken to survey the town's historic and architectural resources. Under the direction of paid and volunteer professionals, more than eighty local residents documented roughly 4,000 properties in Bozeman's historic core. Since that time, nine historic districts containing more than eight hundred buildings, as well as an additional forty individual landmarks, have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Under these development pressures, farming in the Bozeman area has steadily declined. Local agribusiness has been increasingly supplanted by new economic stimuli-especially recreational tourism and real es- tate development. In 1950, 1,129 farms and ranches dotted the Gallatin Valley. By 1992 that number had dropped to 798. Between 1978 and 1992 alone, Gallatin County saw a 21.3 percent decrease in acreage devoted to farmland, according to the United States Census of Agriculture. In the five-year period between April of 1993 and April of 1998, an estimated 9,230 acres were developed in the Galla tin Valley and outside the City limits of Bozeman. The start of the ongoing boom in Bozeman's growth and development roughly coincides with the mak- ing of Robert Redford's A River Runs Through It in 1992. The movie's imagery and story line had a tremendous impact in popularizing western Montana as "The Last Best Place" and, likewise, affiliated the region with a more simplistic, recreation-oriented quality of life, which now epitomizes the local mindset. The movie also promoted the rapid expansion of the region's fly-fishing industry, which further advanced the local tourist economy. With the advent of the Internet, fax machines, and other high-tech means of communication, Bozeman has attracted increasing numbers of residents who live in the Gallatin Valley but work elsewhere. Stud- ies during the 1990s confirmed that, despite unparalleled population and economic growth in the area, more than forty percent of local residents were employed elsewhere. Telecommuters, retirees, and the independently wealthy were settling in the Gallatin Valley, creating increased demands for local services and lower-paying service industry jobs. Thus, despite an apparently booming local economy, Gallatin County residents averaged $17,032 in annual wages during the 1990s and ranked thirty-third among Montana's fifty-six counties in per capita income. Offsetting this trend to a certain extent is the more recent establishment of several high-tech businesses in the Gallatin Valley. Providing generally higher wages, these clean industries are widely regarded as examples of desirable economic development that is in many ways compatible with the much-cherished n:i tural amenities that southwest Montana offers to its residents and visitors. Page 3-9 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Figure 3-1: Vicinity Map, Including Surrounding Mountain Ranges Page 3-11 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information 3.1.2 Hydrology Bozeman and Gallatin County are crossed with numerous creeks and irrigation canals. Most of the creeks flow from the southeast to northwest to the Gallatin River. Major creeks and rivers within the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning area include: East Gallatin River, in the northeastern portion of the City and planning area; Bozeman (Sourdough) Creek, flowing south to north through the City into the East Gallatin River. Bozeman Creek has been channelized and rerouted into a storm pipe as it flows through the center of town; Nash Spring Creek, Matthew Bird, and Figgins Creeks in the southern portion of the City of Bozeman; Hyalite Creek, southwest of the City; Rocky Creek, flowing northwest along the Interstate, into the northeast sections of the City of Bozeman; and Bridger Creek, flowing west from Bridger Canyon, joining Bozeman and Rocky Creeks north of the City to form the East Gallatin River. Groundwater is another abundant resource in the Gallatin Valley. Generally, groundwater is near the surface, and flows from south to north to the East Gallatin River. Locally high water tables ofless than ten feet below the surface are prevalent throughout the valley. Groundwater aquifers are recharged through many sources. Recharge is received from infiltration from the many rivers, streams, and irriga- tion ditches. In addition, faults located along the mountain fronts aid in recharge by distributing the rain and snow runoff along their corridors. 3.2 BOZEMAN AREA ATTRACTIONS 3.2.1 Yellowstone National Park Bozeman sits northwest of Yellowstone National Park. From Bozeman, it is a 90-mile drive to the west entrance of the park at the City of West Yellowstone, and a 79 mile drive to the north entrance at Gardiner. Yellowstone became the country's first national park in 1872. Today, the park is an Interna- tional Biosphere Reserve, a World Heritage Site, a wildlife refuge, and a favorite vacation spot. Three major volcanic explosions that occurred in the last 2 million years formed the landscape of the park. The volcanic explosion that formed the Yellowstone Caldera, or basin, occurred 600,000 years ago. The volcanism that caused these eruptions still powers the park's famous geysers, hot springs, fumaroles, and mud pots. Summer activities in the park include sightseeing, hiking, biking, camping, boating, fishing and back- packing. \Vinter activities include cross-country skiing, snowmobiling, sightseeing, and snowshoeing. The road between Gardiner and Cooke City is the only one open year-round to wheeled vehicles. 3.2.2 Montana State University-Bozeman The MSU campus sits at the southern end of Bozeman. The University offers baccalaureate degrees in 50 fields, master's degrees in 39 fields and doctoral programs in 13 fields. As a land-grant university, Page 3-13 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Hyalite Canyon and Hyalite Reservoir are located south of Bozeman in the Gallatin National Forest. They are named for the mineral that is found in the area. Hyalite Canyon is a tremendous recreational resource near Bozeman, with facilities for camping, fishing, and hiking. Mountain biking is also a popu- lar activity. There are several wheelchair-accessible trails in Hyalite Canyon. S kierenjoying the recreational land, surrounding Bozeman 3.3 COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS1 3.3.1 Population Historical Population Trends. Although Bozeman's growth has been significant during the past de- cade (1990-2000), from a percent change perspective the past decade has the fourth greatest rate of population change of the century. Since 1900, the greatest rate of population change occurred during the decade of 1900 to 1910 when the population grew by approximately 49 percent. This decade was characterized by the advent of dry land farming techniques and a resulting homestead boom, which dramatically increased the City's population. The decade between 1920 and 1930 had the second greatest rate of population change of the century. During this ten-year period, the City's population increased by approximately 43 percent. This popula- tion increase is often associated with the boom in the tourism economy, as Yellowstone National Park became a popular destination for pleasure seekers. The decade between 1960 and 1970 had the third greatest rate of population change between 1900 and 2000. During this ten-year period, the City's population increased by 39.74 percent. This population Page 3-15 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Finally, the most recent decade (1990 to 2000) had the fourth greatest rate of population change of the century. During this period, the City's population increased by 39.61 percent. A strong economy, low mortgage interest rates, and first-time homebuyer programs, combined with an ongoing trend of migra- tion to the Rocky Mountain West, fueled this population boom. It is interesting to note that Bozeman's population actually declined by approximately 2 percent between 1930 and 1940. This decrease in population coincides with prolonged drought conditions and the Great Depression. Recent Population Trends. Gallatin County as a whole grew by 29.4 percent during the past decade (90-00), while Bozeman grew by 39.61 percent during the same period. In 1990, Bozeman contained 45.11 percent of Gallatin County's population. By 2000, that number had increased to 48.22 percent. Table 3-2: Population Trends During the 1990s - 1990 through 2000 Year City of Bozeman Gallatin County Percent of County 1990 22,660 50,484 45.11 percent 1991 23,768 52,304 45.44 percent 1992 24,800 54,103 45.84 percent 1993 25,716 55,950 45.96 percent 1994 26,795 57,818 46.34 percent 1995 27,531 59,293 46.43 percent 1996 28,231 60,169 46.92 percent 1997 29,144 61,220 47.61 percent 1998 29,936 62,561 4 7 .85 percent 1999 30,805 1 63,881 48.22 percent 2000 31,636 1 65,299 2 48.45 percent Source: 1990 data, Census of Population and Housi11g, U.S. Cenrns Bureau. 1991-1998, estimates from the Montana Department of Commerce, Cwrns and Economic Information Ce11ter. 1 Estimate based on Montana Department of Commerce estimates through 7 / 1 / 98, plus building permits isrned for new dive/ling units from 7 / 1 / 98 to 12/ 31 / 99 multiplied by 2.3 (average household size in Bozeman). 2Estimate prepared by Peccia and Associates for Bozeman Area Transportation Plan, 2000. 3.3.2. Population Characteristics Gender. By the end of 1999, 48.48 percent (or 15,337) of the City's residents were male and 51.52 (or 16,299) percent were female. This is a reversal of a 40-year trend (19 50 to 1990) of more male residents in the City than female residents. This 40-year trend had contradicted the demographic realities of the state and nation, where women outnumber men. Many of the degree programs at MSU-Bozeman are in math and science fields, which traditionally attract more male students, which could explain the presence of more men than women in the City between 19 50 and 1990. In Gallatin County as a whole, the male population has outnumbered the female population every decade since 1910. Page 3-17 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Beginning in the 1980s, the median age in the City and County began to increase. By the beginning of 2000, the median age of Bozeman residents was approximately 30.4 years and the median age in the County as a whole was 31.28 years. This increase in the median age of City and County residents reflects national trends of an aging population and decreases in the number of children per household. Cur- rently, the national median age is 35.6. Therefore, the City and County's median age is still less than the median age nationwide. Again, this low median age is likely attributable to the high concentration of college-aged residents. Table 3-4: Age Distribution and Median Age by Decade -1930 through 2000 1930 1940 1950 City of Gallatin City of Gallatin City of Bozeman County Bozeman County Bozeman 0-9 16.11% 18.23% 14.38% 15.47% 16.49% 10-19 19.88% 20.74% 16.75% 17.84% 13.31% 20-29 15.22% 14.48% 19.07% 18.06% 24.63% 30-39 14.13% 13.60% 14.60% 13.43% 13.00% 40-49 13.70% 13.34% 12.68% 12.75% 10.68% 50-59 10.18% 9.63% 10.88% 11.37% 8.67% 60+ 10.76% 9.94% 11.64% 11.06% 13.22% Unknown 0.04% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Median 28.28 26.86 28.91 28.32 27.38 1970 1980 1990 City of Gallatin City of Gallatin City of Bozeman County Bozeman County Bozeman 0-9 14.07% 15.92% 9.42% 13.33% 11.39% 10-19 24.08% 22.86% 19.73% 18.18% 15.66% 20-29 28.48% 22.47% 38.36% 29.37% 31.24% 30-39 8.56% 9.73% 10.44% 13.30% 16.03% 40-49 7.54% 9.28% 5.78% 7.89% 9.33% 50-59 6.89% 8.77% 5.55% 7.44% 4.96% 60+ 10.38% 10.79% 10.73% 10.50% 11.39% Unknown 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Median 23.74 24.49 24.89 25.67 26.61 Source: Data.for 1910 thro11gh 1990, Cens11s of Population and Ho11si11g, U.J. Census Burea11. 1 Bery Area Economics, 2000 2U7oods and Poole Economic Projections, October 2000. 1960 Gallatin City of County Bozeman 19.45% 17.48% 14.02% 20.55% 20.77% 19.98% 13.71% 10.90% 10.70% 10.39% 9.19% 7.90% 12.18% 12.80% 0.00% 0.00% 27.16 25 39 1999 Gallatin City of County Bozeman1 14.06% 10.49% 15.43% 15.72% 20.62% 24.11% 18.82% 16.17% 12.48% 13.51% 6.91% 8.20% 11.67% 11.80% 0.00% 0.00% 28.95 30-4 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Graph 3-3: Average Household Size by Decade - 1920 through 2000 - I I I 2000 - I I I I I 1990 - I I I I 1980 - I I I I 1970 ~ 1960 ~ - I I I I I I I I I 1950 I I I I I 1940 I I I I 1930 I I I I 1920 I I I I I I I I I 0 lf) ci Average Household Size Source: See Table 3-5. 3.3.4 Education Characteristics I Iii Gallatin County D City of Bozeman School Enrollment. School enrollment statistics include enrollment in K-12 schools, as well as enroll- ment at Montana State University and other institutions of higher learning. Historically, school enroll- ment rates steadily increased between 1920, and during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1920, only 19.81 percent of Bozeman residents were enrolled in school and only 20.03 percent of County residents were enrolled in school. School enrollment in Bozeman reached its peak in 1980 at 50.23 percent, and enroll- ment in the County as a whole peaked in 1970 with 41.87 percent. This increase in school enrollment rates is probably attributable to the growth of Montana State University, and the influx of college stu- dents. By 1990, school enrollment rates for the City and County began to slip. Results of the 1999 Community Characteristic and Opinion Survey supported this statistic. This decrease is attributable to several fac- tors. First, the number of children per household continues to decline. This is evidenced by flat or declining K-12 school enrollment in Bozeman. Second, people are moving to Bozeman for reasons other than attending college. Bozeman's population has continued to increase, while the size of the student body at MSU remained constant throughout the 1990s. At the beginning of the 2000 - 2001 school year, Montana State University had 11,753 students. During the 1998-1999 school year, a total of9,508 kindergarten through 12th grade students were enrolled in public schools countywide. Of this, 5,107 students were enrolled in the Bozeman public school system, including the high school. Another 873 K-12 students were enrolled in private schools countywide. Of this, approximately 400 were enrolled in private schools within or adjacent to the City of Bozeman. Approximately 300 students were home schooled in Gallatin County during the 1998-1999 school year. Page 3-21 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Table 3-7: Educational Attainment by Decade -1940 through 2000 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 No school years 1.06% 0.47% 0.20% 0.26% 0.00% 0.00% Less than 9th 50.76% 27.75% 21.82% 13.28% 7.42% 2.58% 9th - 12th , no diploma 14.66% 11 .79% 12.81% 9.29% 5.46% 4 .48% High school diploma 15.34% 21.78% 24.15% 26.99% 20.49% 19.22% Some college, no degree 11.00% 18.87% 21.01% 22.29% 27.39% 26.81 % College degree 6.13% 17 .22% 20.01 % 28 . 86% 39.24% 46. 90% Not reported 1.06% 2.12% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% S 011m: 1940 - 1990 date, U.S. Census of Population and Housing, U.S. Census Bu1tau. Graph 3-4: Final Educational Attainment by Decade - 1940 through 2000 70% I 60% , I I 50% I bJl dJ . ~ 40% ., c dJ "' .dJ u .. 30% #" ~ - ~ 20% 10% - - .. - ... _ - -- - -- - - .. - -,-J • - "' - - - 0% -- - - - - - - - - - - - 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year S ottrce: 1940 - 1990 date, U.S. Cenms of Population and Housing, U.S. Census Bur·eau. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, Community Characteristic and Opinion S uroey, October 1999. 3.3.5 Employment and Income Characteristics -- 2000 - No School Years - - - -Grade School - - High School - - -College Employment. In 2000, the largest employment industry in Bozeman and Gallatin County was services, with 42.18 percent and 29 .35 percent of employed persons respectively. Services include entertainment and recreation services, health and medical services, educational services, and other professional ser- vices. Retail trade was the second largest employment industry in Bozeman and Gallatin County, with 27.59 percent and 21.18 percent employed respectively. However, manufacturing is the third largest Page 3-23 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Countywide, there has been a significant change in employment patterns since 1950. In 1950, the largest employment industry in Gallatin County was services, with 24.74 percent of employed persons. How- ever, the second largest employment industry was agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, with 21.66 percent. The third largest employment industry was retail trade, with 16.25 percent. In Bozeman, services were the largest employment industry, followed second by retail trade, and third by manufacturing. Graph 3-5: Employment by Industry in Bozeman - 1950 and 2000 Not reported Public administration Services Finance/insurance/real estate Retail trade Wholesale trade Transportation/ comm/utilities Manufacturing Construction/ mining Agriculture/ forestry/ fisheries Source: See Table 3-8. •2000 D 1950 Income. Bozeman exhibits slightly lower household incomes than Montana, while Gallatin County's are generally higher. By 2000, Bozeman had a median household income of $30,450, compared to $37,190 for Gallatin County, and $31,035 for Montana. While almost 23 percent of Bozeman households earn less than $15,000 annually, only about 17 percent of county households fall into this category. Bozeman's student population impacts these numbers, and contributes to a lower median household income. Bozeman and Gallatin County have shown significant growth in income levels in the last decade, while Montana's income levels have remained flat. After adjusting for inflation, both Bozeman and Gallatin County showed a 15 percent increase in median household income. Montana showed a less than one percent increase in median household income. Page 3-25 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Table 3-11: Household Projections - 2000 through 2020 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Population 31,636 35,950 39,600 43,120 46,600 Total households 13,754.78 15,630.43 17,217.39 18,747.83 20,260.87 Average 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 household size Source: Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, Community Cham/le Final Report, 2000. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Characteristic and Opinion Survry, October 1999. 3.4.3. Employment Projections It is projected that by 2020, services will still be the largest employment industry in Gallatin County, with 30.28 percent of employed persons. Retail trade and government will still be the second and third largest employment industries, with 22.28 percent and 15.34 percent respectively. Table 3-12: Employment Projections for Gallatin County - 2010 through 2020 2010 2020 Number Percent Number Percent Agriculture/ forestry/ fisheries 1,865 2.95% 1,967 2.64% Construction/ mining 6,248 9.89% 7,767 10.42% Manufacturing 4,552 7.21% 5,560 7.46% Transportation/ communications/utilities 2,058 3.26% 2,402 3.22 Wholesale trade 2,376 3.76% 2,829 3.79% Retail trade 13,785 21.83% 16,613 22.28% Finance/insurance/ real estate 3,152 4.99% 3,411 4.57% Services 18,883 29.90% 22,582 30.28% Public administration 10,232 16.20% 11 ,442 15.34% Total 63,151 100.00% 74,572 100.00% Source: Peccia and Associates, 2000. 1The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning process began in the fall of 1999. At that time, demographic information from the 1990 decennial census was outdated. This, combined with the fact that Bozeman had grown and changed dramatically since 1990, precluded the use of 1990 census data in this document. 2000 decennial census data would not be available until 2001, and the planning process could not wait for that data to be available. Therefore, a variety of reliable sources of data were used to prepare a demographic profile and population projections for Bozeman without relying on census data. At the time this document was adopted, some of the 2000 decennial census data had been released, but not all. Therefore, the document was not updated to reflect the 2000 data. Once all of the 2000 census data has been released, this plan should be revised to include that data. Other sections of the plan, which are population data dependent, should also be revised accordingly_ Page 3-27 .. ~~ ... ..,. •111111111;11• 2 0 + 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together CHAPTER4 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character CHAPTER4 Community Character This chapter includes information, goals, and objectives for Community Character. Basically, Commu- nity Character refers to those things that make Bozeman a special, attractive, and enjoyable place to live. Community Character issues range from the way neighborhoods are designed to the way new develop- ment looks, from our urban forest to supporting Downtown Bozeman, and from historic preservation to arts and culture. Of course, an important component of Bozeman's uniqueness and livability is the quality of the people who live and work here. All of the concepts contained in this chapter are ulti- mately meaningless without citizens that respect each other and treat one another with decency. 4.0 COMMUNITY DESIGN 4.0.1 Introduction In many ways, the perceived image of a community affects the quality of life enjoyed by current resi- dents, influences the desirability of the community to newcomers and visitors, and ultimately impacts its economic viability. While the development of residential and commercial projects is determined by private property owners and business interests, the public plays an important part in defining and impart- ing the development design patterns the community as a whole finds to be most appropriate. The "public" includes everyone who has a stake in the use of land, including current and future residents, property owners, developers, elected officials, and public administration personnel. Making land use decisions based on a shared community vision moves the community towards attainment of a preferred City image. 4.0.2 Relationship to the Land Use Element The land use designations, definitions, and standards butlined in the Land Use Chapter (Chapter 6) identify the types, densities, and preferred configuration of land uses within the City. However, the Land Use Chapter provides a broad, more generalized overview of what the City will be and look like in the future; it provides the context for future growth and development. On the other hand, community design issues and ideas provide the details that make Bozeman an attractive and desirable place to live. The Community Design goals and objectives identified in this Community Character chapter address the more specific aspects of how the City is developed and defined. 4.0.3 Existing Design Review Programs The 1990 Bozeman Area Master Plan Update put a considerable amount of emphasis on the City's aesthetic character. Out of the 1990 planning effort, three highly successful programs were established to address issues of image, aesthetic character, and attractiveness. Page 4-1 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character Enhance property values through the stabilization of neighborhoods and areas of the City, in- crease economic and financial benefits to the City and its inhabitants, and promote tourist trade and interests. Develop and maintain an appropriate environment for buildings, structures, sites, and areas that reflect varied planning and architectural styles and distinguished phases of Bozeman's history and prehistory. Stimulate and enhance human life by developing educational and cultural dimensions that foster the knowledge of Bozeman's heritage and cultivate civic pride in the accomplishments of the past. Seek to maintain and enhance the many private and public elements that are unique to the fabric, theme, and character of each neighborhood and area, including lighting, pathways, street trees, natural features, and other identified features. Provide the neighboring community with notice and opportunity to comment upon proposed improvements. Entryway Corridor Overlay District. Section 18.43 of the City of Bozeman Zoning Ordinance contains reguirements for the Entryway Corridor Overlay Dis- trict. There are several arterial corridors entering the City that introduce visitors and residents alike to Bozeman. The vi- sual attributes of these roadways provide a lasting impression of the character of Bozeman. It is the intent and purpose of these requirements to ensure the qual- ity of development along these corridors to enhance the impression and enjoyment of the community by guiding develop- Commercial building in an Entryway Corridor Overlay District ment and change that occurs in these areas. These provisions are also intended to improve signage, landscaping, access, and other contributing elements of entry corridor appearance and function. Development within these corridors is subject to design review. Projects are evaluated against the stan- dards and guidelines contained in the Design Objectives Plan. Either the Design Review Board (DRB) or the Administrative Design Review (ADR) staff conducts the design review. The agency, board, or commission making the final land use decision considers the recommendations of the DRB and/ or ADR. There are two types of entryway corridors-Class I and Class II. Class I entryways include Interstate 90, frontage roads, U.S. 10, U.S. 191, North 19th Avenue (north of Durston), and Oak Street (between North 19th Avenue and North 7th Avenue). All development that is partially or wholly within 660 feet of the centerline of these roadways is subject to design review. Projects within Class I entryway corridors must be set back at least 50 feet from the roadway. Class II entryways include North 7th Avenue, 19th Avenue (south ofDurston), Main Street (from Broadway east to I-90), Main Street (west from North 7th Avenue to Ferguson Road), North Rouse Avenue and Bridger Canyon Road (north of Tamarack), Oak Street Page 4-3 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character Figure 4-2: Entryway Corridor Overlay Districts Page 4-5 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 4.0.4 Urban Development Design Bozeman's older historic neighbor- hoods are among the most desirable places to live. This is attributable to a variety of factors, including charm- ing and attractive homes; proximity to employment, shopping, and ser- vices; proximity to Downtown Bozeman; proximity to neighborhood parks and schools; pedestrian and bi- cycle friendly streets; and mature landscaping. When the older, historic neighborhoods were platted, subdivi- sion design was a lot less complicated Community Character , . than it is today. Typically, existing Historic neighborhood in Bozeman roads were used as starting points, and the City's core expanded in chunks of fully interconnected grid subdivisions. This pattern was only interrupted by features on the landscape such as a railroad, river, or steep slopes. Early on, subdivision platting did not follow any formal or general plan. Developers merely surveyed and staked out streets and parks, and sold off the adjoining lots. The supply of developable lots out- paced the demand for lots, and subdivisions were built out over a considerable amount of time. These early, traditional neighborhoods were characterized by Compactness and tightness of form; Medium density; The presence of a downtown, or mixed-use center; Residential neighborhoods in close proximity to downtown; Pedestrian-friendly, but also auto-accessible streets; A well-defined neighborhood center and edge. During the postwar era, development processes and patterns changed considerably. This new develop- ment pattern, generally referred to as urban sprawl, was caused by three converging phenomena. First, Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and Veterans Administration (YA) mortgage programs were di- rected at new single-family suburban construction instead of the renovation of the existing housing stock. Second, the development of an interstate highway system, subsidies for road improvement, the neglect of mass transit, and the availability of inexpensive and dependable automobiles made automo- tive commuting affordable and convenient. These first two forces moved families out of historic city neighborhoods and into the periphery, and businesses were soon to follow. Third, the application of strict zoning effectively separated all land uses from all other land uses-compatible or not. Increasingly, an automobile was needed to go anywhere. Increasingly, shopping centers and business parks replaced downtown, curving roads and cul-de-sacs replaced the traditional street grid, monotypic housing development replaced mixed-use neighborhoods, and automobiles replaced walking and mass transit. In Suburban Nation (Duany, Plater-Zyberk, and Page 4-7 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Several elements of this plan contain ideas and concepts, captured by goals and objectives, which lay the groundwork for allowing and en- couraging development as described above and shaping community design. The general principles outlined above would be tailored to fit with Bozeman's unique situation and characteristics. It is not en- visioned that these urban development design elements would be re- quired, but instead that the Bozeman Zoning Ordinance and Bozeman Subdivision Regulations would be revised to facilitate and promote this type of development. 4.0.5 Suburban Development Design While the urban development principles described above represent the preferable community design con- cept for urbanization in Bozeman, these principles may not always be appropriate for every piece of ground. Some areas, such as areas constrained by significant natural features or critical lands, may be more suited to a suburban development design con- cept. Suburban developments are a less dense and less intense type of urban development as described above. The existing Sundance Springs Subdivision, at the south end of Bozeman, is a good example of this type of development. A high water table, wet- Community Character Rear aflry in a new d~111!lop11m1I lands, and floodplain limited Sundance Springs' development capacity. Suburban developments work around outstanding natural features of a parcel of land rather than destroying them by dividing a parcel of land equally among homeowners. Suburban development lots are generally smaller, and part of the purchase price of a home goes towards the protection of open space for trails, greenways, and wildlife habitat. In addition, property owners' associations are typically formed to provide for the maintenance of open space areas and amenities within these spaces. Development in these subdivisions is clustered within developable areas, or areas unencumbered by topographic or natural constraints. These developable clusters could contain a mix of residential types and commercial uses. The urban development design concepts, for residential and commercial projects, could and should be applied to these developed areas. The graphic on Page 4-10 illustrates an example of a suburban development design subdivision. Large open areas were left undeveloped to protect natural features. In this case, the site contained several large wetland areas, and several important watercourses cross the site. The developable areas are developed to urban densities as described in the urban development design principles. Namely, there is large com- mercial area at the center of this development, neighborhood parks, and a school. There is also a range of housing types, with most of the high-density housing clustered around the commercial area. The transportation network includes rear alleys for all lots, and an interconnected system of trails throughout the project. Page 4-9 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character 4.1 NEIGHBORHOOD DESIGN The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan contemplates future growth of the City in terms of interconnected neighborhoods with defined neighborhood centers and focal points. Neighborhoods would contain a mix of residential uses, commercial uses, and public or civic uses. Therefore, most of the concepts outlined in Section 4.0 - Community Design would also apply to neighborhood design issues. While the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is a growth policy for the entire City of Bozeman, as it exists now and in the future, the development of individual neighborhood plans would be appropriate. These plans would be area-specific plans, developed by neighborhood residents working closely with the Bozeman Planning Board. The development of neighborhood plans is allowed in the State Growth Policy legisla- tion. The Planning Board is responsible for preparing a growth policy, such as the Bozeman 2020 Com- munity Plan, and forwarding the plan to the City Commission for final adoption. Similarly, the Planning Board is responsible for preparing any and all neighborhood plans, and forwarding recommended plans to the City Commission for final approval. The goals, objectives, and policies within the neighborhood plans are required by law to comply with goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, but provide an opportunity for area-level detail. Currently, an Inter-Neighborhood Council is being formed in Bozeman. Several neighborhoods have been identified, and neighborhood representatives have already begun meeting with each other and rep- resentatives from the City of Bozeman. These neighborhood groups, and the overall Inter-Neighbor- hood Council, will be key to the success of any future neighborhood planning program. However, the specific role neighborhood groups and the Inter-Neighborhood Council will play in planning policy- making and land use decisions has not yet been defined by the Bozeman City Commission. The Inter- Neighborhood Council is also preparing its own bylaws. If and when the role neighborhood groups and the Inter-Neighborhood Council will play in planning and zoning issues is formally defined, that informa- tion should be included in future updates of this plan. Any neighborhood planning effort would likely follow these steps: 1. Establish a neighborhood group by inviting all areas residents and businesses to participate. Select representatives for the neighborhood group, and establish the neighborhood's boundaries. 2. Involve neighborhood citizens, businesses, and other interest groups in preparing an inventory of the neighborhood-identifying problems, constraints, opportunities, and assets within the neigh- borhood. 3. Involve area residents and private interests, and work closely with the Planning Board, to de- velop and refine implementation proposals and actions. 4. Involve the Planning Board and agencies from several levels of government in identifying and refining strategies for action. 5. Once a Neighborhood Plan is prepared and accepted by the Planning Board, the Board will forward a recommended plan to the City Commission for adoption. 6. Pursue funding and other opportunities for implementing the plan. Page 4-11 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character While buildings may differ in style and expression, there must be some principles of unity that pull buildings into visual alignment. Issues for consideration include the scale, rhythm, and pattern of build- ings and other features that comprise the streetscape. These are some examples of scale, rhythm, and pattern considerations: Commercial buildings should all be multistory, but should all also be approxi- mately the same height and size to create a harmonious sense of scale. Similarly, buildings must be sized in proportion to the width of the street. Commercial buildings within one neighborhood should incorpo- rate similar materials and design to lend a sense of pattern. Finally, buildings should sit up against the sidewalk, and not be punctuated by vacant lots or driveways. Where driveways are necessary, they should be evenly and thoughtfully spaced to maintain the streetscape's sense of rhythm. While a goal of this document is to improve the appearance and urban design of development projects, other goals promote predictable and equitable development review processes. To that end, existing design review programs should be revised to include objective criteria to the greatest extent possible. Future design review programs should be crafted to include objective criteria. 4.2.2 Residential Development The existing Neighborhood Conservation District program is the only program that evaluates residential projects in terms of design and compatibility with surrounding structures. Therefore, design review is currently being applied to a select group of residential projects within the City. Many newer subdivisions have covenants that contain architectural and design requirements for residential development, but these requirements do not ensure excellence in design and are often not enforced by the property owners' association. Many criticisms of newer homes in newer subdivisions focus on subdivision layout issues. Most of these concerns can be addressed by applying urban development design principles outlined earlier in this chap- ter. For example, placing garages to the rear of lots and accessing the garages via alleys or lanes would address the issue of attached garages dominating the facade of structures. It would also address the impacts multiple driveway openings along the street have on pedestrians on sidewalks. However, many criticisms also focus on the design of new homes and the materials used. One fre- quently voiced concern is the lack of character-defining features or articulation of new homes, and that homes in new subdivisions all look the same. The incorpora- tion of a variety of building elevations and rooflines/pitches would help. Articulation could be achieved through the use of a combination of different entrances, porches, projections and recesses in the facade, colors, window treatments, dor- mers, and trim details. Other architectural details, such as fenestration and columns, would help. If some of these fea- tures were incorporated, the same floor plan could even be repeated in the subdivision with few visual impacts. The in- corporation of these types of details need not negatively im- pact housing affordability. The homes in the existing Human Resource Development Council subdivision (North 24th Av- enue Land Trust housing) have character and visual interest, yet remain affordable. Page 4-13 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character courtyards, covered walkways, fountains, lakes, streams and ponds, seating areas, and outdoor recre- ation facilities. To encourage the incorporation of public areas in private developments, appropriate language could be added to design review programs. 4.4 URBAN FORESTRY The urban forest of Bozeman is an important component of the visual character of the City. The presence of mature trees is one important factor that contributes to the desir- ability of the older residential neighborhoods. The urban forest also cools temperatures in the summer, acts as a car- bon sink, provides wildlife habitat, lends scale to the streets, and cleans the air of pollutants. There are over 7,500 pub- licly owned trees located along streets, boulevards, in the Downtown area and in parks. Bozeman urban forest even includes American Elm trees that are not afflicted by Dutch Elm disease. Bozeman's urban forest The City of Bozeman's Forestry Division cares for trees in City parks, Sunset Hills Cemetery, and along the City streets. Funds for this program come from the Tree Maintenance Fund, a special property assessment billed yearly which was mandated by the City Commission to pay for monitoring the health of the City's urban forest. The City employs three full-time arborists and one-part time arborist to prune the trees, monitor them for harmful diseases and insects, and remove and replace dead and dying trees. Trees growing on public property, and over seven feet tall, are pruned on a three-year cycle. Branches jutting over a sidewalk are trimmed to protect pedestrians. The Forestry Division sponsors the Cost Share Tree Planting Program. This program helps interested residents afford trees by sharing the cost of trees planted in the public right-of-way. A different species of tree is selected each year. Information about the program is advertised in the spring of every year. The Forestry Division also sponsors an annual Christmas tree recycling program. Drop-off sites, where residents can leave their trees after the holidays, are advertised each year. Christmas trees are also picked up from residences. City crews shred the trees and add the mulch to the compost site at the City landfill. In the future, it will be important to continue the successful urban forestry programs the City already sponsors. New programs should be added as needed and as funds become available. As the City and the urban forest grow into the future, additional staff and equipment will also likely be necessary. Even though street tree planting is required for all new residential and commercial development, this require- ment is not always adhered to. A greater level of Zoning Code compliance enforcement may be required. Educational programs about the urban forest are also important. Residents need to know more about street tree planting requirements, appropriate species selection, and rules and requirements regarding tree removal and maintenance. Page 4-15 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Drinking Water and Onsite Well Information Environmental Health Services (EHS) Sanitarian Environment-related Diseases Food Service Establishment Inspection Program Hazardous Waste Information Public Accommodation Inspection Septic Permit Program Solid Waste Information Subdivision Review Trailer Courts Community Character Human Health. The Human Health Division provides the following services: Adult Health Services Child Health Services Pregnancy Services School Nursing Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Communicable Disease Outbreak Control Day Care Inspection Diseases Spread by Animals and Insects Overseas Travel Immunization Tuberculosis Gallatin County Health Department, 12 Notth 3rd Avenue The Gallatin City-County Health Department is a member of the Gallatin County Public Health Alli- ance. Other members include Alcohol and Drug Services of Gallatin County, Bozeman Deaconess Health Services, and the United Way. The Alliance received a Turning Point Initiatives grant from the Robert Wood Johnson and WK. Kellogg foundations. Grant monies were used to fund an assessment of the community's capacity to provide essential public health services as defined by Montana's 1996 Pub- lic Health Improvement Plan. The information gleaned from the assessment will be used to prepare a community public health improvement strategic plan. The Gallatin City-County Health Department will also prepare its own strategic plan. Continued support of the Gallatin City-County Health Department is essential for the continued protection of the health of Bozeman area residents. The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan encourages a holistic approach to improving the quality of life enjoyed by residents, thereby improving the health and well being of citizens. For example, the 2020 Plan advances good health by supporting neighborhoods that provide an opportunity for social interac- tion, seeks to reduce traffic congestion which will lessen air pollution, encourages physical activity through the provision of parks and open spaces, reduces the threat of disease by providing adequate water and sewer facilities, and encourages excellence in landscaping which reduces the runoff of pollutants into watercourses. Page 4-17 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character experience. Performances ranging from jazz to community theater occur in ECC's theater through- out the year. Compuseum. The American Computer Museum, winner of the 1994 "Dibner Award for Excel- lence in Exhibits of the History of Technology and Culture," allows visitors to experience the story of computers and technology in people's lives in a unique 4,000-year timeline museum approach. Gallatin County Pioneer Museum. Housed in an historic jail building, the Gallatin County Pioneer Museum offers early Bozeman and early Montana history. The building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, retains much of its character from the days it held law- breakers. People can stroll through the museum, learn about John Bozeman and his untimely death, and see artifacts of the native peoples who lived in the valley long before Lewis and Clark came through in 1805. Guns, tools, and automobiles from a previous age are also on display. The Emerson Cultural Center is an arts and culture hub The Bozeman area has also begun to attract big- name entertainers in recent years. Many of these larger shows are performed at the Emerson Cul- tural Center, the Willson Auditorium, the MSU Fieldhouse, or the Valley Garden Ice Arena in Four Corners. A large variety of musicians and music ensembles, both local and from out of town, per- form at coffee houses, bars, and restaurants throughout the community. There are also several small performing arts and theater groups that per- form in the community. There are many venues in town featuring visual artists such as painters, quilters, and photographers. The Emerson Cultural Center and Beall Parks Arts Center regularly provide public display space for artists. Bozeman has a large number of private art galleries, especially Downtown, that provide a private venue for visual artists. Montana State University also sponsors a variety of art shows and film school shows, featuring the work of students and faculty throughout the year. Finally, the Bozeman area includes a large community of writers, professional and amateur. There are many publications where local writers can be featured, such as monthly papers like the Tn.butary or magazines like B~ S~ Journal. Local bookstores offer book signings and readings with local and non- local authors. Many writers belong to writers' groups such as the Gallatin Writers and Writers on the Range. There are several challenges the arts and culture community faces which the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan addresses. First, the arts and cultural community is plagued by a lack of organization and coordina- tion. This frequently leads to scheduling conflicts, where more than one show or performance is sched- uled during the same time period. This negatively impacts attendance at events. There are also issues regarding venues and facilities for shows and performances. There is simply no appropriate venue for many larger shows, and performances suffer due to a lack of adequate facilities. Some facilities that would accommodate smaller performances, such as the Equinox Theater, are underutilized and not well Page 4-19 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Critical to the enduring vitality of Down- town Bozeman is housing, because people who live Downtown tend to shop Down- town. Fortunately, many of Bozeman's Main Street commercial buildings have apartments on upper levels. Multiple-unit apartment buildings such as the Blackmore, Lovelace, and Hamill Apartments also ex- ist in close proximity to Main Street. Of equal importance are the large residential neighborhoods, which generally begin two to three blocks north and south of Main Street and extend for at least a mile on ei- ther side of the thoroughfare. Maintaining Community Character Do11mto1vn Bozeman this housing stock and, when possible, creating more opportunities for Downtown residential develop- ment through infill and other means should, in the interest of preserving the vitality of the Downtown area, be strongly encouraged as long as the historic fabric of the Downtown area is not sacrificed in the process. Local residents recognize that Downtown Bozeman is indeed the heart and soul of our community. They have consistently valued the importance of Downtown Bozeman as an irreplaceable asset that defines our historic identity and contemporary sense of place. Protecting the character and appearance of this unique environment-while supporting its growth in thoughtful and appropriate ways-is an essen- tial component of preserving Bozeman's cherished livability and quality of life for present and future generations. MAKERS, urban design and architecture consultants, prepared a Downtown improvement plan in 1998. The primary goal of the plan is an economically thriving Downtown Bozeman that attracts investment, stabilizes and strengthens the tax base, and supports the vitality and diversity of the Gallatin Valley and its social and cultural center. The plan addresses issues such as sidewalks, snow and ice, street trees, street furniture, public restrooms, public art, and lighting. The plan also addresses traffic, vehicular circulation, and parking. A chapter on implementation includes costs of improvements and possible funding sources. This plan, as well as any future Downtown plans, is hereby incorporated by reference as an element of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. The MAKERS plan for Downtown is largely an urban design document. The Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan planning process has identified a need to prepare a more comprehensive neighborhood plan for downtown. This new plan would examine and make recommendations on many complex issues that could have a substantial effect on the heart of Bozeman. The issues include, but are not limited to, the following: parking, traffic circulation, economic development, building rehabilitation, expansion of the Downtown business district, increasing Downtown building height limits, and rehabilitation of Bozeman Creek through Downtown. 4.8 HISTORIC PRESERVATION Bozeman has roughly 700 listings on the National Register of Historic Places-an extraordinary number Page 4-21 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character The Bozeman Historic Preservation Advisory Board's educational mission has recently expanded in new directions. Beginning in December of 1999 the BHPAB partnered with the Bozeman Area Chamber of Commerce to research, write, design, and publish The Main Street Star, a biannual, tourist-oriented news- paper focusing on the history and architecture of Downtown Bozeman. In May of 2000, the BHPAB completed and published Preserving Place: A Resource Manual for Historic Preservation, an informational guide intended to offer suggestions and provide relevant information for individuals interested in under- taking a broad range of historic preservation activities. The Historic Preservation Officer has also been writing monthly historic preservation columns for the Bozeman Dai!J Chronicle since June of 2000. In the coming months the Bozeman Historic Preservation Advisory Board will continue its efforts to encourage the preservation of Bozenian's historic resources. Ongoing efforts to facilitate positive pres- ervation solutions for endangered historic landmarks like the T. Byron Story Mansion at 811 South Willson Avenue and East Willson School at 404 West Main Street will continue. The process of updat- ing Bozeman's Architectural and Historic Inventories, which were last examined in any comprehensive fashion in 1987, will hopefully be completed in 2001. The BHPAB is also now in the process of identi- fying individual properties and entire districts-particularly on the north side of Main Street-for possible listing on the National Register of Historic Places. Appreciation and awareness of Bozeman's historic character, identity, and well-defined sense of place have grown considerably in the last decade. Significant historic restorations and sensitive rehabilitation projects continue to enhance property values, stabilize neighborhoods, and promote tourism within Bozeman's historic core. Historic preservation activities continue to enhance the quality of life in our community. Nelson Story Mansion, comer of 5th and Main, cit-ca 1890 Willson Schoo/ playground, corner of 5th and Main, 2000 Page 4-23 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and sub-area plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. 26) Continue to support the annual Beautification and Historic Preservation awards and the public recognition and community pride it encourages. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, arid related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. Objective 5. Achieve an environment through urban design that creates, maintains, and en- hances the City's industrial, commercial, and institutional areas. Implementation Policies: 27 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. Objective 6. Develop infill within the existing area of the City rather than developing land requiring expansion of the City's area. Implementation Policies: 28, 29 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelop- ment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 29) Use the GIS based land use inventory to identify infill opportunities and share this infor- mation with developers. Objective 7. Achieve an environment through urban design that maintains and enhances the City's visual qualities within neighborhood, community, and regional commercial areas. Implementation Policies: 24, 25, 30, 31 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. 25) Update the Entryway Corridor Overlay plan to ensure adequate and appropriate review standards that are consistent with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 30) Identify and map important viewsheds and ridgelines, and actively work to protect and enhance them. 31) Require adequate public safety lighting while respecting the community desire for a dark sky. Amend the zoning and subdivision ordinances as needed. Objective 8. New neighborhoods will be integral parts of the broader community structure. Implementation Policies: 6, 32, 38 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. Page 4-25 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. Objective 4. Establish minimum residential densities in new and redeveloping residential areas. Implementation Policies: 3 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. Objective 5. A Neighborhood Commercial Center will provide uses to meet consumer demands from surrounding Residential Districts for everyday goods and services, and will be a pedestrian- oriented place that serves as a focal point for the surrounding neighborhoods. Implementation Policies: 1, 6, 32, 38 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, and related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. Objective 6. Integrate a wide variety of open lands, such as parks, squares, greens, playing fields, natural areas, orchards and gardens, greenways, and other outdoor spaces into neighbor- hoods. Implementation Policies: 2, 6, 7, 27, 32, 34, 38, 39, 56, 57 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and sub-area plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1 .2. Page 4-27 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 1 7) Revise existing development design review programs to include objective review criteria. Any new design review programs, for residential and/ or commercial development, should also include objective review criteria. 36) Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines to encourage functional, human scale, and attractive development. 37) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conser- vation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. Objective 4. Ensure the development of new residential structures that are aesthetically pleas- ing through urban design. Implementation Policies: 3, 17, 36, 37 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 1 7) Revise existing development design review programs to include objective review criteria. Any new design review programs, for residential and/ or commercial development, should also include objective review criteria. 36) Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines to encourage functional, human scale, and attractive development. 37) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conser- vation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. Objective 5. Provide for the protection of character and the enhancement of services in exist- ing residential neighborhoods. Implementation Policies: 6, 7, 24, 37 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and sub-area plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. 37) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conser- vation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. 4.9.4 Public Landscaping and Architecture-Enhance the urban appearance and environment through the use of architectural excellence, landscaping, trees and open space. Objective 1. Provide street trees in all public rights of way to establish a human scale to trans- portation corridors. Page 4-29 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character 42) Continue, promote, and expand as needed the City's existing cost share tree planting program. 43) Maintain a tree inventory system and incorporate it into the City GIS system, including information on trimming, removal, planting, and tree health status. 44) Prepare and implement a comprehensive urban forest master plan addressing planting, maintenance, and replacement needs. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. Objective 2. Provide for the preservation of existing mature trees and the installation of new landscaping in conjunction with development to continue the development of the urban forest. Implementation Policies: 3, 35, 41, 42, 43 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 41) Require the installation of street trees in public rights-of-way in conjunction with devel- opment, including enforcement as necessary. 42) Continue, promote, and expand as needed the City's existing cost share tree planting program. 43) Maintain a tree inventory system and incorporate it into the City GIS system, including information on trimming, removal, planting, and tree health status. Objective 3. Encourage the use of a variety of species, especially those native to the mountain West, in the urban forest to create a more robust and disease resistant forest. Implementation Policies: 3, 40, 42 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 40) Work with the Montana Department of Transportation and Gallatin County to develop coordinated public right-of-way landscaping guidelines, including desired tree and grass spe- cies and maintenance. 42) Continue, promote, and expand as needed the City's existing cost share tree planting program. 4.9.6 Public Health-Support and promote a holistic approach in protecting community health; recognize that health is impacted by personal, social, financial, and environmental factors such as housing, access to care, transportation, and many others. Page 4-31 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character 48) Sustain the Bozeman Arts Commission and support the Commission's preparation and implementation of a Bozeman Arts and Culture plan. The plan shall address funding, facili- ties, access, event scheduling, arts education and outreach, and expanding arts opportunities. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. Objective 2. Through urban design and city planning, create physical environments where citi- zens and visitors can experience art in their daily lives. Implementation Policies: 49, 50 49) Promote Downtown as the cultural center of Bozeman through support of art in public places, including visual, literary, and performing arts on both public and private property. 50) Incorporate public art in public projects including buildings, parks, recreational facilities, and public service facilities and encourage private development to include art in their projects. Objective 3. Strengthen the number and quality of arts education programs available in Bozeman. Implementation Policies: 48 48) Sustain the Bozeman Arts Commission and support the Commission's preparation and implementation of a Bozeman Arts and Culture plan. The plan shall address funding, facili- ties, access, event scheduling, arts education and outreach, and expanding arts opportunities. Objective 4. Promote artistic endeavors serving broad audiences, involving local artists and fostering multi-cultural artistic expression. Implementation Policies: 49, 50, 51 49) Promote Downtown as the cultural center of Bozeman through support of art in public places, including visual, literary, and performing arts on both public and private property. 50) Incorporate public art in public projects including buildings, parks, recreational facilities, and public service facilities and encourage private development to include art in their projects. 51) Support and facilitate community arts and cultural events such as the Sweet Pea Festival, Christmas Stroll, Lunch on the Lawn, Gallatin County Fair, and the Winter Fair. Objective 5. Expand arts representation in business and civic organizations such as the Cham- ber of Commerce, Gallatin Development Corporation, Convention and Visitors Hureau, and Museum of the Rockies. Implementation Policies: 52 52) In cooperation with other public and private entities, design a long-range plan to promote cultural tourism. 4.9.8 Historic Preservation-Protect historically and culturally significant resources that con- tribute to community identity, history, and quality of life. Objective 1. Maintain and continue to develop the successful historic preservation and educa- tion programs that currently exist. Page 4-33 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and sub-area plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 37) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conser- vation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. 55) Prepare and implement a neighborhood plan for Downtown to evaluate issues such as parking, traffic circulation, economic development, the economic impacts commercial devel- opment located outside the commercial core has on Downtown, building rehabilitation, ex- pansion of the Downtown business district, increasing building height limits, rehabilitation of Bozeman Creek, and so forth. 60) Establish public/private partnerships to complete hazard/risk analyses of historic sites and properties and neighborhoods to determine vulnerability and recommend and implement appropriate mitigation. Objective 4. Ensure that the development of additional areas of the City does not degrade the Historic Core of Bozeman. Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 3 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. Objective 5. Combine historic preservation and economic development so as to encourage owners of historic resources to upgrade and preserve historic properties in a manner that will conserve the integrity of such properties in the best possible condition. Implementation Policies: 6, 26, 28, 35, 37, 49, 52, 55, 60 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. Page 4-35 .. ~~ .. .,, •;11111111;11• 2 0 • 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together CHAPTERS Housing Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 5.0 INTRODUCTION Housing CHAPTERS Housing Bozeman residents value their neighborhoods. Historic residential neighborhoods are located in the older sections of the City, and have become some of the most valuable real estate in the City. More recent housing developments have been constructed primarily in the west, northwest and south sections of the City. When the Bozeman City-County Planning program was still in place for the Bozeman area, rural subdivisions were established in the County to satisfy the demand for a "country style" of life. These have provided the area's citizens with a variety of neighborhoods in which to live. If the community is to prosper, it is essential to address residential issues. Business and industry that consider locating in Bozeman will evaluate the availability of housing for their employees of all salary levels. Of primary importance is to ensure that current and future residents of the community, who come from a diversity of socioeconomic backgrounds, have adequate and quality housing available to them. The quality and availability of housing for all socioeconomic groups reflects on the entire commu- nity and its image. 5.0.1 Number of Housing Units At the time of the 1990 Census, the City of Bozeman contained 9,117 housing units. By the beginning of 2000, this number had grown to 12,026. This is a 31.91 percent increase in the number of dwelling units in the City during the past decade. This substantial increase, along with other growth factors, has placed a heavy burden on local services and infrastructure and significantly altered the City's character. Single-family detached homes have historically, and continue to, comprise the largest category of hous- ing within the City. In 1990, single-family attached homes made up 39 .17 percent of the housing stock. In 1999, single-family attached homes made up 39.05 percent of the housing stock. During the past decade, Bozeman's high quality of life, combined with its emergence as a regional shopping and employ- ment center, drove up housing costs and created the need for more affordable housing. As shown in Table 5-1, almost 50 percent of the housing units constructed during the 1990s were multifamily units (duplex, triplex, fourplex, and multifamily). Development of multifamily housing has been good for the City. Because multifamily development is defined by greater density, municipal services are more effi- ciently used, and land is more efficiently used, thus requiring less greenfield land for residential develop- ment. Table 5-1 also shows that the rate of development of mobile homes decreased between 1990 and 2000. This could possibly be attributed to the greater availability of stick-built affordable units, and a negative perception of manufactured homes based on mobile homes of the past. Page 5-1 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Graph 5-1: Housing Building Permits Issued by Type - 1990, 1995, and 1999 Mobile home . • Multifamily I L--,_d Fourplex Triplex -• ...J - I I.I Duplex - Townhouse I - Single-family . I 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Number of Units Source: See Table 5-2. 5.0.2 Size of Housing Units Housing •1999 01 995 ii 1990 The size of dwelling units has increased since 1990. In 1990, the largest housing size classification category was 2 bedrooms, with 39.95 percent of housing units. By 2000, the largest housing size classi- fication was 3-bedroom, with 47.07 percent of housing units. One interesting statistic shows that 17.26 percent of housing units had 5 or more bedrooms in 1990, but this number dropped to 6.53 percent in 2000. This is largely attributable to the fact that the number of children per household is declining. Table 5-3: Number of Bedrooms in Dwelling Units - 1990 and 2000 1990 2000 No bedrooms 2.99 percent 0.68 percent 1 bedroom 16.73 percent 2.25 percent 2 bedrooms 39.95 percent 21.40 percent 3 bedrooms 23.07 percent 47.07 percent 4 bedrooms 13.28 percent 22.07 percent 5 or more bedrooms 17.26 percent 6.53 percent Source: 1990, U.S. Census of Population and Housing, U.S. Census Bureau. 2000, Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, Community Characteristic and Opinion Survey, October 1999. Page 5-3 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Table 5-4: Year Dwelling Units Were Constructed 1939 or earlier 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 Number 2,079 706 1,057 1,300 2,231 1,744 Percentage 17.29% 5.90% 8.79% 10.81% 18.55% 14.50% Source: 1939-1990, U.S. Census of Population and Housing, U.S. Census Bureau. City of Bozeman, Building Department, 2000. Graph 5-3: Year Dwelling Units Were Constructed Source: See Table 54. 1990-2000 23% 1980-1989 15% 1970-1979 19% 5.0.5 Duration of Occupancy in Housing Unit 193 9 or earlier 17% 1940-1949 6% 1950-1959 9% 1960-1 969 11% Housing 90-00 Total 2,906 12,026 24.16% 100.00% There is a common misperception that the Bozeman population is constantly moving around from one housing unit to another. The fact that a substantial portion of the City's residents are university students, and are highly mobile, contributes to this perception. However, the 1999 Community Characteristic and Opinion Survey showed that 35.85 percent of households have been in the same unit for more than 10 years. According to the 1999 Community Characteristic and Opinion Survey, most households (59.95 percent) occupied another housing unit in Bozeman before they moved into their currently housing unit. How- ever, the second largest percentage of households (21.78 percent) lived in a housing unit in another state before they moved into their current dwelling unit. This underscores the reality that many people and families are moving to Bozeman from other states on a regular basis. Page 5-5 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Table 5-5: Housing Values-1990 and 2000 1990 2000 Less than $49,999 14.07 percent 6.8 percent $50,000 - $99,999 73.78 percent 13.64 percent $100,000 - $149,999 8.61 percent 55.08 percent $150,000 - $199,999 2.24 percent 20.32 percent $200,000 - $249,999 0.51 percent 4.81 percent $250,000 - $299,999 0.67 percent 3.48 percent $300,000 - $499,999 0.12 percent 1.60 percent $500,000 or more 0.0 percent 0.27 percent Median value $68,800 $132,286 Source: 1990, U.S. Census of Population and Housing, U.S. Census Bureau. 2000, Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, Community Characteristic and Opinion Survey, October 1999. Graph 5-6: Resale Value of Housing Units in Bozeman-1990 and 2000 80 -,--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---, 70 -1--~~~•+-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 Value Source: See Table 5-5. 5.1.2 Monthly Contract Rents l-----1 990 -2000 Housing As shown in Table 5-7 and Graph 5-8, monthly contract rents have increased significantly since 1990. In 1990, the median monthly contract rent amount was $295. By 1997, this number had risen to $470 per month. This is nearly a 60 percent increase. Page 5-7 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Housing In Gallatin County, the following income levels, adjusted for family size, are considered very low and low mcome: Table 5-7: Low and Very Low Income in Gallatin County Family Size 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Very low income $14,200 $16,250 $18,250 $20,300 $21,900 $23,550 $25,150 $26,800 Low income $22,750 $26,000 $29,250 $32,500 $35,100 $37,700 $40,250 $42,850 Source: City of Bozeman, Community Needs Assessment, January 1998. The 1997 City of Bozeman Needs Assessment found that 20 percent of Bozeman households fall within the low or very low-income categories. The purchase value of homes increased by 48.6 percent between 1990 and 2000, and median contract rent amounts increased by 59.3 percent between 1990 and 1997. Yet median household income in Bozeman only rose 15 percent between 1990 and 2000. Income levels are not keeping up with the cost of housing in the City, and this is having a serious impact on the quality of life of many of the City's residents. Residents who have difficulty finding suitable housing in Bozeman frequently cite the lack of affordable housing for both purchase and rent. High moving costs and rent/security deposits are also barriers. People who have been unable to qualify to purchase a home most often attribute it to a bad credit history, not enough income, too much debt, and an insufficient downpayment. 5.1.3 Homelessness Homelessness is increasing in communities throughout the nation. Once largely identified as an urban issue, homelessness has now extended to suburban and rural areas like Bozeman. Factors increasingly contributing to homelessness are increases in the cost of living and the deinstitutionalization of patients with emotional disabilities, untreated mental illness, and substance abuse problems. During the spring of 2000, the Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services conducted a survey of the homeless population in larger communities in the state, including Billings, Bozeman, Great Falls, Helena, and Missoula. This survey identified 1,318 homeless individuals (sum of individuals and family members). There were 779 individuals and 539 family members included in the surveyed sample. Missoula had the largest homeless population with approximately 500 individuals, followed by Billings with nearly 200 individuals, and then Bozeman with nearly 160 individuals. Bozeman was unique in that most of the homeless are part of a homeless family rather than individuals. Thirty-eight percent of the respondents live in shelters, and the remaining sixty-two percent indicated "other location." Twenty-eight percent indicate that they have a "permanent and safe place to live," while seventy-four percent live away from and without family. Despite a sizeable homeless population, Bozeman currently does not have a homeless shelter. Currently, the homeless in Bozeman must be bussed to Billings and/ or Butte, cities that do have homeless shelters, to find shelter. The City of Bozeman should support public and/ or private efforts to site and operate a homeless shelter in Bozeman. Page 5-9 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Housing 5.4 DISPLACEMENT Housing markets with resident displacement are usually characterized by one of two situations. First, displacement may result in a market where a significant differential in prices exists within a relatively short commuting distance, making it more attractive to live outside the community in which a family works. This type of displacement typifies Bozeman as more and more families choose to live outside Bozeman, in place like Gallatin Gateway and B~lgrade, and commute to Bozeman for work. Displacement can also occur when an influx of money from outside the community raises the prices of existing units, causing demolition of existing housing units to building newer, larger housing units or other types of development such as commercial. This type of displacement typically occurs in a market in which a particular amenity, such as proximity to Downtown, makes locations that previously housed existing residents highly desirable to newcomers. This type of displacement occurs in Bozeman, but not yet as much as the first type of displacement described above. Displacement adds to the higher cost of land within the City due to the increased traffic congestion. In a standard simplified economic model of land pricing in urbanizing areas, land pricing (not housing unit pricing) is a function of proximity to the employment center and the distance to the edge of the urban area. Those who work at the employment center trade the advantage of land price for commuting. Land pricing per square foot at the center is high; at the edge the square foot price sinks to almost rural use value. In practical terms, a square foot of land in Downtown Bozeman costs more than a square foot in Belgrade. As congestion rises, the commute time also influences land prices. This does not affect the price of land at the edge, but the price at the center increases. If it is assumed that all development must occur within the given range from center to edge, then land prices in the center will force more intense utilization. For living units to stay within the average workers' price range, housing must take up less land (occupy the land at higher densities). If Bozeman retains importance as a center of employment, wages will need to rise to compensate for higher housing costs. Rising land prices in Bozeman, combined with labor supply-driven growth, will produce the need for more attached and multifamily units. As congestion drives up land prices in Bozeman at a faster rate than incomes, it will cost more to enter the home buying market, thus raising the age and income level for purchasing single-family homes. 5.5 IMPACTS OF MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY STUDENT BODY ON HOUSING The presence of Montana State University, with nearly 12,000 students, has a tremendous impact on the housing market in Bozeman. Of particular concern is the fact that many students are in the lower cost rental market, and compete with nonstudent low-income residents for housing. Several trends in student housing are impacting the City's housing supply. First, data from the 1990s indicate that students are increasingly wanting to live off-campus rather than in campus housing (dormitories and graduate/family housing units). Second, the university's nontraditional student population has declined during the past decade. This population includes older students, married students and/ or students with children. Non- traditional students typically occupy the graduate/ family housing units on campus. Page 5-11 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Housing City. In addition, the transportation impacts of workers commuting into the City from outlying areas are exacerbating traffic conditions. Housing affordability is a complex issue that will likely require equally complex solutions. These types of complex solutions are beyond the scope of this document. However, this plan will recommend that the issue be studied, that a range of options be thoroughly examined, and that feasible solutions be pursued and implemented. This sequence of actions could, and will likely, end up in the creation of a separate housing plan for the City. However, this plan does contain a number of goals, objectives, and policies that represent a more general but comprehensive view of housing availability and affordibility. For example, the development of cen- ter-oriented neighborhoods, where shopping and work opportunities are within walking or cycling proximity to housing, would decrease dependence on automo- biles. Automobiles often represent the second largest expenditure for a family, after housing costs. This plan also advocates the eventual development of a com- munity-wide public transportation system, and the housing densities necessary to support transit. Public transportation would address affordability issues by again reducing reliance of automobiles. Finally, this plan also recommends a more liberal allowance for accessory dwelling units (ADUs) or "granny flats." This would have two beneficial results. First, homeowners could augment their income with rental income. Second, a supply of small and efficient housing units would be created. The main focus of housing goals in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is to maintain and improve existing neighborhoods, and to provide a variety of quality housing of all types to meet the needs of the various socioeconomic groups that live in the community. New or established neighborhoods should create a sense of community and a pleasant living environment for Bozeman residents. It is the respon- sibility of not only local government, but also financial institutions, private and public organizations, and the general public to work together to understand the housing needs of all residents arid to ensure that everyone in the community has the opportunity to live in housing which is both affordable and of a high quality. 5.7 HOUSING GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES 5.7.1 Housing-Promote an adequate supply of safe housing that is diverse in type, density, and location, with a special emphasis on maintaining neighborhood character and stability. Objective 1. Encourage and support the construction of a broad range of housing types in proximity to services and transportation options. Implementation Policies: 2, 3, 6, 20, 27, 28, 29, 32, 47, 103 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. Page 5-13 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Housing 103) The City shall support private and/ or public efforts to site and operate a homeless shelter in Bozeman. Objective 3. Encourage the preservation and rehabilitation of the existing housing stock to protect the health, safety, and welfare of Bozeman residents. Implementation Policies: 6, 24, 37, 46 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. 37) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conser- vation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. 46) Lobby the state to adopt building codes that are responsive to the unique circumstances of older buildings. Objective 4. Promote the construction of a wide variety of housing types to meet the wide range of residential needs of Bozeman residents. Implementation Policies: 3, 6, 32, 47, 103 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 4 7) Ensure that the zoning ordinance provides for both minimum and maximum residential densities. 103) The City shall support private and/ or public efforts to site and operate a homeless shelter in Bozeman. Objective 5. Encourage socially and economically diverse neighborhoods, which are preferable to ethnic or economic groupings that often lead to other forms of discrimination and service disparity. Implementation Policies: 3, 6, 24, 27 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. Page 5-15 ... ,,..~ ... .. •;11111111111• 2 0 + 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together CHAPTER6 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 6.0 INTRODUCTION Land Use CHAPTER6 Land Use The land use patterns, policies, and concepts discussed in this chapter apply to the area shown on Figure 2-1, which is referred to as the Planning Area. This area covers 24,512 acres, of which 8,310 are located within the municipal boundaries of Bozeman. Areas outside of the legal City limits, which change from time to time with annexations, are shown to inform private and public parties of the desired patterns for development as the City grows. Until lands are within the legal municipal boundaries, any land use designations shown are advisory in nature and are not binding. In areas of County jurisdiction, the County Commission retains final authority for approval or denial of projects. It is hoped that the process of looking outside the City and to the future will facilitate City-County cooperation in land use planning and related issues and will provide a greater level of predictability to landowners and interested parties. 6.0.1 Past Land Use Patterns A land use pattern is the cumulative result of many private and public decisions interacting with the geography of a certain place. Bozeman's land use pattern has been a dynamic and developing work in progress since the first settler arrived. Even though development has been subject to change, certain basic organizing principles are evident. For many years, the development of Bozeman revolved around the commercial core of Main Street and later included the industrial core established around the railroad yard. This pattern was influenced by many factors: the need for services and employment within a reasonable travel distance when foot or horse was the principal means of transportation, the desire ofbusinesses to be in close proximity to the existing customer concentrations, desire for physical protection during the initial settlement period, and the street and block pattern established by the founders of Bozeman when they Historic mixed-use building in Do11)n/o11)n Boze,nan, 2001 initially platted the land. This pattern has served well for many years and has helped to maintain a desirable and vigorous Historic Core to the City. This "center-based" development pattern was also utilized in many other cities across the nation. There has been a resurgence of interest in having new development follow this historic pattern while being aware and responsive to current demographic trends, building materials and styles, and other changes in circumstances. With the development of the personal automobile, new opportunities for travel became available to the common person. A private car allowed each person to move significant distances over a short period of Page6-1 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use in the introduction to the plan. Appendix C of the plan contains a summary of the public participation process for this plan. A common theme which emerged is the desire for Bozeman to remain a friendly and aesthetically pleasing location in which to live and work. Coupled with this desire is a wish to preserve the sense of caring and community embodied in events such as the Christmas Stroll and Sweet Pea Festival and in the private interactions of neighbors. There are six basic ideas which form a foundation for many of the land use policies of the 2020 Plan: Centers. The first idea is for a renewal of a pattern of community development which is oriented on centers rather than along corridors. A corollary principle is for compact development. Focusing commercial activities into mutually reinforcing centralized areas enables each business to take advantage of the presence of customers and employees of other businesses. It enables greater convenience for people with shorter travel distances to a wide range of businesses and the opportunity to accomplish several tasks with a single trip. This can facilitate the use of transportation alternatives to single occupant motor vehicles and a corresponding reduction in traffic and road congestion and air quality impacts. A central location enables greater access to employment, services, and recreation with a reduced dependence on the automobile, greater efficiencies in delivery of public services, and corresponding cost savings in both personal and commercial applications. The center-based concept does not require less land for actual business activities but does change the shape of the commercial areas. The center-based development pattern is supported in this plan by locating centers at the intersection of arterial and collector streets. Such locations allow not only immediately adjacent residents but also passing travelers to support the commercial activities. The centers are further supported through careful location of higher density housing in a fashion that provides support for commercial operations while providing amenities to residents. Neighborhoods. The second basic idea, neighborhoods, is closely related to the centers concept. The public comment process, especially the charrette, provided a sense of strong community support and interest in both the preservation of existing neighborhoods and seeing new development be part of a larger whole rather than just anonymous subdivisions. This idea includes the strengthening and support of existing neighborhoods through adequate infrastructure maintenance and other Parks, such as Beall Park, are often the focal point for neighborhoods actions. As the population of Bozeman grows, it becomes harder to keep the same "small town" feel simply because residents cannot be on familiar terms with everyone. The neighborhood unit can help provide the sense of familiarity and intimacy which can be lacking in larger communities. The neighborhood commercial/ activity center and local parks provide opportunities to casually interact with other nearby residents. Page6-3 Bozeman 2020 Com~unity Plan Land Use 6.1.2 Land Use Principles Drawing on the six basic ideas discussed above, several land use concepts were used to prepare the land use designations and map. These concepts are Development should be based on neighborhoods, including commercial neighborhoods. Neighborhoods should have easily identified centers and edges. Neighborhoods should be reasonably compact and serve a variety of housing needs. Transportation systems should support the desired land use pattern and be interconnected multi- modal networks (e.g. bikes, walking, transit, automobiles) rather than focusing solely on automobiles. A diverse mix of activities should occur within proximity to each other, but not necessarily have everything happening everywhere. Open spaces, including parks, trails, and other gathering places, should be in convenient locations. Development should be integrated into neighborhoods and the larger community rather than as a series of unconnected stand alone projects. A variety of housing and employment opportunities is important. Land development should be compatible with and further other community goals. The needs of new and existing development must coexist and remain in balance. Land use designations must respond to a broad range of factors, including natural constraints, economic constraints, and other community priorities. Infill development which encourages the efficient utilization of land and existing infrastructure systems is preferred. Future development patterns should not be detrimental to the existing community, with special attention to be given to the support of the existing Historic Core and Downtown of the community. The realization of these principles will require more than just a land use map but must transcend the land use map and guide a variety of implementation tools. One land use idea which has been widely discussed in recent years, and is incorporated in this plan, is the idea of mixed uses. The term has been utilized in the context of many different developments and its meaning needs to be defined as it applies to Bozeman and this plan. Broadly defined, mixed use is a pattern or method of development that incorporates, in a mutually supportive manner, more than one land use, density or type of housing, or development character. The mixing of uses may be accomplished at several levels. The first and most general level is contained in Figure 6-2, in which the placement of commercial nodes rather than strips allows for a diversity of activities within an area. Such a broad pattern ensures the mixing of uses at a community scale with a variety of uses within a comparatively short travel distance of each other. The second level is incorporated into the project design level through implementation tools such as zoning. For many years a rigid interpretation and application of some zoning concepts has created across the country large areas of development with only one land use or a few very similar uses. The original purpose of zoning was to segregate hazardous or detrimental activities from other uses in the community. Changes in technology and methods of mitigation have removed some of the most obvious concerns while creating opportunities Page6-5 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Neighborhood and Subarea plans allow for a greater degree of citizen participation in planning efforts which will directly influence their place of residence or work. The smaller scale of plans allows local land owners, residents, and others most affected by the finer detail of the neighborhood plan a greater autonomy than would be likely if the fine level details were determined as part of a community wide plan. The neighborhood or Subarea plan will provide a context to evaluate development proposals and the connections through them and to the surrounding community. The principal focus is expected to be on a finer grained land use pattern, parks and trail locations, and other land use concerns rather than on substantial policy requirements. Neighborhood and Subarea plans are similar in use to community-wide growth policies, in that they establish guidelines to development. It is recognized that there are many different specific development proposals which can comply with those guidelines. Land Use N. 19th Al·enue/Oak Street Corridor M.uster Plan _ 01,· "'no-.... ,., ........... CiHIIDI} of (;1111 .. un. ·""·''"""" The N . 19th/ Oak Street Plan is a subarea plan Although the process and preparation will remain largely the same, two different terms are used in this discussion, neighborhood plan and Subarea plan. The chief distinction between the two terms is that neighborhood plans refer to plans for relatively small areas which have largely been developed, over 50 percent built out as measured by the number or area of occupied developable parcels. Subarea plans refer to plans applying to largely undeveloped land, less than 50 percent built out as measured by the number or area of occupied developable parcels. Since neighborhood plans apply to developed areas, there is less of an opportunity to alter an existing land use pattern. Therefore, the creation of neighborhood plans is optional and provides a tool for neighborhood cooperation to focus on improvements to primarily existing conditions. A Subarea plan is intended for areas where there is still a significant opportunity to shape a desired land use pattern and coordinate between existing and/ or future developments. Areas of special concern for coordination are parks, trails, roadways, and utilities. A neighborhood plan should extend over an area of at least 160 acres, while a minimum area of 640 acres is preferred for Subarea plans. The preparation of a specialized plan may be initiated by the Planning Board, City Commission, or the landowners. By state law the preparation of a growth policy is the responsibility of the Planning Board. Consequently, the development of a specialized plan must involve representatives of the Planning Board. The preparation of the neighborhood and Subarea plans therefore becomes a means of increasing predictability during the development review process by establishing in public documents the expectations for the area. It is desired that mapping of natural features, such as streams, and other influences on development can be performed during the plan preparation and may be shared between interested parties to reduce duplication of effort and preparation of costly application materials. This concept is discussed further in Section 13.1. The same process of public involvement and opportunities for participation, but at a less intensive level, must be followed for specialized plans as for a community-wide growth policy. As with a community-wide growth policy, the opportunity for participation does not compel participation, nor does someone's choice to not participate inhibit the eventual adoption of an otherwise acceptable plan. Page6-7 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use 6.1.4 External Influences on Land Use Planning The City of Bozeman exists as part of a larger region and community. Bozeman is strongly affected by actions and policies of private and public entities outside of its borders. Gallatin County and the City of Bozeman jointly planned the City and its immediately surrounding area for approximately forty years, until July 1999 when the County Commission dissolved the joint program. As a result of the dissolution, the ability of the City to influence the development of the immediately surrounding area has decreased. However, the impacts of unannexed but adjacent development have remained the same. When land changes from agricultural uses to an urban or suburban development pattern outside of, but adjacent to, the City, a variety of impacts occur witpin the City such as increased vehicle trips on the road system and additional utilization of police, library, recreation, and other services. Outside development generally results in increased numbers of on-site septic systems with cumulative impacts to groundwater. The density of development is often much lower than would be achieved within the City. These impacts can result in unmitigated financial burdens on City government and taxpayers and make future expansion of the City in an orderly manner difficult. To prevent conflicts of policy and reduce future problems, the City and County need to coordinate land use policy within the Planning Area. This coordination may take many forms. Currently the City and County cooperate in transportation matters as described in Chapter 10, Transportation. Other opportunities should be pursued, and if deemed appropriate an interlocal agreement may be desirable. This matter is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 1, Dealing with Change. The City of Bozeman is increasingly interconnected with the rest of the nation. Changing economic patterns and technological innovations have made it possible for Bozeman based businesses to interact in a much larger market and for other non-local businesses to offer services here. As a result of this increasing linkage, events which affect other regions or the nation may have a strong influence here. A report prepared by the Sonoran Institute in 2000 found that 40 percent of Gallatin County residents' personal income was not labor related, but came through retirement payments, stock earnings, rents, and other sources. Income and land use are closely related, as persons will not purchase houses or start businesses without adequate financial resources. It will be increasingly important in the future for this relationship to the larger world to be understood. The land use pattern of Bozeman is also influenced by state and federal government actions, including budgeting and law. Outside government spending and policy has had a dramatic and permanent effect on Bozeman's development. The establishment of a uniform surveying pattern of townships, homesteading legislation giving agricultural opportunities to settlers, Fort Ellis providing safety in Bozeman's early days, the land grant college system of which Montana State University is a part, the interstate highway system connecting the nation, the establishment of national parks and forests, and laws regarding land use responsibilities and rights are only a few of the many state and federal actions which have influenced Bozeman's past and future development. Montana State University (MSU) is Bozeman's largest employer and the reason why much of our population is here, either in attendance or providing services to the students. MSU also conducts significant amounts of research that has the potential for the creation of private businesses which may locate within Bozeman. State budgetary decisions which alter MSU's operations have the potential to have a significant influence on Bozeman as well. Page6-9 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 3.0 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Background Information CHAPTER3 Background Information Prior to the establishment of permanent settlements in southwestern Montana, a variety of nomadic Native American bands frequented and utilized the region now known as the Gallatin Valley. Archeo- logical evidence documents that prehistoric peoples enjoyed the Valley's once-plentiful natural resources for more than 10,000 years. Later, members of the Bannock, Blackfeet, Crow, Flathead, Gros Ventres, Shoshone, and several other historic tribes seasonally camped in the well-watered region en route to and from the buffalo hunting grounds to the east of the Bridger Mountains. Meriwether Lewis arrived at the Three Forks of the Missouri River on July 28, 1805. Lewis described the Gallatin Valley as "a smooth extensive green meadow of fine grass in its course meandering in several streams ... and a distant range of lofty mountains ran their snow clad tops above the irregular and broken mountains which lie adjacent to this beautiful spot." Nearly one year later, William Clark's expedition, with the navigational assistance of Sacajaewea, a Bannock/Shoshone Indian, ascended the Gallatin River and observed: "several leading roads which appear to a gap in the mountains," which is now known as Flathead Pass. At the recommendation of his native guide, Clark traveled east through what later became known as Bozeman Pass, eventually making his way to the Yellowstone River drainage and beyond. Thanks in large measure to the lavish descriptions of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, others were soon attracted to southwestern Montana. Fur trappers harvested in the region until the 1850s, when local beaver populations had been substantially depleted. The first permanent white settlements in the vicin- ity, however, were established following the discovery of gold in Bannock, Virginia City, and Last Chance Gulch between 1862 and 1865. John Bozeman and others guided immigrant trains along the infamous Bozeman Trail, which entered the Gallatin Valley via Bozeman Pass. Perceiving the economic potential of having a community at the mouth of this important gateway, John Bozeman and two friends-Daniel Rouse and William Beallplanned a town site directly west of the opening. Possessing exceptionally fertile and well-watered soil, as well as geographic proximity to several nearby mining camps that provided a ready market for goods and services, Bozeman, Montana, became one of the earliest and most successful agricultural communities in the Rocky Mountain West. Early resident William Alderson described the community's surroundings as "one of the most beautiful and picturesque valleys the eye ever beheld, abounding in springs of clear water, flowers and grass in abundance." In sharp contrast to many other more arid regions of the West, this comparatively fruitful local envirorunent served as a powerful magnet for settlement and economic development. As Alderson's diary noted, for example, farmer; came to the Bozeman area "expecting to make money;' and most were not disap- pointed. Page 3-1 Background Information Bozeman 2020 Community Plan The draw of the Gallatin Valley was strong enough that by September of 1864, The Montana Post re- ported that the area was "being fast settled up with farmers, many of whom came to Montana as a better class of miners and after ... quitting their original pursuits secured 160 acres of land on which they ... go to work in true farmer fashion." Valley residents soon marketed potatoes, beets, carrots, rutabagas, and parsnips in the mining camps they had formerly occupied. Soon, focus had expanded to include the cultivation of wheat, oats, and barley; and the roots of an extensive agricultural industry in the region were planted. Thanks to the safety guaranteed by the nearby establishment of Fort Ellis in August of 1867, the town of Bozeman grew quickly, becoming the county seat that same year. Bozeman, circa 1868 Following the prevailing economic stagnation of the 1870s, the Northern Pacific Railroad desperately sought local markets and natural resources to help offset the huge costs of its transcontinental expan- sion. Eventually, the Gallatin Valley's established reputation as "the granary of Montana," together with its proximity to Bozeman Pass and the large coal reserves of the neighboring Trail Creek area, attracted the attention of the railroad. On January 9, 1882, the Northern Pacific purchased a large tract of land located northeast of Bozeman from Perry and William McAdow and began construction of a six-stall, masonry roundhouse to accommodate helper engines for pushing eastbound trains over Bozeman Pass- the highest point on the railroad. In a matter of months, Bozeman became the first town on Montana's Northern Pacific line. Although Bozeman was unusual in that it did not owe its life to the railroad, the Northern Pacific dra- matically changed the Gallatin Valley, even prior to its arrival there. Until the coming of the railroad, the valley's commerce with the rest of the nation was possible only by freighter-south to Corinne, Utah, on the Union Pacific Railroad, or North to Fort Benton, Montana, on the Missouri River. Thus, following confirmation that the railroad would traverse the Valley on its trek to the West Coast, local anticipation reached a fevered pitch. Area farmers and ranchers, many of whom had become painfully aware of the Page3-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information economic disadvantages of their geographic isolation from eastern population centers, perceived the railroad as nothing less than the key to progress for the Bozeman area. Almost immediately, local expectations were fulfilled as railroad optimism sparked a prolonged redefini- tion of the region's character, appearance, and quality of life. Confident that the railroad's arrival would spark a major building and settlement boom in Bozeman, Nelson Story and local partners Walter Cooper and John Dickerson platted Park Addition, one of the largest subdivisions on Bozeman's affluent south- ern side. The East Side (later Hawthorne) School at 114 North Rouse, the Masonic Lodge at 137 East Main, the Lamme Building at 29 East Main, and the Spieth and Krug Brewery at 240-246 East Maio were constructed in 1883. The City of Bozeman was incorporated later that same year in celebration of the fact that the region was no longer circumscribed by the limitations of geographic isolation. "We may now feel that we are part of the great world's business activities," proclaimed Judge H.N. Maguire. And, indeed, to many local residents the possibilities seemed endless. As is the case in other communities, the advent of the Northern Pacific marks a watershed in the devel- opmental history of the Gallatin Valley. With the railroad's assistance, Bozeman rapidly moved toward economic and demographic stabilization. Population in the Bozeman area increased dramatically from 867 in 1880 to approximately 3,000 in 1883. "Under the impetus of the near approach of the track of the Northern Pacific road," the Avant Courier reported, "Bozeman has doubled its population during the past year." The ongoing transformation sparked by the railroad boom was truly remarkable. Fred M. \'vilsoo, travel- ing correspondent for the Helena Herald, reported that "Bozeman has indeed made a proud record during the past twelve months. Her wonder- ful growth, resulting from the advent of the iron horse ... has exceeded the anticipations of the most sanguine. Business houses have nearly doubled in number, large and hand- some houses now cover tracts of land which a few years ago were beyond the limits of town, the streets are thronged with a busy, hungry crowd, and one who has been absent but a season finds difficulty in recognizing the staid and sober town of the past in the bustling, ambitious city of the present." While the effects of the railroad boom quickly subsided and local population levels actually declined in the mid-1880s, Montana's attainment of statehood in 1889 served as the impetus for yet another pivotal surge in local development. In an effort to impress Montana voters enough to choose Bozeman as the site of the state capital in an 1892 special election, area promoters set out to redefine their community. Local residents erected several prominent public and private buildings in the years immediately following the declaration of statehood, including the impressive Bozeman City Hall and Opera House (1890), the gothic-styled Saint James Episcopal Church (1890-91) at 9 West Olive Street, the Victorian Commercial Bozeman Hotel (1891-92) at 307 -21 East Main Street, and the gothic City High School building ( c. 1892) which once occupied the present site of the Emerson Cultural Center at 111 South Grand Avenue. Several notable local residences, such as the Julia Martin House (1892) at 419 South Grand Avenue, were also constructed in this period. In addition to these ambitious projects, Bozeman also witnessed other significant steps toward sophisti- cation between 1889 and 1892. Community boundaries were officially extended into surrounding farm- lands in an effort to make the City look larger on paper than it was in actuality and, therefore, more Page 3-3 Background Information Bozeman 2020 Community Plan impressive to Montana's voters. In a further effort to make Bozeman appear ready for the capital desig- nation, the "Capitol Hill Addition" was platted in 1890, and South Eighth Avenue was laid out as a boulevard leading up to the intended site of the capitol. Electric lights were installed on the City's main thoroughfares in 1891, and an extensive local streetcar system was established the following year. The Northern Pacific Railroad also constructed a brick passenger depot at 829 Front Street in 1892. By September of 1892-less than two months before the special election to settle the capital question- a regional promotional magazine, The Rockies, boasted that the Gallatin Valley possessed the economic stability of "the largest and most productive agricultural region in the entire northwest." Bozeman, in particular, was praised as having "every convenience found in eastern cities of ten times its population." Despite this and other bold efforts at self-promotion, when the ballots were counted in 1892, Bozeman took fourth place with 7,636 votes, behind Butte, Anaconda, and Helena with 7,757, 10,147, and 14,032 votes respectively. Although a great deal of time and effort went into Bozeman's bid for the capital, local residents were not discouraged following their defeat. The Bozeman Week!Jt Chronicle positively asserted that "the capital contest has been the means of attracting a great deal of favorable attention to Bozeman and the money spent is by no means wasted." The paper's emphatic outlook was soon justified. Within a year, Helena got around to allocating other state institutions, among which were the units of the higher education system. Due no doubt in part to Bozeman's impressive growth during its bid for the capital, the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts was located in Bozeman on February 16, 1893-the first of the units to be established. The school opened in April of that year and classes were held in the local skating rink, where Holy Rosary Church is now located. When the legislature finally appropriated the necessary funds, Montana or "Old Main" Hall was built in 1896 and the foundation of what is now Montana State University was laid. T -= Do11mtown Bozeman, circa 1893 Page3-4 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Bird's rye vie)/} of Boze171a11, cimi 1900 The advent of dry land farming techniques, which were aggressively promoted by the new agricultural college, coupled with an ongoing homestead boom, dramatically increased Bozeman's population from 3,419 in 1900 to 5,107 in 1910. These demographic changes, in turn, reaffirmed Bozeman's advanta- geous position as a regional supply center, inspiring numerous changes in the architectural character of the community. As early as 1907, a surplus of hard milling wheat was, for the first time, available for shipment to markets outside of Montana. This reality prompted the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad to gain access to Bozeman in 1911-a development that further bolstered the local agricultural economy. The volume of agricultural and railroad activity in the Valley continued to intensify during the 1913- 1929 Progressive era thanks in large measure to the growth of Montana State College's Agricultural Experiment Station-which encouraged the application of "industrial principles to agricultural expan- sion." In advocating the scientific management of farming, the Agriculture Experiment Station also promoted crop diversification; and, following 1911 soil tests, 17,000 acres of peas were planted in the Valley. The obvious success of the experiment, coupled with the fact that legume cultivation was a natural soil enricher and pea vines could be used as animal fodder, stimulated the development of four local seed pea companies. The incredible success of Bozeman's seed pea industry stimulated the incor- poration of the Bozeman Canning Company on North Rouse Avenue. Soon the Gallatin Valley was producing seventy-five percent of the seed peas raised in the United States and Bozeman was referred to as the "Sweet Pea Capital of the Nation." The industry thrived in the Gallatin Valley until the mid- 19 50s, employing hundreds of local residents, particularly women. Drought conditions prevailed throughout the 1920s, but Gallatin County fared relatively well in com- parison to other counties in eastern Montana. The community also reaped the rewards of an active tourist economy during the era as thousands of pleasure seekers flooded through area train stations. With the advent of the automobile, Bozeman's role as a gateway to Yellowstone National Park became even more pronounced; and, for the first time, recreational tourism began to rival agriculture as a major industry in the area. Page 3-5 Background Information Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Due largely to the established relationship between agricultural pursuits and the Valley's two transconti- nental railroads, the Bozeman area survived the Great Depression better than most, and continued its historic precedent of economic expansion throughout its 1930-1950 Nationalization Phase of Develop- ment. Like other places across the nation, Bozeman faced many challenges following the Stock Market Crash of 1929; but, for the most part, the town of nearly 7,000 fared comparatively well. Local newspa- per headlines on January 1, 1930 optimistically proclaimed: "All signs point toward continuance of pros- perity . . . . Nothing in the present situation that is menacing or pessimistic .... Agriculture in better condition than ever." Several factors contributed to this positive outlook. As in years past, an abundance of water in the region caused agriculture in the Gallatin Valley to flourish at a time when most farmers and ranchers were ravaged by natural disasters and financial ruin. Drought-stricken cattle from other regions were brought into the Bozeman area. By 1932, local dairy farmers were constructing a $25,000 cooperative creamery that was expected to double the farm population of the County. The success of the local farm economy is further evidenced by the development of the Gallatin Valley Auction Yards and Vollmer slaughterhouse complex in the mid 1930s. When Montana's economy was at its lowest point, Bozeman also witnessed a new relationship with the federal government, which further bolstered the local economy. While drought conditions continued to hinder agricultural pursuits and forced many Montana counties to seek federal assistance during the Depression years, many area farmers and related businesses, such as the Montana Flour Mills Company, profited by providing flour and cereal products for Roosevelt's New Deal assistance programs. Flourish- ing agribusiness, coupled with the presence of MSC's Agricultural Extension Service, made Bozeman the principle actor in Montana's New Deal farm policy activity and underscored Bozeman's role as the de facto capital of rural Montana. Thanks in large measure to its growing role in New Deal Farm policy, as well as the fact that many unemployed students were flocking to Bozeman, Montana State College expanded dramatically during the period, having obvious ripple effects on the town and its built environment. In 1932, MSC had 1,056 students, many of whom were attracted to Bozeman because they could not find jobs. By 1939, student population had jumped nearly sixty percent to 1,801 students. This dramatic increase helped to further bolster Bozeman during the worst years of the Great Depression and generated increasing oppor- tunities for local housing and business development. \v'hile Bozeman's population actually decreased during the era of the Great Depression, dropping from 8,855 in 1930 to 8,665 in 1940, construction activity in the City continued to grow. In 1932, for ex- ample, the total value of local building permits was a less than impressive $98,883. By 1940, the total building permit valuation had grown more than four times to $428,780, a solid indication that local growth and development accelerated toward the end of the decade. As expected, Bozeman's economy continued to expand, especially after the bombing of Pearl Harbor in December of 1941. Mechanisms were already in place to provide the nation's armed forces with locally produced agricultural commodities, such as flour, wool, and meat. Major local employers, such as Mon- tana Flour Mills and the Bozeman Canning Company, operated at maximum capacity during the era. Page 3-6 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Downtown Bozeman, circa 1940 The end of the war and the return of veterans brought ever-increasing activity to Bozeman. The effects of the 1944 G.I. Bill of Rights stimulated further growth at the college and in the housing industry. Local responses to shortages in housing supply prompted the development of wood products industries such as the Idaho Pole plant, which was established in 1946, and the pulpwood industry, started at Gallatin Gateway in 1947. Together these and other developments helped ensure the continuing expansion of Bozeman and its institution of higher learning, Montana State College. In the years immediately following World War II, the major factors influencing Bozeman's earlier devel- opment continued to exert an important influence on Bozeman's character and appearance. The agricul- tural heritage that had shaped daily life in the Gallatin Valley from day one continued to play a major role, as evidenced by the establishment of the Winter Fair in 1946. Likewise, the ever-growing Montana State College remained the largest local employer and continued to ensure the economic vitality of the com- munity. But even as these historic forces continued to shape the growth of the area, a succession of new technological and transportation-related developments further linked Bozeman with the outside world and profoundly altered local life in the coming decades. Radio, television, and Hollywood soon wedded the Gallatin Valley with the broader culture of the na- tion. As music and other mass-produced popular amusements were instantly made available to area residents for the first time, local values and aspirations changed. More than ever, Bozeman youth em- braced the possibility of leaving the Gallatin Valley for more sophisticated pastures. Page 3-7 Background Information Bozeman 2020 Community Plan North 7th Avenue, circa 1970 Meanwhile, others discovered the Bozeman area. Northwest Airlines made its first landing at Gallatin Field on June 22, 1947, and for the first time, commercial plane service conveniently connected the Gallatin Valley with the rest of the world. Like the railroads, airlines further encouraged tourism and the more recent phenomenon of living in Bozeman and working elsewhere. In 1966 the interstate highway was completed through the Bozeman area. Prior to this time, all east-west traffic coming through the area traveled down Main Street. With the completion of the interstate, how- ever, Main Street was bypassed-a transition which had dramatic economic impacts for Downtown Bozeman and paved the way for modern day strip development on Bozeman's periphery. Together with already existing transportation systems, the interstate and airlines triggered Bozeman's emergence as a nationally recognized recreational mecca. Yellowstone Park and dude ranch tourism flourished in the summer months; and with the establishment of Bridger Bowl and later Big Sky, a year- round tourism industry was established. With growing frequency, the fertile farmland of the Gallatin Valley was subdivided for residential devel- opment to accommodate a burgeoning local population. Between 1960 and 1970, Bozeman's City limits almost doubled in area, from 2,640 acres to more than 5,000. Many subdivision proposals were brought before the Bozeman City Commission, which in turn increased from three to five members in 1970 to handle the heavier workload. That year, Bozeman's first City-County planner was hired. Page 3-8 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Despite brief declines, population in the Bozeman area increased during the last thirty years. From 1971 to 197 5, the number of Bozeman residents rose four to five percent. Even more pronounced growth was witnessed in the area immediately adjacent to the City limits. Within a four-and-a-half mile radius from the City limits, population jumped eighteen percent during the period, with four thousand acres of farm- land turned into housing tracts. Between 1980 and 1990, Gallatin County's population increased an- other 17.7 percent to 50,463. During the next five years, the County's population rose again to 59,406, with an average annual increase of 3.4 percent, the highest urban increase in Montana. During the 1980s, Bozeman's population grew a healthy 4.7 percent. During the early 1980s, as Bozeman prepared for its centennial as an incorporated City, efforts were undertaken to survey the town's historic and architectural resources. Under the direction of paid and volunteer professionals, more than eighty local residents documented roughly 4,000 properties in Bozeman's historic core. Since that time, nine historic districts containing more than eight hundred buildings, as well as an additional forty individual landmarks, have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Under these development pressures, farming in the Bozeman area has steadily declined. Local agribusiness has been increasingly supplanted by new economic stimuli-especially recreational tourism and real es- tate development. In 1950, 1,129 farms and ranches dotted the Gallatin Valley. By 1992 that number had dropped to 798. Between 1978 and 1992 alone, Gallatin County saw a 21.3 percent decrease in acreage devoted to farmland, according to the United States Census of Agriculture. In the five-year period between April of 1993 and April of 1998, an estimated 9,230 acres were developed in the Gallatin Valley and outside the City limits of Bozeman. The start of the ongoing boom in Bozeman's growth and development roughly coincides with the mak- ing of Robert Redford's A River Runs Through It in 1992. The movie's imagery and story line had a tremendous impact in popularizing western Montana as "The Last Best Place" and, likewise, affiliated the region with a more simplistic, recreation-oriented quality of life, which now epitomizes the local mindset. The movie also promoted the rapid expansion of the region's fly-fishing industry, which further advanced the local tourist economy. With the advent of the Internet, fax machines, and other high-tech means of communication, Bozeman has attracted increasing numbers of residents who live in the Gallatin Valley but work elsewhere. Stud- ies during the 1990s confirmed that, despite unparalleled population and economic growth in the area, more than forty percent of local residents were employed elsewhere. Telecommuters, retirees, and the independently wealthy were settling in the Gallatin Valley, creating increased demands for local services and lower-paying service industry jobs. Thus, despite an apparently booming local economy, Gallatin County residents averaged $17,032 in annual wages during the 1990s and ranked thirty-third among Montana's fifty-six counties in per capita income. Offsetting this trend to a certain extent is the more recent establishment of several high-tech businesses in the Gallatin Valley. Providing generally higher wages, these clean industries are widely regarded as examples of desirable economic development that is in many ways compatible with the much-cherished natural amenities that southwest Montana offers to its residents and visitors. Page 3-9 Background Information Bozeman 2020 Community Plan The ongoing changes in Bozeman's character and appearance that have typified the postwar period con- tinue unabated. Most recently, this process of transformation was expressed by the September of 1995 completion of the North 19'h Interchange. Anticipation of the development and its actual realization has stimulated tremendous growth in the northwestern portion of the City. Moreover, the commercial center of the City appears to be shifting from Downtown and North Seventh Avenue to this new corri- dor. Some have estimated that the commercial acreage already platted and approved on North 19'h is equal to more than ten times the commercial acreage of Downtown Bozeman. Present day debates on sprawl, impact fees, and smart growth policies have, to a great extent, been influenced by the ongoing maturation of the North 19'h corridor. The long-term implications of this and other related develop- ments are only now being realized and will likely have a profound impact on Bozeman in the coming century. 3.1 PHYSIOGRAPHY 3.1.1 Geology and Structure The Gallatin Valley is near the southern border of the northern Rocky Mountains physiographic prov- ince and is part of the Three Forks structural basin. This structural basin is one of the high intermoun- tain basins that are characteristic of this province. The Three Forks structural basin was probably formed in pre-Oligocene time. In the Oligocene and Miocene time, there was either a continuation of down-faulting along one or more of the basic bound- aries or a down warping of the basin. During the formation of the basin, through-drainage was inter- rupted and many hundreds of feet of sediments, derived from the adjoining highlands and from falling volcanic ash, were deposited under lacustrine and terrestrial conditions. These Tertiary strata constitute most of the valley fill. Resumption of through-drainage in late Tertiary time resulted in extensive ero- sion of these materials. A mantle of alluvium was deposited in much of the basin during Quaternary time. The Bridger Range, a high linear mountain range that bounds the Gallatin Valley on the east, extends from Bridger Creek to the head of Dry Creek. The mountains are composed of rocks ranging in age from Precambrian to Cretaceous. The Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks strike north-northwest, parallel to the axis of the range. They dip steeply to the east and in places are overturned to the east. Several high- angle thrust faults transect the Bridger Range. Most of them have an eastward trend. Normal faulting along the west side of the Bridger Range is believed to have elevated the range with respect to the valley. Available subsurface information indicates that a fault system exists along the front of both the Bridger and Gallatin Ranges. The mountains of the Gallatin Range are composed of Precambrian gneiss and some in faulted blocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. The rocks are tightly folded and severely crumpled in places; yet, a general east-west trend is recognizable. The Gallatin River Canyon separates the Madi- son Range on the west from the Gallatin Range on the east. Structurally, however, the two ranges are segments of the same mountain unit. This unit bounds the Gallatin Valley on the south. The Tertiary strata in the Gallatin Valley form a homocline that dips from one to five degrees in a general direction of the Bridger Range. Page 3-10 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Figure 3-1: Vicinity Map, Including Surrounding Mountain Ranges Page 3-11 Background Information Page 3-12 (') ~ 0 z: ::; 0 8 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Figure 3-2: Major Watercourses In and Near the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information 3.1.2 Hydrology Bozeman and Gallatin County are crossed with numerous creeks and irrigation canals. Most of the creeks flow from the southeast to northwest to the Gallatin River. Major creeks and rivers within the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning area include: East Gallatin River, in the northeastern portion of the City and planning area; Bozeman (Sourdough) Creek, flowing south to north through the City into the East Gallatin River. Bozeman Creek has been channelized and rerouted into a storm pipe as it flows through the center of town; Nash Spring Creek, Matthew Bird, and Figgins Creeks in the southern portion of the City of Bozeman; Hyalite Creek, southwest of the City; Rocky Creek, flowing northwest along the Interstate, into the northeast sections of the City of Bozeman; and Bridger Creek, flowing west from Bridger Canyon, joining Bozeman and Rocky Creeks north of the City to form the East Gallatin River. Groundwater is another abundant resource in the Gallatin Valley. Generally, groundwater is near the surface, and flows from south to north to the East Gallatin River. Locally high water tables of less than ten feet below the surface are prevalent throughout the valley. Groundwater aquifers are recharged through many sources. Recharge is received from infiltration from the many rivers, streams, and irriga- tion ditches. In addition, faults located along the mountain fronts aid in recharge by distributing the rain and snow runoff along their corridors. 3.2 BOZEMAN AREA ATTRACTIONS 3.2.1 Yellowstone National Park Bozeman sits northwest of Yellowstone National Park. From Bozeman, it is a 90-mile drive to the west entrance of the park at the City of West Yellowstone, and a 79 mile drive to the north entrance at Gardiner. Yellowstone became the country's first national park in 1872. Today, the park is an Interna- tional Biosphere Reserve, a World Heritage Site, a wildlife refuge, and a favorite vacation spot. Three major volcanic explosions that occurred in the last 2 million years formed the landscape of the park. The volcanic explosion that formed the Yellowstone Caldera, or basin, occurred 600,000 years ago. The volcanism that caused these eruptions still powers the park's famous geysers, hot springs, fumaroles, and mud pots. Summer activities in the park include sightseeing, hiking, biking, camping, boating, fishing and back- packing. \'(linter activities include cross-country skiing, snowmobiling, sightseeing, and snowshoeing. The road between Gardiner and Cooke City is the only one open year-round to wheeled vehicles. 3.2.2 Montana State University-Bozeman The MSU campus sits at the southern end of Bozeman. The University offers baccalaureate degrees in 50 fields, master's degrees in 39 fields and doctoral programs in 13 fields. As a land-grant university, Page 3-13 Background Information Bozeman 2020 Community Plan MSU supports basic and applied research activities. The Montana Agricultural Experiment Station was es tablished at the University in 1893. MSU-Bozeman is a member of the NCAA Division I Big Sky Conference. The Bobcats compete in men's football, basketball, indoor and outdoor track, cross-country running, and tennis. The Lady Cats compete in women's basketball, volleyball, indoor and outdoor track, cross-country running, tennis, golf, and downhill and cross-country skiing. During the 1999-2000 school year, MSU-Bozeman had 11,753 students. Of this, 10,542 were undergraduates and 1,211 were graduate students. Fifty-five percent (or 6,413 students) were male and 45 percent (or 5,340 students) were female. Seventy-three percent (or 8,591 students) were residents of Montana and 27 percent (2,820 students) were nonresidents. The average age of the student body is 23.3 years old. The average undergraduate age is 22.2 years, and the average graduate age is 32.7 years old. During the 1999-2000 school year, MSU-Bozeman had 4,997 employees. Of this, 51 percent (or 2,541 employees) were faculty and staff. Nine percent (or 456 employees) were graduate Teaching Assistants or Research Assistants. Finally, 40 percent (or 2,000 employees) were students. MSU-Bozeman is rh~ largest employer in the City. Students and employees of MSU-Bozeman constitute a significant compo- nent ofBozeman's population. Bird's eye view of Montana State University -Bozeman 3.2.3 Recreational Lands and Activities Bozeman is in close proximity to Gallatin National Forest lands, including the Bridger Range to the northeast and the Gallatin Range to the south. This National Forest was established in 1907 to protect the environment and provide a continuous supply of natural resources. The forest covers large sections of Park, Gallatin, and Sweet Grass counties. The forest is used for a wide range of recreational activi- ties, including camping, hiking, hunting, fishing, wildlife viewing, cross-country skiing, and downhill skiing. Bridger Bowl, the local downhill ski area, is located about 15 miles north of Bozeman in the Bridger Range of the Gallatin National Forest. Page 3-14 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Hyalite Canyon and H yalite Reservoir are located south of Bozeman in the Gallatin National Forest. They are named for the mineral that is found in the area. Hyalite Canyon is a tremendous recreational resource near Bozeman, with facilities for camping, fishing, and hiking. Mountain biking is also a popu- lar activity. There are several wheelchair-accessible trails in Hyalite Canyon. Skier enjoying the recreational lands m1To1111di11g Bozeman 3.3 COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS' 3.3.1 Population Historical Population Trends. Although Bozeman's growth has been significant during the past de- cade (1990-2000), from a percent change perspective the past decade has the fourth greatest rate of population change of the century. Since 1900, the greatest rate of population change occurred during the decade of 1900 to 1910 when the population grew by approximately 49 percent. This decade was characterized by the advent of dry land farming techniques and a resulting homestead boom, which dramatically increased the City's population. The decade between 1920 and 1930 had the second greatest rate of population change of the century. During this ten-year period, the City's population increased by approximately 43 percent. This popula- tion increase is often associated with the boom in the tourism economy, as Yellowstone National Park became a popular destination for pleasure seekers. The decade between 1960 and 1970 had the third greatest rate of population change between 1900 and 2000. During this ten-year period, the City's population increased by 39.74 percent. This population Page 3-15 Background Information Bozeman 2020 Community Plan boom is attributed to the first wave of out-migration from urban areas to the Rocky Mountain West, and the "get back to nature" movement of the 1960s. Table 3-1: Historic Population Trends by Decade - 1900 through 2000 Year City of Bozeman Gallatin County Percent of County 1900 3,419 9,553 37.79 percent 1910 5,107 14,079 36.27 percent 1920 6,183 15,864 38.98 percent 1930 8,855 16,124 54.92 percent 1940 8,665 18,269 47.43 percent 1950 11,325 21,902 51.71 percent 1960 13,361 26,045 51.30 percent 1970 18,670 32,505 57 44 percent 1980 21,645 42,865 SO.SO percent 1990 22,660 50,463 44 .90 percent 2000 31,636' 65,2991 48.45 percent Source: 1900 - 1990, Cwsus ~( Pop11lation and Housing, U.S. Census Bureau. 1 Estimate based 011 lvlo11ta11a Department if Commerce estimates through 7 / 1 / 98, plus building permits isrnerl for new dlJ}e/ling units from 7 / 1 / 98 to 12 / 31 / 99 multiplied by 2.3 (average ho11sehofrl size in Bozeman). 2Estimate prepared by Jim B(!J1er, Consultant for the Bozeman Area Transportation Plan, 2000. Graph 3-1: Historic Population Trends by Decade - 1900 through 2000 70,000 65,000 60,000 55,000 50,000 C 45,000 .g 40,000 "cl! 3 35,000 g. 30,000 p.. 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Source: See Table 3-1. Page 3-16 - ,, - 0 °' 0 ...... I 0 ...... °' ...... I - - 0 N °' ,...... ' -~ I ' . ,,,, _J / ----- ~ I ' Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Finally, the most recent decade (1990 to 2000) had the fourth greatest rate of population change of the century. During this period, the City's population increased by 39.61 percent. A strong economy, low mortgage interest rates, and first-time homebuyer programs, combined with an ongoing trend of migra- tion to the Rocky Mountain West, fueled this population boom. It is interesting to note that Bozeman's population actually declined by approximately 2 percent between 1930 and 1940. This decrease in population coincides with prolonged drought conditions and the Great Depression. Recent Population Trends. Gallatin County as a whole grew by 29.4 percent during the past decade (90-00), while Bozeman grew by 39.61 percent during the same period. In 1990, Bozeman contained 45.11 percent of Gallatin County's population. By 2000, that number had increased to 48.22 percent. Table 3-2: Population Trends During the 1990s - 1990 through 2000 Year City of Bozeman Gallatin County Percent of County 1990 22,660 50,484 45.11 percent 1991 23,768 52,304 45.44 percent 1992 24,800 54,103 45.84 percent 1993 25,716 55,950 45.96 percent 1994 26,795 57,818 46.34 percent 1995 27,531 59,293 46.43 percent 1996 28,231 60,169 46.92 percent 1997 29,144 61,220 47.61 percent 1998 29,936 62,561 47.85 percent 1999 30,805' 63,881 48.22 percent 2000 31,636 1 65,299" 48.45 percent Source: 1990 data, Census of Population and Housing, U.S. Census Bureau. 1991-1998, estimates from the Montana Depa1iment of Co1111nerce, Census a11d Economic Information Center: 1 Estimate based on Montana Department of Commerce estimates through 7 / 1 / 98, plus building permits issued for neiv di11elling units from 7 / 1 I 98 to 12/ 31 / 99 multiplied by 2.3 (average household size in Bozeman). 2Estimate prepared by Peccia and Associates for Bozeman Area Transportation Plan, 2000. 3.3.2. Population Characteristics Gender. By the end of 1999, 48.48 percent ( or 15,337) of the City's residents were male and 51.52 ( or 16,299) percent were female. This is a reversal of a 40-year trend (19 50 to 1990) of more male residents in the City than female residents. This 40-year trend had contradicted the demographic realities of the state and nation, where women outnumber men. Many of the degree programs at MSU-Bozeman are in math and science fields, which traditionally attract more male students, which could explain the presence of more men than women in the City between 1950 and 1990. In Gallatin County as a whole, the male population has outnumbered the female population every decade since 1910. Page 3-17 Background Information Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Table 3-3: Historical Gender Composition of the Population -1910 through 2000 1910 1920 1930 1940 City of Gallatin City of Gallatin City of Gallatin City of Bozeman County Bozeman County Bozeman County Bozeman Male 51.46% 56.69% 48.34% 52.21% 48.21% 52.23% 48.37% Female 48.54% 43.34% 51.66% 47.79% 51.09% 47.77% 51.63% 1960 1970 1980 1990 City of Gallatin City of Gallatin City of Gallatin City of Bozeman County Bozeman County Bozeman County Bozeman Male 51.22% 51 .73% 50.95% 51.12% 51.25% 51.36% 51 .20% Female 48.78% 48.27% 49.05% 48.88% 48.75% 48.64% 48.80% S 011m: Data for 1910 through 1990, Ce11ms of Popt1!atio11 and Housi11g, U.S. Census Bureau. 'Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, Comm1miry Characte1istic and Opinion Survey Results, October 1999. 2117oods and Poole Economic Projections, October 2000. 1950 Gallatin City of Gallatin County Bozeman County 52.12% 51.08% 52.82% 47.88% 48.92% 47.18% 2000 Gallatin City of Gallatin County Bozeman County 51.14% 48.48%1 51.36%2 48.86% 51.52%1 48.64%2 Age. During the 1930s and 1940s, the median age in Bozeman was approximately 28 years old. In Gallatin County as a whole, the median age was approximately 26 in the 1930s and 28 in the 1940s. Beginning in the 1950s, the City and the County as a whole experienced a declining median age of residents. By the 1970s, the median age in Bozeman was approximately 23 years of age and 24 years in the County as a whole. This three decade long decline in median age could be attributed to increased attendance at Montana State University, and a corresponding influx of college-aged residents. 35 33 30 28 25 (I/ bJ:J 23 < 20 .:: ..c<.. I 18 "Cl (I/ 15 ~ 13 10 8 5 3 0 0 r") °' .... Source: See Table 34. Page 3-18 Graph 3-2: Median Age by Decade - 1930 through 2000 0 0 0 °' ."."." . °' .I...I) . °' \..0 .. 0 0 °' .r- .... °' .00 .... Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Beginning in the 1980s, the median age in the City and County began to increase. By the beginning of 2000, the median age of Bozeman residents was approximately 30.4 years and the median age in the County as a whole was 31.28 years. This increase in the median age of City and County residents reflects national trends of an aging population and decreases in the number of children per household. Cur- rently, the national median age is 35.6. Therefore, the City and County's median age is still less than the median age nationwide. Again, this low median age is likely attributable to the high concentration of college-aged residents. Table 3-4: Age Distribution and Median Age by Decade -1930 through 2000 1930 1940 1950 City of Gallatin City of Gallatin City of Bozeman County Bozeman County Bozeman 0-9 16.11% 18.23% 14.38% 15.47% 16.49% 10-19 19.88% 20.74% 16.75% 17.84% 13.31% 20-29 15.22% 14.48% 19.07% 18.06% 24.63% 30-39 14.13% 13.60% 14.60% 13.43% 13.00% 40-49 13.70% 13.34% 12.68% 12.75% 10.68% 50-59 10.18% 9.63% 10.88% 11.37% 8.67% 60+ 10.76% 9.94% 11.64% 11.06% 13.22% Unknown 0.04% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Median 28.28 26.86 28.91 28.32 27.38 1970 1980 1990 City of Gallatin City of Gallatin City of Bozeman County Bozeman County Bozeman 0-9 14.07% 15.92% 9.42% 13.33% 11.39% 10-19 24.08% 22.86% 19.73% 18.18% 15.66% 20-29 28.48% 22.47% 38.36% 29.37% 31.24% 30-39 8.56% 9.73% 10.44% 13.30% 16.03% 40-49 7.54% 9.28% 5.78% 7.89% 9.33% 50-59 6.89% 8.77% 5.55% 7.44% 4.96% 60+ 10.38% 10.79% 10.73% 10.50% 11.39% Unknown 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Median 23.74 24.49 24.89 25.67 26.61 Soun-e: Data.for 1910 th1w1gh 1990, Cenrns of Population and Housing, US. Cenrns B1mau. 'Bery Area Economics, 2000. 1 l~oods and Poole Economic Projections, October 2000. 1960 Gallatin City of County Bozeman 19.45% 17.48% 14.02% 20.55% 20.77% 19.98% 13.71% 10 90% 10.70% 10.39% 9.19% 7.90% 12.18% 12.80% 0.00% 0.00% 27 .16 25.39 1999 Gallatin City of County Bozeman• 14.06% 10.49% 15.43% 15.72% 20.62% 24.11% 18.82% 16.17% 12.48% 13.51% 6.91% 8.20% 11.67% 11.80% 0.00% 0.00% 28.95 30.4 Background Information Bozeman 2020 Community Plan At Montana State University, the current average student age is 23.3. The average age of undergraduate students is 22.2 and the average age of graduate students is 32.7. This average student age, especially the average age of graduate students, reflects an increasing trend of lifelong learning. People are increas- ingly taking advantage of community educational resources and facilities to take classes throughout their life. Classes are taken for professional development, as well as personal interests. 3.3.3 Household Characteristics Number of Households. The number of households in Bozeman, and in Gallatin County as a whole, has steadily increased over time. However, the County did lose households during the 1920s. Bozeman had 1,400 households in 1920 and 13,755 households by 2000. Gallatin County had 3,981 households in 1920 and 24,650 households in 2000. The total number of households includes family and non- family households. Average Household Size. The average household size in Bozeman and Gallatin County has decreased over time. This reflects national trends of an aging population and fewer children per household. The City and County both recorded their largest household size in 1930 - 5.74 and 4.22 respectively. The precipitous drop in average household size for the City and County, between 1930 and 1940, is probably attributable to the economic and social conditions during the Great Depression. Currently, the average household size in Bozeman is 2.30 and the average household size in the County is 2.48. Declining household size results in the need for more housing' units to house the same population. For example, in 1990 9,100 housing units were needed to house the City's population of 22,660. However, in 2000 it would take 9,852 housing units to house 22,660 people due to declining household size. Table 3-5: Number of Households and Average Household Size by Decade -1920 through 2000 1920 1930 1940 1950 City of Gallatin City of Gallatin City of Gallatin City of Gallatin Bozeman Connty Bozeman County Bozeman County Bozeman Connty House- 1,400 3,981 1,542 3,817 2,772 6,385 3,520 6,988 holds Average 4.42 3.98 5.74 4.22 3.13 2.86 3.22 3.13 Size 1970 1980 1990 2000 City of Gallatin City of Gallatin City of Gallatin City of Bozeman Connty Bozeman County Bozeman Connty Bozeman1 House- 5,736 10,761 7,496 14,963 9,117 21,350 13,775 holds Average 3.25 3.02 2.89 2.86 · 2.49 2.36 2.30 Size S oum: Datafor 1920 through 19 90, Census of Population and Housing, U.S. Census Bureau. 'Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, Community Characteristic and Opinion Survey Results, October 1999. 2 li:"oods and Poole Economic Projections, October 2000. Page 3-20 Gallatin County2 24,650 2.48 1960 City of Gallatin Bozeman County 4,099 7,728 3.26 3.37 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Graph 3-3: Average Household Size by Decade -1920 through 2000 - • • I I 2000 - I I I I I 1990 - I I I I 1980 - I I I I 1970 ... - I I I I ><~ < :,! 1960 I I I I I 1950 I - I I I I 1940 I I I I 1930 - I I I I 1920 I I I I I I I ' I I O ~ - ~ N ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ci - N ~ ~ ~ ~ Average Household Size Source: See Table 3-5. 3.3.4 Education Characteristics Iii Gallatin County D City of Bozeman School Enrollment. School enrollment statistics include enrollment in K-12 schools, as well as enroll- ment at Montana State University and other institutions of higher learning. Historically, school enroll- ment rates steadily increased between 1920, and during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1920, only 19.81 percent of Bozeman residents were enrolled in school and only 20.03 percent of County residents were enrolled in school. School enrollment in Bozeman reached its peak in 1980 at 50.23 percent, and enroll- ment in the County as a whole peaked in 1970 with 41.87 percent. This increase in school enrollment rates is probably attributable to the growth of Montana State University, and the influx of college stu- dents. By 1990, school enrollment rates for the City and County began to slip. Results of the 1999 Community Characteristic and Opinion Survey supported this statistic. This decrease is attributable to several fac- tors. First, the number of children per household continues to decline. This is evidenced by flat or declining K-12 school enrollment in Bozeman. Second, people are moving to Bozeman for reasons other than attending college. Bozeman's population has continued to increase, while the size of the student body at MSU remained constant throughout the 1990s. At the beginning of the 2000 - 2001 school year, Montana State University had 11,753 students. During the 1998-1999 school year, a total of 9,508 kindergarten through 12th grade students were enrolled in public schools countywide. Of this, 5,107 students were enrolled in the Bozeman public school system, including the high school. Another 873 K-12 students were enrolled in private schools countywide. Of this, approximately 400 were enrolled in private schools within or adjacent to the City of Bozeman. Approximately 300 students were home schooled in Gallatin County during the 1998-1999 school year. Page 3-21 Background Information Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Table 3-6: School Enrollment by Decade - 1950 through 1990 1950 1960 1970 City of Gallatin City of Gallatin City of Gallatin Bozeman County Bozeman County Bozeman County Number in school 3,065 5,350 5,401 9,021 9,186 13,610 Percent in school 27.06% 24.43 % 40.42% 34 .64% 49.20% 41.87% Number not in school 8,260 16,552 7,960 17,024 9,484 18,895 Percent not in school 72. 94% 75.57% 59.58% 65.36% 50.80% 58 .13% 1980 1990 City of Gallatin City of Gallatin Bozeman County Bozeman County Number in school 10,872 16,471 10,937 18,710 Percent in school 50.23% 38.43% 48 .27% 37 .0 8% Number not in school 10,773 26,394 11,723 3 1 ,7 53 Percent not in school 49.77% 61.57% 51.73% 62.92% S 011rce: U.S. Ce mus of Population and Housing, U.S. Census Bureau. Educational Attainment. Over time, the residents of Bozeman have become increasingly well edu- cated. In 1940, only 6.13 percent of Bozeman residents 25 years of age and over possessed college degrees. By the 1990 Census, 46.9 percent of Bozeman residents had college degrees. This includes Associate's degrees, Bachelor's degrees, and graduate or professional degrees. The City of Bozeman has a significantly higher educational attainment level than the county and state as a whole. In Gallatin County, 39 percent of residents have college degrees. In the whole state of Mon- tana, 25 percent of residents have college degrees. The results of the 1999 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Characteristic and Opinion S urvry show that since 1990, the educational attainment of Bozeman residents has increased even more. That survey revealed that nearly 66 percent of Bozeman residents 25 years and over have a college degree. This 66 percent can be broken down as follows: Associate's degree, 5.88 percent Bachelor's degree, 31.60 percent Master's degree, 15.92 percent Other professional degree, 3.92 percent Doctorate degree, 8.54 percent A well-educated workforce is an essential component of a strong economy. I t appears that in terms of education, Bozeman has a work force that companies starting up in town or moving to town would find attractive. Page 3-22 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Table 3-7: Educational Attainment by Decade - 1940 through 2000 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 No school years 1.06% 0 .47% 0.20% 0.26% 0.00% 0.00% Less than 9th 50.76% 27.75% 21.82% 13.28% 7.42% 2.58% 9th - 12th, no diploma 14.66% 11.79% 12.81% 9.29% 5.46% 4.48% High school diploma 15.34% 21.78% 24.15% 26.99% 20.49% 19.22% Some college, no degree 11.00% 18.87% 21.01% 22.29% 27.39% 26.81 % College degree 6.13% 1 7 .22% 20.01% 28.86% 39.24% 46.90% Not reported 1.06% 2 .12% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Source: 1940 - 1990 date, U.S. Census of Population and Housing, U.S. Census Bureau. Graph 3-4: Final Educational Attainment by Decade - 1940 through 2000 70% - I 60% , ; ; 50% I Q) ,. OJ) OS 40% ., . i= Q) ;' 0 .<.U . 30% ,. ~ .. ~ 20% 10% - - .. . ... _ --- - -- . - ... - --- ~ -- • - -;- ' - -- -- - 0% - . - - - - - 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year Source: 1940 - 1990 date, U.S. Cenms of Population and Housing, U.S. Census Bureau. Bozeman 2020 Communiry Plan, Communiry Characteristic and Opinion S 11rvry, October 1999. 3.3.5 Employment and Income Characteristics 2000 No School Years - - - ·Grade School - - High School - - -College Employment. In 2000, the largest employment industry in Bozeman and Gallatin County was services, with 42.18 percent and 29.35 percent of employed persons respectively. Services include entertainment and recreation services, health and medical services, educational services, and other professional ser- vices. Retail trade was the second largest employment industry in Bozeman and Gallatin County, with 27.59 percent and 21.18 percent employed respectively. However, manufacturing is the third largest Page 3-23 Background Information Bozeman 2020 Community Plan employment industry in Bozeman with 6.36 percent of employed persons, while the third largest em- ployment industry in Gallatin County is public administration, with 17.44 percent of employed persons. Table 3-8: Employment by Industry Per Decade - 1950 through 1998 1950 1960 City of Gallatin City of Gallatin Bozeman County Bozeman County Agriculture/ forestry/ fisheries 3.63% 21.66% 2.80% 12.26% Construction/mining 6.46% 6.08% 4.01% 4.08% Manufacturing 11.05% 13.42% 10 95% 13.71% Transportation/ comm/ utilities 6.79% 7.98% 5.09% 5.39% Wholesale trade 3.32% 2.14% 2.41 % 2.35% Retail trade 22.13% 16.25% 18.85% 16.80% Finance/ insurance/ real estate 3.58% 2.22% 3.51% 2.66% Services 32.17% 24 .74% 44.71 % 36.54% Public administration 6.10% 4.04% 5.38% 4.18% Not reported 1.78% 1.47% 2.30% 2.04% 1980 1990 -- City of Gallatin City of Gallatin Bozeman County Bozeman County Agriculture/ forestry/ fisheries 2.00% 4.10% 1.39% 3.24% Construction/mining 3.24% 3.60% 2.20% 3.05% Manufacturing 8.84% 9.78% 8.45% 10.35% Transportation/ comm/ utilities 4.78% 4.77% 4 .04% 5.51% Wholesale trade 1.35% 1.59% 1.36% 1.73% Retail trade 22.04% 16.56% 18.81 % 17 .91 % Finance/ insurance/ real estate 3.53% 5.20% 4.07% 4.15% Services 51.69% 52.32% 57.80% 52.26% Public administration 2.53% 2.08% 1.89% 1.80% Not reported 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Source: 1950 - 1990 data, U.S. Cmsu, of Population and Hou,i11g, U.S. Cen,u, Bureau. 1 U.S. Depmtment of Commerce, Bu1-eau of Economic A nalysiJ, REIS Data Series, 2000. Page 3-24 1970 City of Gallatin Bozeman County 2.76% 9.10% 4.34% 5.44% 7.13% 12.04% 3.64% 4 .97% 2.35% 2.48% 17.50% 17.29% 4.81% 3.25% 52.44% 40.89% 5.08% 4.55% 0.00% 0.00% 19981 City of Gallatin Bozeman County 0.38% 3.41% 5.98% 9.14% 6.36% 6.85% 3.19% 3.32% 5.40% 3.72% 27.59% 21.18% 3.67% 5.59% 42.18% 29.35% 5.26% 17.44% 0.00% 0.00% Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Countywide, there has been a significant change in employment patterns since 1950. In 1950, the largest employment industry in Gallatin County was services, with 24.74 percent of employed persons. How- ever, the second largest employment industry was agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, with 21.66 percent. The third largest employment industry was retail trade, with 16.25 percent. In Bozeman, services were the largest employment industry, followed second by retail trade, and third by manufacturing. Graph 3-5: Employment by Industry in Bozeman - 1950 and 2000 Not reported Public administration Services Finance/ insurance/ re al estate Retail trade Wholesale trade Transportation/ comm /utilities Manufacturing Construction/ mining Agriculture/ forestry/ fisheries Source: See Table 3-8. • 2000 D 1950 Income. Bozeman exhibits slightly lower household incomes than Montana, while Gallatin County's are generally higher. By 2000, Bozeman had a median household income of $30,450, compared to $37,190 for Gallatin County, and $31,035 for Montana. While almost 23 percent of Bozeman households earn less than $15,000 annually, only about 17 percent of county households fall into this category. Bozeman's student population impacts these numbers, and contributes to a lower median household income. Bozeman and Gallatin County have shown significant growth in income levels in the last decade, while Montana's income levels have remained flat. After adjusting for inflation, both Bozeman and Gallatin County showed a 15 percent increase in median household income. Montana showed a less than one percent increase in median household income. Page 3-25 Background Information Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Table 3-9: Household Income City of Bozeman Gallatin County State of Montana Number Percent of Number Percent of Number Percent of Total Total Total Less than $15,000 2,748 22.9% 4,166 17 1% 77,837 22.4% $15,000 to $24,000 2,368 19.7% 3,980 16.4% 63,813 18.3% $25,000 to $34,000 1,559 13.0% 3,174 13.1% 51,261 14.7% $35,000 to $49,000 1,909 15.9% 4,126 17.0% 59,563 17.1% $50,000 to $74,000 1,805 15.4% 4,645 19.1 % 57,428 16.5% $75,000 to $99,000 814 6.8% 2,063 8.5% 20,709 6.0% $100,000 and above 748 6.2% 2,154 89% 17,327 5.0% Median income $30,450 $37,190 $31,035 Source: Bay Area Eco11omiCJ, 2000. 3.4 PROJECTIONS 3.4.1. Population Projections As shown in the table below, the population of Bozeman is projected to be 46,600 by 2020. The population of Gallatin County is expected to reach 93,220 during this same time period. By 2020, Bozeman will contain approximately 50 percent of the county's population. Table 3-10: Population Projections - 2000 through 2020 2000 2005 2010 City of Bozeman 31,636 35,950 39,600 Gallatin County 65,299 72,280 79,260 Source: Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, Community Charrette Final Repo1'!, 2000. Jim Bryer, Consultant.for the Bozeman Area Transportation Plan Update, 2000. 3.4.2. Household Projections 2015 43,120 86,240 2020 46,600 93,220 Assuming that household size remains constant through the life of this plan, the City of Bozeman is projected to have approximately 20,260 households by 2020. Page 3-26 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Background Information Table 3-11: Household Projections - 2000 through 2020 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Population 31,636 35,950 39,600 43,120 46,600 Total households 13,754.78 15,630.43 17,217.39 18,747.83 20,260.87 Average 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 household size Source: Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, Community Charrette Final Report, 2000. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Characteristic and Opinion Survey, October 1999. 3.4.3. Employment Projections It is projected that by 2020, services will still be the largest employment industry in Gallatin County, with 30.28 percent of employed persons. Retail trade and government will still be the second and third largest employment industries, with 22.28 percent and 15.34 percent respectively. Table 3-12: Employment Projections for Gallatin County - 2010 through 2020 2010 2020 Number Percent Number Percent Agriculture/forestry/ fisheries 1,865 2.95% 1,967 2.64% Construction/ mining 6,248 9.89% 7,767 10.42% Manufacturing 4,552 7.21% 5,560 7.46% Transportation/ communications/ utilities 2,058 3.26% 2,402 3.22 Wholesale trade 2,376 3.76% 2,829 3.79% Retail trade 13,785 21.83% 16,613 22.28% Finance/ insurance/ real estate 3,152 4.99% 3,411 4.57% Services 18,883 29.90% 22,582 30.28% Public administration 10,232 16.20% 11,442 15.34% Total 63,151 100.00% 74,572 100.00% Source: Peccia and Associates, 2000. 'The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning process began in the fall of 1999. At that time, demographic information from the 1990 decennial census was outdated. This, combined with the fact that Bozeman had grown and changed dramatically since 1990, precluded the use of 1990 census data in this document. 2000 decennial census data would not be available until 2001, and the planning process could not wait for that data to be available. Therefore, a variety of reliable sources of data were used to prepare a demographic profile and population projections for Bozeman without relying on census data. At the time this document was adopted, some of the 2000 decennial census data had been released, but not all. Therefore, the document was not updated to reflect the 2000 data. Once all of the 2000 census data has been released, this plan should be revised to include that data. Other sections of the plan, which are population data dependent, should also be revised accordingly. Page 3-27 Background Information Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page 3-28 ... ~~ .... .., •;11tllillill. 2 0 + 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together CHAPTER4 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character CHAPTER4 Community Character This chapter includes information, goals, and objectives for Community Character. Basically, Commu- nity Character refers to those things that make Bozeman a special, attractive, and enjoyable place to live. Community Character issues range from the way neighborhoods are designed to the way new develop- ment looks, from our urban forest to supporting Downtown Bozeman, and from historic preservation to arts and culture. Of course, an important component of Bozeman's uniqueness and livability is the quality of the people who live and work here. All of the concepts contained in this chapter are ulti- mately meaningless without citizens that respect each other and treat one another with decency. 4.0 COMMUNITY DESIGN 4.0.1 Introduction In many ways, the perceived image of a community affects the quality of life enjoyed by current resi- dents, influences the desirability of the community to newcomers and visitors, and ultimately impacts its economic viability. While the development of residential and commercial projects is determined by private property owners and business interests, the public plays an important part in defining and impart- ing the development design patterns the community as a whole finds to be most appropriate. The "public" includes everyone who has a stake in the use of land, including current and future residents, property owners, developers, elected officials, and public administration personnel. Making land use decisions based on a shared community vision moves the community towards attainment of a preferred City image. 4.0.2 Relationship to the Land Use Element The land use designations, definitions, and standards outlined in the Land Use Chapter (Chapter 6) identify the types, densities, and preferred configuration of land uses within the City. However, the Land Use Chapter provides a broad, more generalized overview of what the City will be and look like in the future; it provides the context for future growth and development. On the other hand, community design issues and ideas provide the details that make Bozeman an attractive and desirable place to live. The Community Design goals and objectives identified in this Community Character chapter address the more specific aspects of how the City is developed and defined. 4.0.3 Existing Design Review Programs The 1990 Bozeman Area Master Plan Update put a considerable amount of emphasis on the City's aesthetic character. Out of the 1990 planning effort, three highly successful programs were established to address issues of image, aesthetic character, and attractiveness. Page 4-1 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Neighborhood Conservation Overlay District. Section 18.42 of the City of Bozeman Zoning Ordi- nance contains requirements for the Neighborhood Conservation Overlay District and Historic Dis- tricts. The Conservation Overlay District is largely coterminous with the area surveyed in the effort that led to the listing of eight districts and forty landmark structures in the National Register of Historic Places, and includes the eight historic districts and forty landmarks. Section 18.42 states that all new construction, alterations to existing structures, movement of structures into or out of the Conservation Overlay District, or demolition of structures by any means or process is subject to design review. The Design Review Board (DRB), or Administrative Design Review (ADR) staff, may perform the design review depending on the nature and scope of the project. The recommendation of the DRB and/ or ADR is considered by the agency, board, or commission involved in making the final land use decision. Home in the Neighborhood Conservation District The intent and purpose of the Conservation Overlay District is to stimulate the restoration and rehabilita- tion of structures and all other elements contributing to the character and fabric of established residential neighborhoods and commercial or industrial areas. New construction is invited and encouraged, provided that primary emphasis is given to the preservation of existing buildings and further provided that the de- sign of new structures enhances and contributes to the aesthetic character and function of the property in question and the neighboring area. Contemporary design is also encouraged, provided it is in keeping with the above-stated criteria, as an acknowledged fact of the continuing developmental pattern of a dynamic, changing community. Most of the area included in the conservation district was developed and built out prior to the adoption of zoning and contemporary subdivision regulations. Therefore, the construction, development pattern, and range of uses in these areas is highly diverse and frequently not in compliance with conventional regulatory requirements. This diversity is recognized as a major contributing element of the historic character of these neighborhoods. The requirements of the Conservation Overlay District are applied in a manner that encourages the protection and enhancement of many diverse features for future genera- tions. The Conservation Overlay District is also used to protect and enhance neighborhoods or areas of signifi- cant land planning or architectural character, historic landmarks or other built or natural features for the educational, cultural, economic benefit or enjoyment of Bozeman citizens. The policies of the Conser- vation Overlay District can best be described as follows: Page4-2 Protect, preserve, enhance, and regulate structures, archaeological sites, and areas that are re- minders of past eras, events, or persons important in local, state, or national history; or which provide significant examples of land planning or architectural styles or are landmarks in the history of land planning and architecture; or which are unique or irreplaceable assets to the City and its neighborhoods; or which provide examples of physical surroundings in which past genera- tions lived; or which represent and express the unique characteristics of small agricultural-based, Western city developmental patterns. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character Enhance property values through the stabilization of neighborhoods and areas of the City, in- crease economic and financial benefits to the City and its inhabitants, and promote tourist trade and interests. Develop and maintain an appropriate environment for buildings, structures, sites, and areas that reflect varied planning and architectural styles and distinguished phases of Bozeman's history and prehistory. Stimulate and enhance human life by developing educational and cultural dimensions that foster the knowledge of Bozeman's heritage and cultivate civic pride in the accomplishments of the past. Seek to maintain and enhance the many private and public elements that are unique to the fabric, theme, and character of each neighborhood and area, including lighting, pathways, street trees, natural features, and other identified features. Provide the neighboring community with notice and opportunity to comment upon proposed improvements. Entryway Corridor Overlay District. Section 18.43 of the City of Bozeman Zoning Ordinance contains requirements for the Entryway Corridor Overlay Dis- trict. There are several arterial corridors entering the City that introduce visitors and residents alike to Bozeman. The vi- sual attributes of these roadways provide a lasting impression of the character of Bozeman. It is the intent and purpose of these requirements to ensure the qual- ity of development along these corridors to enhance the impression and enjoyment Commercial building in an Entryway Corridor Overlay District of the community by guiding develop- ment and change that occurs in these areas. These provisions are also intended to improve signage, landscaping, access, and other contributing elements of entry corridor appearance and function. Development within these corridors is subject to design review. Projects are evaluated against the stan- dards and guidelines contained in the Design Obje,ctives Plan. Either the Design Review Board (DRB) or the Administrative Design Review (ADR) staff conducts the design review. The agency, board, or commission making the final land use decision considers the recommendations of the DRB and/ or ADR. There are two types of entryway corridors-Class I and Class II. Class I entryways include Interstate 90, frontage roads, U.S. 10, U.S. 191, North 19th Avenue (north ofDurston), and Oak Street (between North 19th Avenue and North 7th Avenue). All development that is partially or wholly within 660 feet of the centerline of these roadways is subject to design review. Projects within Class I entryway corridors must be set back at least 50 feet from the roadway. Class II entryways include North 7th Avenue, 19th Avenue (south of Durston), Main Street (from Broadway east to 1-90), Main Street (west from North 7th Avenue to Ferguson Road), North Rouse Avenue and Bridger Canyon Road (north of Tamarack), Oak Street Page 4-3 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page4-4 Figure 4-1: Neighborhood Conservation District, Historic Districts, and Individual Listings Outside of a Historic District Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character Figure 4-2: Entryway Corridor Overlay Districts ¥l Cl.) (~ /) ...... '-< ...... ...... 0 "' "' ·a-~ "<sl ' "<sl ' <~ ! <sl II 00 Page 4-5 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan (west of North 19th Avenue to Rose Park), and Oak Street (east from North 7th Avenue to North Rouse Avenue). All development that is partially or wholly within 330 feet of the centerline of these roadways is subject to design review. Projects within Class II entryway corridors must be set back at least 25 feet from the roadway. The following general standards apply to projects within the entryway corridors: 1. The development shall provide for adequate open space, circulation, off-street parking, and per- tinent amenities. Buildings, structures, and facilities shall be integrated, oriented, and related to the topographic and natural landscape features of the Bozeman area. 2. The proposed development shall be compatible with existing and planned land use, and with circulation patterns on adjoining properties. The development shall not constitute a disruptive element to adjacent or nearby properties or to the environmental character of the Bozeman area. 3. The proposed development shall also comply with all applicable design standards and guidelines, including the entryway corridor Design Objectives Plan. The Entryway Corridor Overlay District addresses issues such as access, parking, and building and land- scaping standards. Bozeman Area Sign Code. This section of the Zoning Ordinance promotes the health, safety, and welfare of the residents and visitors of the City by regulating and controlling the size, location, type, quality of materials, height, maintenance, and construction of all signs and sign structures. The intent of the Sign Code is as follows: 1. To preserve the Bozeman area's natural scenic beauty; 2. To contribute to inviting entrances into Bozeman by eliminating clutter associated, in part, with the unrestricted proliferation of signs, lights, and stringed flags; 3. To encourage area beautification through creative and interrelated design of signage, landscap- ing, buildings, access, and parking that enhances the community's built and natural environment; 4. To give all businesses equal opportunities to have a sign that will help people find the services they need; 5. To ensure that pedestrians and motorists are protected from damage or injury caused or partly attributable to the distractions and obstructions that are caused by improperly situated signs. The Department of Planning and Community Develop- ment administers the Sign Code. A sign permit must be obtained prior to installation of any signage. Signs are only permitted if they comply with the requirements set forth in the Sign Code. Several types of signs are prohib- ited, including portable signs, roof signs, revolving signs, beacons, flashing signs, pennants, stringed flags, inflat- able signs and tethered balloons, and privately owned signs in public rights-of-way. Signs located in the Neighbor- hood Conservation District are subject to design review. Page4-6 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 4.0.4 Urban Development Design Bozeman's older historic neighbor- , . hoods are among the most desirable places to live. This is attributable to a variety of factors, including charm- ing and attractive homes; proximity to employment, shopping, and ser- vices; proximity to Downtown Bozeman; proximity to neighborhood parks and schools; pedestrian and bi- cycle friendly streets; and mature landscaping. When the older, historic neighborhoods were platted, subdivi- sion design was a lot less complicated Community Character than it is today. Typically, existing Histon·c neighborhood in Bozeman roads were used as starting points, and the City's core expanded in chunks of fully interconnected grid subdivisions. This pattern was only interrupted by features on the landscape such as a railroad, river, or steep slopes. Early on, subdivision platting did not follow any formal or general plan. Developers merely surveyed and staked out streets and parks, and sold off the adjoining lots. The supply of developable lots out- paced the demand for lots, and subdivisions were built out over a considerable amount of time. These early, traditional neighborhoods were characterized by Compactness and tightness of form; Medium density; The presence of a downtown, or mixed-use center; Residential neighborhoods in close proximity to downtown; Pedestrian-friendly, but also auto-accessible streets; A well-defined neighborhood center and edge. During the postwar era, development processes and patterns changed considerably. This new develop- ment pattern, generally referred to as urban sprawl, was caused by three converging phenomena. First, Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and Veterans Administration 01 A) mortgage programs were di- rected at new single-family suburban construction instead of the renovation of the existing housing stock. Second, the development of an interstate highway system, subsidies for road improvement, the neglect of mass transit, and the availability of inexpensive and dependable automobiles made automo- tive commuting affordable and convenient. These first two forces moved families out of historic city neighborhoods and into the periphery, and businesses were soon to follow. Third, the application of strict zoning effectively separated all land uses from all other land uses-compatible or not. Increasingly, an automobile was needed to go anywhere. Increasingly, shopping centers and business parks replaced downtown, curving roads and cul-de-sacs replaced the traditional street grid, monotypic housing development replaced mixed-use neighborhoods, and automobiles replaced walking and mass transit. In Suburban Nation (Duany, Plater-Zyberk, and Page 4-7 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Speck, 2000), the authors state, "the result does not look like a place, it doesn't act like a place, and, perhaps most significantly it doesn't feel like a place ... rather it feels like what it is: an uncoordinated agglomeration of standardized single-use zones with little pedestrian life and even less civic identifica- tion, connected only by an overtaxed network of roadways." Ultimately, this type of development is unsustainable. It does not pay its own way financially and consumes land at an alarming rate, while producing traffic congestion and threatening the social fabric of the community. Throughout the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan public outreach process, citizens expressed a desire to return to the development pattern that characterized Bozeman's early days instead of continuing on postwar suburban development patterns. With a few modern updates and considerations, this historic development pattern could be applied to the development of most land currently within the City of Bozeman, including infill opportunities, and within the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning area. The following principles describe key elements of this modern version of traditional development pat- terns: Page4-8 The neighborhood has a discernible center. This is often a square or a green, and sometimes a busy or memorable street corner. A transit stop would be located at this center. Most of the dwelling units are within a five-minute walk of the center, an average of roughly 2,000 feet. There is a variety of dwelling types-usually houses, townhouses, and apartments-so that younger and older people, singles and families, the poor and the wealthy may find places to live. There are shops and offices at the edge of the neighborhood, of sufficiently varied types to supply the weekly needs of a household. A small ancillary building is permitted within the backyard of each house. It may be used as a rental unit or place to work (office or workshop) . An elementary school is close enough so that most children can walk from their home. There are small playgrounds near every dwelling-not more than a tenth of a mile away. The streets within the neighborhood are a connected network, providing a variety of pedestrian and vehicular routes to any destination, which disperses traffic. The streets are relatively narrow and shaded by rows of trees. This slows traffic, creating an environment suitable for pedestrians and bicycles. Buildings in the neighborhood center are placed close to the street, creating a strong sense of place. Parking lots and garage doors rarely front the street. Parking is relegated to the rear of the buildings, usually accessed by alleys. Certain prominent sites at the termination of street vistas or in the neighborhood center are reserved for civic buildings. They provide sites for community meetings and educational, reli- gious, or cultural activities. The neighborhood is organized to be self-governing. A formal association debates and decides matters of maintenance, security, and physical change. Source: Andres Dua,!Y and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk Company, Miami, FL Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Several elements of this plan contain ideas and concepts, captured by goals and objectives, which lay the groundwork for allowing and en- couraging development as described above and shaping community design. The general principles outlined above would be tailored to fit with Bozeman's unique situation and characteristics. It is not en- visioned that these urban development design elements would be re- quired, but instead that the Bozeman Zoning Ordinance and Bozeman Subdivision Regulations would be revised to facilitate and promote this type of development. 4.0.5 Suburban Development Design While the urban development principles described above represent the preferable community design con- cept for urbanization in Bozeman, these principles may not always be appropriate for every piece of ground. Some areas, such as areas constrained by significant natural features or critical lands, may be more suited to a suburban development design con- cept. Suburban developments are a less dense and less intense type of urban development as described above. The existing Sundance Springs Subdivision, at the south end of Bozeman, is a good example of this type of development. A high water table, wet- Community Character lands, and floodplain limited Sundance Springs' development capacity. Suburban developments work around outstanding natural features of a parcel of land rather than destroying them by dividing a parcel of land equally among homeowners. Suburban development lots are generally smaller, and part of the purchase price of a home goes towards the protection of open space for trails, greenways, and wildlife habitat. In addition, property owners' associations are typically formed to provide for the maintenance of open space areas and amenities within these spaces. Development in these subdivisions is clustered within developable areas, or areas unencumbered by topographic or natural constraints. These developable clusters could contain a mix of residential types and commercial uses. The urban development design concepts, for residential and commercial projects, could and should be applied to these developed areas. The graphic on Page 4-10 illustrates an example of a suburban development design subdivision. Large open areas were left undeveloped to protect natural features. In this case, the site contained several large wetland areas, and several important watercourses cross the site. The developable areas are developed to urban densities as described in the urban development design principles. Namely, there is large com- mercial area at the center of this development, neighborhood parks, and a school. There is also a range of housing types, with most of the high-density housing clustered around the commercial area. The transportation network includes rear alleys for all lots, and an interconnected system of trails throughout the project. Page 4-9 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan I I Figure I I 4-3: Example of a Suburban --Development --Subdivision - Design Page4-10 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character 4.1 NEIGHBORHOOD DESIGN The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan contemplates future growth of the City in terms of interconnected neighborhoods with defined neighborhood centers and focal points. Neighborhoods would contain a mix of residential uses, commercial uses, and public or civic uses. Therefore, most of the concepts outlined in Section 4.0 - Community Design would also apply to neighborhood design issues. While the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is a growth policy for the entire City of Bozeman, as it exists now and in the future, the development of individual neighborhood plans would be appropriate. These plans would be area-specific plans, developed by neighborhood residents working closely with the Bozeman Planning Board. The development of neighborhood plans is allowed in the State Growth Policy legisla- tion. The Planning Board is responsible for preparing a growth policy, such as the Bozeman 2020 Com- munity Plan, and forwarding the plan to the City Commission for final adoption. Similarly, the Planning Board is responsible for preparing any and all neighborhood plans, and forwarding recommended plans to the City Commission for final approval. The goals, objectives, and policies within the neighborhood plans are required by law to comply with goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, but provide an opportunity for area-level detail. Currently, an Inter-Neighborhood Council is being formed in Bozeman. Several neighborhoods have been identified, and neighborhood representatives have already begun meeting with each other and rep- resentatives from the City of Bozeman. These neighborhood groups, and the overall Inter-Neighbor- hood Council, will be key to the success of any future neighborhood planning program. However, the specific role neighborhood groups and the Inter-Neighborhood Council will play in planning policy- making and land use decisions has not yet been defined by the Bozeman City Commission. The Inter- Neighborhood Council is also preparing its own bylaws. If and when the role neighborhood groups and the Inter-Neighborhood Council will play in planning and zoning issues is formally defined, that informa- tion should be included in future updates of this plan. Any neighborhood planning effort would likely follow these steps: 1. Establish a neighborhood group by inviting all areas residents and businesses to participate. Select representatives for the neighborhood group, and establish the neighborhood's boundaries. 2. Involve neighborhood citizens, businesses, and other interest groups in preparing an inventory of the neighborhood-identifying problems, constraints, opportunities, and assets within the neigh- borhood. 3. Involve area residents and private interests, and work closely with the Planning Board, to de- velop and refine implementation proposals and actions. 4. Involve the Planning Board and agencies from several levels of government in identifying and refining strategies for action. 5. Once a Neighborhood Plan is prepared and accepted by the Planning Board, the Board will forward a recommended plan to the City Commission for adoption. 6. Pursue funding and other opportunities for implementing the plan. Page 4-11 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 4.2 DESIGN GUIDELINES 4.2.1 Commercial Development Like many communities, Bozeman was historically characterized by an almost total concentration of business and commercial activity in the Downtown area. These downtown areas were developed on a grided street pattern, and buildings were oriented to the street and pedestrians along the street. This type of commercial development can be described as center-oriented. Over time, the pattern of commercial development underwent significant change. As the automobile became the dominant mode of transportation, and the City's population grew and spread out, commer- cial development began to occur along arterial roadways. This type of commercial development can best be described as linear-oriented. Numerous curb cuts and access drives from these linear-oriented com- mercial complexes had negative impacts on traffic and transportation facilities as cars entered and exited these developments. These strip commercial developments also increasingly competed with Downtown. In many cases, businesses left Downtown to join the strip. These linear-oriented commercial developments also had visual and aesthetic impacts. Since this devel- opment was usually along arterials, which are the main entryway corridors into the City, the visual im- pacts on both residents and visitors was of considerable concern. Therefore, the Entryway Corridor Overla,y District program ( described earlier in this chapter) was developed in 1990. This program has been very successful in addressing the issues of site and building design, landscaping, and access for new commercial development along the entryway corridors. Now almost all new commercial areas that are being designated in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use Map are center-oriented and not linear-oriented. Therefore, the Entryway Corridor Overlay District program will probably not apply to most commercial development in these areas. Since these new center-oriented commercial areas will be in close proximity to residential and civic uses, and should be designed to be pedestrian-friendly, it is imperative that these center-oriented commercial areas are attractive and well designed. Therefore, some sort of new design guidelines and design review program may be needed. Human-scaled commercial development Any design guidelines should focus on the street as the preeminent form of public space. As such, buildings that define it are expected to honor and embellish it, and streets capes must be designed to be human- scaled and not automobile-scaled. In order for a street to achieve the intimate and wel- coming quality of an outdoor room, the buildings along it must compose a suitable "street wall" (i.e., the continuum of build- ings facades facing the streets). Shops should be accessible from the sidewalk, and designed in a manner that attracts pedestri- ans off the sidewalk. There should be a pleasant transition through public, semipublic, and private spaces where the sidewalk is a public space and the store is a private space. Semipublic spaces include porches, verandas, arcades, and plazas. Page 4-12 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character While buildings may differ in style and expression, there must be some principles of unity that pull buildings into visual alignment. Issues for consideration include the scale, rhythm, and pattern of build- ings and other features that comprise the streetscape. These are some examples of scale, rhythm, and pattern considerations: Commercial buildings should all be multistory, but should all also be approxi- mately the same height and size to create a harmonious sense of scale. Similarly, buildings must be sized in proportion to the width of the street. Commercial buildings within one neighborhood should incorpo- rate similar materials and design to lend a sense of pattern. Finally, buildings should sit up against the sidewalk, and not be punctuated by vacant lots or driveways. Where driveways are necessary, they should be evenly and thoughtfully spaced to maintain the streetscape's sense of rhythm. While a goal of this document is to improve the appearance and urban design of development projects, other goals promote predictable and equitable development review processes. To that end, existing design review programs should be revised to include objective criteria to the greatest extent possible. Future design review programs should be crafted to include objective criteria. 4.2.2 Residential Development The existing Neighborhood Conservation District program is the only program that evaluates residential projects in terms of design and compatibility with surrounding structures. Therefore, design review is currently being applied to a select group of residential projects within the City. Many newer subdivisions have covenants that contain architectural and design requirements for residential development, but these requirements do not ensure excellence in design and are often not enforced by the property owners' association. Many criticisms of newer homes in newer subdivisions focus on subdivision layout issues. Most of these concerns can be addressed by applying urban development design principles outlined earlier in this chap- ter. For example, placing garages to the rear of lots and accessing the garages via alleys or lanes would address the issue of attached garages dominating the facade of structures. It would also address the impacts multiple driveway openings along the street have on pedestrians on sidewalks. However, many criticisms also focus on the design of new homes and the materials used. One fre- quently voiced concern is the lack of character-defining features or articulation of new homes, and that homes in new subdivisions all look the same. The incorpora- tion of a variety of building elevations and rooflines/pitches would help. Articulation could be achieved through the use of a combination of different entrances, porches, projections and recesses in the facade, colors, window treatments, dor- mers, and trim details. Other architectural details, such as fenestration and columns, would help. If some of these fea- tures were incorporated, the same floor plan could even be repeated in the subdivision with few visual impacts. The in- corporation of these types of details need not negatively im- pact housing affordability. The homes in the existing Human Resource Development Council subdivision (North 24th Av- enue Land Trust housing) have character and visual interest, yet remain affordable. Use of nrchitcrl11ml d11tuil i11 riffrmlnblt housing Page 4-13 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Concerns are also raised regarding the materials used to construct new homes. Man-made materials such as vinyl siding are relatively inexpensive, durable, and require little maintenance. However, when only man-made materials are used on the exterior of a home, the home tends to lack a feeling and look of permanence. Appropriately combining man-made materials with natural materials (such as wood, brick, and rock) would go a long way toward addressing this issue. The preparation of architectural guidelines for all new residential development should be explored to address some of the concerns raised above. These guidelines could merely be educational and informational in nature, or could be a part of a new regulatory program, depending on the desires of the elected officials. As stated previously, all Bozeman design review programs, including programs that primarily address residential projects, should be prepared or revised to include objective criteria for evaluation. This would facilitate the predictability and fairness of these programs. 4.3 PUBLIC LANDSCAPING AND ARCHITECTURE The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan envisions public and civic buildings as neighborhood anchors or focal points. Public and civic buildings include schools, churches, libraries, and fire stations. Therefore, as these buildings are developed in the future, careful consideration should be given to the location of these structures, as well as to the site design and building architecture. Public and civic buildings should also be used as examples for excellence in landscaping design, as well as the incorporation of public spaces such as plazas or sitting areas. The landscaping of public parks is also important. The City's older parks, such as Llndley Park and Cooper Park, are already well landscaped with mature trees. New trees must regularly be planted in these older parks to maintain the urban forest over time. Trees and other landscaping must be incorporated into new parks, and be allowed to develop over time. The older parts of town already feature an exten- sive network of mature boulevard trees. Boulevard trees are also required in newly developing areas at a rate of one large canopy tree for each fifty feet of street frontage. In the past, it has been difficult to place landscaping, es- pecially boulevard trees, in state or federal rights-of-way. However, this is changing as evidenced by the recent plant- ing of trees and other landscaping in North 7th Avenue and East Main Street rights-of-way. According to the Zoning Ordinance, the maintenance of landscaping within the boulevard portion of the public right-of-way, with the exception of tree trimming and tree Ne,v tree plantings on N. lthAvenuee, a state dght-of-1110.J• removal, is the responsibility of adjacent property own- ers. The City accepts responsibility for the maintenance of all other required landscaping installed .in accordance with approved site plans within the public right-of-way or on other public lands. To date, the incorporation of public areas or gathering places has not frequently been done. The current Zoning Ordinance does grant landscaping performance points, which are required for new development, for "special amenities." These amenities include publicly accessible pedestrian facilities such as plazas, Page 4-14 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character courtyards, covered walkways, fountains, lakes, streams and ponds, seating areas, and outdoor recre- ation facilities. To encourage the incorporation of public areas in private developments, appropriate language could be added to design review programs. 4.4 URBAN FORESTRY The urban forest of Bozeman is an important component of the visual character of the City. The presence of mature trees is one important factor that contributes to the desir- ability of the older residential neighborhoods. The urban forest also cools temperatures in the summer, acts as a car- bon sink, provides wildlife habitat, lends scale to the streets, and cleans the air of pollutants. There are over 7,500 pub- licly owned trees located along streets, boulevards, in the Downtown area and in parks. Bozeman urban forest even includes American Elm trees that are not afflicted by Dutch Elm disease. Bozeman s urban forest The City of Bozeman's Forestry Division cares for trees in City parks, Sunset Hills Cemetery, and along the City streets. Funds for this program come from the Tree Maintenance Fund, a special property assessment billed yearly which was mandated by the City Commission to pay for monitoring the health of the City's urban forest. The City employs three full-time arborists and one-part time arborist to prune the trees, monitor them for harmful diseases and insects, and remove and replace dead and dying trees. Trees growing on public property, and over seven feet tall, are pruned on a three-year cycle. Branches jutting over a sidewalk are trimmed to protect pedestrians. The Forestry Division sponsors the Cost Share Tree Planting Program. This program helps interested residents afford trees by sharing the cost of trees planted in the public right-of-way. A different species of tree is selected each year. Information about the program is advertised in the spring of every year. The Forestry Division also sponsors an annual Christmas tree recycling program. Drop-off sites, where residents can leave their trees after the holidays, are advertised each year. Christmas trees are also picked up from residences. City crews shred the trees and add the mulch to the compost site at the City landfill. In the future, it will be important to continue the successful urban forestry programs the City already sponsors. New programs should be added as needed and as funds become available. As the City and the urban forest grow into the future, additional staff and equipment will also likely be necessary. Even though street tree planting is required for all new residential and commercial development, this require- ment is not always adhered to. A greater level of Zoning Code compliance enforcement may be required. Educational programs about the urban forest are also important. Residents need to know more about street tree planting requirements, appropriate species selection, and rules and requirements regarding tree removal and maintenance. Page 4-15 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 4.5 PUBLIC HEALTH Having a healthy envirorunent and a healthy population are key components of the quality of life for any community. In Bozeman, health issues are addressed by the Gallatin City-County Health Department. The Health Department takes a comprehensive view of health, and believes the many dimensions of health include aesthetic, cultural, economic, educational, emotional, environmental, occupational, physical, social, and spiritual. The City-County Health Department is divided into three divisions: Board of Health/ Administration, Envirorunental Health, and Human Services. Board of Health/Administration. The Board of Health/ Administration's goals and services are as follows : Goals Prevent epidemics and the spread of disease Protect against envirorunental hazards Prevent injuries Promote and encourage health behaviors Respond to disasters and assist communities in recovery Assure the quality and accessibility of health services Support efforts to reduce risk of acute and chronic disease Services Monitor public health risks Diagnose and investigate public health problems and hazards Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems Develop policies and plans that support individual and environmental health efforts Enforce laws and regulations that protect public health and ensure safety Link people to needed personal health services and with community partners, assure the provi- sion of health care when otherwise unavailable Assure a competent public health workforce Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of public health services Participate in research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems Environmental Health. The Envirorunental Health Department is responsible for the following items: Air Quality Information Bed and Breakfast Complaints Daycare Facilities Page4-16 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Drinking Water and Onsite Well Information Environmental Health Services (EHS) Sanitarian Environment-related Diseases Food Service Establishment Inspection Program Hazardous Waste Information Public Accommodation Inspection Septic Permit Program Solid Waste Information Subdivision Review Trailer Courts Community Character Human Health. The Human Health Division provides the following services: Adult Health Services Child Health Services Pregnancy Services School Nursing Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Communicable Disease Outbreak Control Day Care Inspection Diseases Spread by Animals and Insects Overseas Travel Immunization Tuberculosis Gallatin Counry Health Department, 12 North 3rd Avenue The Gallatin City-County Health Department is a member of the Gallatin County Public Health Alli- ance. Other members include Alcohol and Drug Services of Gallatin County, Bozeman Deaconess Health Services, and the United Way. The Alliance received a Turning Point Initiatives grant from the Robert Wood Johnson and WK. Kellogg foundations. Grant monies were used to fund an assessment of the community's capacity to provide essential public health services as defined by Montana's 1996 Pub- lic Health Improvement Plan. The information gleaned from the assessment will be used to prepare a community public health improvement strategic plan. The Gallatin City-County Health Department will also prepare its own strategic plan. Continued support of the Gallatin City-County Health Department is essential for the continued protection of the health of Bozeman area residents. The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan encourages a holistic approach to improving the quality of life enjoyed by residents, thereby improving the health and well being of citizens. For example, the 2020 Plan advances good health by supporting neighborhoods that provide an opportunity for social interac- tion, seeks to reduce traffic congestion which will lessen air pollution, encourages physical activity through the provision of parks and open spaces, reduces the threat of disease by providing adequate water and sewer facilities, and encourages excellence in landscaping which reduces the runoff of pollutants into watercourses. Page 4-17 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Social services issues are also addressed. For example, the plan advocates the provision of accessible housing within centers so disabled residents have better access to jobs, shopping, and services. A citywide public transportation system is also recommended. 4.6 ARTS AND CULTURE For a community its size, Bozeman offers a rich and diverse array of arts and cultural events and oppor- tunities. There is also a significant number of residents who make their living, or augment their income, in the arts or other cultural pursuits. The presence of art and cultural opportunities makes Bozeman a more rich, enjoyable, and interesting place to live and greatly enhances the quality of life enjoyed by Bozeman residents. Some of the larger, better known attractions in Bozeman include Museum of the Rockies. In 1957, the Museum of the Rockies was founded as a part of Montana State University (MSU) to begin the study and interpretation of this extraordinary re- gion. At its founding the museum concentrated primarily on cultural history, but within a decade the Board of Trustees voted to expand. In 1967, the museum formally amended its mission to include the study and interpretation of the region's rich natural history. The Museum of the Rockies today is the largest natural history museum in the region, with 94,000 square feet under roof. It includes the only Digistar planetarium in the Northern Rockies and has developed a fully interpreted Living History Farm on 11 adjacent acres. Bozeman Symphony Orchestra and Symphonic Choir. The symphony, comprised of ap- proximately 160 members, has been in existence for over 33 years. The symphony conducts regular concerts at the Willson Auditorium. The symphony also presents a family concert, a choral concert, a pops concert, and a symphonic gala. Programs for schools include Far Afield, Conductor in Residence, and the Young Person's Concert. lntermountain Opera Association. The Opera Association is largely a volunteer organization. Beginning in 1979, the association has staged three performances of an opera annually. Perfor- mances are held at Willson Auditorium. Montana Ballet Company. The Montana Ballet Company is a professional nonprofit organiza- tion providing training programs, workshops, productions, and outreach to rural and special- needs communities. The National Endowment for the Arts and Montana's Cultural Trust fund the Ballet Company. Montana Shakespeare in the Parks. Montana Shakespeare in the Parks is an outreach pro- gram of Montana State University. The organization is 28 years old, and brings live professional theater to 50 Montana communities (including Bozeman) and beyond. Shows are free and open to the public. Emerson Cultural Center. The Emerson Cultural Center (ECC) graces a charming school building on the National Register of Historic Places. Dedicated to promoting artistic and cultural development in the Bozeman community, ECC is home to an eclectic group of galleries, artists' studios, and performance groups. In the galleries and studios, visitors may view and purchase the latest works of local artists and crafts people. The Cafe Internationale offers a unique dining Page4-18 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character experience. Performances ranging from jazz to community theater occur in ECC's theater through- out the year. Compuseum. The American Computer Museum, winner of the 1994 "Dibner Award for Excel- lence in Exhibits of the History of Technology and Culture," allows visitors to experience the story of computers and technology in people's lives in a unique 4,000-year timeline museum approach. Gallatin County Pioneer Museum. Housed in an historic jail building, the Gallatin County Pioneer Museum offers early Bozeman and early Montana history. The building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, retains much of its character from the days it held law- breakers. People can stroll through the museum, learn about John Bozeman and his untimely death, and see artifacts of the native peoples who lived in the valley long before Lewis and Clark came through in 1805. Guns, tools, and automobiles from a previous age are also on display. The Emerson Cultural Center is an arts and culture hub The Bozeman area has also begun to attract big- name entertainers in recent years. Many of these larger shows are performed at the Emerson Cul- tural Center, the Willson Auditorium, the MSU Fieldhouse, or the Valley Garden Ice Arena in Four Corners. A large variety of musicians and music ensembles, both local and from out of town, per- form at coffee houses, bars, and restaurants throughout the community. There are also several small performing arts and theater groups that per- form in the community. There are many venues in town featuring visual artists such as painters, quilters, and photographers. The Emerson Cultural Center and Beall Parks Arts Center regularly provide public display space for artists. Bozeman has a large number of private art galleries, especially Downtown, that provide a private venue for visual artists. Montana State University also sponsors a variety of art shows and film school shows, featuring the work of students and faculty throughout the year. Finally, the Bozeman area includes a large community of writers, professional and amateur. There are many publications where local writers can be featured, such as monthly papers like the Tributary or magazines like Big Sky Journal. Local bookstores offer book signings and readings with local and non- local authors. Many writers belong to writers' groups such as the Gallatin Writers and Writers on the Range. There are several challenges the arts and culture community faces which the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan addresses. First, the arts and cultural community is plagued by a lack of organization and coordina- tion. This frequently leads to scheduling conflicts, where more than one show or performance is sched- uled during the same time period. This negatively impacts attendance at events. There are also issues regarding venues and facilities for shows and performances. There is simply no appropriate venue for many larger shows, and performances suffer due to a lack of adequate facilities. Some facilities that would accommodate smaller performances, such as the Equinox Theater, are underutilized and not well Page 4-19 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan promoted. Finally, there are problems with adequate publicity and information regarding upcoming events, performances, and activities. The creation of a local arts agency or commission, which would be similar to other City advisory boards, is recommended in this plan. This agency or commission could be responsible for coordinating, and better organizing, arts and cultural activities. This group could also publicize exisLing venues and facili- ties, and promote the development of a larger venue in the City. The agency or commission could publicize shows and performances. Finally, the development of an arts and culture plan for the City of Bozeman is a desirable long-term goal. Official designation of a local arts agency or commission would make it possible to access funds from the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA). 4.7 DOWNTOWN BOZEMAN From the time of Bozeman's founding in 1864, Downtown Bozeman has functioned as the heart and soul of the community. What was originally the infamous Bozeman Trail quickly evolved to become Main Street-the site of virtually all significant construction in the City prior to the arrival of the North- ern Pacific Railroad in 1883. In the years that followed the railroad's arrival, Downtown Bozeman grew north and south from this primary arterial. Prior to 1966, when Interstate 90 was completed through the Gallatin Valley, all east-west traffic coming through the area followed Main Street through Downtown Bozeman. Downtown Bozeman is still an important focal point of the City's commercial activity, resi- dential settlement, civic functions, and dynamic social life. The diverse mixture of uses found in Down- town Bozeman reflects the core of our community's historic development and the hopeful spirit of its ongoing growth and development. The heart of Downtown Bozeman is the Main Street Historic District-a virtually uninterrupted streetscape of commercial buildings along both sides of four blocks of the Gallatin Valley's primary east-west thor- oughfare. Bounded at either end by two major City landmarks, the six-story Baxter Hotel and the four- story Bozeman Hotel, Bozeman's Main Street Historic District is generally characterized by two story Nineteenth and early Twentieth Century commercial blocks of varied height and design. Examples from around the nation have shown that historic downtowns are fragile environments that need preservation and special consideration. Few communities are lucky enough to possess a historic Downtown area like Bozeman's. Throughout the nation, many downtown districts have lost their vital- ity and historic charm. Characterized by boarded-up buildings, empty streets, and faded memories, many of these downtown areas are now little more than a neglected expression of what was, rather than a revitalized expression of what could be. In other instances, historic downtowns have been transformed into auto-oriented strips dominated by traffic, parking lots, fast food franchises, and convenience stores. Losing their connection to the past, these areas often become "Anywhere USA." Fortunately, in Bozeman's case, Main Street is an enduring connection between Bozeman's past and future-a powerful link between all that has happened and the promise of what is to come. The heart of Downtown Bozeman still features a rich diversity of business. Drug stores, hardware stores, auto body shops, and grocery stores easily co-mingle with espresso houses, art galleries, ballet companies, and the Emerson Cultural Center. Governmental facilities and other offices are still conveniently located Down- town. Beautiful historic churches are still nestled among the other buildings. Page4-20 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Critical to the enduring vitality of Down- town Bozeman is housing, because people who live Downtown tend to shop Down- town. Fortunately, many of Bozeman's Main Street commercial buildings have apartments on upper levels. Multiple-unit apartment buildings such as the Blackmore, Lovelace, and Hamill Apartments also ex- ist in close proximity to Main Street. Of equal importance are the large residential neighborhoods, which generally begin two to three blocks north and south of Main Street and extend for at least a mile on ei- ther side of the thoroughfare. Maintaining Community Character Downtown Bozeman this housing stock and, when possible, creating more opportunities for Downtown residential develop- ment through infill and other means should, in the interest of preserving the vitality of the Downtown area, be strongly encouraged as long as the historic fabric of the Downtown area is not sacrificed in the process. Local residents recognize that Downtown Bozeman is indeed the heart and soul of our community. They have consistently valued the importance of Downtown Bozeman as an irreplaceable asset that defines our historic identity and contemporary sense of place. Protecting the character and appearance of this unique environment-while supporting its growth in thoughtful and appropriate ways-is an essen- tial component of preserving Bozeman's cherished livability and quality of life for present and future generations. MAKERS, urban design and architecture consultants, prepared a Downtown improvement plan in 1998. The primary goal of the plan is an economically thriving Downtown Bozeman that attracts investment, stabilizes and strengthens the tax base, and supports the vitality and diversity of the Gallatin Valley and its social and cultural center. The plan addresses issues such as sidewalks, snow and ice, street trees, street furniture, public restrooms, public art, and lighting. The plan also addresses traffic, vehicular circulation, and parking. A chapter on implementation includes costs of improvements and possible funding sources. This plan, as well as any future Downtown plans, is hereby incorporated by reference as an element of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. The MAKERS plan for Downtown is largely an urban design document. The Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan planning process has identified a need to prepare a more comprehensive neighborhood plan for downtown. This new plan would examine and make recommendations on many complex issues that could have a substantial effect on the heart of Bozeman. The issues include, but are not limited to, the following: parking, traffic circulation, economic development, building rehabilitation, expansion of the Downtown business district, increasing Downtown building height limits, and rehabilitation of Bozeman Creek through Downtown. 4.8 HISTORIC PRESERVATION Dozeman has roughly 700 listings on the National Register of Historic Places-an extraordinary number Page 4-21 Conununity Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan for a town of its size. While most of these properties are concentrated in one of nine local historic districts, Bozeman also has 50 individually listed landmarks standing outside of these designated areas. To protect the integrity of these nationally recognized cultural resources and their older surroundings, Bozeman established one of the largest Conservation Overlay Districts in the nation in 1990. The Ad- ministrative Design Review Staff reviews proposals for most exterior structural modifications-as well as the interior modification of public spaces listed on the National Register of Historic Places-for compli- ance with Bozeman's Neighborhood Conservation Overlay District zoning regulations. Since the begin- ning of Bozeman's historic design review program in 1990, the Planning Office has reviewed roughly 1,118 projects in the Neighborhood Conservation Overlay District. New construction is invited in Bozeman's Neighborhood Conservation Overlay District, provided that primary emphasis is given to the preservation of existing buildings and design of such new space en- hances and contributes to the aesthetic character and function of the property and the surrounding neighborhood. Compatibility with the architectural character of the historic building site and the sur- rounding neighborhood is a fundamental objective of Bozeman's historic design review program. The Bozeman Historic Preservation Office works directly with local property owners undertaking con- struction projects in Bozeman's Neighborhood Conservation Overlay District. The Historic Preserva- tion Officer (HPO) maintains a historic preservation library, including local histories, technical informa- tion, and roughly 4,000 architectural and historical inventories of identified historic properties within the City of Bozeman. The HPO makes this information available to the general public upon request. The HPO also provides technical support for individuals seeking Federal Rehabilitation Tax Credits, local historic rehabilitation tax abatements, available grants, or other financial incentives for historic preservation activities in the Bozeman area. In an effort to promote and help facilitate appropriate local rehabilitation projects in Bozeman, the fifteen-member Bozeman Historic Preservation Advisory Board (BHPAB) organizes and sponsors the Annual Historic Residential Rehabilitation Workshop. Geared toward homeowners considering a his- toric rehabilitation project or in need of technical assistance, the workshop explains Bozeman's historic preservation program and historic design review process. At the workshop, property owners can meet face to face with local architects, contractors, finish carpenters, masons, structural engineers, painters, and other professionals to ask questions, brainstorm ideas, sketch out plans, and receive valuable, pro bona advice. The BHPAB's Preservation Advisory Bank and Design Services Internship Program offer free advice and limited architectural services to qualified Neighborhood Conservation Overlay District residents. The Bozeman Historic Preservation Advisory Board also advocates for endangered historic places in Bozeman and promotes historic preservation activities for the educational, cultural, and economic ben- efit or enjoyment of Bozeman's citizens. Throughout the year the BHP AB develops and directs a num- ber of educational activities intended to foster knowledge of Bozeman's heritage and cultivate civic pride in the accomplishments of the past. Hundreds of local schoolchildren, adults, and visitors partici- pate in the dozens of guided historic walking tours and other public programs offered every year by the Bozeman Historic Preservation Office. Bozeman Historic Preservation Week in June is a popular edu- cational outreach effort featuring various walking tours and slide shows, as well as the Annual Historic Preservation Excellence Awards Ceremony. Page4-22 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character The Bozeman Historic Preservation Advisory Board's educational mission has recently expanded in new directions. Beginning in December of 1999 the BHPAB partnered with the Bozeman Area Chamber of Commerce to research, write, design, and publish The Main Street Star, a biannual, tourist-oriented news- paper focusing on the history and architecture of Downtown Bozeman. In May of 2000, the BHPAB completed and published Preserving Place: A Resource Manual for Historic Preservation, an informational guide intended to offer suggestions and provide relevant information for individuals interested in under- taking a broad range of historic preservation activities. The Historic Preservation Officer has also been writing monthly historic preservation columns for the Bozeman Dai!J Chronicle since June of 2000. In the coming months the Bozeman Historic Preservation Advisory Board will continue its efforts to encourage the preservation of Bozenian's historic resources. Ongoing efforts to facilitate positive pres- ervation solutions for endangered historic landmarks like the T. Byron Story Mansion at 811 South Willson Avenue and East Willson School at 404 West Main Street will continue. The process of updat- ing Bozeman's Architectural and Historic Inventories, which were last examined in any comprehensive fashion in 1987, will hopefully be completed in 2001. The BHPAB is also now in the process of identi- fying individual properties and entire districts-particularly on the north side of Main Street-for possible listing on the National Register of Historic Places. Appreciation and awareness of Bozeman's historic character, identity, and well-defined sense of place have grown considerably in the last decade. Significant historic restorations and sensitive rehabilitation projects continue to enhance property values, stabilize neighborhoods, and promote tourism within Bozeman's historic core. Historic preservation activities continue to enhance the quality of life in our community. Nelson Story Mansion, comer of 5th and Main, circa 1890 Willson School plqyground, corner of 5th and M ain, 2000 Page 4-23 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 4.9 COMMUNITY CHARACTER GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES 4.9.1 Community Design-Create a community composed of neighborhoods designed for hu- man scale and compatibility in which services and amenities are convenient, visually pleasing, and properly integrated and designed to encourage walking, cycling, and mass transit use. Objective 1. Give all citizens the opportunity to participate in shaping the future of their neigh- borhoods. Implementation Policies: 6, 7, 35, 69 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and sub-area plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 69) Develop and implement regularly scheduled town meetings hosted by the City Manager, City Commission, and senior staff to directly address citizen concerns. Objective 2. Support the blending of housing types, sizes, and styles to encourage a wide variety of housing within each neighborhood in order to encourage a mingling of social and economic classes. Implementation Policies: 3, 24 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. Objective 3. Continue the entryway overlay design review programs to ensure aesthetically pleasing development on major entrances into the community. Implementation Policies: 17, 25 17) Revise existing development design review programs to include objective review criteria. Any new design review programs, for residential and/ or commercial development, should also include objective review criteria. 25) Update the Entryway Corridor Overlay plan to ensure adequate and appropriate review standards that are consistent with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 4. Reinforce the development of functional and visually appealing neighborhoods. Page4-24 Implementation Policies: 6, 7, 26, 38 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and sub-area plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. 26) Continue to support the annual Beautification and Historic Preservation awards and the public recognition and community pride it encourages. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, and related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. Objective 5. Achieve an environment through urban design that creates, maintains, and en- hances the City's industrial, commercial, and institutional areas. Implementation Policies: 27 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. Objective 6. Develop infill within the existing area of the City rather than developing land requiring expansion of the City's area. Implementation Policies: 28, 29 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelop- ment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 29) Use the GIS based land use inventory to identify infill opportunities and share this infor- mation with developers. Objective 7. Achieve an environment through urban design that maintains and enhances the City's visual qualities within neighborhood, community, and regional commercial areas. Implementation Policies: 24, 25, 30, 31 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. 25) Update the Entryway Corridor Overlay plan to ensure adequate and appropriate review standards that are consistent with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 30) Identify and map important viewsheds and ridgelines, and actively work to protect and enhance them. 31) Require adequate public safety lighting while respecting the community desire for a dark sky. Amend the zoning and subdivision ordinances as needed. Objective 8. New neighborhoods will be integral parts of the broader community structure. Implementation Policies: 6, 32, 38 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. Page 4-25 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, and related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 4.9.2 Neighborhood Design-New neighborhoods shall be pedestrian-oriented, contain a vari- ety of housing types and densities, contain parks and other public spaces, and have a commer- cial center and defined boundaries. Objective 1. Require adequate and efficient street lighting in all new neighborhoods to encour- age safety while avoiding light pollution and maintaining energy efficiency. Implementation Policies: 31, 33, 35 31) Require adequate public safety ligHting while respecting the community desire for a dark sky. Amend the zoning and subdivision ordinances as needed. 33) Educate the community regarding the use of street improvement lighting districts for providing public lighting and that the City shall support and facilitate their usage. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. Objective 2. Encourage the preservation and continuing operation of existing neighborhood schools. Implementation Policies: 8, 10, 12, 14 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. 12) Establish a regional planning coordinating committee based on the model of the Trans- portation Coordinating Committee to address planning issues with regional impacts. 14) Pursue state legislative changes as needed to advance the goals, objectives, and commu- nity vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 3. Provide for neighborhood focal points to encourage local identity within the com- munity and provide a place for social interaction. Page4-26 Implementation Policies: 2, 6, 7, 27, 32 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and sub-area plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. Objective 4. Establish minimum residential densities in new and redeveloping residential areas. Implementation Policies: 3 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. Objective 5. A Neighborhood Commercial Center will provide uses to meet consumer demands from surrounding Residential Districts for everyday goods and services, and will be a pedestrian- oriented place that serves as a focal point for the surrounding neighborhoods. Implementation Policies: 1, 6, 32, 38 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, and related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other desti1:ations. Objective 6. Integrate a wide variety of open lands, such as parks, squares, greens, playing fields, natural areas, orchards and gardens, greenways, and other outdoor spaces into neighbor- hoods. Implementation Policies: 2, 6, 7, 27, 32, 34, 38, 39, 56, 57 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and sub-area plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. Page 4-27 Conununity Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 34) As described in Chapter 9, prepare and adopt a new comprehensive plan for parks, recre- ation, open space, and trails for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, and related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 39) Develop and implement reliable and adequate funding mechanisms for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of urban parks, recreation trails, and public open spaces, including, but not limited to, a park maintenance district, general funds, and parkland dedica- tions. 56) Coordinate with landowners to assemble and site community parks, as defined herein, which are centrally located and easily accessible to increase and maximize recreational possi- bilities. 57) Revise local subdivision regulations to support off-site parkland dedication or other means of aggregating parkland. 4. 9 .3 Design Guidelines-Create illustrated design guidelines to give clear direction in design and review of residential and nonresidential neighborhoods without unduly constraining archi- tectural style and innovation. Objective 1. All neighborhood centers shall be designed to include transit stops or areas for future transit stops. Implementation Policies: 3, 36 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 36) Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines to encourage functional, human scale, and attractive development. Objective 2. Develop design guidelines for buildings to emphasize creativity, diversity, and individuality. The design guidelines shall be based on the premise that truly creative design is responsive to its context and contributes to a comfortable, interesting community. Implementation Policies: 27, 36 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 36) Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines to encourage functional, human scale, and attractive development. Objective 3. All new residential buildings should be designed to emphasize the visually interest- ing features of the building, as seen from the public street and sidewalk. The visual impact of garage doors, driveways, and other off-street parking will be minimized and mitigated. Implementation Policies: 3, 17, 36, 37 Page 4-28 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 17) Revise existing development design review programs to include objective review criteria. Any new design review programs, for residential and/ or commercial development, should also include objective review criteria. 36) Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines to encourage functional, human scale, and attractive development. 37) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conser- vation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. Objective 4. Ensure the development of new residential structures that are aesthetically pleas- ing through urban design. Implementation Policies: 3, 17, 36, 37 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 1 7) Revise existing development design review programs to include objective review criteria. Any new design review programs, for residential and/ or commercial development, should also include objective review criteria. 36) Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines to encourage functional, human scale, and attractive development. 37) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conser- vation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. Objective 5. Provide for the protection of character and the enhancement of services in exist- ing residential neighborhoods. Implementation Policies: 6, 7, 24, 37 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and sub-area plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. 37) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conser- vation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. 4.9.4 Public Landscaping and Architecture-Enhance the urban appearance and environment through the use of architectural excellence, landscaping, trees and open space. Objective 1. Provide street trees in all public rights of way to establish a human scale to trans- portation corridors. Page 4-29 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Implementation Policies: 17, 25, 40, 41, 42, 62 1 7) Revise existing development design review programs to include objective review criteria. Any new design review programs, for residential and/ or commercial development, should also include objective review criteria. 25) Update the Entryway Corridor Overlay plan to ensure adequate and appropriate review standards that are consistent with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 40) Work with the Montana Department of Transportation and Gallatin County to develop coordinated public right-of-way landscaping guidelines, including desired tree and grass spe- cies and maintenance. 41) Require the installation of street trees in public rights-of-way in conjunction with devel- opment, including enforcement as necessary. 42) Continue, promote, and expand as needed the City's existing cost share tree planting program. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. Objective 2. Encourage inclusion of plazas and other urban design features as public areas within developments. Implementation Policies: 6, 7, 27, 36 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and sub-area plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 36) Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines to encourage functional, human scale, and attractive development. 4.9.5 Urban Forestry-Enhance the urban appearance, environment, air quality, and general quality of life through the provision of a healthy urban forest. Objective 1. Maintain, manage, and care for the existing urban forest to preserve its many benefits. Page4-30 Implementation Policies: 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 62 40) Work with the Montana Department of Transportation and Gallatin County to develop coordinated public right-of-way landscaping guidelines, including desired tree and grass spe- cies and maintenance. 41) Require the installation of street trees in public rights-of-way in conjunction with devel- opment, including enforcement as necessary. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character 42) Continue, promote, and expand as needed the City's existing cost share tree planting program. 43) Maintain a tree inventory system and incorporate it into the City GIS system, including information on trimming, removal, planting, and tree health status. 44) Prepare and implement a comprehensive urban forest master plan addressing planting, maintenance, and replacement needs. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. Objective 2. Provide for the preservation of existing mature trees and the installation of new landscaping in conjunction with development to continue the development of the urban forest. Implementation Policies: 3, 35, 41, 42, 43 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 41) Require the installation of street trees in public rights-of-way in conjunction with devel- opment, including enforcement as necessary. 42) Continue, promote, and expand as needed the City's existing cost share tree planting program. 43) Maintain a tree inventory system and incorporate it into the City GIS system, including information on trimming, removal, planting, and tree health status. Objective 3. Encourage the use of a variety of species, especially those native to the mountain West, in the urban forest to create a more robust and disease resistant forest. Implementation Policies: 3, 40, 42 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 40) Work with the Montana Department of Transportation and Gallatin County to develop coordinated public right-of-way landscaping guidelines, including desired tree and grass spe- cies and maintenance. 42) Continue, promote, and expand as needed the City's existing cost share tree planting program. 4.9.6 Public Health-Support and promote a holistic approach in protecting community health; recognize that health is impacted by personal, social, financial, and environmental factors such as housing, access to care, transportation, and many others. Page 4-31 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Objective 1. Promote and support good community health by continuing to support the Gallatin City-County Board of Health as a cooperative undertaking between local governing bodies. Implementation Policies: 9, 10, 38 9) Continue to support and participate in existing cooperative intergovernmental groups such as the Transportation Coordinating Committee, Gallatin City-County Board of Health, and the Gallatin Valley Roundtable. 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, and related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. Objective 2. Work with the Environmental Health Services of Gallatin City-County Health Department to reduce environmental hazards and preserve environmental quality in the planning area and throughout the county. Implementation Policies: 2, 4, 5, 12, 53, 60 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified develop- ment impacts. 12) Establish a regional planning coordinating committee based on the model of the Trans- portation Coordinating Committee to address planning issues with regional impacts. 53) Work with the Gallatin Local Water Quality District, Gallatin County, and local water quality groups to organize, promote, fund, and hold an annual household hazardous waste disposal event and work to develop a permanent household hazardous waste disposal facil- ity. 60) Establish public/private partnerships to complete hazard/risk analyses of historic sites and properties and neighborhoods to determine vulnerability and recommend and implement appropriate mitigation. 4.9.7 Arts and Culture- Support public and private arts and cultural opportunities in the com- munity for all persons. Objective 1. Encourage current arts programs and expand opportunities for artists through on- going civic support. Implementation Policies: 48, 62 Page4-32 Bozeman 2020 Co1m:nunity Plan Community Character 48) Sustain the Bozeman Arts Commission and support the Commission's preparation and implementation of a Bozeman Arts and Culture plan. The plan shall address funding, facili- ties, access, event scheduling, arts education and outreach, and expanding arts opportunities. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. Objective 2. Through urban design and city planning, create physical environments where citi- zens and visitors can experience art in their daily lives. Implementation Policies: 49, 50 49) Promote Downtown as the cultural center of Bozeman through support of art in public places, including visual, literary, and performing arts on both public and private property. 50) Incorporate public art in public projects including buildings, parks, recreational facilities, and public service facilities and encourage private development to include art in their projects. Objective 3. Strengthen the number and quality of arts education programs available in Bozeman. Implementation Policies: 48 48) Sustain the Bozeman Arts Commission and support the Commission's preparation and implementation of a Bozeman Arts and Culture plan. The plan shall address funding, facili- ties, access, event scheduling, arts education and outreach, and expanding arts opportunities. Objective 4. Promote artistic endeavors serving broad audiences, involving local artists and fostering multi-cultural artistic expression. Implementation Policies: 49, 50, 51 49) Promote Downtown as the cultural center of Bozeman through support of art in public places, including visual, literary, and performing arts on both public and private property. 50) Incorporate public art in public projects including buildings, parks, recreational facilities, and public service facilities and encourage private development to include art in their projects. 51) Support and facilitate community arts and cultural events such as the Sweet Pea Festival, Christmas Stroll, Lunch on the Lawn, Gallatin County Fair, and the Winter Fair. Objective 5. Expand arts representation in business and civic organizations such as the Cham- ber of Commerce, Gallatin Development Corporation, Convention and Visitors Bureau, and Museum of the Rockies. Implementation Policies: 52 52) In cooperation with other public and private entities, design a long-range plan to promote cultural tourism. 4.9.8 Historic Preservation-Protect historically and culturally significant resources that con- tribute to community identity, history, and quality of life. Objective 1. Maintain and continue to develop the successful historic preservation and educa- tion programs that currently exist. Page 4-33 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Implementation Policies: 3, 35, 54 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 54) Review and evaluate for effectiveness, and if necessary modify, each City program or policy at least every five years. Ensure public participation in the review process. Objective 2. Support the existing Historic Core of Bozeman so that it remains a pleasant and economically viable location to live, work, recreate, and conduct commerce. Implementation Policies: 6, 24, 28, 37, 46, 49, 55, 62 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelop- ment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 37) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conser- vation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. 46) Lobby the state to adopt building codes that are responsive to the unique circumstances of older buildings. 49) Promote Downtown as the cultural center of Bozeman through support of art in public places, including visual, literary, and performing arts on both public and private property. 55) Prepare and implement a neighborhood plan for Downtown to evaluate issues such as parking, traffic circulation, economic development, the economic impacts commercial devel- opment located outside the commercial core has on Downtown, building rehabilitation, ex- pansion of the Downtown business district, increasing building height limits, rehabilitation of Bozeman Creek, and so forth. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. Objective 3. Draft and implement a formal plan or program to facilitate the preservation and/ or rehabilitation of historic sites and neighborhoods. Page4-34 Implementation Policies: 3, 4, 6, 7, 35, 37, 55, 60 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Community Character 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and sub-area plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 3 7) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conser- vation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. 55) Prepare and implement a neighborhood plan for Downtown to evaluate issues such as parking, traffic circulation, economic development, the economic impacts commercial devel- opment located outside the commercial core has on Downtown, building rehabilitation, ex- pansion of the Downtown business district, increasing building height limits, rehabilitation of Bozeman Creek, and so forth. 60) Establish public/private partnerships to complete hazard/risk analyses of historic sites and properties and neighborhoods to determine vulnerability and recommend and implement appropriate mitigation. Objective 4. Ensure that the development of additional areas of the City does not degrade the Historic Core of Bozeman. Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 3 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. Objective 5. Combine historic preservation and economic development so as to encourage owners of historic resources to upgrade and preserve historic properties in a manner that will conserve the integrity of such properties in the best possible condition. Implementation Policies: 6, 26, 28, 35, 37, 49, 52, 55, 60 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. Page 4-35 Community Character Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 26) Continue to support the annual Beautification and Historic Preservation awards and the public recognition and community pride it encourages. 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelop- ment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 37) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conser- vation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. 49) Promote Downtown as the cultural center of Bozeman through support of art in public places, including visual, literary, and performing arts on both public and private property. 52) In cooperation with other public and private entities, design a long-range plan to promote cultural tourism. 55) Prepare and implement a neighborhood plan for Downtown to evaluate issues such as parking, traffic circulation, economic development, the economic impacts commercial devel- opment located outside the commercial core has on Downtown, building rehabilitation, ex- pansion of the Downtown business district, increasing building height limits, rehabilitation of Bozeman Creek, and so forth. 60) Establish public/private partnerships to complete hazard/risk analyses of historic sites and properties and neighborhoods to determine vulnerability and recommend and implement appropriate mitigation. Objective 6. Encourage, through the use of incentives, the resi:oration of historically significant buildings to their original design and/ or materials. Page4-36 Implementation Policies: 3, 18, 26, 28, 37, 46 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 18) Review and evaluate development procedures and requirements and make changes, as needed, to improve predictability, clarity, timeliness, effectiveness, and simplicity, while en- suring adequate review of community and environmental impacts. 26) Continue to support the annual Beautification and Historic Preservation awards and the public recognition and community pride it encourages. 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelop- ment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 3 7) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conser- vation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. 46) Lobby the state to adopt building codes that are responsive to the unique circumstances of older buildings. ~~..; •;11111111,...... 11• ~ 2 0 • 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together CHAPTERS Housing Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 5.0 INTRODUCTION Housing CHAPTERS Housing Bozeman residents value their neighborhoods. Historic residential neighborhoods are located in the older sections of the City, and have become some of the most valuable real estate in the City. More recent housing developments have been constructed primarily in the west, northwest and south sections of the City. When the Bozeman City-County Planning program was still in place for the Bozeman area, rural subdivisions were established in the County to satisfy the demand for a "country style" of life. These have provided the area's citizens with a variety of neighborhoods in which to live. If the community is to prosper, it is essential to address residential issues. Business and industry that consider locating in Bozeman will evaluate the availability of housing for their employees of all salary levels. Of primary importance is to ensure that current and future residents of the community, who come from a diversity of socioeconomic backgrounds, have adequate and quality housing available to them. The quality and availability of housing for all socioeconomic groups reflects on the entire commu- nity and its image. 5.0.1 Number of Housing Units At the time of the 1990 Census, the City of Bozeman contained 9,117 housing units. By the beginning of 2000, this number had grown to 12,026. This is a 31.91 percent increase in the number of dwelling units in the City during the past decade. This substantial increase, along with other growth factors, has placed a heavy burden on local services and infrastructure and significantly altered the City's character. Single-family detached homes have historically, and continue to, comprise the largest category of hous- ing within the City. In 1990, single-family attached homes made up 39.17 percent of the housing stock. In 1999, single-family attached homes made up 39.05 percent of the housing stock. During the past decade, Bozeman's high quality of life, combined with its emergence as a regional shopping and employ- ment center, drove up housing costs and created the need for more affordable housing. As shown in Table 5-1, almost 50 percent of the housing units constructed during the 1990s were multifamily units (duplex, triplex, fourplex, and multifamily). Development of multifamily housing has been good for the City. Because multifamily development is defined by greater density, municipal services are more effi- ciently used, and land is more efficiently used, thus requiring less greenfield land for residential develop- ment. Table 5-1 also shows that the rate of development of mobile homes decreased between 1990 and 2000. This could possibly be attributed to the greater availability of stick-built affordable units, and a negative perception of manufactured homes based on mobile homes of the past. Page 5-1 Housing Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Table 5-1: Number of New Dwelling Units Permitted-1990 and 1999 1990 1999 1990-1999 Number Percent Number Percent Percent Change Single-family 3,571 39.17% 4,696 39.05% 31.50% Townhouse 376 4.12 % 639 5. 3 1 % 69.95% Duplex 966 10.60% 1,322 10.99% 36.85% Triplex/Fourplex 1,375 15.08% 1,898 15 .78% 38 .04% Multifamily 2,134 23.41 % 2,709 22.53% 26.94% Mobile home 554 6.08 % 621 5.16% 12.09% Other 141 1 .55% 141 1.17 % 0.00% Total 9, 11 7 100.0% 12,026 100.0% 31.91% Source: City of Bozeman, Building Department, 2000. Overall, the rate of development in Bozeman has increased substantially during the past decade. As shown in Table 5-2, only 67 building permits were issued in 1990 for new dwelling units. However, in 1999, 499 building permits were issued for new dwelling units. Therefore, 644.78 percent more permits were issued in 1999 than in 1990. Table 5-2: Number of New Dwelling Units Permitted-1990 through 1999 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Total Percent Single-family 50 101 104 139 130 100 11 3 98 135 155 1, 1 25 38.67% Townhouse 0 4 4 38 11 53 52 40 35 26 263 9.04% Duplex 2 20 32 50 38 24 46 48 40 56 356 12.24% Triplex 3 18 6 0 6 21 21 3 6 3 87 2.99% Fourplex 12 28 32 24 1 6 64 24 48 52 136 436 14.99% Multifamily 0 0 0 30 82 160 119 8 60 116 575 19 .77% Mobile home 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 7 51 7 67 2.30% Total 67 171 178 281 283 423 376 252 379 499 2,909 100. 0% Source: City of Bozeman, Building Department, 2000. PageS-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Housing Graph 5-1: Housing Building Permits Issued by Type - 1990, 1995, and 1999 . Mobile home • Multifamily - 4J Fourplex I ~ ~ f-t •1999 -~ Triplex . • 01995 "' u :s 111990 0 :I: Duplex I lJ Townhouse - Single-family I ' ' ' 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Number of Units Source: See Table 5-2. 5.0.2 Size of Housing Units The size of dwelling units has increased since 1990. In 1990, the largest housing size classification category was 2 bedrooms, with 39.95 percent of housing units. By 2000, the largest housing size classi- fication was 3-bedroom, with 47.07 percent of housing units. One interesting statistic shows that 17.26 percent of housing units had 5 or more bedrooms in 1990, but this number dropped to 6.53 percent in 2000. This is largely attributable to the fact that the number of children per household is declining. Table 5-3: Number of Bedrooms in Dwelling Units - 1990 and 2000 1990 2000 No bedrooms 2.99 percent 0.68 percent 1 bedroom 16.73 percent 2.25 percent 2 bedrooms 39.95 percent 21.40 percent 3 bedrooms 23.07 percent 47.07 percent 4 bedrooms 13.28 percent 22.07 percent 5 or more bedrooms 17.26 percent 6.53 percent Source: 1990, U.S. Census of Population and Housing, U.S. Census Bureau. 2000, Bozeman 2020 Co,nmunity Plan, Community Characteristic and Opinion Surory, October 1999. Page 5-3 Housing Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Graph 5-2: Number of Bedrooms in Housing Units-1990 and 2000 E "0 ' ~ Ill ..i:...Ill 0 Q .c .. . § z 5 or more bedrooms 4 bedrooms 3 bedrooms 2 bedrooms 1 bedroom No bedrooms Source: See Table 5-3. 5.0.3 Tenure 0 10 20 30 Percentage 40 50 •2000 Iii 1990 According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 1990 40.2 percent of households rented their home and 59.8 percent of households owned their home. According to the 1997 City of Bozeman Community Needs Assessment, 65 percent of households owned their homes and 35 percent of households rented their homes. Therefore, the rate of homeownership has increased during the past decade. Bozeman has a high rate of rentership, compared to other communities, because of the large college student population. The 1997 City of Bozeman Community Needs Assessment estimated that approximately 10 percent of the City's population shares a housing unit with unrelated persons. 5.0.4 Age of Housing Units The largest percentage of homes (2,906 homes or 24.16 percent) in Bozeman was constructed between 1990 and 2000. The second largest percentage of homes (2,231 homes or 18.55 percent) was con- structed during the population boom of the 1970s. Finally, the third largest percentage of homes (2,079 or 17.29 percent) was constructed before 1939. Because most of Bozeman's housing stock was con- structed during the past 30 years, the general condition of housing is very good. However, Bozeman's older housing stock is also in very good condition. This is attributable to the fact that the homes in Bozeman's older areas have received a considerable amount of rehabilitation and reivestment in the past decade due the desirability of the neighborhoods. PageS-4 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Table 5-4: Year Dwelling Units Were Constructed 1939 or earlier 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 Number 2,079 706 1,057 1,300 2,231 1,744 Percentage 17.29% 5.90% 8.79% 10.81% 18.55% 14.50% Source: 1939-1990, U.S. Census of Population and Housing, U.S. Census Bureau. City of Bozeman, Building Department, 2000. Graph 5-3: Year Dwelling Units Were Constructed Source: See Table 54. 1990-2000 23% 1980-1989 15% 1970-1979 19% 5.0.5 Duration of Occupancy in Housing Unit 1939 or earlier 17% 1940-1949 6% 1950-1959 9% 1960-1969 11 % Housing 90-00 Total 2,906 12,026 24.16% 100.00% There is a common misperception that the Bozeman population is constantly moving around from one housing unit to another. The fact that a substantial portion of the City's residents are university students, and are highly mobile, contributes to this perception. However, the 1999 Community Characteristic and Opinion Survey showed that 35.85 percent of households have been in the same unit for more than 10 years. According to the 1999 Community Characteristic and Opinion Survey, most households (59.95 percent) occupied another housing unit in Bozeman before they moved into their currently housing unit. How- ever, the second largest percentage of households (21.78 percent) lived in a housing unit in another state before they moved into their current dwelling unit. This underscores the reality that many people and families are moving to Bozeman from other states on a regular basis. Page 5-5 Housing Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Graph 5-4: Length of Time in Current Dwelling Unit More than 10 years 152 households 6to 10years 61 households 14.39 percent 1 year or less 57 households 13.44 percent 25.47 percent Source: City of Boztman Community Characteristic and Opinion Survry, October 1999. Graph 5-5: Location of Previous Housing Unit Another State 93 households 21. 78 percent Montana, not Gallatin County 31 households 7 .26 percent Gallatin County, not Bozeman 47 households 11.01 percent City of Bozeman 256 households 59.95 percent Source: City of Bozeman Community Characteristic and Opinion Survl!J, October 1999. 5.1 HOUSING AFFORDABILITY 5.1.1 Value of Housing Units As shown in Table 5-5, the cost of housing in Bozeman (including housing values and rent costs) has been steadily and precipitously rising since 1990. In 1990, the median resale value of a housing unit in Bozeman was $68,000. However, by the beginning of 2000, the median resale value of a housing unit was $132,286. Therefore, the price of homes in Bozeman has nearly doubled in the span of one decade. In fact, a March 2000 report from the Southwest Montana Multiple Listing Service (MLS) seems to indicate that housing resale values are even higher than indicated in the Community Characteristic and Opinion Survey. The MLS found that in 1999 the average sale price for a home in Bozeman was $137,325. Page 5-6 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Housing Table 5-5: Housing Values-1990 and 2000 1990 2000 Less than $49,999 14.07 percent 6.8 percent $50,000 - $99,999 73 .78 percent 13.64 percent - $100,000 - $149,999 8.61 percent 55.08 percent $150,000 - $199,999 2.24 percent 20.32 percent $200,000 - $249,999 0.51 percent 4.81 percent $250,000 - $299,999 0.67 percent 3.48 percent $300,000 - $499,999 0.12 percent 1.60 percent $500,000 or more 0.0 percent 0.27 percent Median value $68,800 $132,286 Source: 1990, U.S. Census ef Population and Housing, U.S. Census Bureau. 2000, Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, Community Characteristic and Opinion Survey, October 1999. Graph 5-6: Resale Value of Housing Units in Bozeman-1990 and 2000 80 -.--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 70 t 50 C ---1990 <U 40 <~ U --2000 p., 20 10 Vnluc Source: See Table 5-5. 5.1.2 Monthly Contract Rents As shown in Table 5-7 and Graph 5-8, monthly contract rents have increased significantly since 1990. In 1990, the median monthly contract rent amount was $295. By 1997, this number had risen to $470 per month. This is nearly a 60 percent increase. Page 5-7 Housing T a bl e 5 - 6 : M on thl LV C ontract R ent 1990 Less than $300 52.13 percent $301 - $400 31.18 percent $401 - $500 11 .36 percent $501 - $600 3.58 percent $601 - $700 1.35 percent $701 - $1,000 0.31 percent More than $1,000 0.10 percent Median monthly rent $295 Source: 1990, U.S. Census of Population and Housing, U.S. Census Bureau. 199 7, City of Bozeman, Community Needs Assessment, January 1998. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan C osts-1990 an d 1997 1997 31 percent 12 percent 10 percent 15 percent 9 percent 19 percent 4 percent $470 Graph 5-7: Monthly Contract Rent Amounts-1990 and 1997 More than $1,000 $701 - $1,000 $601 - $700 $501 - $600 $401 - $500 $301 - $400 Less than $300 0 10 Source: See Table 5-6. 20 30 40 Percentage 50 60 •1997 ii 1990 The affordability of housing is determined by the percentage of gross income a household spends for housing. Housing is considered not affordable if the cost is more than 30 percent of gross household income. Cost includes rent and utilities, or, if housing is owned, principal, interest, taxes, and insurance. PageS-8 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Housing In Gallatin County, the following income levels, adjusted for family size, are considered very low and low income: Table 5-7: Low and Very Low Income in Gallatin County Family Size 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Very low income $14,200 $16,250 $18,250 $20,300 $21,900 $23,550 $25,150 $26,800 Low income $22,750 $26,000 $29,250 $32,500 $35,100 $37,700 $40,250 $42,850 Source: City of Bozeman, Co,nmunity Needs Assessment, January 1998. The 1997 City of Bozeman Needs Assessment found that 20 percent of Bozeman households fall within the low or very low-income categories. The purchase value of homes increased by 48.6 percent between 1990 and 2000, and median contract rent amounts increased by 59 .3 percent between 1990 and 1997. Yet median household income in Bozeman only rose 15 percent between 1990 and 2000. Income levels are not keeping up with the cost of housing in the City, and this is having a serious impact on the quality of life of many of the City's residents. Residents who have difficulty finding suitable housing in Bozeman frequently cite the lack of affordable housing for both purchase and rent. High moving costs and rent/ security deposits are also barriers. People who have been unable to qualify to purchase a home most often attribute it to a bad credit history, not enough income, too much debt, and an insufficient downpayment. 5.1.3 Homelessness Homelessness is increasing in communities throughout the nation. Once largely identified as an urban issue, homelessness has now extended to suburban and rural areas like Bozeman. Factors increasingly contributing to homelessness are increases in the cost of living and the deinstitutionalization of patients with emotional disabilities, untreated mental illness, and substance abuse problems. During the spring of 2000, the Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services conducted a survey of the homeless population in larger communities in the state, including Billings, Bozeman, Great Falls, Helena, and Missoula. This survey identified 1,318 homeless individuals (sum of individuals and family members). There were 779 individuals and 539 family members included in the surveyed sample. Missoula had the largest homeless population with approximately 500 individuals, followed by Billings with nearly 200 individuals, and then Bozeman with nearly 160 individuals. Bozeman was unique in that most of the homeless are part of a homeless family rather than individuals. Thirty-eight percent of the respondents live in shelters, and the remaining sixty-two percent indicated "other location." Twenty-eight percent indicate that they have a "permanent and safe place to live," while seventy-four percent live away from and without family. Despite a sizeable homeless population, Bozeman currently does not have a homeless shelter. Currently, the homeless in Bozeman must be bussed to Billings and/ or Butte, cities that do have homeless shelters, to find shelter. The City of Bozeman should support public and/ or private efforts to site and operate a homeless shelter in Bozeman. Page 5-9 Housing Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 5.2 SPECIAL NEEDS POPULATIONS Special consideration must be given to housing for disabled persons living in the community. The Uni- form Building Code already contains an extensive set of standards for accessible dwelling units. There is a need for the development of more accessible housing. Advocates for the disabled have pointed out that more single-person housing units are needed within the City. Housing for the disabled is most convenient and accessible when developed near service centers within the City (example, Downtown Bozeman). Finally, consideration must be given to the physical surroundings of housing for the disabled. For example, the neighborhood should have up-to-date and well-maintained sidewalks and curb ramps. Special consideration must also be given to the needs of elderly residents of the City. As our population ages, this will increasingly become an issue that demands attention. Housing should be developed with an eye towards "life-cycle" housing, or housing that can comfortably and safely accommodate a wide range of age groups and abilities. As the City's population ages, the need for smaller housing units that require less maintenance can be expected to increase. A variety of housing options could accommodate this demand, ranging from duplex condominiums to multifamily apartment buildings. The 1997 City of Bozeman Community Needs Assessment found that approximately 1,900 residents of the community currently require assisted living. Assisted living is described as living independently, but needing help with bathing, cooking, laundry, medication, and household chores. Of these, 1,265 have found assisted living care, and the other 635 are still in need of care. The Community Needs Assessment also found that an additional'l,580 people would need assisted living care 1998 through 2002. The trend for assisted living ser- vices can be expected to continue in the future. A center-based land use pattern will provide greater ac- cess to services and employment to the disabled and aged. Center-based land use and high-density develop- ment will also support community-wide public transpor- tation, which would benefit the disabled and elderly. 5.3 RENTAL VACANCY RATE Apartment building on South Black Page 5-10 Spring Meadows assisted livingfacility According to the 1990 U.S. Census of Popula- tion and Housing, the local rental vacancy rate was approximately 4 percent in 1990. The 1997 City of Bozeman Community Needs Assessment found that the vacancy rate was approximately 5 percent for higher-end units in 1997. However, the vacancy rate for subsidized units was O to 2 percent. Lower cost units available for tenant- based rent assistance are still in short supply. The greatest need for low-income renters was the lack of rent assistance vouchers and certificates. Bozeman 2020 Conununity Plan Housing 5.4 DISPLACEMENT Housing markets with resident displacement are usually characterized by one of two situations. First, displacement may result in a market where a significant differential in prices exists within a relatively short commuting distance, making it more attractive to live outside the community in which a family works. This type of displacement typifies Bozeman as more and more families choose to live outside Bozeman, in place like Gallatin Gateway and Belgrade, and commute to Bozeman for work. Displacement can also occur when an influx of money from outside the community raises the prices of existing units, causing demolition of existing housing units to building newer, larger housing units or other types of development such as commercial. This type of displacement typically occurs in a market in which a particular amenity, such as proximity to Downtown, makes locations that previously housed existing residents highly desirable to newcomers. This type of displacement occurs in Bozeman, but not yet as much as the first type of displacement described above. Displacement adds to the higher cost of land within the City due to the increased traffic congestion. In a standard simplified economic model of land pricing in urbanizing areas, land pricing (not housing unit pricing) is a function of proximity to the employment center and the distance to the edge of the urban area. Those who work at the employment center trade the advantage of land price for commuting. Land pricing per square foot at the center is high; at the edge the square foot price sinks to almost rural use value. In practical terms, a square foot of land in Downtown Bozeman costs more than a square foot in Belgrade. As congestion rises, the commute time also influences land prices. This does not affect the price of land at the edge, but the price at the center increases. If it is assumed that all development must occur within the given range from center to edge, then land prices in the center will force more intense utilization. For living units to stay within the average workers' price range, housing must take up less land (occupy the land at higher densities). If Bozeman retains importance as a center of employment, wages will need to rise to compensate for higher housing costs. Rising land prices in Bozeman, combined with labor supply-driven growth, will produce the need for more attached and multifamily units. As congestion drives up land prices in Bozeman at a faster rate than incomes, it will cost more to enter the home buying market, thus raising the age and income level for purchasing single-family homes. 5.5 IMPACTS OF MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY STUDENT BODY ON HOUSING The presence of Montana State University, with nearly 12,000 students, has a tremendous impact on the housing market in Bozeman. Of particular concern is the fact that many students are in the lower cost rental market, and compete with nonstudent low-income residents for housing. Several trends in student housing are impacting the City's housing supply. First, data from the 1990s indicate that students are increasingly wanting to live off-campus rather than in campus housing (dormitories and graduate/ family housing units). Second, the university's nontraditional student population has declined during the past decade. This population includes older students, married students and/ or students with children. Non- traditional students typically occupy the graduate/family housing units on campus. Page 5-11 Housing Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Due to these two trends, the university is increasingly having difficulties keeping on-campus housing units full. During the Fall of 1990, the university had 3,056 spaces (or beds) available in the campus dormitories, 2,560 of which were occupied. This resulted in an 83.8 percent occupancy rate. By the Fall of 2000, the university had 3,261 dormitory spaces and 2,643 were full for an occupancy rate of 81.0 percent. During the Fall of 1990, the university had 656 graduate/ family housing units. Of that, 645 or 98.3 percent were occupied. By the Fall of 2000, the university had 704 graduate/family housing units. Of those units, 628 or 89.2 percent were occupied. Apartments near MSU, an alternative to on-campus housing 5.6 HOUSING SUMMARY The City should continue to work with MSU to keep apprised of the housing needs of the MSU student body, and to ensure that the housing needs of students are being met in the community-either on campus or off. When making decisions regarding housing, the City should balance the demands of low-cost housing for students with the needs of other low-income groups. The future preparation of an Affordable Housing Study or Plan should more closely and quantitatively exam- ine the impact students have on the supply, demand, and cost of he.using within the City. As stated in Chapter 3, the City of Bozeman will have approximately 20,260 households by 2020, and will need a corresponding number of housing units to accommodate these households. It can be expected that single-family attached homes, and a variety of multifamily homes, will be developed at an increasing rate in the future. This phenomenon would be driven by several factors. First, as the popula- tion ages, the development of multifamily units that re- quire less maintenance and are more energy efficient can be expected to increase. Second, demographic changes indicate that there will be more smaller, nontraditional households that require lower-cost, more convenient, and easier-to-maintain housing. Third, multifamily hous- ing units more efficiently use City services, and there- fore are less expensive to serve. Fourth, multifamily More singlefamzjy, attached units are expected in the future housing consumes less raw ground to provide the same number of units, therefore curbing the conver- sion of greenfields to urban development. Finally, the cost of land in the City of Bozeman will increas- ingly make multifamily housing more attractive to developers. No one would argue against the fact that the City of Bozeman has an affordable housing problem. Statistics clearly show that average wages have not kept pace with the local cost of living. Housing prices have risen faster than the prevailing wage and other sectors of the economy. The lack of adequate affordable housing is having deleterious impacts on the community. The social fabric of the City is threatened by a lack of socioeconomic diversity as individuals and families are displaced outside the Page 5-12 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Housing City. In addition, the transportation impacts of workers commuting into the City from outlying areas are exacerbating traffic conditions. Housing affordability is a complex issue that will likely require equally complex solutions. These types of complex solutions are beyond the scope of this document. However, this plan will recommend that the issue be studied, that a range of options be thoroughly examined, and that feasible solutions be pursued and implemented. This sequence of actions could, and will likely, end up in the creation of a separate housing plan for the City. However, this plan does contain a number of goals, objectives, and policies that represent a more general but comprehensive view of housing availability and affordibility. For example, the development of cen- ter-oriented neighborhoods, where shopping and work opportunities are within walking or cycling proximity to housing, would decrease dependence on automo- biles. Automobiles often represent the second largest expenditure for a family, after housing costs. This plan also advocates the eventual development of a com- munity-wide public transportation system, and the housing densities necessary to support transit. Public Affordable housing, like this HRDC land trust home, is needed transportation would address affordability issues by again reducing reliance of automobiles. Finally, this plan also recommends a more liberal allowance for accessory dwelling units (ADUs) or "granny flats." This would have two beneficial results. First, homeowners could augment their income with rental income. Second, a supply of small and efficient housing units would be created. The main focus of housing goals in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is to maintain and improve existing neighborhoods, and to provide a variety of quality housing of all types to meet the needs of the various socioeconomic groups that live in the community. New or established neighborhoods should create a sense of community and a pleasant living environment for Bozeman residents. It is the respon- sibility of not only local government, but also financial institutions, private and public organizations, and the general public to work together to understand the housing needs of all residents and to ensure that everyone in the community has the opportunity to live in housing which is both affordable and of a high quality. 5.7 HOUSING GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES 5.7.1 Housing-Promote an adequate supply of safe housing that is diverse in type, density, and location, with a special emphasis on maintaining neighborhood character and stability. Objective 1. Encourage and support the construction of a broad range of housing types in proximity to services and transportation options. Implementation Policies: 2, 3, 6, 20, 27, 28, 29, 32, 47, 103 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. Page 5-13 Housing Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 20) Implement and maintain a land inventory system to track the size and development of the City. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelop- ment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 29) Use the GIS based land use inventory to identify infill opportunities and share this infor- mation with developers. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 4 7) Ensure that the zoning ordinance provides for both minimum and maximum residential uensttles. ,.1 • • 103) The City shall support private and/ or public efforts to site and operate a homeless shelter in Bozeman. Objective 2. Provide an adequate supply of affordable housing and land for affordable housing. Page 5-14 Implementation Policies: 2, 3, 28, 29, 45, 47, 62, 103 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelop- ment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 29) Use the GIS based land use inventory to identify infill opportunities and share this infor- mation with developers. 45) Conduct an affordable housing needs assessment at least every five years, and prepare and implement an affordable housing strategic plan. 4 7) Ensure that the zoning ordinance provides for both minimum and maximum residential densities. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Housing 103) The City shall support private and/ or public efforts to site and operate a homeless shelter in Bozeman. Objective 3. Encourage the preservation and rehabilitation of the existing housing stock to protect the health, safety, and welfare of Bozeman residents. Implementation Policies: 6, 24, 37, 46 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. 3 7) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conser- vation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. 46) Lobby the state to adopt building codes that are responsive to the unique circumstances of older buildings. Objective 4. Promote the construction of a wide variety of housing types to meet the wide range of residential needs of Bozeman residents. Implementation Policies: 3, 6, 32, 47, 103 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 47) Ensure that the zoning ordinance provides for both minimum and maximum residential densities. 103) The City shall support private and/ or public efforts to site and operate a homeless shelter in Bozeman. Objective 5. Encourage socially and economically diverse neighborhoods, which are preferable to ethnic or economic groupings that often lead to other forms of discrimination and service disparity. Implementation Policies: 3, 6, 24, 27 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. Page 5-15 Housing Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. Objective 6. Promote energy efficiency in new and existing housing. Implementation Policies: 6, 38, 47, 62 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, and related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 4 7) Ensure that the zoning ordinance provides for both minimum and maximum residential densities. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. Objective 7. Support infill development and the preservation of existing affordable housing and encourage the construction of additional affordable housing in new infill developments. Implementation Policies: 3, 9, 24, 28, 29, 46 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 9) Continue to support and participate in existing cooperative intergovernmental groups such as the Transportation Coordinating Committee, Gallatin City-County Board of Health, and the Gallatin Valley Round table. 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelop- ment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 29) Use the GIS based land use inventory to identify infill opportunities and share this infor- mation with developers. 46) Lobby the state to adopt building codes that are responsive to the unique circumstances of older buildings. Page 5-16 .. ~~..,, .., •:11tlllllill. 2 0 • 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together CHAPTER6 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 6.0 INTRODUCTION Land Use CHAPTER6 Land Use The land use patterns, policies, and concepts discussed in this chapter apply to the area shown on Figure 2-1, which is referred to as the Planning Area. This area covers 24,512 acres, of which 8,310 are located within the municipal boundaries of Bozeman. Areas outside of the legal City limits, which change from time to time with annexations, are shown to inform private and public parties of the desired patterns for development as the City grows. Until lands are within the legal municipal boundaries, any land use designations shown are advisory in nature and are not binding. In areas of County jurisdiction, the County Commission retains final authority for approval or denial of projects. It is hoped that the process of looking outside the City and to the future will facilitate City-County cooperation in land use planning and related issues and will provide a greater level of predictability to landowners and interested parties. 6.0.1 Past Land Use Patterns A land use pattern is the cumulative result of many private and public decisions interacting with the geography of a certain place. Bozeman's land use pattern has been a dynamic and developing work in progress since the first settler arrived. Even though development has been subject to change, certain basic organizing principles are evident. For many years, the development of Bozeman revolved around the commercial core of Main Street and later included the industrial core established around the railroad yard. This pattern was influenced by many factors: the need for services and employment within a reasonable travel distance when foot or horse was the principal means of transportation, the desire of businesses to be in close proximity to the existing customer concentrations, desire for physical protection during the initial settlement period, and the street and block pattern established by the founders of Bozeman when they Historic mixed-use building in D011111town Bozeman, 2001 initially platted the land. This pattern has served well for many years and has helped to maintain a desirable and vigorous Historic Core to the City. This "center-based" development pattern was also utilized in many other cities across the nation. There has been a resurgence of interest in having new development follow this historic pattern while being aware and responsive to current demographic trends, building materials and styles, and other changes in circumstances. With the development of the personal automobile, new opportunities for travel became available to the common person. A private car allowed each person to move significant distances over a short period of Page 6-1 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan time. This new mobility helped to create commercial corridors rather than centers as businesses sought to expand or relocate to less expensive land on the edges of town. The natural desire of business persons for highly visible locations created shallow development along principal streets which carried significant amounts of traffic. As the pattern continued, it became less and less feasible to visit these expanding commercial areas by non-automotive means. This pattern was exacerbated by the development of the interstate highway system. As the highway was established along the outskirts of town, businesses seeking to draw customers from the passing vehicles located along the connecting streets. East Main Street and North Seventh Avenue show this in the concentrations of motels located in close proximity to the interchanges. Bozeman is now comprised of both land use Interstate 90 cuts through the north part of the Ciry patterns. The Historic Core area of the City remains largely oriented to the Downtown commercial area. Most major streets in the City have some level of commercial development, although some prominent areas retain their residential character. Once established on the ground through construction of buildings, land use patterns are difficult to significantly modify. Bozeman's land use pattern has been under development for over 130 years through both public and private actions. Although the possibility of modifying the existing land use pattern does exist, it would require significant time and financial expenditures. Future land use decisions will need to be made in this context. 6.1 VISION A growth policy is an opportunity for the cltlzens of a community to investigate and quantify their current circumstances and to think about what they as a community would like to achieve. The process of defining a commonly held vision of a community allows for more informed and effective decision making. The community vision provides a standard against which proposed actions and priorities can be measured. While it is seldom that all community members agree on all aspects of what they would like their community to be, the process of discussion and evaluation of alternatives provides a valuable opportunity to citizens of a community. From the general vision of the community, more specific goals, objectives, and policies may be crafted to guide future actions. 6.1.1 Goals and Objectives The land use policies of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan are the final result of a long series of public outreach efforts. Beginning in October 1999 a series of surveys, open houses, focus groups, speakers bureau, and other methods were utilized to identify community concerns, priorities, and desires. Based on this input, as well as the requirements of law, planning practice, and personal experience, a series of goals were developed by the Planning Board that identified their understanding of what the public would like Bozeman to be in twenty years. Public comment was repeatedly sought on drafts of the goals during their preparation. The purpose, mission statement, and guiding principles of the overall plan are contained Page6-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use in the introduction to the plan. Appendix C of the plan contains a summary of the public participation process for this plan. A common theme which emerged is the desire for Bozeman to remain a friendly and aesthetically pleasing location in which to live and work. Coupled with this desire is a wish to preserve the sense of caring and community embodied in events such as the Christmas Stroll and Sweet Pea Festival and in the private interactions of neighbors. There are six basic ideas which form a foundation for many of the land use policies of the 2020 Plan: Centers. The first idea is for a renewal of a pattern of community development which is oriented on centers rather than along corridors. A corollary principle is for compact development. Focusing commercial activities into mutually reinforcing centralized areas enables each business to take advantage of the presence of customers and employees of other businesses. It enables greater convenience for people with shorter travel distances to a wide range of businesses and the opportunity to accomplish several tasks with a single trip. This can facilitate the use of transportation alternatives to single occupant motor vehicles and a corresponding reduction in traffic and road congestion and air quality impacts. A central location enables greater access to employment, services, and recreation with a reduced dependence on the automobile, greater efficiencies in delivery of public services, and corresponding cost savings in both personal and commercial applications. The center-based concept does not require less land for actual business activities but does change the shape of the commercial areas. The center-based development pattern is supported in this plan by locating centers at the intersection of arterial and collector streets. Such locations allow not only immediately adjacent residents but also passing travelers to support the commercial activities. The centers are further supported through careful location of higher density housing in a fashion that provides support for commercial operations while providing amenities to residents. Neighborhoods. The second basic idea, neighborhoods, is closely related to the centers concept. The public comment process, especially the charrette, provided a sense of strong community support and interest in both the preservation of existing neighborhoods and seeing new development be part of a larger whole rather than just anonymous subdivisions. This idea includes the strengthening and support of existing neighborhoods through adequate infrastructure maintenance and other Parks, such as Beall Park, are often the focal point for neighborhoods actions. As the population of Bozeman grows, it becomes harder to keep the same "small town" feel simply because residents cannot be on familiar terms with everyone. The neighborhood unit can help provide the sense of familiarity and intimacy which can be lacking in larger communities. The neighborhood commercial/activity center and local parks provide opportunities to casually interact with other nearby residents. Page6-3 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Sense of Place. The third idea builds on the first two ideas. It was strongly felt that part of the appeal of Bozeman is that it has a distinct character that makes it different from everywhere else. A portion of this character relates to the natural setting of the town. A portion of Bozeman's character is also the sense of place created by the built landmarks such as Downtown and MSU. The preservation of a sense of Bozeman being a unique place rather than Anywhere, USA is the third idea. This concept was strongly expressed during the public outreach conducted for this planning process, especially at the charrette. The existing Downtown business core was the overwhelming choice for the location which best represented the "heart" of Bozeman. If Bozeman's individual identity is to continue, in the future, a significant need is to preserve and strengthen the unique features and built environment comprising those elements of the community that give a sense of place. The incorporation of features which provide organization and landmarks, such as parks and commercial centers, in new development will help to extend this sense of place as Bozeman grows. The sense of place will be strengthened through development which fills in existing gaps in the City and helps to reinforce the compact pattern of historic Bozeman. Integration of Action. The fourth basic idea is that land use policy should be integrated with and supported by all other City policies and programs, including facility planning and construction for services such as wastewater and transportation. This concept will help ensure that the community objectives identified through this plan, developed through the most extensive public participation program undertaken by the City, govern City actions. The implication of this is that capital improvements, maintenance programs, and plan implementation tools should be regularly evaluated for their compliance with the goals and objectives of this plan. This level of integration is intended to prevent contradictory actions. By ensuring a consistent set of guiding principles, the City will be able to provide a higher level of service to its citizens, minimize contradictory or conflicting policies which waste financial and other resources, and enable a more equitable evaluation of public stewardships. Natural Amenities. Bozeman is fortunate to be located in a beautiful natural environment. The natural amenities surrounding Bozeman are a significant component of the high quality of life and support the economy. As Bozeman changes and grows, opportunities to carefully integrate development with natural features such as streams will arise. Ensuring that development is responsive to the natural amenities will help to keep Bozeman beautiful and vibrant. East Catrrm Creek flows through Rose Park Urban Density. Although Bozeman provides a wide range of housing styles, types, and densities, it does not provide every option. Bozeman is a city, and the housing densities are not those of the rural areas of Gallatin County. Fundamental to the efficient and cost-effective provision of urban services, multi-modal transportation oriented development, and a compact development pattern is a concentration of persons and activities. The desired density of development must also be balanced against community character, parks and open spaces, and the desired housing choices of citizens. Page6-4 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use 6.1.2 Land Use Principles Drawing on the six basic ideas discussed above, several land use concepts were used to prepare the land use designations and map. These concepts are Development should be based on neighborhoods, including commercial neighborhoods. Neighborhoods should have easily identified centers and edges. Neighborhoods should be reasonably compact and serve a variety of housing needs. Transportation systems should support the desired land use pattern and be interconnected multi- modal networks (e.g. bikes, walking, transit, automobiles) rather than focusing solely on automobiles. A diverse mix of activities should occur within proximity to each other, but not necessarily have everything happening everywhere. Open spaces, including parks, trails, and other gathering places, should be in convenient locations. Development should be integrated into neighborhoods and the larger community rather than as a series of unconnected stand alone projects. A variety of housing and employment opportunities is important. Land development should be compatible with and further other community goals. The needs of new and existing development must coexist and remain in balance. Land use designations must respond to a broad range of factors, including natural constraints, economic constraints, and other community priorities. Infill development which encourages the efficient utilization of land and existing infrastructure systems is preferred. Future development patterns should not be detrimental to the existing community, with special attention to be given to the support of the existing Historic Core and Downtown of the community. The realization of these principles will require more than just a land use map but must transcend the land use map and guide a variety of implementation tools. One land use idea which has been widely discussed in recent years, and is incorporated in this plan, is the idea of mixed uses. The term has been utilized in the context of many different developments and its meaning needs to be defined as it applies to Bozeman and this plan. Broadly defined, mixed use is a pattern or method of development that incorporates, in a mutually supportive manner, more than one land use, density or type of housing, or development character. The mixing of uses may be accomplished at several levels. The first and most general level is contained in Figure 6-2, in which the placement of commercial nodes rather than strips allows for a diversity of activities within an area. Such a broad pattern ensures the mixing of uses at a community scale with a variety of uses within a comparatively short travel distance of each other. The second level is incorporated into the project design level through implementation tools such as zoning. For many years a rigid interpretation and application of some zoning concepts has created across the country large areas of development with only one land use or a few very similar uses. The original purpose of zoning was to segregate hazardous or detrimental activities from other uses in the community. Changes in technology and methods of mitigation have removed some of the most obvious concerns while creating opportunities Page6-5 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan for the mingling of complementary activities. For example, improvements in manufacturing technology have reduced exposure to certain hazards, and the invention of personal computers has made it possible to conduct a significant amount of employment activity at home. Therefore, mixed use can also include the development of projects that mingle different housing densities or types; single buildings with both employment and residential areas; and areas of different uses that are coordinated and linked with transportation features, architectural characteristics, or other unifying features. It is the intent of this plan to support a broad definition of mixed use without mandating specific details which may quickly become outdated. The current zoning ordinance provides several opportunities for such project level mixing of uses. Mixed uses, as defined above in the broadest sense, are considered to be desirable. They can be supportive of efficient transportation, encourage the provision of a wide variety of housing types to meet the broad range of community residential needs, reduce costs of living, and provide an interesting urban environment. The more project-specific implementation of mixed uses is also considered to be generally desirable. However, the degree that uses or densities will be combined is likely to vary from project to project. The more specific implementation requires careful crafting and examination to ensure adequate provision of services, avoidance of conflict between activities, and integration with any adjacent development. The majority of these issues are addressed through the zoning and subdivision review processes. Issues relating to conflicts between uses are commonly addressed through the site plan review process. The City should revise the zoning ordinance to enable and support mixed-use development. Any mandatory elements that may be established by ordinance should be carefully devised and limited to ensure basic principles are met without stifling creativity or being excessively prescriptive. The Baxter Hotel in Downtown Bozeman combines restaurant, office, and residential uses Some areas of the City are currently occupied by a mix of uses due to the changes of development and land use needs over the 100 plus year history of Bozeman. These areas may serve as examples where the benefits and pitfalls of mixed uses may be examined. Under the current zoning mechanims of the City, the Historic Mixed Use district may, in appropriate circumstances, be utilized to provide for a balancing of the varied land uses in these traditionally mixed use areas. 6.1.3 Neighborhood and Subarea Plans To further the purposes of community planning described in Sections 1.1 and 2.3.1, state law authorizes the preparation of "neighborhood plans." These plans are prepared for a portion of the entire community area and must be in conformance with the overall growth policy of the City. These smaller plans allow the investigation of more detailed issues which would be burdensome to examine in a community wide planning process. Because of the difference in scale between a Citywide growth policy and the "neighborhood plans," the smaller-scale plans will rely on the basic background information prepared for the overall community growth policy such as population projections and the discussion of development trends. Therefore, it is expected that the time and effort required to prepare a neighborhood plan would be significantly less than for a community-wide plan. Page6-6 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Neighborhood and Subarea plans allow for a greater degree of citizen participation in planning efforts which will directly influence their place of residence or work. The smaller scale of plans allows local land owners, residents, and others most affected by the finer detail of the neighborhood plan a greater autonomy than would be likely if the fine level details were determined as part of a community wide plan. The neighborhood or Subarea plan will provide a context to evaluate development proposals and the connections through them and to the surrounding community. The principal focus is expected to be on a finer grained land use pattern, parks and trail locations, and other land use concerns rather than on substantial policy requirements. Neighborhood and Subarea plans are similar in use to community-wide growth policies, in that they establish guidelines to development. It is recognized that there are many different specific development proposals which can comply with those guidelines. Land Use N. 19th A-..·cuu\'/Oak Stn-el Corridor Master Phm (.'ii,. 111 &-wnrnn, ,.,..,..., .... C<>tao<~ oH;ull>,Un . .\l,1<1l1Uu. The N. 19th/ Oak Street Plan is a subarea plan Although the process and preparation will remain largely the same, two different terms are used in this discussion, neighborhood plan and Subarea plan. The chief distinction between the two terms is that neighborhood plans refer to plans for relatively small areas which have largely been developed, over 50 percent built out as measured by the number or area of occupied developable parcels. Subarea plans refer to plans applying to largely undeveloped land, less than 50 percent built out as measured by the number or area of occupied developable parcels. Since neighborhood plans apply to developed areas, there is less of an opportunity to alter an existing land use pattern. Therefore, the creation of neighborhood plans is optional and provides a tool for neighborhood cooperation to focus on improvements to primarily existing conditions. A Subarea plan is intended for areas where there is still a significant opportunity to shape a desired land use pattern and coordinate between existing and/ or future developments. Areas of special concern for coordination are parks, trails, roadways, and utilities. A neighborhood plan should extend over an area of at least 160 acres, while a minimum area of 640 acres is preferred for Subarea plans. The preparation of a specialized plan may be initiated by the Planning Board, City Commission, or the landowners. By state law the preparation of a growth policy is the responsibility of the Planning Board. Consequently, the development of a specialized plan must involve representatives of the Planning Board. The preparation of the neighborhood and Subarea plans therefore becomes a means of increasing predictability during the development review process by establishing in public documents the expectations for the area. It is desired that mapping of natural features, such as streams, and other influences on development can be performed during the plan preparation and may be shared between interested parties to reduce duplication of effort and preparation of costly application materials. This concept is discussed further in Section 13.1. The same process of public involvement and opportunities for participation, but at a less intensive level, must be followed for specialized plans as for a community-wide growth policy. As with a community-wide growth policy, the opportunity for participation does not compel participation, nor does someone's choice to not participate inhibit the eventual adoption of an otherwise acceptable plan. Page 6-7 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan In the case of any real or perceived conflict between the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and a neighborhood or Subarea plan, the goals and other materials of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall govern. The City undertakes a variety of inventory and planning efforts as part of its routine operations. This information is available to the public, and will provide the basic structure and resources for the preparation of a neighborhood or Subarea plan. The City's growth policy will itself establish basic assumptions, development trends, and gross land use patterns. As part of the development of implementation for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, checklists and specific guidelines for the development of neighborhood and Subarea plans will be developed prior to the implementation of this concept. A neighborhood or Subarea plan must contain the following elements: A map showing the reasonably simple boundaries of the specific plan, with an explanation as to why those boundaries are appropriate. Maps should terminate at easily identifiable boundaries if possible; A description of specific goals to be achieved by the neighborhood or Subarea plan, if goals specific to the area are developed; An inventory of existing conditions; A transportation network, including non-automotive elements, that conforms with adopted facility plans, reinforces the goals and objectives of the 2020 plan, and connects the major features of the area such as parks, commercial areas, and concentrations of housing; Locations of parks of adequate area to represent at least sixty percent of expected parklands to be dedicated through development in the area. The parks shall be of a size and configuration which supports organized recreational activities such as soccer or baseball, as well as passive recreation as discussed in Section 9.2.2; and Location of various land uses including commercial, public, school locations if known, and residential activities. After the preparation of the draft neighborhood or Subarea plan, the Planning Board will conduct one or more public hearings on the proposal. The Planning Board will then forward the proposed plan to the City Commission for review. The City Commission will also hold a public hearing, and if it believes the plan to be consistent with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, may adopt the plan by resolution. If it finds sufficient flaws with the plan, the City Commission may return it to the Planning Board for further work and review. The preparation of any plan entails certain costs for advertising, publishing materials, City staff time, and other expenses. A variety of parties may initiate the preparation of a neighborhood or Subarea plan. It is expected that there will be financial participation from those owning or residing in the area, especially in any implementations, such as upgrading a park or trail. It is also expected that the City will substantially participate in the costs of preparing a neighborhood or Subarea plan through in-kind contributions such as staff support, materials preparation, and data gathering. Page6-8 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use 6.1.4 External Influences on Land Use Planning The City of Bozeman exists as part of a larger region and community. Bozeman is strongly affected by actions and policies of private and public entities outside of its borders. Gallatin County and the City of Bozeman jointly planned the City and its immediately surrounding area for approximately forty years, until July 1999 when the County Commission dissolved the joint program. As a result of the dissolution, the ability of the City to influence the development of the immediately surrounding area has decreased. However, the impacts of unannexed but adjacent development have remained the same. When land changes from agricultural uses to an urban or suburban development pattern outside of, but adjacent to, the City, a variety of impacts occur witp.in the City such as increased vehicle trips on the road system and additional utilization of police, library, recreation, and other services. Outside development generally results in increased numbers of on-site septic systems with cumulative impacts to groundwater. The density of development is often much lower than would be achieved within the City. These impacts can result in unmitigated financial burdens on City government and taxpayers and make future expansion of the City in an orderly manner difficult. To prevent conflicts of policy and reduce future problems, the City and County need to coordinate land use policy within the Planning Area. This coordination may take many forms. Currently the City and County cooperate in transportation matters as described in Chapter 10, Transportation. Other opportunities should be pursued, and if deemed appropriate an interlocal agreement may be desirable. This matter is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 1, Dealing with Change. The City of Bozeman is increasingly interconnected with the rest of the nation. Changing economic patterns and technological innovations have made it possible for Bozeman based businesses to interact in a much larger market and for other non-local businesses to offer services here. As a result of this increasing linkage, events which affect other regions or the nation may have a strong influence here. A report prepared by the Sonoran Institute in 2000 found that 40 percent of Gallatin County residents' personal income was not labor related, but came through retirement payments, stock earnings, rents, and other sources. Income and land use are closely related, as persons will not purchase houses or start businesses without adequate financial resources. It will be increasingly important in the future for this relationship to the larger world to be understood. The land use pattern of Bozeman is also influenced by state and federal government actions, including budgeting and law. Outside government spending and policy has had a dramatic and permanent effect on Bozeman's development. The establishment of a uniform surveying pattern of townships, homesteading legislation giving agricultural opportunities to settlers, Fort Ellis providing safety in Bozeman's early days, the land grant college system of which Montana State University is a part, the interstate highway system connecting the nation, the establishment of national parks and forests, and laws regarding land use responsibilities and rights are only a few of the many state and federal actions which have influenced Bozeman's past and future development. Montana State University (MSU) is Bozeman's largest employer and the reason why much of our population is here, either in attendance or providing services to the students. MSU also conducts significant amounts of research that has the potential for the creation of private businesses which may locate within Bozeman. State budgetary decisions which alter MSU's operations have the potential to have a significant influence on Bozeman as well. Page6-9 Land Use Bozeman's collective ability to influence its land use pattern is also strongly influenced by state and federal laws relating to land use, including planning and its implementation tools. A long tradition of common law as well as modern statutory law have established certain responsibilities, as well as rights, ofland use. This is the basis for the concept of a public nuisance, through which a certain land use may be prohibited as a hazard to the community. The government exists to serve the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan collective needs of its citizens and therefore MSU is an important influence within the City of Bozeman has certain obligations to protect public health, safety, and welfare. State law authorizes certain planning and zoning actions to be taken which restrict the use of land by some individuals in the larger interests of the community. This authorizing legislation and court cases which interpret law, including that which governs growth policies, influence the manner and the means with which the City of Bozeman may prepare and implement the community vision for the future. State law also establishes restrictions on how the City can annex additional land and increase in area. The initiation of the annexation process is generally controlled by the private landowner, not the municipality. In circumstances for which the City is authorized to initiate annexations, several restrictions relating to land uses and the provision of services severely constrain City actions. As laws change, modifications to implementation tools may be necessary. There are many available resources considering the subject of legal requirements and limitations of planning, land use regulation, and related subjects. The subject is too extensive for a comprehensive treatment in this plan. Interested parties are referred to outside resources, such as the American Planning Association and Urban Land Institute, for more information. 6.2 LAND USE DESIGNATIONS AND MAP As discussed in Chapter 3, Background, the City of Bozeman has been undergoing steady population growth for the past eight years. It is expected that growth in Bozeman will continue over the next twenty years, although some variation in the rate of growth is to be expected. For the purposes of this plan, an expected population growth rate of 1.9 percent per year over the twenty year term has been utilized. As discussed in other chapters, the plan must be reviewed at least every five years and may be reviewed more frequently if circumstances warrant it. A reevaluation of the existing and expected growth rates should be included in that scheduled evaluation. 6.2.1 Existing Land Uses and Areas The City has recently undertaken the development of a geographic information system. One component of this system is a land use map which will allow the tracking of changes in the status of land use and analysis ofland use distribution and development. The system is still under development but has provided a helpful tool in examining the current land use patterns in Bozeman. The system was utilized to undertake a parcel by parcel land use inventory in the fall of 2000, which classified each activity for future analysis. Figure 6-1 shows a map of the existing land use activities. Further development of the land use mapping Page 6-10 A N 0 0.5 1 Miles Legend /'v Roads Administrative/Professional - Commercial/ Auto - Church - Commercial Retail Duplex/Triple Residential Golf Course Heavy Industrial Hotel/Motel Light Manufacturing - Mobile Home/Mobile Park Multi-Famil)' Residential :Mixed Use - Public Facility /Park , Restaurant/Bar - School/Educational Facility Single-Family Residential CJ v acant ~B oz Em ~ n Figure 6-1 Page 6-11 B R I D G E R C A N Y O N R D B R I D G E R C A N Y O N R D MOUNT ELLIS LN B E A R C A N Y O N R D B E A R C A N Y O N R D E VALLEY CENTER RD HARPER PUCKETT RD CHAPM AN R Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use (CR) Commercial Retail sales, services, banks. Uses involving the sale of goods or services carried out for profit. (HM) Hotel/Motel. A building or group of buildings, in which lodging is provided and offered to transient guests for compensation (not to include a boarding house, lodging house or rooming house). (CA) Commercial Auto sales, rental, parts, storage, gas, service. Establishments primarily engaged in automotive related sale/ services, fuels, repair, sales, washing, rental, and leasing. (LM) Light Manufacturing. Fabrication of and/ or assembly of goods from previously prepared materials, to include storage, and mini warehousing. (HI) Heavy Industrial. Those industries whose processing of products results in the emission of any atmospheric pollution, light flashes, glare, odor, noise, or vibration which may be heard and/ or felt off the premises and those industries which constitute a fire or explosion hazard. (AP) Administrative Professional. An establishment in which overall management functions occur and/ or in which a recognized profession is maintained for the conduct of that profession. (PPP) Public Facility/Park. A building, structure, facility or complex, used by the general public and constructed by either the state, county, or municipal government agency; parks, trails, recreational areas and other places that are capable of being used by the public for recreation, relaxation and social purposes; public utilities. (SEP) School/Educational Facility. Any building or part thereof which is constructed or used for public or private education or instruction; when not conducted as a commercial enterprise for the profit of individual owners or stockholders. (ROW) Rights-of-Way. A public way established or dedicated for public purposes by duly recorded plat, deed, grant, easement, governmental authority, or by operation of law; roads; railroads. (VACANT) Vacant. Land that is currently unoccupied; no buildings. Approximately 1,024 acres in the City are occupied by singlejami!J housing As indicated in Tables 6-1 and 6-3, there is a considerable amount of land within the City of Bozeman that is currently vacant. This is a pattern which has been indicated several times throughout Bozeman's history. It is also important to remember that not all vacant and annexed land is available for development. Several areas of the City, notably the Story Hills area which comprises over 5 percent of the total City area, are constrained by topography, floodplains, or other limitations and are not available for development at this time. Some areas which have been annexed for many years and could be developed have owners who are not interested in development at this time. It is important to note that the single largest developed land use within Bozeman, approximately one out of every four developed acres, is public rights-of-way, usually streets. Page6-13 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Table 6-1: Existing Land Use by Zoning Classification Within Bozeman Total Acres by Zoning Vacant Acres by Zoning Percent Vacant Class Class Residential 4,405 1,585 36 percent Commercial 1,579 351 22 percent Industrial 992 432 44 percent Public Lands 1,318 463 35 percent Source: City of Bozeman Geographic Information Department, City of Bozeman Zoning Map. Table 6-2: National Averages for Land Uses for Communities Under 100,000 Populations Land Use National Average City of Bozeman Residential Commercial Industrial Public Lands Sour-ce: American Planning Association. The property Hawthorne School sits on is zoned for commercial 52 percent 53 percent 10 percent 19 percent 7 percent 12 percent 31 percent 16 percent A comparison between Tables 6-1, 6-2, 6-3a, and 6-3b indicate some differences. In evaluating the appropriate mix of land uses for Bozeman, several special factors must be considered. First, Bozeman is a regional center which provides services to a multi-county area. These outside service demands require a land base to service them. Bozeman is also the home to Montana State University. Table 6-1 is based on zoning designations. Second, within Bozeman there is a significant amount of property zoned for residential or commercial use which is in reality used for parks, schools, rights-of-way, or other public uses. Further refinement of the land use inventory map and classifications will allow for a more accurate and detailed examination of actual land designations and uses over time. The Planning Area exclusive of the City, an area of 16,202 acres, is dedicated almost exclusively to low density residential and agricultural uses. A few small developed areas of commercial and industrial uses, totaling an estimated less than one percent of the land area, do exist adjacent to the City. Page6-14 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use Table 6-3a: Existing Land Use Area by Individual Lot Development Zoning Districts R-S R-1 R-2 R-2A R-3 R-JA R-4 RMH R-0 B-1 B-2 B-3 M-1 M-2 B-P PL! Total SHR 21 105 325 169 0 230 96 3 3 I 5 7 31 1 0 27 1,024 DTHR 2 13 11 0 44 72 22 0 I 0 3 2 I 0 0 0 170 MHR I 3 20 0 151 26 84 0 18 3 3 5 0 0 0 0 314 MHMP 2 0 0 0 12 0 0 49 22 0 2 0 7 0 0 0 95 CHURCH 0 10 4 0 8 2 6 0 I 2 4 4 0 0 0 0 43 GOLF 173 5 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 206 MIXED 7 0 0 15 2 I I 0 6 11 73 11 35 10 2 0 175 RB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 28 I 2 0 0 0 32 CR 0 0 2 0 3 0 6 0 II 5 152 20 52 B 35 9 305 HM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 1 0 0 0 0 50 CA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 38 4 24 2 16 0 85 LM 12 0 0 0 0 I 2 0 0 0 3 I 92 26 38 I 176 HI 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 6 37 0 n 51 AP 0 0 0 3 I 0 4 0 19 2 21 13 14 3 20 0 100 PFP 47 45 43 6 68 22 26 0 I 0 9 10 25 0 8 275 584 SEF 0 0 II 0 13 5 I 0 0 0 I 9 0 0 60 539 640 ROW so 45 174 7 222 147 93 26 28 9 126 47 124 61 12 5 1,176 VACAN T 15 5 50 461 0 745 20 78 77 107 26 216 2 383 49 237 463 3,068 Total 474 276 1052 200 1298 527 422 155 217 61 737 136 797 196 428 1318 8,294 Percent by Zoning 6% 301,) 13°/1 2% 16% ti% 5% 2% 3% 1% 9% 2% 10% 2% 5% 16% 100% District Source: Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use Inventory. 6.2.2 Future Land Requirements It is expected that Bozeman will grow to approximately 46,600 persons by the year 2020, an increase of approximately 45 percent from current population. During the same time frame, it is expected that the employment in Bozeman will increase to approximately 35,700, an increase of approximately 64 percent from current employment. This growth of employment in excess of population represents three factors, an increase in commuting employees, a large number of part-time employees, and an increase in the number of second jobs. Page6-15 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Table 6-3b: Summation of Existing Land Use Area by Individual Lot Development Land Use Classification Total Percent of Total Percent of Built Land Area Environment SHR 1024 12% 20% DTHR 170 2% 3% MHR 314 4% 6% MHMP 95 1% 2% CHURCH 43 1% 1% GOLF 206 2% 4% MIXED 175 2% 3% RB 32 0% 1% CR 305 4% 6% HM 50 1% 1% CA 85 1% 2% LM 176 2% 3% HI 51 1% 1% AP 100 1% 2% PFP 584 7% 11% SEF 640 8% 12% ROW 1,176 14% 23% VACANT 3,068 37% N/A Total 8,294 100% 100% Source: Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use Inventory. The expected increases in population and employment will be reflected in an increased demand for land on which to carry out these activities. In order to determine the amount of land required, several calcu- lations and assumptions were necessary. The control of private land by private owners means that the City cannot mandate when a specific parcel of land becomes available for development. As shown on Figure 6-1, the existing land use map, several large parcels within the City have not been developed to date despite their close proximity to existing services and a vigorous development rate in recent years. Because the City cannot mandate development, it is necessary to indicate in the land use plan, Figure 6- 2, more land than is expected to be actually needed for a given purpose. This practice also helps to prevent supply constraints which have the effect of artificially increasing land prices. For all land use classes, a standard factor of two times the amount expected to be required for development was used in determining a minimum threshold for how many gross acres of land need to be depicted on the map for development over the course of the plan. Page 6-16 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use The first assumption for residential land is related to the number of persons who would be residing in an average household. The American household has been declining in size for several decades. This reflects nationwide aging trends as well as an increased divorce rate and increased numbers of adult unmarried persons, which creates additional households for the same numerical population. This change is illustrated in Table 3-5, which presents household information from 1920 to 2000. In 1990, the Census established an average household size for Bozeman of 2.54 person. Survey work conducted for this plan indicates a reduction in that size to 2.35 persons per household. It is expected that these demographic trends will continue. Therefore, a household size of 2.3 persons was selected for the use of this plan. Based on the anticipated population increase over the term of the plan and the expected household size, there is a predicted need for 6,233 new dwelling units by the year 2020 to house the increasing population. The reduced household size also means that more dwellings are required to house the same population. This trend contributes to the nationwide trend of growth rates of urban geographical areas increasing faster than the growth of population. The second assumption relates to the amount of land each dwelling unit will occupy. The expected dwelling unit density and proportion of housing allocated to that density are shown in Table 6-4 below. If development over time utilizes a larger or smaller area per dwelling, the raw land required will also vary. Table 6-4 examines land required for new housing units. It assumes that all land is equally desirable for development. Since some land is constrained from development because of floodplains or other factors, more than the absolute minimum land area is expected to be required to actually house the City's population. As discussed above, the land use map, Figure 6-2, takes this into account. The third assumption is that a certain proportion of new housing units, 1,000 units, or approximately 19 percent, will be accommodated within the existing developed areas of the City through the addition of accessory dwelling units, second units on existing lots, or similar means. This represents an additional density of one dwelling unit per 2.8 acres of developed housing within Bozeman. As discussed above, there is a trend for smaller average household sizes. Although there is a dwelling unit density increase proposed, the population density is not expected to rise, since the decreasing household size will offset the increasing density in dwellings. The infill units are not reflected in Table 6-4 because they do not represent new land required for housing. A change in any of these assumptions can significantly modify the amount of land expected to be required. The following are two examples: if no infill units are completed, an additional 319 acres would be needed to meet the demand; or if household size remains at the 1990 census levels and the 1,000 infill units are created, 188 fewer acres would be needed for future housing than is currently expected. If no infill units are created, there is still adequate land indicated on Figure 6-2 to accommodate the full amount of predicted residential growth. Table 6-4: Expected Residential Land Use Demand by 2020 by Density Classification Minimum Percentage of Number of Dwelling Unit Number of Gross Density Density per Net Housing Demand Greenfield Acres Required Acre by Class Dwellings by Class Low Density 6 40% 2,093 977 Medium Density 12 50% 2,616 610 High Density 18 10% 523 81 Total N/A 100% 5,233 1,699 Sour.e: Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page6-17 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan The calculations for expected future commercial land requirements also required several assumptions. Rather than relying upon dwelling units as a measure of demand, as was used for residential land purposes, future commercial land demand was based on expected increases in employment and the amount of land required to support each new employee. As shown in Table 6-5, the various employment sectors were placed into two groups which appear to share similar general land use requirements. A land use inventory, as discussed in Section 6.2.1, was evaluated to determine the amount of actual land utilized for each sector. This was combined with employment information from the Montana Department of Labor to arrive at an average land area utilized per employee. Table 6-5: Employment Sector Groupings and Average Land per Employee Requirements Sector 1998 3rd Quarter Existing Land Used Current Average Net Acres per Employment1 per Group2 Employee Agriculture 83 Mining 65 Construction 1,238 Manufacturing 1,385 Transport and Utilities 695 Wholesale Trade 1,176 Group One Total 4,642 227 0.049 Retail Trade 6,010 F.I.R.E. 800 Services3 9,189 Public Administration 1,145 Group Two Total 17,144 1,212 0.071 Grand Total 21,786 1,439 N/A S ourcc: 1) 3rd Quarter 1998, Employment Covered by Unemployment Inmrance Report, Montana Department ef Labor. 2) Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use Inventory. 3) Includes MSU and School District 7. After the amount of land needed per employee was determined for the existing employment base, future employment was evaluated to determine how many new employees are expected in each economic sector over the next 20 years. The results were combined with the per employee land requirement to create Tables 6-5, 6-6, and 6-7, which indicate the amount of future land required for each employment group and for all commercial and industrial uses. As part of the calculations to determine the amount of land required for future employment, a density increase of 30 percent was included for Group Two uses. This reflects expectations for changing work patterns, such as telecommuting and home-based work, as well as an increased density of commercial development through regulatory reform and an increased use of multi-story buildings. In examining future non-residential land use demand, it must be remembered that only residential subdivisions are required to provide for parks. Page 6-18 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use As indicated in Tables 6-3a and 6-3b, there is a considerable existing amount of vacant land within the City that is available for development. However, not all of the existing vacant land stock is available for development due to natural constraints such as floodplains along Bozeman Creek. Improved mapping and data gathering, as discussed in Chapter 13, in combination with the biannual land inventory proposed in this plan, will over time allow for a more finely adjusted evaluation of future land use demand and availability for commercial and industrial purposes. A careful evaluation of land availability should be an important part of each five year review of the City growth policy. Table 6-6: Future Land Area Requirements by Employment Grouping Gross .Area Multiplier to Adjusted Net Acres Acres Sector New 2020 Gross .Area Required for Ensure Required for Employment per Adjustment Future Adequate Employee1 New Employment Land Supply ~mployment Agriculture 80 .049 1.1 5 4.5 2 9 Mining -32 .049 1.1 5 -1.8 2 -3.6 Construction 1,890 .049 1.15 106.5 2 213 Manufacturing 1,233 .049 1.15 69.5 2 139 Transport and 421 .049 Utilities 1.15 23.7 2 47.4 Wholesale Trade 554 .049 1.15 31.2 2 62.4 Group One Total 4,146 NIA N/A 233.6 2 467.2 Retail Trade 3,462 .04973 1.25 215 2 430 F.I.R.E. 317 .04973 1.25 15.8 2 31.6 Services2 4,528 .04973 1.25 281.3 2 562.6 Public 1,481 .04973 Administration 1.25 92 2 184 Group Two Total 9,788 N/A N/A 604.1 2 1,208.2 Grand Total 13,935 N/A N/A 837.7 N/A 1,675.4 Source: 1) Bozeman 2020 Land Use Inventory. 2) Includes public and higher education. 3) Current net land requirement adjusted for 30 percent density incret1Se. The land use map presented in Figure 6-2 depicts the geographic distribution of the 12 land use categories established in this document. The area shown for each category is presented in Table 6-8. It should be noted that the map does not represent only the minimum amounts of land anticipated to be required over the next 20 years. The map does includes those minimum areas, but also was prepared to present reasonably smooth and coherent future City boundaries and to depict the desired future land use pattern that this plan calls for. The depiction of land as a future development area on the map does not indicate by itself that the City will automatically approve development within these areas. Each individual Page6-19 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan proposal must be evaluated against the goals and objectives of this plan and the implementation p~licies which will be prepared. Table 6-7: Land Area Requirements for Current and Future Employment Existing Area Used for Employment1 Group One Total 227 Group Two Total 1,212 Grand Total 1,439 Source: 1) Bozeman 2020 Land Use Inventory. 2) Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Total Area Required for New Total Area Required for Existing Employment2 and New Employment 2 467 694 1,208 2420 1,675 3,114 Table 6-8: Acres Designated by Land Use Category on the Future Land Use Map (Figure 6-2) Land Use Classification Area in Acres Percentage of Planning Area Industrial 1,132 4.6 percent Total 1,132 4.6 percent Neighborhood Commercial 178 0. 7 percent Community Commercial 965 3. 9 percent Regional Commercial 564 2.3 percent Business Park 532 2.2 percent Public Institutions 1,038 4.2 pc::rcenl Total 3,277 13.3 percent Residential 7,497 30.6 percent Future Urban 7,770 31.7 percent Suburban Residential 3,279 13.4 percent Total 18,528 75.6 percent Parks and Open Space 586 2.4 percent Other Public Lands 608 2.5 percent Golf Courses 363 1.5 percent Total 1,557 6.4 percent Grand Total 24,494 99.9 percent' Source: Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, Figure 6-2 1 Total does not equal 100 percent due to rounding eTTOr. 6.2.3 Land Use Designation Descriptions To prepare a map of land uses and how they are distributed, a senes of classifications must first be Page6-20 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use developed. A land use category is a broad and inclusive description of a general type of activity deemed appropriate in a given area. It does not make a determination of the desirability of a specific project nor does it make a determination of when, within the scope of the plan, any given parcel should be developed. Those decisions are more specific, and must be made with guidance from the goals and objectives established by the plan, as well other implementation policies such as subdivision review and capital facilities programming. The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan has 12 land use categories which are described below. The categories are broad designations which will be implemented by a variety of zoning districts within Bozeman. A table indicating the correspondence between land use categories and zoning districts is contained in Appendix G to this document. This correspondence table is not adopted as part of this plan and may change from time to time as the zoning ordinance is amended. It is provided in this document for informational purposes. Due to the scale of land use designations in this plan, many finer level details are either obscured or not depicted. For example, Figure 6-2 does not include stream corridors. Such information is available through other sources, including those adopted in this document by reference. Such omissions are not intended to indicate a lack of importance or interest by the City. Rather, such information either is not available at this time or depiction would clutter maps and make them difficult to use and interpret. A finer level of detail will be addressed by the zoning and subdivision ordinances, and case by case evaluation of local circumstances will occur during the development review process. It is expected that·the broad land use designations described below will be implemented by a variety of different zoning districts. Appendix G provides an informational matrix of the land use designations and the zoning districts which are expected to be used to implement the land use designations. Appendix G will be updated periodically as names of districts or other particulars of the zoning ordinance may be modified. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the City desires that all development within one of the categories described below will proceed only after the completion of the annexation process to be legally included with the boundaries of the City of Bozeman. The depiction of these categories on Figure 6-2 indicates areas that the City prefers not to be developed prior to annexation. The City's preferred land use pattern, as depicted in Figure 6-2, does not have regulatory control on development in areas outside of the City. The authority to deny or approve development in county areas remains with the County Commission. Residential. This category designates places where the primary activity is urban density living quarters. Other uses which complement residences are also acceptable such as parks, low intensity home based occupations, fire stations, churches, and schools. The residential designation also indicates that it is expected that development will occur within municipal boundaries which may require annexation prior to development. The dwelling unit density expected within this classification varies. It is expected that areas of higher density housing would be likely to be located in proximity to commercial centers to facilitate the broadest range of feasible transportation options for the greatest number of individuals and support businesses within commercial centers. Low density areas should have an average minimum density of six units per net acre. Medium density areas should have an average minimum density of twelve units per net acre. High density areas should have an average minimum density of eighteen units per net acre. A variety of housing types should be blended to achieve the desired density with large areas of single Page6-21 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan type housing being discouraged. In limited instances the strong presence of constraints and natural features such as floodplains may cause an area to be designated for development at a lower density than normally expected within this classification. All residential housing should be arranged with consideration given to the existing character of adjacent development, any natural constraints such as steep slopes, and in a fashion which advances the overall goals of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. The residential designation is intended to provide the principal locations for additional housing within the Planning Area. Suburban Residential. This category indicates locations generally outside of City limits but within the Planning Area where the land development pattern has already been set by rural subdivisions. Subclivisions in this area are generally characterized by lots two acres in size or less. It is probable that portions of this area may be proposed for annexation within the next twenty years. Any further development within this area should be clustered to preserve functional open space and allow for more advanced sewage disposal Tbe So11rdougb Cmk Properties subdivision exemplifies Suburban Residential than individual septic tanks. If development is proposed at overall densities in excess of one dwelling per acre, and/ or the development proposal lies within the waste water and water treatment planning boundaries, annexation to the City should be completed prior to development. Future Urban. This category designates areas where development is considered to be generally inappropriate over the 20 year term of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, eith~r because of natural features, negative impacts on the desired development pattern, or significant difficulty in providing urban services. The Residential category contains adequate area to accommodate over 200 percent of expected residential development over the 20 year horizon of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Development within the Most Future Urban designated land is currently used/or agriculture Future Urban area would be generally disruptive to the desired compact urban land use pattern depicted in the Plan. As Bozeman develops over time, it is expected that the City would expand outward into areas previously designated as Future Urban. As the City's growth policy is updated from time to time, some areas currently classified as Future Urban are expected to be reclassified to urban designations. The land shown with a Future Urban designation is comprised of parcels in a variety of different sizes, but typically in larger acreages. Suburban or rural density subdivisions adjacent to the City may impede Page6-22 •••••••••• ROCKY llO A UU,l;Jt 8LVD 01.AC:ltWOOl.l kO g " ,;: ........ , • 6 : 160 acres 40 • • • • • acres ~ 0 ~ -........ .. Ii • •••••••••m•••••1 • • • • • • • • • .Jf ""·········· ,.. ··~ •• m<...ll\.. '9 r· ... ··-··-·--·~ ··-··-··-··-' .. i ! ! 1!g : la············· ~ Legend ·-l..··-_J a City Limits •••••• Cl :. ••• ; Capital 2020 Boundary Facilities Overlay District /"../ Roads Business Park Community Commercial Golf Course Industrial Neighborhood Commercial - Other Public Lands ~~,:;f~ Parks, Open Space and Recreational Lands Public Institutions - Regional Commercial and Services Residential Future Urban Suburban Residential 0 0.5 1 Miles A N ~"\ CANYON RD Note: 1bis map is provided for the rc.>ader's convenience. The Official Master Plan Land Use map is housed at the City of Bozeman, Department of Planning and Community DevelopmCilt Please consult with Planning Sta.ff before making development decisions. "0 ' Bozeman 2020 Community Plan provision of services and opportunities to persons without requiring the use of an automobile. Activities commonly expected in this classification are daycares, smaller scale grocery, bakeries, retail stores, offices, small restaurants, and residences above other activities. Multiple story buildings are encouraged to establish a unique visual character to these areas. A conceptual layout showing the integration of commercial and residential activities in a Neighborhood Commercial area is shown in Figure 6-3. Land Use KagJJ Comer is an existing neighborhood comme1-da/ area Figure 6-3: Typical Neighborhood Commercial Development Pattern and Integration with Surrounding Land Uses . • . . ! l4eai:ml' mQl\$~w ,.).... . ! : Rcsilkmxia.l ii-. ,: ... ,,....,==-=-:-:---:---1 ....................................................... ;, HigiiD~ity Re/1idcnml Me dimn. Density Residential Source: Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Me~~ty Residemla,l High·eensiiy R'e41i de:niia 1- :. ...................................................... . Low Densi"··. iy •• : ii op • : 4 ;_ " \ Residem:ial • •. ,. ,. . . •, Industrial. This classification provides areas for the heavy uses which support an urban environment such as manufacturing, warehousing, and transportation hubs. Development within these areas is intensive and is connected to significant transportation corridors. In order to protect the economic base and necessary services represented by industrial uses, uses which would be detrimentally impacted by industrial activities are discouraged. Although use in these areas is intensive, these areas are part of the larger Page 6-25 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan community and should meet basic standards for landscaping and other site design issues and be integrated with the larger community. In some circumstances, uses other than those typically considered industrial have been historically present in areas which were given an industrial designation in this growth policy. Careful consideration must be given to public policies to allow these mixed uses to coexist in harmony. Business Park. This classification provides for areas typified by office uses and technology-oriented light industrial uses, although retail, services, or industrial uses may also be included in an accessory or local service role. Public Institutions. A variety of activities are undertaken in this land use classification. Schools are a dominant use including Montana State University. Other typical uses are libraries, fire stations, and publicly operated utilities. A significant portion of Bozeman's employment occurs within this category. Parks, Open Space, and Recreational Lands. All publicly owned recreational lands, including parks, fall within this category, as well as certain private lands. These areas are generally open in character and may or may not be developed for active recreational purposes. Other Public Lands. These areas are maintained by a variety of public agencies, chiefly Montana State University. Although owned by the public, they may be leased or otherwise utilized by private parties or government operations and should not automatically be considered as recreational lands. A variety of activities take place within these lands. If they should transfer to private ownership an amendment to the growth policy should be undertaken to determine the use which will be most advantageous to the community as a whole. If these lands are utilized for agricultural purposes, annexation is not expected. Development of these lands at densities greater than that allowed under Future Urban should only occur after annexation. Golf Courses. This category designates properties operated by public or private parties in order to support the playing of golf. Golf courses may also include restaurants, retail sales, and other accessory activities. 6.2.4 Land Use Map Figure 6-2 is the future land use map for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. It is a synthesis of many different ideas, public input, existing con<litions, and desired land use patterns for the future. The map is the visual representation of the land use patterns and ideas discussed in Sections 6.1, 2.1, and elsewhere throughout this document. The map shows in a very broad manner acceptable uses and locations throughout the community. It does not represent a commitment by the City to approve every development proposed within each category. The map and other elements of this plan must be weighed and evaluated in conjunction with the specific details of a proposed project which are beyond the scope of this plan but will be addressed through the implementation tools discussed in Chapter 13. The provisions of any intergovernmental agreement between the City and County regarding land use will influence the final development pattern with the defined Planning Area. The boundaries shown on the map are of necessity at a large scale. As a result some interpretation may be required in the future. It is the intent of the map to follow natural and visible boundaries such as streams or right-of-ways where possible. Within developed areas, boundaries generally follow parcel Page6-26 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use boundaries established by recorded plats or certificates of survey. Where such natural or legal boundaries do not exist, some minor flexibility in the interpretation of the boundary is allowed to the Director of the Office of Planning and Community Development so long as the exercise of that flexibility is not contrary to the intent, purposes, or goals of this plan and does not materially alter the desired land pattern in an area. If significant alterations or modifications are desired, an amendment to this plan must be undertaken. 6.2.5 Annexation A city grows in area through the annexation process. This process, which is governed by state law, provides the mechanism for landowners to seek to have their land included within the City, and in limited circumstances, permits the City to bring land within its jurisdiction. Parts 7-2-42 through 7-2-48 Montana Code Annotated establish the legal framework for annexation. Although there are several annexation procedures, the City typically utilizes Part 43, Annexation of Contiguous Lands, in processing annexation requests. Other parts may be relied upon as considered most advantageous. An annexation agreement is essentially a contract between the landowner and the City which establishes the responsibilities of each party. The City of Bozeman has an annexation policy which provides guidance to staff and others regarding the goals and policies that annexation is intended to advance. Examples of such goals are that the City will seek to annex areas that are totally surrounded by the City and that annexations shall be in conformance with the City's most current growth policy. Since annexation often precedes development of land and access to urban services strongly influences development densities, annexation can be a powerful tool to help support the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. The land use map shown in Figure 6-2 is a long range vision of the community, and does not predict when any individual parcel within the depicted urban area may become part of the City of Bozeman. Case by case evaluations will need to be made for each proposed annexation as to whether an individual parcel should be annexed at that time. As part of the land use policy coordination efforts anticipated with this plan, especially any intergovernmental agreement, it is hoped agreement with Gallatin County may be reached that development proposed within the urban services area should proceed after annexation to Bozeman. As noted above, it is desired that all lands shown in Figure 6-2 that are not categorized as Future Urban or Suburban Residential should be annexed prior to development. 6.3 OVERLAY DISTRICTS An overlay district is a special regulation or set of principles which applies in certain defined circumstances in addition to the standards and requirements normally found in a given land use or zoning designation. Overlay districts may be created to reflect natural resources concerns such as floodplains, historic preservation concerns such as a unique built environment with historical significance, or areas of special community concern such as an economic development area or desired infill development area. 6.3.1 Existing Overlay Districts As a result of the 1990 Master Plan Update, the City of Bozeman initiated two zoning overlay districts: the Neighborhood Conservation Overlay and the Entryway Corridor Overlay. These two districts have been generally successful in achieving their respective intents. The Conservation Overlay was designed to support the preservation and use of the original townsite area, which contains many historically Page6-27 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan significant buildings. The preservation of these structures and the land use pattern that accompanies them has helped to maintain Bozeman's unique identity. It has also encouraged reinvestment and improvements in the existing properties. The success of this program is in contrast to many other towns, where the older portions of the community have been marked by neglect and failure to reinvest in the residential and commercial properties. This program should continue in the future. The Entryway Corridor Overlay was intended to create conditions where superior architectural and site design standards would characterize the development adjacent to the principal entrances into Bozeman. As a gateway to Yellowstone National Park and other significant tourist destinations, the visual presentation of Bozeman to the public has long-term economic impacts. Significant changes have occurred since this program was originally developed. A reevaluation should be conducted to make necessary adjustments. The program should then be continued with the revised materials and standards. Jackpot Casino on East Main Street A third overlay district, the Casino Overlay district, was established in 1996. The intent of this overlay was to provide suitable locations for casinos based on review for impacts to neighboring uses and to minimize adverse effects on the community. The Casino Overlay district is distinct from the other overlay districts in that it is not applicable to a fixed geographic area but "floats" and is only applicable in defined circumstances outlined in the zoning ordinance. 6.3.2 Capital Facilities Priority Area This plan places importance on compact development and infill development. The City undertakes a variety of programs which directly install or maintain water, sewer, and transportation facilities. The City has established review procedures an<l regulatory stan<lar<ls which can suppurL ur <liscuurage development. The City also has various opportunities to interact with the private development of land through its ability to approve Special Improvement Districts, participate in cost sharing arrangements, and other similar activities. These programs and actions have the potential to influence land use and development patterns and timing. Therefore, it is appropriate that these tools be used to further the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. In order to facilitate the goals and objectives of this plan, a means of coordinating a variety of policies with specific actions is needed. A Capital Facilities Priority Area would advance the following identified goals and objectives of this plan: Support a compact development pattern; Create a package of incentives to support desired development; Provide public services in a cost efficient and effective manner; Encourage infill development; Promote energy efficiency; Encourage the use and redevelopment of underutilized and brownfield sites to provide employment and housing which will help to maintain the vibrancy and vitality of the historic core area; Ensure that growth is planned, directed, and developed in an orderly manner that maintains Bozeman as a functional, pleasing, and social community; Page 6-28 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use Develop a balanced program of regulatory requirements and incentives to ensure that development within the Planning Area is in compliance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan; Create a sense of place that varies throughout the City, efficiently provide public and private basic services and facilities in close proximity to where people live and work, and minimize sprawl; Review and revise regulatory standards and City policies to ensure that sprawl is not encouraged by City actions; Ensure that a variety of travel options exist which allow safe, logical, and balanced transportation choices; Reduce the impact of the automobile by supporting land use decisions which can decrease trip length of automobile travel and encourage trip consolidation; Reduce impacts on the environment from street construction. By establishing the Capital Facilities Priority Area, the City clearly establishes that its various facility plans are to be developed and implemented in support of its chosen land use policy. The Capital Facilities Priority Area (CFPA) is intended to establish a priority area for development within the larger scope of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan future land use plan. Because of its 20- year time horizon, the future land use plan in Figure 6-2 shows a pattern which may require a very long time to realize. The City also pursues facility planning on a 20-year time horizon. A more detailed guide is necessary to assist in scheduling capital improvement installation and directing City actions to support desired development. The City prepares a five-year Capital Improvements Program (CIP), which schedules facility construction. The Capital Facilities Priority Area would bridge the two efforts with a ten-year horizon. This creates a progression of a twenty-year land use and facility planning horizon, a ten-year preferred growth and infrastructure prioritization area, a five-year facility construction schedule, and annual budgeting to authorize expenditure of public funds. Since a growth policy must, by law, be reviewed at least every five years, the CIP would never outpace the CFPA. The designation of the CFP A is not intended to prohibit development in areas which are not contained within it. This plan calls for infill development and a generally compact City. The actions of the City should advance these community goals. The CFPA would designate areas within the long range growth area of the City where services would be most efficiently provided in the near term, and where development in the near term would advance the goals of the 2020 plan. Within the CFPA the rebuttable presumption is that the City should aid and facilitate development while being consistent with good facility planning and financial considerations as well as community goals. The City would do this through a variety of existing tools, including publicly funded capital expenditures and maintenance, and incentives which would be developed or refined. Outside of the CFP A, the rebuttable presumption is that if development is in compliance with the desired long-range land use pattern it will be acceptable, assuming that other standards and requirements are met. However, if the developer wishes the City to participate in some form of infrastructure funding, he or she will have to provide substantial evidence to overcome the presumption that City funds are best expended within the CFP A. While the CFPA establishes a priority area, it does not forbid City expenditures outside of its boundaries. Due to the highly interconnected nature of water, sewer, and transportation systems, some expenditures outside of the CFPA will be necessary. For example, both the water and wastewater treatment plants are outside the CFP A boundaries, but are critical for the proper function of the systems. When expenditures Page6-29 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan outside of the boundaries of the CFPA are proposed, a clear connection should be able to be made showing how the expenditure will support the goals of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 6.4 LAND USE AND FACILITY PLANS As discussed earlier, a land use pattern is the visible culmination of many individual private and public decisions and is influenced by many factors. To enable the development of an urban environment it is necessary to have an adequate supply of clean water and an adequate means of conveying and treating wastewater. It is also necessary to have adequate facilities to support the movement of goods and persons. The City of Bozeman regularly undertakes efforts to ensure the efficient and effective provision of water, wastewater, and transportation services. These efforts are based on and supported by facility plans. Each facility plan examines existing and future needs for a specific type of service and evaluates the actions needed to ensure adequate provision of services now and in the future. The recommendations of the plans vary depending on the identified needs. However, there is usually a map indicating the existing service network and identifying future improvements which are expected to be necessary. The future land use plan shown in Figure 6-2 will require additional Water, wastewater, and transportation services to make it possible. The service boundaries for these facilities influenced the design of the planning area boundary and expected locations for future growth. The location of future pipes and roads will make certain lands more or less desirable to develop and will therefore have an influence on when development is likely to take place on a given parcel. For these reasons, it is important that decisions implementing the individual facility plans be correlated with the land use policies of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. The facility plans are a major component of the City's Capital Improvements Program, a five-year rotating list of major construction projects. Annual review of the Capital Improvements Program should include an evaluation of its compliance with and support for the community development policies and land use pattern of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its updates. This annual review, in concert with the Capital Facilities Priority Area, will help ensure that capital expenditures further the purposes and goals of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. The installation of capital improvements for water, sewer, transportation, and fire services directly affects the development of land. Based on previous comprehensive plans conducted in 1983 and 1990, the City of Bozeman established a capital facilities funding program, in support of the 1990 Master Plan Update, for water, sewer, fire, and streets in 1996. This program was based on the expressed public goal that new development should pay for new service needs. This same desire was expressed during the public input portion of this planning effort as well. The City's impact fee program is designed to provide necessary revenues for the City to make strategic expenditures to install basic urban services infrastructure in support of the City's growth policy. These expenditures then influence the ability to develop land and the desirability of land development within a specific area. The placement of necessary services serves to enhance the likelihood of a desirable land use pattern and facilitates private development by helping to relieve individual developers of the need to construct large and costly extensions of public infrastructure in order to develop individual projects. The ability to fund growth-related water, sewer, and street projects without resorting to bonding significantly reduces the financial cost of those projects and conserves public resources, thereby contributing to a more efficient and cost-effective City government with corresponding relief for taxpayers. Lower infrastructure costs can also support less costly residential and commercial development. Page 6-30 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use The impact fee program is currently the subject of ongoing litigation and the expenditure of impact fee funds is frozen. As a result of the inability to expend impact fee funds, the City is not able to install water, sewer, street, and fire facilities which will support the growth and further development ofBozeman. Instead these facilities must be provided on an ad-hoc basis through exactions on individual developments. This is a less predictable and more burdensome fashion of improvement installation, but since public safety and health requires adequate facilities, it is necessary at this time. If the litigation is resolved and the City is able to retain the impact fee program, the ability of the City to help support development, influence growth patterns, and ensure the timely provision of services in an orderly and efficient manner, while reducing financial burdens on individual developments, will be enhanced. 6.5 IMPLEMENTATION AND ADMINISTRATION The development of the land use pattern shown in Figure 6-2 will only result from concerted efforts by private-public partnerships. The construction of buildings and co_nducting of commercial and residential activities is almost exclusively done by private individuals and companies. Their willingness to invest money and personal commitment into the development of land will have a huge influence on the community's ability to realize its goals. The public sector, especially the City of Bozeman, also has a significant role to play through the development of its growth policy and corresponding implementation tools such as zoning, subdivision, and facility planning and maintenance. By crafting its actions to further the goals of this plan, and then consistently carrying out those actions , the City can influence private parties and form effective partnerships to further the achievement of the identified community goals. Sweet Pea Festival parade, Downtown is the ;ocial & cultural center of Bozeman An example of an area where implementation tools will intersect with the existing community is in the Downtown area. The Downtown area has been identified as a place that the general community values and wishes to see thrive. This commercial center has existed for many years and faces challenges different from other commercial areas of the community. Downtown property owners participate in a variety of private efforts and public-private partnerships to support the ongoing commercial and residential activities which characterize the area. The Downtown area was initially developed before the automobile. Parking is often presented as a constraint on business development in the Downtown area. This situation creates a need for creative and broad spectrum solutions to problems such as necessary transportation opportunities, including automobile parking availability. The City's policies affect this situation by enforcing standards for businesses to provide certain amounts of parking for their staff and customers. The City can expand the scope of the discussion and possible solutions by examining a variety alternatives such as transit, parking structures, increasing the density of Downtown development, and other alternatives and how they interact. By examining a broader range of alternatives the City can encourage the continuing vigor of the historic commercial core, address needs Page6-31 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan for transportation, and provide for additional commercial spaces in a manner that advances identified community goals. A significant task for the City is the challenge of being consistent in the face of influences which will support deviations from the chosen course described in this plan. The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan was prepared after a significant effort to identify community goals. Changes to the plan should also receive the same level of attention and not be driven by short-term issues or result in alterations which do not benefit the community as a whole. The fundamental purposes and organizing principles of the plan should be a touchstone for frequent review and evaluation of activities and policies. The process for reviewing, and if necessary amending, the plan is discussed in Chapter 2. The City has a variety of tools with which to seek the implementation of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Several are specifically authorized and controlled by state law such as zoning, subdivision, provision of certain urban services such as water supply and fire protection, and parks. Others are less constrained such as City support of telecommunication infrastructure development. All of the tools require periodic review and assessment of their effectiveness. Following the adoption of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, the zoning and subdivision ordinances, which are required by law to be in compliance with the growth policy, must be reviewed and revised. There are many specific issues which those two implementation tools address-including street design, open space requirements, and density of development-which have the potential to substantially advance or impede the ideals and goals identified in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning process. Since these ordinances are implementation tools for the plan, it is important that the same principles of community involvement which were undertaken for this plan continue and inform the revisions to zoning and subdivision standards. Since these tools are also those most commonly encountered by the public, it is important that the revisions happen expeditiously and without unnecessary delay. This plan looks at a twenty-year horizon as well as the current situation, so it is to be expected that some areas which are not in conformance with the plan will be identified. This plan recognizes the presence of these uses without specifically mapping or otherwise identifying them. It is desired that these anomalies be resolved over the term of this plan so that the land use pattern identified herein may be completed. 6.6 LAND USE GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND POLICIES 6.6.1 Create a sense of place that varies throughout the City, efficiently provide public and private basic services and facilities in close proximity to where people live and work, and minimize sprawl. Objective 1. The landuse map and attendant policies shall be the official guide for the development of the City and shall be implemented through zoning regulations, capital improvements, subdivision regulations, coordination with other governmental entities, and other implementation strategies. Page6-32 Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 27, 35, 54, 72 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. 9) Continue to support and participate in existing cooperative intergovernmental groups such as the Transportation Coordinating Committee, Gallatin City-County Board of Health, and the Gallatin Valley Roundtable. 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. 12) Establish a regional planning coordinating committee based on the model of the Transportation Coordinating Committee to address planning issues with regional impacts. 13) Continue cooperation and coordination with the Gallatin County Planning Board to support policies and programs that encourage development within municipalities and establish clearly defined urban growth areas. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its implementation tools. 54) Review and evaluate for effectiveness, and if necessary modify, each City program or policy at least every five years. Ensure public participation in the review process. 72) Revise the zoning map and code to reflect the center-based land use pattern described in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 2. Planned Neighborhood Areas shall be the guiding principle for development and shall establish the context for review of individual developments in the Bozeman Planning Area in July 2003. Implementation Policies: 6, 7, 27, 32, 35, 59 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adoption of neighborhood and Subarea plans. 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and sub-area plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. Page6-33 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 32) Require the preparation of Subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Section 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its implementation tools. 59) Ensure an adequate land base dedicated to the commercial functions of neighborhood commercial centers so that businesses reinforce each other, provide a wide range of services, and are easily accessible to neighborhood residents and workers. Objective 3. Review and revise regulatory standards and City policies to ensure that sprawl is not encouraged by City actions. Implementation Policies: 2, 3, 19, 20, 21, 54 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 19) The annexation policy of the City shall if necessary be revised to seek to regularize City boundaries, eliminate existing gaps in the City's jurisdiction, annex all areas adjacent to the City which are developed at a density greater than one dwelling unit per acre, and address other issues as identified in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 20) Implement and maintain a land inventory system to track the size and development of the City. 21) Provide to the City Commission a semi-annual report summarizing all development activity in the previous six months. The report shall include annexation, subdivision, and land development activity and an inventory of available land for development in each land use category. 54) Review and evaluate for effectiveness, and if necessary modify, each City program or policy at least every five years. Ensure public participation in the review process. Objective 4. Encourage citizen involvement and concern in their neighborhood and community. Page6-34 Implementation Policies: 6, 7, 35, 79 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adoption of neighborhood and Subarea plans. 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and sub-area plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its implementation tools. 79) Provide opportunities for meaningful public outreach and involvement in the preparation of all Bozeman 2020 Community Plan implementation tools. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use Objective 5. All development activity shall comply with the right-of-way standards, road locations, and other policies set forth in the Transportation Facility Plan, to ensure that an orderly, efficient, effective transportation system is continued and to avoid future problems with inadequate transportation services and options. Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 23, 38, 40, 41, 62 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 40) Work with the Montana Department of Transportation and Gallatin County to develop coordinated public right-of-way landscaping guidelines, including desired tree and grass species and maintenance. 41) Require the installation of required street trees in public right-of-way in conjunction with development, including enforcement as necessary. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. Objective 6. Support infill development which respects the context of the existing development which surrounds it. Implementation Policies: 2, 5, 20, 21, 24, 27, 28, 29, 55, 110 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified develop- ment impacts. 20) Implement and maintain a land inventory system to track the size and development of the City. 21) Provide to the City Commission a semi-anniual report summarizing all development activity in the previous six months. The report shall include annexation, subdivision, and land development activity and an inventory of available land for development in each land use category. 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. Page6-35 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelopment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 29) Use the GIS based land use inventory to identify infill opportunities and share this information with developers. 55) Prepare and implement a neighborhood plan for Downtown to evaluate issues such as parking, traffic circulation, economic development, the economic impacts commercial devel- opment located outside the commercial core has on Downtown, building rehabilitation, ex- pansion of the Downtown business district, increasing building height limits, rehabilitation of Bozeman Creek, and so forth. 110) Where appropriate, utilize the Historic Mixed Use (HMU) zoning designation to protect the character of historically mixed use neighborhoods, and encourage the continued viability of these areas. Special emphasis shall be placed on historic preservation, adaptive reuse, and a balanced and broad range of uses consistent with the existing development pattern. Objective 7. Provide for an average 20 percent dwelling unit per acre density increase within the existing developed residential areas of the City to reduce the area required for an increased population during the 20-year duration of this plan. Implementation Policies: 3, 6, 24, 27, 28, 55 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and Subarea plans. 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelopment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 55) Prepare and implement a neighborhood plan for Downtown to evaluate issues such as parking, traffic circulation, economic development, the economic impacts commercial devel- opment located outside the commercial core has on Downtown, building rehabilitation, ex- pansion of the Downtown business district, increasing building height limits, rehabilitation of Bozeman Creek, and so forth. 6.6.2 Centers-Designate centers for commercial development rather than corridors to encourage cohesive neighborhood development in conjunction with non-motorized transportation options. Page6-36 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use Objective 1. Develop a land use pattern oriented on half-mile radius neighborhood service centers incorporating employment, recreation, and residential uses. Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 23, 27, 28, 32, 56, 57, 58, 59, 72 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals. objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified develop- ment impacts. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adoption of neighborhood and Subarea plans. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelopment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 32) Require the preparation ofSubarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Section 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 56) Coordinate with landowners to assemble and site community parks, as defined herein, which are centrally located and easily accessible to increase and maximize recreational possibilities. 57) Revise local subdivision regulations to support off-site parkland dedication or other means of aggregating parkland. 58) Revise the zoning ordinance to encourage and facilitate the development of multi-use buildings and projects that combine residential and non-residential uses including live/work opportunities. 59) Ensure an adequate land base dedicated to the commercial functions of neighborhood commercial centers so that businesses reinforce each other, provide a wide range of services, and are easily accessible to neighborhood residents and workers. 72) Revise the zoning map and code to reflect the center-based land use pattern described in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 2. Locate high density community scale service centers on a one mile radius to facilitate the efficient use of transportation and public services. Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 6, 23, 27, 32, 35, 36, 38, 72 Page6-37 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and Subarea plans. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 32) Require the preparation ofSubarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Section 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its implementation tools. 36) Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines to ensure functional, human scale, and attractive development. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 72) Revise the zoning map and code to reflect the center-based land use pattern described in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 3. Support and encourage compatible infill development to avoid sprawl and unnecessary public expense. Implementation Policies: 18, 23, 28, 110 18) Review and evaluate development procedures and requirements and make changes, as needed, to improve predictability, clarity, timeliness, effectiveness, and simplicity, while ensuring adequate review of community and environmental impacts. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelopment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 110) Where appropriate, utilize the Historic Mixed Use (HMU) zoning designation to protect the character of historically mixed use neighborhoods, and encourage the continued viability of these areas. Special emphasis shall be placed on historic preservation, adaptive reuse, and a balanced and broad range of uses consistent with the existing development pattern. Objective 4. Provide for a limited number of carefully sited regional service centers which are appropriately sized and serviced by adequate infrastructure. Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 3, 23, 27, 36, 38 Page 6-38 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 3 6) Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines to ensure functional, human scale, and attractive development. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 6.6.3 City Core-Strengthen the Historic Core of Bozeman to preserve the community character, economic resource, and historical connection represented by this area. Objective 1. Ensure that development and redevelopment of this area, including the adaptive reuse of historic buildings, is done in a fashion which enhances, and is compatible with, the current community fabric. Implementation Policies: 6, 26, 27, 31, 36, 37, 41, 55, 58, 60, 62 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adoption of neighborhood and Subarea plans. 26) Continue to support the annual Beautification and Historic Preservation awards and the public recognition and community pride it encourages. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 31) Require adequate public safety lighting while respecting the community desire for a dark sky. Amend the zoning and subdivision ordinances as needed. 36) Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines to ensure functional, human scale, and attractive development. 37) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conservation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. 41) Require the installation of required street trees in public right-of-way in conjunction with development, including enforcement as necessary. Page6-39 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 55) Prepare and implement a neighborhood plan for Downtown to evaluate issues such as parking, traffic circulation, economic development, the economic impacts commercial devel- opment located outside the commercial core has on Downtown, building rehabilitation, ex- pansion of the Downtown business district, increasing building height limits, rehabilitation of Bozeman Creek, and so forth. 58) Revise the zoning ordinance to encourage and facilitate the development of multi-use buildings and projects that combine residential and non-residential uses including live/work opportunities. 60) Establish public/ private partnerships to complete hazard/ risk analyses of historic sites and properties and neighborhoods to determine vulnerability and recommend and implement appropriate mitigation. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. Objective 2. Encourage the use and redevelopment of underutilized and brownfield sites to provide employment and housing which will help to maintain the vibrancy and vitality of the Historic Core area. Page6-40 Implementation Policies: 3, 18, 20, 27, 28, 29, 37, 38, 46, 47, 49, 55, 58, 60, 62, 110 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 18) Review and evaluate development procedures and requirements and make changes, as needed, to improve predictability, clarity, timeliness, effectiveness, and simplicity, while en- suring adequate review of community and environmental impacts. 20) Implement and maintain a land inventory system to track the size and development of the City. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelopment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 29) Use the GIS based land use inventory to identify infill opportunities and share this information with developers. 37) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conservation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 46) Lobby the state to adopt building codes that are responsive to the unique circumstances of older buildings. 4 7) Ensure the zoning ordinance provides for both minimum and maximum residential densities. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan LandUse 49) Promote Downtown as the cultural center of Bozeman through support of art in public places, including visual, literary, and performing arts on both public and private property. 55) Prepare and implement a neighborhood plan for.Downtown to evaluate issues such as parking, traffic circulation, economic development, the economic impacts commercial devel- opment located outside the commercial core has on Downtown, building rehabilitation, ex- pansion of the Downtown business district, increasing building height limits, rehabilitation of Bozeman Creek, and so forth. 58) Revise the zoning ordinance to encourage and facilitate the development of multi-use buildings and projects that combine residential and non-residential uses including live/work opportunities. 60) Establish public/ private partnerships to complete hazard/ risk analyses of historic sites and properties and neighborhoods to determine vulnerability and recommend and implement appropriate mitigation. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 110) Where appropriate, utilize the Historic Mixed Use (HMU) zoning designation to protect the character of historically mixed use neighborhoods, and encourage the continued viability of these areas. Special emphasis shall be placed on historic preservation, adaptive reuse, and a balanced and broad range of uses consistent with the existing development pattern. Objective 3. Encourage a traditional mix of diverse commercial and residential uses to instill an active atmosphere and twenty-four hour presence. Implementation Policies: 2, 3, 35, 45, 46, 47, 49, 55, 58 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 45) Conduct an affordable housing needs assessment at least every five years, and prepare and implement an affordable housing strategic plan. 46) Lobby the state to adopt building codes that are responsive to the unique circumstances of older buildings. 47) Ensure the zoning ordinance provides for both minimum and maximum residential densities. 49) Promote Downtown as the cultural center of Bozeman through support of art in public places, including visual, literary, and performing arts on both public and private property. Page 6-41 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 55) Prepare and implement a neighborhood plan for Downtown to evaluate issues such as parking, traffic circulation, economic development, the economic impacts commercial devel- opment located outside the commercial core has on Downtown, building rehabilitation, ex- pansion of the Downtown business district, increasing building height limits, rehabilitation of Bozeman Creek, and so forth. 58) Revise the zoning ordinance to encourage and facilitate the development of multi-use buildings and projects that combine residential and non-residential uses including live/work opportunities. Objective 4. Give particular emphasis to encourage living opportunities within walking distance of the Downtown employment, retail, and neighborhood services. Implementation Policies: 3, 24, 28, 37, 38, 45, 46, 58 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelopment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 37) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conservation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 45) Conduct an affordable housing needs assessment at least every five years, and prepare and implement an affordable housing strategic plan. 46) Lobby the state to adopt building codes that are responsive to the unique circumstances of older buildings. 58) Revise the zoning ordinance to encourage and facilitate the development of multi-use buildings and projects -that combine residential and non-residential uses including live/work opportunities. Objective 5. Support maintaining local, State and Federal Government, the County Courthouse and other existing social service providers in Downtown locations and encourage any expansions of facilities to also remain Downtown. Page6-42 Implementation Policies: 1, 6, 8, 9, 20, 24, 46 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and Subarea plans. 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representatives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly scheduled meetings or other means. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use 9) Continue to support and participate in existing cooperative intergovernmental groups such as the Transportation Coordinating Committee, Gallatin City-County Board of Health, and the Gallatin Valley Roundtable. 20) Implement and maintain a land inventory system to track the size and development of the City. 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. 46) Lobby the state to adopt building codes that are responsive to the unique circumstances of older buildings. 6.6.4 Natural Environment and Aesthetics - Ensure adequate review of individual and cumulative environmental and aesthetic effects of development to preserve the viewsheds, natural function~, and beauty which are a fundamental element of Bozeman's character. Objective 1. Protect important wildlife habitats, and natural areas which provide for beneficial functions, such as floodplains. Implementation Policies: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 14, 15, 16, 27, 30, 39, 56, 57, 62 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified development impacts. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adoption of neighborhood and Subarea plans. 14) Pursue state legislative changes as needed to advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 15) Cooperate with School District Number 7 on the siting and redevelopment of neighbor- hood-based schools that will support and integrate with the land use pattern of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 16) Research incentives and regulations and publicize existing incentives, in accordance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, that encourage development within the City of Bozeman. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. Page6-43 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 30) Identify and map important viewsheds and ridgelines, and actively work to protect and enhance them. 39) Develop and implement reliable and adequate funding mechanisms for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of urban parks, recreation trails, and public open spaces, including, but not limited to, a park maintenance district, general funds, and parkland dedica- tions. 56) Coordinate with landowners to assemble and site community parks, as defined herein, which are centrally located and easily accessible to increase and maximize recreational possibilities. 5 7) Revise local subdivision regulations to support off-site parkland dedication or other means of aggregating parkland. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. Objective 2. Protect the viewshed, including ridgelines, surrounding and within Bozeman to preserve the natural character and mountain setting which helps to make Bozeman unique. Implementation Policies: 3, 4, 27, 30, 56, 57 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected . 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 30) Identify and map important viewsheds and ridgelines, and actively work to protect and enhance them. 56) Coordinate with landowners to assemble and site community parks, as defined herein, which are centrally located and easily accessible to increase and maximize recreational possibilities. 5 7) Revise local subdivision regulations to support off-site parkland dedication or other means of aggregating parkland. Objective 3. Encourage the creation of well-defined residential neighborhoods. Each neighborhood should have a clear focal point, such as a park, school, other open space, or community facility, and shall be designed to promote pedestrian convenience. To this end, the City shall encourage the use of historic Bozeman neighborhoods, including a significantly interconnected street system, as models for the planning and design of new residential neighborhoods. Page 6-44 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use Implementation Policies: 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 18, 27, 32, 34, 36, 38, 39, 47, 56, 57, 58 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan .adoption. 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adoption of neighborhood and Subarea plans. 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representatives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly scheduled meetings or other means. 18) Review and evaluate development procedures and requirements and make changes, as needed, to improve predictability, clarity, timeliness, effectiveness, and simplicity, while ensuring adequate review of community and environmental impacts. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 32) Require the preparation of Subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Section 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 34) As described in Chapter 9, prepare and adopt a new comprehensive plan for parks, recre- ation, open space, and trails for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its implementation tools. 36) Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines to ensure functional, human scale, and attractive development. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 39) Develop and implement reliable and adequate funding mechanisms for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of urban parks, recreation trails, and public open spaces, including, but not limited to, a park maintenance district, general funds, and parkland dedica- tions. 4 7) Ensure the zoning ordinance provides for both minimum and maximum residential densities. Page6-45 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 56) Coordinate with landowners to assemble and site community parks, as defined herein, which are centrally located and easily accessible to increase and maximize recreational possibilities. 57) Revise local subdivision regulations to support off-site parkland dedication or other means of aggregating parkland. 58) Revise the zoning ordinance to encourage and facilitate the development of multi-use buildings and projects that combine residential and non-residential uses including live/work opportunities. Objective 4. After July 2003, development in Planned Neighborhood Areas shall begin only after adoption of applicable specific Subarea plans. Specific plans shall specify the locations of various residential land uses, parks, schools, neighborhood commercial uses, streets, trails, and other infrastructure. Subarea plans shall include a mix of residential densities. Page6-46 Implementation Policies: 2, 3, 6, 27, 32, 36, 38, 39, 45, 47, 56, 57, 58, 59 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and Subarea plans. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 32) Require the preparation ofSubarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Section 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 36) Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines to ensure functional, human scale, and attractive development. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 39) Develop and implement reliable and adequate funding mechanisms for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of urban parks, recreation trails, and public open spaces, including, but not limited to, a park maintenance district, general funds, and parkland dedica- tions. 45) Conduct an affordable housing needs assessment at least every five years, and prepare and implement an affordable housing strategic plan. 4 7) Ensure the zoning ordinance provides for both minimum and maximum residential densities. 56) Coordinate with landowners to assemble and site community parks, as defined herein, which are centrally located and easily accessible to increase and maximize recreational possibilities. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan LandUse 5 7) Revise local subdivision regulations to support off-site parkland dedication or other means of aggregating parkland. 58) Revise the zoning ordinance to encourage and facilitate the development of multi-use buildings and projects that combine residential and non-residential uses including live/work opportunities. 59) Ensure an adequate land base dedicated to the commercial functions of neighborhood commercial centers so that businesses reinforce each other, provide a wide range of services, and are easily accessible to neighborhood residents and workers. Page6-47 Land Use Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page 6-48 •;11tllHlil1• .. ~~~ ... . 2 0 • 2 0 Shap.i.ng Our Future Together CHAPTER 7 Economic Development Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 7.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Economic Development CHAPTER 7 Economic Development Economic Development is the process of creating wealth by mobilizing human, physical, natural and capital resources to produce marketable goods and services. A healthy economy plays a key role in maintaining the quality of life within a city. A strong economy provides economic opportunities to all citizens through the creation of jobs and business opportunities, creating a tax base that provides schools, police, fire protection, parks and other community facilities, services and amenities. Successful models blend public and private efforts. A city can foster economic development through actions that include activities primarily directed towards economic development and those undertaken for other reasons that also produce economic benefits. Examples of ac- tivities primarily directed toward economic devel- opment include allocating land for manufacturing and commercial uses, connecting water and sewer systems to business sites, providing tax credits and incentives, and completing advance planning to accommodate growth. To achieve these ends, it is critical that the City of Bozeman continue to support and participate in partnerships to promote economic development. Economic development strategies need to be interactive with public and private sector executives at the state and local lev- els. Downtown Bozeman Since its founding, Bozeman has provided services to the surrounding area. Initially Bozeman was an agricultural supplier to Virginia City and other mining communities. Later, as the county seat and the site of Montana State University, Bozeman became a services and retail hub. This pattern has continued with Bozeman now providing services to a multi-county area. Bozeman is strategically located to provide services to a large geographic region. Bozeman is 82 miles from Butte, 100 miles from Helena, and 140 miles from Billings. It is also the closest city of significant size to Yellowstone National Park and the Bridger Bowl and Big Sky ski areas. Because of its location within the region, Bozeman has a long association with, and benefit from tourism and services. Origi- nally founded as an agricultural community, Bozeman has expanded to provide a wide range of economic opporturutles. Like many western communities, Bozeman is undergoing a transition. Agriculture now employs a smaller percentage of workers than ever before. At the same time, specialty and value-added processors in the area, such as Wheat Montana, are experiencing significant growth. Persistent low commodity prices and an aging farm population increase the difficulties in continuing farm operations. Land throughout the Page 7-1 Economic Development Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Gallatin Valley and surrounding areas is being taken out of agricultural production and is being subdi- vided for recreational, residential and industrial uses. This not only reduces the amount of agricultural products being produced but also reduces demand for supporting employment such as mechanics, eleva- tor operators, and veterinarians. As agricultural lands are interspersed with new non-farm residences, additional conflicts are created between long-standing agricultural practices and equipment and persons newly relocated and perhaps unfamiliar with rural life. Montana State University has been an economic anchor for Bozeman for many years. MSU is also experiencing a changing environment as demographic changes bring an older population. The average student in 2000 is now 22.3 years old, several years older than in 1970. Total student enrollment has expanded but instructional hours are remaining stable, indicating that students take longer to complete course work and graduate. The role of research as a revenue source is increasing and emphasizing the economic development function of state universities. 7.1 CURRENT EMPLOYMENT Recent changes in the national economy are also being seen in Bozeman. There has been significant national growth in the "Internet economy," which offers significant opportunity for Bozeman. As a result of the newness of this development, it is uncertain as to the long-term effects that may occur. Bozeman's location astride large telecommunication lines and the presence of MSU coupled with a high quality of life give promise to the possibility of attracting and developing providers of digitally based products and services. Tourism in Bozeman, unlike many communities, is a year-round activity. The presence of world-re- nowned fishing, hunting, skiing, and other outdoor activities, as well as Yellowstone National Park, support a continuous variety of spring, summer, autumn, and winter activities. Community activi- ties such as the Sweet Pea festival, urban attrac- tions such as the Museum of the Rockies, and the historic and lively downtown provide social and cul- tural attractions which complement the natural beauty surrounding Bozeman According to the Sweet Pea Festival parade in Downtown Bozeman Bozeman Area Chamber of Commerce, an estimated 1 million to 1.5 million visitors come through Bozeman annually. The Chamber estimates that tourism creates a direct economic impact on Bozeman of $80 million, which is then multiplied several times as dollars from outside the community are turned over by residents up to seven times. Airlines serving Gallatin Field estimate that 70 percent of the arriving passengers are leisure travelers. Tourism also supports other economic activities by providing an unusually large demand at Gallatin Field. Bozeman's air connection to the nation is significantly en- hanced, as discussed in Chapter 10, Transportation, by visitors who travel by air. Bozeman has a varied economic base that has aided in smoothing some of the cyclical boom and bust periods that have affected Montana. Bozeman also has an economy that is in transition. Founded as an agricultural community, Bozeman now derives the majority of its employment from services including Page 7-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Economic Development health care, education, and entertainment and retail trade. One of the basic information sources for employment data is the Economic Census conducted by the United States Census Bureau in years ending in two and seven. For many years the economic activities of the nation were classified by the Standard Industrial Classifi- cation (SIC) system that grouped similar business activities into categories, such as wholesale trade. In the 1997 Economic Census a modified system was used for the first time, the NAICS. Unfortunately, the Census bureau has not created indexes that allow the direct comparison of the 1997 Economic Census and previous efforts at the city level. Table 7-1: Historic Employment by Standard Industrial Classification Sector 1998 Montana 1990 Census 1980 Census 1970 Census Department of Labor Sector T.E.' % T.E.2 T. E .1 % T.E.2 T.E.1 % T.E .2 T.E.l %T.E.2 Agriculture3 83 0.4% 248 2.2% 315 3.4% 200 2. 9% Mining 65 0.3% 27 0.2% 30 0.3% 0 0.0% Construction 1,238 5.7% 517 4.6% 480 5.1% 314 4.5% Manufacturing 1,385 6.4% 743 6.5% 189 2.0% 263 3.8% T.C.U.4 695 3.2% 500 4.4% 377 4.0% 264 3.8% Wholesale Trade 1,176 5.4% 337 3.0% 213 2.3% 170 2.4% Retail Trade 6,010 27.6% 2,772 24.4% 2,066 22.0% 1,267 18.1% F.I.R.E.5 800 3.7% 504 4.4% 557 5.9% 348 5.0% Services 9,189 42.2% 5,140 45.3% 4,465 47.5% 4,159 59.5% Public Administration 1,145 5.3% 469 4.1% 399 4".2% 368 5.3% Source: 1998 Third Quarter Employment Covered by Unemployment Insurance Report, Montana Department of Labor 1990, 1980, and 1970 U.S. Census, Census Bureau. 1 Total City Employment. 2 Percent of Total City E mployment. 3 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing. 4 Transportation, Communication, and Utilities. 5 Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate. Page 7-3 Economic Development Bozeman 2020 Community Plan In order to look at historical employment trends, data was selected from the decennial census and data collected by the Montana Department of Labor that is still organized by the SIC system. This section should be revisited in some detail when the City-level results of the 2000 census and the 2002 Economic Census become available and more direct comparisons become possible with the 1997 Economic Cen- sus. Tables 7-1 and 7-2 show the breakdown of employment in Bozeman by class. Table 7-2: Employment Detail for Retail Trade, Services, and Public Administration Third Quarter of 1998 Sector Total Percent of Total Employment Employment Retail Trade 6,010 27.6% Eating and Drinking Establishments 2,146 9.9% Services - Education, Personal, Health, 9,189 42.4% Professional (total employment) Lodging Services 669 3.1% Education 3,995 18.3% Health 1,407 6.5% Public Administration (total employment) 1,145 5.3% Local (Gallatin County and City of 586 2.7% Bozeman State 222 1.0% Federal 324 1.5% Total City Employment 21,786 Source: 1998 Third Quarter Third Quarter Employment Covered b)' Unemployment Insurance Report, Montana Department of Labor. 7 .2 FUTURE EMPLYMENT Household size in Bozeman has been declining, as has the national average household size. The change in the expected household size directly affects the expected ratio of jobs to population. It is expected that as the household size continues to decrease, the expected growth in employment will increase faster than the expected growth in population. Table 7-3 shows expected future employment within the City of Bozeman. The figures shown in the table illustrate the continuation of some trends and the effects of economic changes. A report prepared in 2000 by the Sonoran Institute from county-level data from the Census Bureau and other sources indicates that 40% of the countywide income of Gallatin County is not related to wages, but instead comes from rents, the stock market, retirement income, and other similar sources. This is a trend that has been detected in other western counties that are close to other major recreational areas and are amenity- rich. The change in income sources reflects in a shift of dominant employment sectors, with services playing a larger role than they would in a community without a large quantity of non-labor income. Page 7-4 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Economic Development Graph 7-1: Eight Largest Employers in the City of Bozeman Based on Number of Employees VLC ILX Lightwave Wal-Mart I (IJ City of Bozeman Gallatin County Bozeman School District #7 600 Bozeman Dearoness Hospital 703 Montana State University ,400 D 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Number of Employees Source: Phone SUTV'!J ef personnel offices. Table 7-3: Future Employment by Standard Industrial Classification Sector Sector Total 1998 Percent of Total 2020 Total Employment Employment Employment Agriculture1 83 0.4% Mining 65 0.3% Construction 1,238 5.7% Manufacturing 1,385 6.4% T.C.U.2 695 3.2% Wholesale Trade 1,176 5.4% Retail Trade 6,010 27.6% F.I.R.E.3 800 3.7% Services 9,189 42.2% Public Administration 1,145 5.3% Totals 21,786 100% Source: Background Data, Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan 2001 Update. 1 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery. 2 Transportation, Communications, and Utilities. 3 Finance Insurance and Real Estate. (expected) 163 33 3,128 2,618 1,116 1,730 9,472 1,117 13,717 2,626 35,721 Percent of Total Employment 0.5% 0.1% 8.8% 7.3% 3.1% 4.8% 26.5% 3.1% 38.4% 7.4% 100% Page 7-5 Economic Development Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Table 7-4: City Employment as a Portion of Total County Employment by Sector 1998 Department of Labor 1990 Census 1980 Census Sector City County City City County City City County Percentage Percentage Agriculture' 248 1,68 5 14.72% 315 1,613 19.53% 200 1,175 Mining 27 123 21.95% 30 95 31.58% 0 6 Construction 517 1,463 35.34% 480 1,321 36.34% 314 696 Manufacturing 743 1,993 37.28% 189 1,389 13.61% 263 77 7 T.C.U.2 500 1,433 34.89% 377 938 40.19% 264 642 Wholesale Trade 337 904 37.28% 213 625 34.08% 170 320 Retail Trade 2,772 5,616 49.36% 2,066 3,866 53.44% 1,267 2,231 F.I.R.E.3 504 1,080 46.67% 557 1,021 54.55% 348 419 Services 5,140 9,925 51.79% 4,465 7,448 59.95% 4,159 5,276 Public 469 931 50.38% 399 816 48.90% 368 857 Administration Total 11,353 25,153 45.14% 9,391 19,132 49.09% 6,985 12,129 Source: 1998 Third Quarter Employment Covered by Unemployment Insurance Report, Montana Department of Labor. 1990 and 1980 U.S. Census, Census Bureau .. ' Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery. 2 Transportation, Communications, and Utilities. J Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate. City Percentage 17.02% 0.00% 45.11 % 33.85% 41.12% 53.13% 56.79% 83.05% 78 .83% 42.94% 57.59% Table 7-4 illustrates the place of Bozeman within the Gallatin County employment pattern. A trend is noticeable where employment within Bozeman represents a smaller proportion of the entire county economic base. This represents the growth of Big Sky and West Yellowstone as independent communities over the past 28 years, the expansion of Four Corners, Belgrade, and other existing areas of the county. This trend may or may not continue as the employment base reflects changes in the national economy. Technologically-oriented businesses such as software firms are more able to provide their services remotely than are retail businesses such as restaurants. Depending on the future employment mix, the proportion of business locating within Bozeman may vary. The data for 1998 also was from those businesses, which are covered by unemployment insurance. This excludes sole proprietorships. Bozeman has a large number of small businesses. This trend is likely to continue and be increased with persons residing in Bozeman and telecommuting to employment located in other areas. This trend also has land use implications since these individuals are more likely to work and home and will not, therefore, create a demand for office spaces. The City can support this type of entrepreneurship by relaxing its home occupation provisions in the zoning ordinance and supporting live/work opportunities. Bozeman has benefited over the past century from a diverse employment base. A broad economic base helps to smooth economic cycles and provide for a more dynamic and stable community. Bozeman's largest employment sector, services, is diversified with Montana State University and medical and pro- fessional services. Tourism brings funds from outside the community and supports a wide variety of local businesses from hotels to fishing guides to local artists. Agricultural activities in Gallatin County provide basic employment that in turn supports other businesses. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Economic Development As Bozeman becomes more connected to national trends, decisions such as Federal Reserve changes in the interest rates have a larger impact on the community. In order to maintain a healthy economic climate Bozeman should identify what opportunities and advantages it has for supporting and expanding existing businesses as well as recruiting new employers. With the development of the Internet and similar techno- logical innovations, Bozeman is able to offer a high amenity life style to employers whose economic activities are not tied to geographic locations, such as software development. However, if Bozeman intends to rely upon a high quality of life to develop economically, then the preservation of that quality of life is also an economic development strategy. It is important to equitably support existing develop- ment and businesses to prevent flight from the developed community and the loss of economic value to the larger community. Businesses, whether new or existing, rely upon government services to support them in their economic activities. Police protection, properly functional transportation networks, and other government activi- ties influence the desirability of development within a community. In order for the City of Bozeman to provide the necessary services, it is important that the City maintain a good financial status ahd exercise good financial management, including the careful integration of its actions to prevent conflicting actions. 7 .3 LAND USE ACTIVITIES Economic development relies upon a variety of resources. Like other urban activities, the presence of available land, good transportation access, and water and sewer services influences the location where businesses are constructed or other economic activities occur. As discussed in Chapter 6, Land Use, Bozeman has two existing land use patterns. A movement to reemphasize the center-based pattern will also affect economic activities. It is expected that a center-based land use pattern will be supportive to economic development and business activities. The concentration of busi- nesses within close proximity will enable mutual reinforcement such as offices and restaurants,and reduce infrastructure costs by providing a more compact pattern which results in shorter service extensions. It will also support pedestrian, bicycle, and transit use, which can result in less parking area needed with corresponding cost savings; en- New retail store in Bozeman able shared parking arrangements; and provide community focal points. The amount of land expected to be required for future economic activities and future land use patterns are discussed in Chapter 6, Land Use. As Chapter 6 indicates, there is an adequate supply of most types of land given appropriate plan- ning and zoning designations within the existing city limits available for development. Bozeman's development has been strongly influenced by the presence of Montana State University. MSU has been a stabilizing influence on the local economy, and the many students comprise a significant portion of Bozeman's population. Bozeman has supported the development of the university through the provision of urban services, providing housing opportunities for staff and students, and coordinated capital facility planning. MSU has the potential to provide future local employment opportunities as a result of the broad range of research conducted on campus. Several local businesses either interact with Page 7-7 Economic Development Bozeman 2020 Community Plan ongoing research or resulted from the transfer Lo the privale markeL of knowle<lge <levelupe<l at MSU. The City and MSU should work to strengthen and continue their existing mutually beneficial relation- ship. 7.4 MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman's development has been strongly influenced by the presence of Montana State University. Montana State University is a land grant institution with 12,000 students and colleges of agriculture, arts and architecture, business, education, health and human development, engineering, graduate studies, letters and science, and nursing. Currently, MSU is working to expand the land grant mission to serve high-technology businesses in addition to the traditional agriculture clientele. Bozeman has supported the development of the university through the provision of urban services, providing housing opportunities for staff and students, and coordinated capital facility planning. In exchange, MSU has been a stabilizing influence on the local economy and the many students comprise a significant portion of Bozeman's population. Many graduates will remain in the Bozeman community after graduation and work in professions such as education, health care, business, and engineering. In addition to developing a qualified workforce, MSU contributes to the local economy by providing jobs, increasing visitors to the area, and developing research opportunities. MSU's research benefits the Bozeman economy in several ways. Many of the 80 plus high-technology companies in the Gallatin Valley utilize MSU and its resources in their businesses. Such in- teractions rnclude faciliues and equip- ment use, student intern programs, fac- ulty consulting, and collaborative re- search. Additionally, MSU has licensed 40 university technologies, 26 of which are with Montana companies. MSU also seeks to serve local companies through service efforts. The Montana Manufac- turing Extension Center has provided manufacturing expertise and assistance The Bn-ck Breeden Fieldhouse at MSU is used for mall)' community events to companies such as WestPaw Design, Mystery Ranch, and Big Sky Carvers. TechLink, located in the Advance Technology Park, helps local companies to access, develop, and commercialize technology in partnership with federal research labs. The new business incubator, TechRanch, nurtures start-up com- panies by providing them with valuable resources, such as equipment, expertise, and resources for ven- ture capital. MSU also works to enable Montana small businesses to be more successful in federal grant programs such as SBIR and STTR. Two examples of businesses that ,vork with and derive benefit from MSU are Scientific Materials and LigoCyte, both Bozeman technology-based companies. Scientific Materials, a laser materials company, has collaborated on research projects with MSU for several years, employed MSU graduates, and licensed technology from MSU. LigoCyte Pharmaceuticals has licensed 5 technologies from MSU, utilizes MSU Page 7-8 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Economic Development biotechnology interns, works collaboratively on numerous projects with MSU, and resides in the University's Advanced Technology Park. Of the $60 million in extramural research dollars brought into Montana by MSU, $40 million provides salaries in the local economy. MSU provides input directly into the economy, as well as working hard to enable existing and future small companies to achieve success in the area. Montana State University has been a partner in the Bozeman Community since 1893. The City of Bozeman and MSU should continue to work together into the future, and continued their existing mutu- ally beneficial relationship. 7 .5 BOZEMAN'S SUPPORT FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT The City of Bozeman undertakes a variety of activities which supports and encourages the maintenance, expansion, and creation of employment. As a municipality, the City has jurisdiction over various urban services, land use and development, and a variety of economic development tools within its boundaries. The City has historically utilized these tools to encourage and support businesses that advance commu- nity aspirations. Examples of City support for economic development include: Maintaining a balanced and fiscally responsible City budget Initiating a Capital Improvements Program to facilitate cooperation between agencies and pri- vate parties for the provision of water, sewer, and streets Ensuring a high quality of urban services, such as police protection and water treatment Supporting the renovation and reuse of the existing building stock to prevent blight and urban decay, with its accompanying loss of value and tax revenue Utilizing tax abatement, Community Development Block Grants, and other financial instruments to support businesses providing job growth or other identified community benefits Supporting the Gallatin Development Corporation Supporting Montana State University Actively pursuing infrastructure maintenance and development funds to reduce costs to system users Facilitating private initiative through the use of tax increment financing and business improve- ment districts 7 .6 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND POLICIES 7 .6.1 Promote and encourage the continued development of Bozeman as a vital economic center. Objective 1. Support business creation, retention and expansion. Implementation Policies: 2, 3, 18, 28, 29, 35, 52, 55, 59, 61, 62, 107, 108, 109 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. Page 7-9 Economic Development Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page 7-10 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 18) Review and evaluate development procedures and requirements and make changes, as needed, to improve predictability, clarity, timeliness, effectiveness, and simplicity, while en- suring adequate review of community and environmental impacts. 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelop- ment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 29) Use the GIS based land use inventory to identify infill opportunities and share this infor- mation with developers. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 52) In cooperation with other public and private entities, design a long-range plan to promote cultural tourism. 55) Prepare and implement a neighborhood plan for Downtown to evaluate issues such as parking, traffic circulation, economic development, the economic impacts commercial devel- opment located outside the commercial core has on Downtown, building rehabilitation, ex- pansion of the Downtown business district, increasing building height limits, rehabilitation of Bozeman Creek, and so forth. 59) Ensure an adequate land base dedicated to the commercial functions of neighborhood commercial centers so that businesses reinforce each other, provide a wide range of services, and are easily accessible to neighborhood residents and workers. 61) Maintain and enhance as needed relationships with the Gallatin Development Corpora- tion, Chamber of Commerce, and other groups to promote Bozeman as a good place to live and work and attract businesses that advance the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 107) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding and tax breaks, to encourage the creation of primary jobs and workforce training. 108) Provide public infrastructure for a partnership with Montana State University that incubates business-building on the success of the Montana Manufacturing Extension Cen- ter, TechRanch, and TechLink-transferring technologies developed at MSU to the private sector and creating high paying jobs. 109) Adopt and incorporate by reference into the 2020 Plan a Bozeman Economic and Business Development Master Plan with the goals of (1) Actively encouraging, promoting and facilitating the creation of new businesses within the Bozeman Area, recruiting nonresi- dent businesses to relocate to the City, and retaining and supporting the expansion of existing businesses; (2) actively encouraging, promoting, and facilitating a strong, mutually beneficial working relationship between the City of Bozeman and Montana State University, with an Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Economic Development emphasis on capturing a larger share of the benefits of university research through local economic development; and (3) promoting and maintaining a positive business climate within the City. ( 4) Involving participants in this process who should include but not be limited to the Public Sector (City of Bozeman, Gallatin County, Bozeman Public Schools, Montana State University, and the State of Montana) and Private Sector (Gallatin Development Cor- poration, Bozeman Area Chamber of Commerce, Southwest Montana Building Industry As- sociation, and Downtown Bozeman Business Improvement District). Objective 2. Coordinate the provision of infrastructure necessary to support economic develop- ment. Implementation Policies: 2, 23, 28, 62 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelop- ment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. Objective 3. Foster a positive economic climate through a well managed and aesthetically pleas- ing built environment and by maintaining a beautiful and healthy natural environment to pro- mote and attract businesses with a desirable impact on the community. Implementation Policies: 25, 30, 36, 37, 39, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51, 61 25) Update the design criteria of the Entryway Corridor Overlay plan to ensure adequate and appropriate review standards that are consistent with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 30) Identify and map important viewsheds and ridgelines, and actively work to protect and enhance them. 36) Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines to ensure functional, human scale, and attrac- tive development. 37) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conser- vation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. 39) Develop and implement reliable and adequate funding mechanisms for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of urban parks, recreation trails, and public open spaces, including, but not limited to, a park maintenance district, general funds, and parkland dedica- tions. 44) Prepare and implement a comprehensive urban forest master plan addressing planting, maintenance, and replacement needs. Page 7-11 Economic Development Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 48) Sustain the Bozeman Arts Commission and support the Commission's preparation and implementation of a Bozeman Arts and Culture plan. The plan shall address funding, facili- ties, access, event scheduling, arts education and outreach, and expanding arts opportunities. 49) Promote Downtown as the cultural center of Bozeman through support of art in public places, including visual, literary, and performing arts on both public and private property. 50) Incorporate public art in public projects including buildings, parks, recreational facilities, and public service facilities and encourage private development to include art in their projects. 51) Support and facilitate community arts and cultural events such as the Sweet Pea Festival, Christmas Stroll, Lunch on the Lawn, Gallatin County Fair, and the Winter Fair. 61) Maintain and enhance as needed relationships with the Gallatin Development Corpora- tion, Chamber of Commerce, and other groups to promote Bozeman as a good place to live and work and attract businesses that advance the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 4. Encourage ongoing improvements in private infrastructure systems, such as tele- communications, and promote state-of- the-art facilities. Implementation Policies: 3, 8, 18 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. 18) Review and evaluate development procedures and requirements and make change~, as needed, to improve predictability, clarity, timeliness, effectiveness, and simplicity, while en- suring adequate review of community and environmental impacts. Objective 5. Encourage, through the use of incentives, the development of business and indus- try that provides wages that are proportionate to, or are higher than, the cost of living. Page 7-12 Implementation Policies: 1, 18, 23, 35, 59, 61, 108 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 18) Review and evaluate development procedures and requirements and make changes, as needed, to improve predictability, clarity, timeliness, effectiveness, and simplicity, while en- suring adequate review of community and environmental impacts. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 59) Ensure an adequate land base dedicated to the commercial functions of neighborhood commercial centers so that businesses reinforce each other, provide a wide range of services, and are easily accessible to neighborhood residents and workers. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Economic Development 61) Maintain and enhance as needed relationships with the Gallatin Development Corpora- tion, Chamber of Commerce, and other groups to promote Bozeman as a good place to live and work and attract businesses that advance the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 7 .6.2 Support balanced policies and programs to encourage a vigorous and diverse economy. Objective 1. Support the preservation of agricultural lands and activities and a viable agricul- tural community as an important economic sector in the Gallatin Valley. Implementation Policies: 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 63, 64, 65 9) Continue to support and participate in existing cooperative intergovernmental groups such as the Transportation Coordinating Committee, Gallatin City-County Board of Health, and the Gallatin Valley Roundtable. 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. 11) Provide assistance to other communities by sharing materials, knowledge, and training opportunities with elected officials and community volunteers. 12) Establish a regional planning coordinating committee based on the model of the Trans- portation Coordinating Committee to address planning issues with regional impacts. 13) Continue cooperation and coordination with the Gallatin County Planning Board to sup- port policies and programs that encourage development within municipalities and establish clearly defined urban growth areas. 16) Research incentives and regulations and publicize existing incentives, in accordance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, that encourage development within the City of Bozeman. 63) Support those segments of Bozeman's economy related to agriculture by encouraging the development of local value-added processes. 64) Support the creation and continuation of local markets such as the Farmer's Market for local products. 65) Support the production of specialty and organic crops in close proximity to urban areas by allowing small-scale agriculture as a home-based business, expanding the Farmer's Mar- ket, and so forth. Objective 2. Support the preservation of Gallatin County's historic agricultural character and rural lifestyle. Implementation Policies: 11, 12, 13, 16 11) Provide assistance to other communities by sharing materials, knowledge, and training opportunities with elected officials and community volunteers. 12) Establish a regional planning coor~nating committee based on the model of the Trans- portation Coordinating Committee to address planning issues with regional impacts. 13) Continue cooperation and coordination with the Gallatin County Planning Board to sup- port policies and programs that encourage development within municipalities and establish clearly defined urban growth areas. Page 7-13 Economic Development Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 16) Research incentives and regulations and publicize existing incentives, in accordance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, that encourage development within the City of Bozeman. Objective 3. Ensure the viability of agricultural land uses by protecting water sources used for irrigation. Implementation Policies: 3, 19 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 19) The annexation policy of the City shall if necessary be revised to seek to regularize City boundaries, eliminate existing gaps in the City's jurisdiction, annex all areas adjacent to the City which are developed at a density greater than one dwelling unit per acre, and address other issues as identified in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 4. Foster a diverse economy that will protect the economic climate for existing busi- nesses and maintain opportunities for business expansion. Page 7-14 Implementation Policies: 2, 3, 18, 28, 29, 35, 52, 55, 59, 61, 62, 107, 108, 109 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 18) Review and evaluate development procedures and requirements and make changes, as needed, to improve predictability, clarity, timeliness, effectiveness, and simplicity, while en- suring adequate review of community and environmental impacts. 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelop- ment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 29) Use the GIS based land use inventory to identify infill opportunities and share this infor- mation with developers. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 52) In cooperation with other public and private entities, design a long-range plan to promote cultural tourism. 55) Prepare and implement a neighborhood plan for Downtown to evaluate issues such as parking, traffic circulation, economic development, the economic impacts commercial devel- opment located outside the commercial core has on Downtown, building rehabilitation, ex- pansion of the Downtown business district, increasing building height limits, rehabilitation of Bozeman Creek, and so forth. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Economic Development 59) Ensure an adequate land base dedicated to the commercial functions of neighborhood commercial centers so that businesses reinforce each other, provide a wide range of services, and are easily accessible to neighborhood residents and workers. 61) Maintain and enhance as needed relationships with the Gallatin Development Corpora- tion, Chamber of Commerce, and other groups to promote Bozeman as a good place to live and work and attract businesses that advance the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. Objective 5. Participate in the growing regional economy in a manner that minimizes conflict between jurisdictions and that maximizes natural market strengths. Implementation Policies: 5, 12, 13, 16, 23 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified develop- ment impacts. 12) Establish a regional planning coordinating committee based on the model of the Trans- portation Coordinating Committee to address planning issues with regional impacts. 13) Continue cooperation and coordination with the Gallatin County Planning Board to sup- port policies and programs that encourage development within municipalities and establish clearly defined urban growth areas. 16) Research incentives and regulations and publicize existing incentives, in accordance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, that encourage development within the City of Bozeman. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. Objective 6. Maintain a strong financial position for the City of Bozeman. Implementation Policies: 28, 38, 39, 62, 66, 67 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelop- ment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 39) Develop and implement reliable and adequate funding mechanisms for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of urban parks, recreation trails, and public open spaces, including but not limited to, a park maintenance district, general funds, and parkland dedica- tions. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 66) The City shall balance the needs of existing and future development so that the cost of public facilities and services is assigned on a fair, proportionate, and equitable basis to the user that requires them. Page 7-15 Economic Development Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 67) As provided for in state law, seek to establish joint funding mechanisms so that non-City residents participate in the construction and support of City services and facilities that they use. Objective 7. Support Montana State University in its educational and research mission, which contributes to the local and state economy. Page 7-16 Implementation Policies: 8, 9, 11, 22, 47, 68, 108 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. 9) Continue to support and participate in existing cooperative intergovernmental groups such as the Transportation Coordinating Committee, Gallatin City-County Board of Health, and the Gallatin Valley Roundtable. 11) Provide assistance to other communities by sharing materials, knowledge, and training opportunities with elected officials and community volunteers. 22) If the annual growth rate of the City either increases or decreases by 50% or more in a single year; or, if the City increases in population or area by more that 15% during the period between otherwise scheduled reviews; or, if the inventory of land uses within the City shows one land use exceeding the national averages for cities of comparable size by more than 30%; then, the Planning Board shall initiate a review of the growth policy to ensure that the goals, objectives and text of the plan adequately reflect that status and needs of the community. Should the review indicate the need for changes to the plan to respond to altered circum- stances the changes shall be initiated promptly. 47) Ensure the zoning ordinance provides for both minimum and maximum residential densi- ties. 68) Advance Montana State University's education and research missions and further the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan through internship opportunities with the City and contracts for services such as the Community Design Center. •;11111u11111K .. ....~ . ... ~ 2 0 • 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together CHAPTER 8 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands CHAPTERS Environmental Quality and Critical Lands 8.0 INTRODUCTION The protection of critical lands in the Bozeman area, and the preservation of our environmental quality, benefits the City and outlying areas in many ways. First, there are many public health and safety issues associated with protecting critical lands and maintaining environmental quality. In fact, the most com- pelling reas·on for regulating land uses in and around critical areas, and land uses that pose a threat to air and water quality, is to protect life and property. For example, development on a slope too steep to accommodate development could result in costly damage to property due to slope failure. Or a decrease in air quality can exasperate asthma and other respiratory ailments in the population. Second, regulating land uses in and around critical lands, and land uses that pose a threat to air and water quality, can reduce public and private costs. For example, retention of a natural wetland may save the considerable expense associated with building a retention system to accommodate the runoff formerly intercepted by the wetland. Or protecting water quality can help the City and Bozeman taxpayers avoid the costs associated with water contamination. Finally, many people and companies move to the Gallatin Valley, and remain here, because of the high quality of life. Maintaining clear water and air, and protecting critical lands, is an important component of the high quality of life Bozeman area residents enjoy. In fact, the 1999 Community Characteristic and Opinion Survey revealed that the second most-valued characteristic of Bozeman is the natural environ- ment. The following statement was included in the 1990 Bozeman Area Master Plan Update, and is still perti- nent today: "The beauty of the City of Bozeman, the Gallatin Valley, and our productive agricultural lands are valuable resources. The area is truly unique and fragile because of our high- mountain setting. However, with additional growth anticipated, some of the valley's natural resources may be endangered. The success of the Bozeman Area Master Plan will come about through protecting our natural, pristine environment, and healthy agricul- ture." 8.0.1 Critical Lands Study In the fall of 1994, the Bozeman City-County Planning Board initiated an effort to prepare a "Critical Lands Strategic Plan" for the Bozeman City-County Planning Jurisdiction. Generally, the goal of this planning effort is to establish ways to protect the unique physical setting and environmental features of the Bozeman area as we implement our Master Plan. The objectives of this planning process are three- fold: Tclentify those aspects of the physical environment that present problems for sound develop- ment, and/ or have characteristics such as uniqueness or public value that are worth protecting. Page 8-1 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Include the public in identifying these lands and defining protection methods for identified lands. Develop the mechanisms that can provide the Bozeman community with a pattern of develop- ment that protects these valuable and unique resources in an economically sound manner. The mission statement for the Critical Lands Strategic Plan was as follows: 'To implement Bozeman Area Master Plan o{!jectives l?J identifying areas with natural or human- induced hazards that limit development capaciry, as well as areas with unique characten·stics or public values. To achieve Master Plan oijectives 1!J developing and implementing strategies that protect public sefery and we!fare while preserving and conserving identijied critical lands. Final/y, to encourage and promote public participation in both identifying and preserving critical lands. " The Critical Lands Strategic Plan was not adopted as an element of the 1990 Bozeman Area Master Plan. However, the Planning Board and City Commission did endorse the document as a technical reference document during the summer of 1997. Therefore, the document is now referred to as the Critical Lands Study. The document contains a significant amount of background information and maps for a variety of issues, including wetlands; floodplains; river, streams, and ditches; groundwater aquifer and recharge zones; geologic constraints; farmland and open space; and fish and wildlife habitat. Much of the back- ground information that supports this chapter of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan can be found in the Critical Lands Study. The Critical Lands Study should be updated to reflect changes that have occurred since 1997, including changes in jurisdiction, legislative changes, better maps and inventories, and changes in the critical lands themselves. The document currently known as the Critical Lands Study, as well as any future updates or revisions to that document, are hereby incorporated by reference as an element of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Any future updates or revisions of the Critical Lands Study should be renamed to the Critical Lands Element or the Critical Lands Plan. 8.0.2 Montana State Constitution Perhaps the strongest language for protecting environmental quality and preserving critical lands is found in the Montana State Constitution. Article II-Declaration of Rights, Section 3-Inalienable Rights states: "All persons are born free and have certain inalienable rights. They include the rights to a clean and healthful environment .... " Article IX-Environment and Natural Resources, Section 1-Protection and Improvement, states the following: 1. The state and each person shall maintain and improve a clean and healthful environment in Montana for present and future generations. 2. The legislature shall provide for the administration and enforcement of this duty. 3. The legislature shall provide adequate remedies for the protection of the environmental life support system from degradation and provide adequate remedies to prevent unreasonable deple- tion and degradation of natural resources. 8.1 WETLANDS 8.1.1 Introduction PageS-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan A lamstrine wetland north ef Bozeman Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Wetlands have long been regarded as fringe environments, wastelands, or nui- sances with limited land use utility. For centuries, wetlands have been systemati- cally destroyed through filling, draining, and dredging. In fact, it is estimated that since 1800 approximately 50 percent of all wetlands in the United States, and approximately 27 percent of all wetlands in Montana, have been destroyed. This is largely because Congress made the draining and filling of wetlands for rec- lamation a national policy through the promulgation of the Swamp Lands Acts of 1849, 1850, and 1860. These Acts granted 15 western states nearly 65 million acres for swamp reclamation. However, beginning in the early 1960s, the federal government began issuing regulations to protect wetlands due in part to an increased understanding of wetland benefits. Today, several federal and state agencies are responsible for, and are involved in, wetlands protection in the United States and in the State of Montana. These agencies include the U.S. Army Corps of Engi- neers (COE), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and the Montana Department of Environ- mental Quality (DEQ). Definition of a Wetland. Wetlands are generally identified and delineated based on the following char- acteristics: The presence ef water at or near the surface, usualfy relativefy shallow water, all or part ef the year; The presence ef distinctive soils (rydric soils), eften with organic contents, which are clearfy different from upland soils and are poorfy drained; The presence ef vegetation (rydroprytes) composed ef species adapted to wet soils, surface water, and/ or flood- ing. 8.1.2 Wetland Benefits Currently, wetlands comprise less than 1 percent of the total land area in Montana. Wetlands provide many benefits, so it is very important to protect and maintain existing wetlands. Some benefits include Soak up large volumes of water and gradually release it to adjacent streams or waterbodies during low flow periods; Recharge wells and aquifers by holding water long enough to allow it to percolate into underlying soils; Support vegetation that acts as a flood buffer and stabilizes the shoreline; Enhance water quality by absorbing sediments, toxins, and nutrients; Decompose organic matter and incorporate nutrients into the food chain; Page 8-3 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Provide habitat for millions of birds, mammals, reptiles, fish, and amphibians. Protect habitat for threatened and endangered species. In Montana, 39 percent of endangered species are found in or are dependent on wetlands. Protecting wetlands might hold Endangered Species Act regulations at bay locally. Source: Montana Wetlands & You -A Natural Parlnership, Montana Watercourse, Auguit 2000. 8.1.3 Types of Wetlands in Montana There are several types of wetlands in Montana, including the following: Riverine wetlands. These are associated with flowing water of rivers and streams. Examples include sloughs, abandoned meanders, and river and creek margins. Depressional wetlands. These are low spots on the landscape. Examples include glacial and prairie potholes, saline basins, wet meadows, and ephemeral ponds. Artificial wetlands. These are created by human-related activities. Examples include seeps along irriga- tion canals. Lacustrine fringe wetlands. These wetlands are associated with lakes or deep water habitats. Ex- amples include margins around mud flats, lakes, reservoirs, and ponds. Slope wetlands. These are groundwater discharge areas on a topographic gradient. Examples include sloping wet meadows, subalpine and montane areas of higher elevation, fens, springs, and seeps. Source: Montana Wetlands & You -A Natural Partner.rhip, Montana Watercour.re, Augu.rt 2000. 8.1.4 Regulations and Programs to Protect Wetlands There are many regulations and programs, at both the state and federal level, for the protection of wetlands. At the federal level, the Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1972 is the primary regulatory program that protects wetlands. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE), and state agencies administer the CW A. Section 401 of the CWA requires that states review and certify permits that may result in pollution discharges into surface waters and wetlands. Section 402 establishes a permit system for any discharge of pollutants from a point source into navigable waters. Finally, Section 404 governs dredging and filling of land, and is jointly administered by the ACOE and the EPA. Other federal programs include National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). NEPA requires federal agencies to take action to mini- mize the destruction, loss, or degradation of wetlands and to preserve the natural values of wetlands on federal lands. Executive Order 11990. This order requires federal agencies to take action to minimize destruction, loss, or degradation of wetlands and to preserve the natural values of wetlands on federal lands. Rivers and Harbors Act. This act gives authority to the ACOE to prohibit discharge of solids or construction into tidal and navigable or adjacent waters. 1985 Food Securities Act. "Swamp buster" denies some federal subsidies for conversion of wetlands to agricultural uses. Endangered Species Act. Administered by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, this act protects wetlands that offer unique habitat for endangered and threatened species. Source: Montana Wetlands & You - A Natural Partnership, Montana Watercourse, August 2000. There are also a variety of state programs that are applicable to wetlands, including Stormwater Dis- charge General Permits, Streamside Management Zone Law, Short-term Exemption from Montana's Page 8-4 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Surface Water Quality Standards (3A Authorization), Montana Land Use License or Easement on Navi- gable Waters, Lakeshore Protection Act, Montana Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (MPDES Permit), and Montana Water Quality Act. 8.2 WETLAND ISSUES AND ANALYSIS Lacustrine wetland in Bozeman 8.2.1 Loss of Wetlands The loss of wetlands to urban development is the biggest wetland issue within the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning area. Most of the wetlands in the Bozeman area are quite small and isolated. However, while the functions and benefits provided by one indi- vidual wetland might be negligible, the Bozeman area wetland sys- tem as a whole is very important. The impact of the loss of one wetland is small, but the cumulative impacts of the loss of many wetlands will have a negative impact on Bozeman's natural envi- ronment. Information from the Montana State Library indicates that there were 124 wetland permits issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, in or adjacent to the City of Bozeman between 1990 and 2001 (see Appendix D). Many of these permits were issued for subdivision and other development activity. How- ever, many permits were also issued for the installation of infrastructure (water, sewer, power, and communications), the installation of recreational facilities such as bridges, and habitat improvement. Of the 124 permits issued, 2 were General Permits, 5 were Individual Permits and the rest were Nation- wide Permits. These different types of permits are described as follows: Individual Permits-Individual permits authorize discharges that are usually larger and more complex than permitted under nationwide permits and are thought to have significant effects on the environment. Issuance or denial of a permit often takes 4-6 months and involves a detailed evaluation of the proposed discharge. Before an application is submitted, the prospective appli- cant meets with representatives of the corps and of other federal and state agencies to discuss the proposed discharge, to review potential environmental effects, and, if applicable, to develop practicable alternatives that are less damaging to the environment than the proposed discharge. When an application is accepted, the corps issues a public notice that describes the proposed discharge to solicit written comments from federal and state agencies and from the public about the possible effects of the discharge. After expiration of the 30-day comment period, the corps considers all comments and reviews the proposed discharge for compliance with the 404(b)(1) Guidelines. The corps also determines the need for mitigation of wetland loss if a permit is issued. Mitigation is specified by special conditions of the permit. Nationwide/General Permits-General permits are for discharges that are considered to be similar in nature and to cause only minimal adverse environmental effects when performed sepa- rately or cumulatively (40 CFR 230.7). A nationwide permit (NWP) is a form of general permit designed to authorize a discharge for a specific purpose with little, if any, delay or paperwork by the corps. A nationwide permit is valid only if the proposed discharge meets the conditions of a specific nationwide-permit category. Many discharges authorized under nationwide permits do not require notification of the corps before or after they are made, and therefore there is little Page 8-5 Enviro~-;;ntafQualiefand Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan oversight by the corps or by other resource agencies. Nationwide permits cover discharges for a wide variety of purposes, including backfill for utility lines, bank stabilization, installation of water intake structures, and minor road construction. Mitigation was required for the Individual Permits in the Bozeman area, but not for all Nationwide or General Permits. Another complicating matter is a recent U.S. Supreme Court ruling regarding federal regulation of wetlands. The case of Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. United States Army Corps of Engineers, et al. states that the Army Corps of Engineers does not have the authority to regulate "nonnavigable, isolated, or intrastate waters." All of the wetlands in the Bozeman area could be described as such. Because federal wetland regulations cannot be counted upon to protect Bozeman area wetlands, local wetland protection programs, policies, and possibly regulations should be consid- ered. The following list of wetland protection options should be considered and implemented if pos- sible: Public Acquisition. The City of Bozeman, perhaps in conjunction with nonprofit land conservation organiza- tions, could purchase the fee simple title to land contain- ing significant wetland resources. Farmland with wet- lands could be re-leased to the property owner for con- tinued agricultural production. Purchase of Development Rights (PDR). Instead of fee simple acquisition, the City of Bozeman, perhaps in conjunction with nonprofit land conservation organiza- tions, could purchase only the development rights for land containing wetlands. Therefore, the landowner re- tains ownership of the land, but sells the right to de- velop it. Tuckerman Park, along Sourdough Creek, war purr:hared with public and private fandr to provide urban open rpace City Wetland Review Program. The City could develop a wetland review program to protect wetland areas. This program would have to be at least as restrictive as state and federal programs. Wetland review would be required for the following activities occurring in or near wetlands: PageS-6 Placement of any material, including soil, sand, gravel, mineral, aggregate, organic material, or water into a wetland; Construction, installation, or placement of any obstruction or the erection of a building or struc- ture; Removal, excavation, or dredging of solid material of any kind, including without limitation any soil, sand, gravel, mineral, aggregate, or organic material; Removal of any existing vegetation or any activity which will cause any loss of vegetation in a wetland; Alteration of the water level or water table by any means, including without limitation draining, ditching, trenching, impounding, or pumping; and Disturbance of existing surface drainage characteristics, sedimentation patterns, flow patterns, or flood retention characteristics by any means, including without limitation grading and alter- ation of existing topography. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Development Standards. Where incentive programs prove inadequate to meet wetland protection goals, development standards could be applied. Development standards could possibly be implemented through the use of an overlay zoning district during subdivision or site plan review. These standards could require the following: Require that structures be elevated on piles and otherwise protected against natural hazards; Modify waste disposal and water supply facilities; Require deed restrictions concerning future use and subdivision of lands, including without limi- tation preservation of undeveloped areas as open space and restrictions on vegetation removal; Require buffers between wetland areas and development; Require erosion control and storm water management measures; Cluster structures; Modify development design to ensure continued water supply to the wetland; Modify development design to preserve natural watershed channels; Require a mitigation plan that may involve the creation of new wetlands or the restoration of damaged or degraded wetlands. Transfer of Development Rights (TDR). A TDR program would designate conservation areas, i.e. wetland areas, where development density would be limited. Receiving sites would also be designated in areas that are capable of accommodating high-density development. The development rights of the property in the conservation areas can be transferred to property in the receiving sites. Gallatin County is already using TD Rs in some of their zoning districts. Conservation Easements. Conservation easements occur when a landowner donates or sells the right to develop prop- erty, but retains ownership. Because this process involves a decrease in property value, certain tax advantages are associ- ated with conservation easements. Wetland Banking. Wetland mitigation banking is the cre- ation, enhancement, and restoration of wetlands to compen- sate in advance for future wetland impacts. In wetland bank- ing, large wetlands are created to mitigate for the loss of many small, unconnected wetlands. The private or public entity proposing a project that will disturb wetlands may purchase wetland values from someone who has produced and banked wetland credits by creating wetlands for the purpose of wet- land banking. The Army Corps of Engineers must establish wetland banking guidelines for the state before a wetlands bank could be established. Currently, there are no privately owned wetland banks in Montana. However, the Montana Gallatin Val/ry l.And Trust conservation easement sign Department of Transportation has a "wetlands reserves" program where they conduct wetlands mitiga- tion for transportation projects. Page 8-7 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page 8-8 I • I. Figure 8-1: Example of a Conservation Subdivision . ' ...... -- · ·• ~·- 'L ·- --··- ··- -- --------- ~ - Ill !11111; • - • ... • - • -- • - • • . - - - Non conservation subdivision design where natural features (streams, wetlands, forest, etc.) were not left in place -Conservation ·-mbdivision ·-design ·-where natural ·-features ·-(streams, ·-wetlands, ·-forest, , . etc.·-) have been ·-protected · ,W· I .. I • I .. I ... I • I ... I • Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Conservation Subdivisions. The Bozeman Subdivision Regulations and Zoning Ordinance could be amended to encourage the design of conservation subdivisions. These are subdivisions that are designed based on the principles of conservation, creation of open space, and protection of environmentally sensitive areas. Conservation subdivisions are designed very differently than traditional subdivisions. Designing around conservation features occurs in four steps: (1) conservation areas and features are identified; (2) house sites are located; (3) streets and trails are aligned; and (4) lot lines are drawn in. The concept of conservation subdivisions should be incorporated into the preparation of any future open space plan for the Bozeman Planning Area. In-lieu Fees. This is offered as an alternative to landowners who are required to conduct wetlands mitigation. Instead of having the landowners and their contractors performing mitigation, the land- owner can pay in-lieu fees to a trust or nonprofit organization. The trust or nonprofit then performs the mitigation. These mitigation programs are usually better than landowner mitigation efforts because the trust or nonprofit has more experience and expertise in providing mitigation, and better mitigation work will be done. 8.2.2 Wetlands Mapping The City currently has a set of wetland maps for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning area. However, the scale of the maps is somewhat crude. The maps provide a good overview of the general location and extent of wetlands in the Bozeman area, but could not be used to determine whether wetlands are present on specific sites. Many of the wetland protection options described above would require better mapping, as well as an assessment of wetland functionality and quality. The Local Water Quality District has prepared a grant application for an extensive wetlands mapping project for the district. The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning area is within the Local Water Quality District. This project proposes an historical review of the location and extent of wetlands over time, an analysis of the quality and functionality of existing wetlands, a system of prioritizing wetlands for protection, and an education outreach program. 8.2.3 Wetland Buffers Even if wetlands are protected, they can still be adversely impacted by activities and uses occurring on adjacent land. For example, pesticide and herbicide use on adjacent properties could result in pesticides running off into wetlands and harming wetland vegetation and water quality. It is important that not only are wetlands preserved, but that adequate vegetative buffers are provided to protect them. Buffers serve a variety of purposes, including filter and slow stormwater runoff, provide wildlife habitat, provide visual breaks, offer wild refuges in urban areas, and provide natural routes for trails. Other protection measures include control noxious weeds, control overused trails, prevent entry by off-road vehicles and other heavy recreation uses, and exclude domestic pets from wetland areas. 8.3 FLOODPLAINS 8.3.1 Introduction Flooding causes more property damage in the United States than any other type of natural disaster. In fact, it is estimated that flooding causes 90 percent of all property losses from natural disasters in the Page 8-9 Envirorunental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan United States. The Bozeman area has experienced considerable flooding and flood damage in the past. The rate of urban development in the area, and changes in the natural drainage system, threaten contin- ued incidences of flooding. Bozeman Creek is one watercourse in Bozeman with a delineated FEMA floodplain Floodplains are areas where floodwaters spread when the natural stream or river channel overflows its banks because it cannot accommodate runoff from storms or melting snow. Dissipation of floodwaters into the floodplain helps reduce the amount of damage incurred by flooding. In addition to providing natural buffers for floods, floodplains provide critical functions such as groundwater recharge areas and mainte- nance of water quality. Finally, some of the most biologically diverse and pro- ductive habitats occur where land and water meet. Flooding in undeveloped areas provides many benefits, including the natural replenishment of soil fertil- ity, sediment filtration, the nourishment of wetland systems, and benefits to aquifer recharge areas. Unoccupied floodplains provide greenbelt areas, wildlife habitat, and recreational and aesthetic values. In fact, flooding generally is not a problem until floodwaters encroach upon developed areas. 8.3.2 Definition of a Floodplain The Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) defines a floodplain as "A,ry land area susceptible to being inundated ry flood waters from a,ry source. " Floodplains can also be described as the low-lying land along the stream, the outer limits of which may be marked by steep slopes. The floodplain is generally the lowest part of the stream valley and thus is most prone to flooding. Floodplain soils are often poorly drained because of the nearness of the water table to the surface and saturation by floodwaters. 8.3.3 Flood Damage Factors When grading, filling, or the erection of structures alters a floodplain, its flood-dissipating functions are reduced. Many flood damage factors are directly related to the effects of urbanization. Many urbaniza- tion activities such as construction of structures, road building, increasing impervious surfaces, and substituting natural drainage systems with man-made systems increase the risk of flooding. Generally, urbanization increases the quantity and velocity of stormwater runoff, while at the same time decreases the capacity of natural drainage systems. Specifically, factors that increase the incidence of flooding include Removing vegetation that stabilizes banks of streams and rivers, and slows floodwaters; Page 8-10 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Constructing structures that deflect or inhibit the flow of floodwaters, increasing flood eleva- tions upstream and modifying natural flow paths, thus shifting flooding problems to other areas and increasing the potential for soil erosion; Constructing bridges, culverts, buildings, or other structures that encroach on the floodplain and reduce the storage area available for floodwaters and thereby increase the height of the flood; Altering natural drainage systems, and/ or building drainage systems that quickly discharge stormwater into the receiving body; Channelizing streams (straightening meandering watercourses to expedite drainage), which trans- fers flooding problems downstream and degrades fish and wildlife habitat; Using poor agricultural and grazing practices; Filling and dumping debris in floodplains. Even something as seemingly innocuous as dumping lawn clippings or leaves in these areas can cause a considerable amount of damage as floodwa- ters rise and transport debris that can interfere with the movement of floodwaters. 8.3.4 National Flood Insurance Program In response to the widespread loss of life and property resulting from flooding, and to aid those impacted by flooding; the federal government has promoted local floodplain management strategjes through local education programs. The federal government also enacted the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). The NFIP was designed to make insurance available to aid people in recovering losses from floods, to slow escalating flood damages, and to halt the drain on fedeFal disaster relief funds. Supporters of the NFIP also hoped that the program would reduce development in floodplains due to increased cost of land preparation, construction, and floodplain occupation. The NFIP is generally the only source of flood insurance available in this country, and is only available to properties located in communities participating in the NFIP. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) administers this program. Communities wishing to participate in the subsidized insurance pro- gram are required to adopt and enforce measures to regulate development in floodplain areas. Participa- tion in the program is purely voluntary, and depends on state and local involvement. However, there is a strong incentive for municipalities to participate because federally insured mortgages, such as FHA and VA mortgages, are prohibited in delineated floodplains unless flood insurance is carried. The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is based on what is defined as the "100-year floodplain." Under this program, the floodplain is divided into two zones: the regulatory floodway and the flood- way fringe. The regulatory floodway is the lowest part of the floodplain, where the deepest and most frequent flood flows occur. The floodway must be kept free of encroachment so that a 100-year flood could be carried without substantial increases in flood heights. Federal standards limit such increases to 1.0 foot, and State of Montana standards limit such increases to 0.5 feet. The area between the regula- tory floodway and the 100-year floodplain boundary is called the floodway fringe. The floodway fringe includes the portion of the floodplain that could be completely obstructed without increasing the water elevation of the 100-year flood more than 0.5 feet at any point. Buildings located in the regulatory floodway are not eligible for flood insurance. However, structures in the floodway fringe are eligible as long as certain floodproofing precautions are taken. Page 8-11 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan In 1988 a Flood Insurance Study was conducted for the corporate limits of Bozeman, as well as the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the City. This study was prepared by FEMA to aid in the administration of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). The study established risk data for various areas in and around Bozeman that will be used to determine flood insurance rates, and promote effective flood man- agement. In the Bozeman Flood Insurance Study, detailed analyses were performed on the following streams in the Bozeman area: East Gallatin River, Bridger Creek, Bozeman Creek, Mathew Bird Creek, Figgins Creek and Nash Spring Creek. 8.3.5 Federal, State, and Local Floodplain Regulations Federal: At the federal level, the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) protects people from financial loss resulting from flood-damaged property. While this is a federal program that is administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), NFIP is implemented at the local level. State: Chapter 5 of Title 76 of the Montana Code Annotated addresses floodplain and floodway man- agement. This chapter requires the Montana State Department of Natural Resources to delineate, map, and designate floodplains and floodways. This process is subject to the public hearing process. Once the Department of Natural Resources has designated and identified floodplains and floodways, local offi- cials are informed and have six months to adopt land use regulations that meet, or exceed, the minimum standards prepared by the Department of Natural Resources. Local: At the local level, several programs are in place to protect floodplains, including the following: Bozeman Zoning Ordinance. Chapter 18.44 of the Bozeman Zoning Ordinance regulates the Flood Hazard District. These regulations apply to floodplains as identified in the National Flood Insurance Program study of 1988. Chapter 18.44 adopts State of Montana Regulations as set forth in Chapter 5 of Title 76 of the Montana Code Annotated. According to Chapter 18.44, any activities or uses that require the issuance of a permit, including the expansion or alteration of such uses, shall not be initiated, established, or undertaken until a permit has been issued by the floodplain administrator (the City Engi- neer) . Bozeman Area Subdivision Regulations. Chapter 16.24 of the Bozeman Area Subdivision Regula- tions describes Flood Hazard Evaluation. This Chapter states: "If any portion of a proposed subdivision is within 2,000 horizontal feet and less than 20 vertical feet of a live stream draining an area of 25 square miles or more, and no official floodway delineation or floodway studies of the stream have been made, the subdivider shall submit survey data to the Water Resources Division, Department of Natural Re- sources and Conservation, to delineate the 100-year floodway frequency." The following survey data must be submitted to the Water Resources Division: contours, benchmark, cross sections, foot mark, bridges, water surfaces, profiles, and location. Elevation Requirements. Any structures must be constructed a specified elevation above the 100-year floodplain elevation. For example, the City of Bozeman currently requires that all structures be at least two feet above the 100-year floodplain elevation. Page 8-12 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands View of Lamme Street Bridge crossing Bozeman Creek, June 4, 1975 (the capacity of the bridge 1vas exceeded). Bridges on Bozeman Creek can restnd channel flo1v. FloodingJ,-om spring snowmelt on Garfield Street, April 9, 1917. The flood1va/er is from Mathew-Bird and Nash-Spring Creeks which are tributaries to Bozeman Creek. Page 8-13 Envirorunental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 8.4 FLOODPLAIN ISSUES AND ANALYSIS As stated previously, many urbanization activities such as construction of structures, road building, increasing impervious surfaces, and substituting natural drainage systems with man-made systems in- crease the risk of flooding. Generally, urbanization increases the quantity and velocity of stormwater runoff, while at the same time decreases the capacity of natural drainage systems. Bozeman is suscep- tible to downstream flooding resulting from floodplain development upstream. As devel- opment occurs in the floodplain upstream, the capacity of the floodplain to accommodate water is reduced, often resulting in flooding problems downstream. In the past, flooding has occurred in downtown Bozeman as well as many southside neighborhoods. Bozeman also experiences inflooding. Inflooding occurs in upstream areas when sur- face water collects in low spots. Inflooding is especially prevalent in the winter and spring when the ground is frozen and water cannot infiltrate the ground. Inflooding can result in vegetation damage, septic-field malfunction, cellar flooding, and lawn damage. New home on stilts for Jloodprooftng The FEMA floodplain maps for Bozeman are quite out-of-date. The City should request that new maps be developed to reflect the significant growth of the City during the past decade. There are a variety of floodplain protection options that could be evaluated and implemented if found feasible. These include Floodproofing Requirements. In order to be eligible for FEMA floodplain insurance, the City could require certain flood proofing methods for construction in the floodplain. Some examples of floodproofing include pier construction or modification, fill construction, wainscoted sealed walls, "wrapping" the structure, and flood wall or levees on site. Other Floodplain Requirements. The City could require setbacks, cluster development, limited den- sity, and the need to connect to municipal water and sewer systems can also protect floodplains. Comprehensive Planning. The City could designate a "floodplain" land use designation. Allow only parks, recreation and open space uses on land designated as floodplain in the Comprehensive Plan. Land Acquisition/Easements. The City could purchase floodplain areas that provide important public health and safety, or open space benefits. Parkland dedications to the City could include floodplain areas if they also provided other significant amenities such as trails or viewshed protection. The City could establish partnerships with nonprofit and private organizations to purchase or gain easements on flood- plain land. The City could also purchase easements. Easements allow control of development in flood- plain areas, while the property remains on the tax rolls and owners retain some benefits of property ownership. PageS-14 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Public Facilities Placement. The City could locate public facilities outside of floodplain areas. This will discourage development in and around floodplains. Preferential Taxation. The City could explore the option of giving tax credits to property owners who establish floodplain areas for agricultural and open space uses. The tax credit should reflect the fact that the land is not suitable for development. Density Transfer. The could explore transfer of development rights (TDRs) mechanisms. This would allow low-density use of flood hazard areas in exchange for higher density uses in other more suitable areas. Public Information. The City should establish a public information program to inform citizens about the impacts of developing on floodplains, the regulations that apply to floodplains, and the availability of flood insurance. 8.5 WATERCOURSES 8.5.1 Introduction The rivers, streams, and ditches that crisscross the Bozeman 2020 planning area are vitally important resources that provide many consumptive and non-consumptive uses such as Recreation. Throughout Montana, rivers and streams provide important tourism and quality of life resources. The rivers, streams, and ditches in and around Bozeman provide many recreational amenities, including fishing and hiking. In addition, many of the open space corridors and/ or linear trails follow stream or ditch corridors. Fish and Wildlife Habitat. Riparian corridors along rivers, streams, and ditches provide some of the last remaining quality fish and wildlife habitats in the planning jurisdiction. The vegetation along these corridors, plus the 35-foot setback required by the Bozeman Zoning Ordinance, provide excellent habi- tat for birds and small animals. Figgins Creek Industrial and Municipal Water Supply. The City of Bozeman receives its municipal water from three stream sources-Bozeman Creek, Middle Creek/Hyalite Reservoir, and Lyman Creek. Bozeman and Middle Creeks supply water to the southern part of Bozeman, and Lyman Creek supplies the northern areas. Irrigation. Throughout Montana, 97 percent of the to- tal amount of water withdrawn each year is for irriga- tion. There remains a significant amount of cropland within the Gallatin Valley. Most of this cropland is irrigated, and relies on a network of agricultural ditches to supply irrigation water. The agricultural ditches are interconnected with the steam system, and there are many ditch/ stream combinations in the jurisdiction. Page 8-15 Envirorunental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Flood Control. Over the years, the City of Bozeman and its outlying areas have been subject to seasonal flooding. The jurisdiction's network of rivers, streams, and ditches play an important role in conveying floodwaters. Assimilation of Human Wastes. The City of Bozeman's community wastewater system ultimately discharges into the East Gallatin River after the wastewater has been treated at the Bozeman treatment plant. Urban Stormwater Conveyance. Within the Bozeman City-County Planning Jurisdiction, areas with- out storm sewers accommodate stormwater runoff through the use of rivers, streams, and ditches. 8.5.2 Watercourse Degradation Factors Changes in Water Quantity or Flow. Withdrawal of water, regardless of the end use, can have nega- tive impacts upon stream flows and aquatic habitat. Water levels are changed by activities such as over- appropriation of water, building dams, storing water in reservoirs, and transferring water from one basin to another. Decreased stream flow leaves inadequate water levels for other users and aquatic species, and upsets the stream's natural vegetative balance. Decreased flows can also result in increased water temperature, alteration of the natural cycle of high spring and low winter flows, and ice buildups if winter flow is low. Modification of River Channel. Channel changes come in many forms. Channel constriction involves the building of bridges, berms, levees, roads, and railroads; cutting off side channels; installing culverts; and placing debris or riprap along channels. Channel constriction can result in increased erosive energy and low-energy backwater. Channel widening occurs through livestock overgrazing and trampling; deg- radation of upstream banks, floodplains, or riparian areas; increased sedimentation; increased flood flows; and transferring water from one basin to another. Channel widening results in increased erosion; greater drinking water treatment; increased maintenance of irrigation pumps, ditches, and diversions; and de- creased vegetation and habitat. Channel entrenchment results from straightening or shortening a chan- nel, decreasing sediment supplies, and increasing water supplies. Entrenchment can result in lowered water table levels, limited access to floodplains, reduced aesthetic and recreational uses, and lower prop- erty values. Finally, channel straightening is done to reduce the number of highway and railroad cross- ings, develop streamside land more easily, control overbank flows, and eliminate channel migration. Straightening results in increased water velocity, erosion, and flood intensity and decreases channel sta- bility. Urbanization. Urbanization results in a number of detrimental impacts upon streams and rivers. First, urbanization results in alteration of the natural drainage pattern. As the landscape's ability to transport and accommodate runoff is compromised, the possibility of flooding increases. Urbanization also re- sults in more impervious surfaces, especially in the form of parking lots, roads and roofs. This results in increased stormwater overland flows, stream overloading, and possible flooding. Finally, increased ur- banization also results in urban residues and pollutants that are carried by overland flow and deposited in streams and rivers. Some of these residues and pollutants include heavy metals, petroleum residues, deicing materials, and sediments from soil erosion. The preceding table illustrates the relationship be- tween different land uses, and four pollutants these uses contribute to urban stormwater runoff. Page 8-16 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Table 8-1: Urban Nonpoint Source Pollutant Generation Density1 Nitrogen2 Phosphorus2 Lead2 Zinc2 Large-lot residential (1 acre) 12% 3.0 0.3 0.06 0.2 Small-lot residential (0.25 acre) 25% 8.8 1.1 0.4 0.32 Townhouse/ apartment 40% 12.1 1.5 0.88 0.5 High rise apartment 60% 10.3 1.2 1.42 0.71 Shopping center 90% 13.2 1.2 2.58 2.06 Central business district 95% 24.6 2.7 5.42 2.71 Source: Guidebook for Screening Urban Nonpoint Pollution Management Strategies, Northern Virginia Planning District Commission, 1979. 1 Percentage ef land area covered l?J impervious surfaces. 2 Pounds per acre ef land per year. D egrading Water through Point Source and Nonpoint Source Pollution. Point source pol- lution results from a discrete localized discharge into a river, stream, ditch, or groundwater. This type of pollution accounts for 10 percent of all water pollution in Montana. Most point source discharges are municipal or industrial, including wastewater treatment plants, underground stor- age tanks, and landfills. Most point source pol- luters are regulated through discharge permits required by federal and state law. Nonpoint sources account for 90 percent of all water pollution in Montana, and results from a wide range of activities over a broad area ofland. Algae growth from excess nutrients in a wetland area Changes in Riparian and Streamside Vegetation. Vegetation can be impacted in many ways, includ- ing overgrazing, herbicides, operation of heavy equipment, road building, clear-cutting, fanning, inva- sion of nonnative species, and removal of riparian vegetation. Decreased vegetation results in the following: increased erosion and bank failure, channel widening and deepening, increased invasion of nonnative species, lowered water tables, increased susceptibility to trampling, increased water tempera- tures, reduced sediment and pollutant trapping, reduced habitat, and increased bank damage due to ice. 8.5.3 Regulations for Watercourses There are a variety of federal, state, and local regulations that pertain to rivers, streams, and ditches, including Page 8-17 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Federal: State: Local: Clean Water Act Safe Drinking Water Act Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Water Quality Act of 1987 Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Stream Protection Act Stormwater Discharge General Permit Water Use Act Natural Streambed and Land Preservation Act Pollutant Discharge Elimination Permit Short-term Exemption from Montana's Surface Water Quality Standards Bozeman Subdivision Regulations. The Bozeman Subdivision Regulations include surface water as an environmental assessment requirement. It includes any existing or proposed stream bank or shoreline alterations or any proposed construction or modification of stream channels. Bozeman Zoning Ordinance. The Bozeman Zoning Ordinance requires watercourse setbacks. The Zoning Ordinance states, "no newly constructed structure, addition to an existing structure, parking lot, or other similar improvements shall be located closer than 35 feet to the mean high water mark of a watercourse." A watercourse is defined as any natural stream, river, creek, drainage, waterway, gully, ravine, or wash in which water flows either continuously or intermit- tently and has a definite channel, bed, and banks. The term watercourse does not apply to any facility created solely for the conveyance of irrigation water. 8.6 WATERCOURSE ISSUES AND ANALYSIS As Bozeman continues to grow, the watercourses that traverse and transect the Bozeman area will face increasing threats. Of the degradation factors listed in Section 8.5.2, urbanization, point source and nonpoint source pollutants, and changes in riparian and streamside vegetation pose the greatest potential to harm Bozeman's watercourse. While there are several federal and state programs in place to protect surface water quality, more could be done at the local level to ensure the health of our rivers, streams, and ditches. The following list contains some additional measures the City could pursue to protect surface water quality: Soil Absorption. Soil absorption helps control the volume of urban stormwater overland flows. Ab- sorption is most easily achieved by increasing the ratio of vegetated, permeable surfaces to impervious PageS-18 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands surfaces by using porous paving materials, or diverting runoff into infiltration beds. Soil absorption is believed to be the most effective means of removing pollutants from urban stormwater. Vegetated Buffers. The City could require a buffer between the high water mark of a stream or river and any proposed structure. Vegetation, natural or landscaped, should be retained within the buffer to slow overland flows and to filter pollutants. For the best results, buffers should be SO to 100 feet wide. A buffer could be implemented through the use of an overlay zoning district. Buffers have the added benefits of providing open space, visual relief, fisheries protection, and groundwater recharge. On-site detention pond for stormwater management On-site Retention/Detention Ponds. Development proposals could be required to provide on-site reten- tion/ detention to accommodate stormwater runoff. Within the ponds, sediments will settle, and pollutants can be filtered. This will keep stormwater runoff, and pollutants carried by stormwater, out of rivers, streams, and ditches. Encourage Best Management Practices (BMPs). The City could encourage BMPs for construction prac- tices to prevent soil erosion and sedimentation in wa- ter resources. The Montana State University Exten- sion Program is an excellent source of information on BMPs. Education. Citizens need to be educated about the dangers of improperly disposing of toxic substances such as cleaners, paints, and solvents. Often these substances end up in water resources through over- land flows, septic systems or the municipal wastewater system. In addition, citizens should be educated about proper application of lawn chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides, and about proper applica- tion of household insecticides, to keep these substances out of rivers, streams, and ditches. 8.7 GROUNDWATER 8.7.1 Introduction Groundwater can be defined as "the water that fills, or saturates, open spaces in consolidated or uncon- solidated rock formations in the subsurface environment below the water table" (Witten and Horsley 1995). The subsurface environment is composed of several zones, each with distinct properties. The zone of saturation is the subsurface layer that is saturated with groundwater, and from which groundwa- ter is withdrawn. The water table is the uppermost elevation of the zone of saturation. The zone of aeration lies above the zone of saturation and is not saturated with groundwater. The zone of aeration is also called the unsaturated zone, or the vadose zone. Water reaches the zone of saturation through uptake by the soil and the draw of gravity. Water table levels fluctuate naturally during the year due to changes in recharge and discharge rates. Typically, water table levels are highest in the winter or spring, resulting from snowmelt and rains. Dur- ing the spring and winter months, plants are not yet taking up much water so water table levels rise. Page 8-19 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan During the summer months, water table levels fall due to evaporation and uptake by vegetation. Human activities, such as pumping groundwater, can also affect water table levels. Groundwater is replenished, or "recharged," via surface water (soil, wetlands, lakes) percolation down to aquifers. Some aquifers receive water from a broad, nonspecific area. However, many aquifers are fed from specific areas called recharge zones. It is critical to protect recharge zones because these are areas where contaminants can easily reach groundwater resources. Some common recharge zones include Wetlands or other topographical depression where water accumulates Areas where the soils and/ or rock formations are highly permeable Areas where the water table lies at or near the surface. Groundwater is often connected hydrologically to stream and river resources. Streams that supply ground- water recharge through channel infiltration are called "losing" streams. Streams that receive water from groundwater discharge are called "gaining" streams. Water moves very slowly through aquifers-typically only 15 to 20 meters per year. Further, groundwater can remain in aquifers for as little as several years or as long as several centuries. Groundwater is released from aquifers through pumping, capillary rise into the soil, uptake by vegetation, and seepage to surface water resources (lakes, streams, wetlands). The movement of groundwater through an aquifer, as well as the length of time water remains in the aquifer, is an important factor in the rate at which contaminants are flushed. In the Bozeman area, there is a strong correlation between seasonal high water tables and hydric soils. Hydric soils are defined as soil that is "saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part of the soil." In other words, soils that experi- ence flooded and saturated conditions for an extended period, with "extended period" being defined as saturated for 15 consecutive days or inundated for 7 days during the growing season, create an oxygen- free environment where plants cannot survive. Areas characterized by hydric soils are generally unsuit- able for development. Hydric soils tend to compress under the weight of structures, and/ or decompose once drained. Sometimes hydric soils can be excavated and replaced with fill material, but this process can often be extremely expensive and ecologically destructive. 8. 7 .2 Groundwater Benefits The most significant value of groundwater is as a source of potable water for residential, commercial, agricultural, and industrial land uses. In North America, groundwater provides more than 95 percent of the potable water used in rural areas, and about 70 percent of the water used for agricultural purposes. Between 25 and SO percent of all communities in the United States depend on groundwater for munici- pal water supplies. Currently, the City's municipal water supply comes from surface sources. However, groundwater has been considered as a future source of municipal water as the City's population continues to expand. In addition, most water users outside of the City rely on groundwater and well systems for potable water. Because so many businesses and people rely on groundwater, it is very important to prevent groundwater contamination. Page 8-20 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Groundwater also supplies many surface water resources such as rivers, streams, and wetlands that provide additional values. 8. 7 .3 Costs of Groundwater Contamination The threat or reality of groundwater contamination can create significant problems for community resi- dents and municipal officials. These impacts include the following: Threats to Public Health. Contaminated groundwater can threaten both private and municipal water systems. Even in small amounts, contaminants can render water undrinkable. Community Costs. If a responsible party cannot be identified for groundwater contamination, local gov- ernments can often be held liable and have to pay for cleanup. Communities may also have to provide com- munity water or sewer service to properties impacted by groundwater contamination. Finally, local govern- ments may have to pay for replacing contaminated public drinking water supplies. Impact on Property Values. Environmental contami- nation makes real estate difficult to market and the values of nearby properties can be greatly affected. Banks may refuse to mortgage property if there is a threat of contamination. House abandonned due to groundwater contamination Groundwater contamination can also be very costly for identified responsible parties. These costs in- clude High Costs and Damage Claims. Past and present property owners can be found liable for environmental contamination on their property, and can be responsible for the costs of cleanup and damages. Parties found responsible may also be responsible for mitigating impacts to neigh- boring properties. Impact on Marketability of Private Property. Property owners with on-site environmental contamination may have difficulty obtaining insurance or selling property. Realtors, sellers, and lending institutions may be liable if they misrepresent the environmental condition of land. Therefore, the costs of preventing groundwater contamination is "cheap insurance" when compared to the costs associated with a contaminated site. 8.7.4 Threats to Groundwater All major land uses represent potential sources of groundwater contamination. The likelihood of ground- water contamination varies widely depending on (1) variability in groundwater susceptibility, (2) vari- ability of contaminant loading rates, and (3) variability in the threat different contaminants post to living organisms. Some of the major sources of groundwater contaminants include landfills, agricultural land Page 8-21 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan uses, urban stormwater, septic system drainfields, spills and leakages, household hazardous wastes, and abandoned wells. There are many different pathways through which contaminants from land uses can reach groundwater. Pathways of special concern include leaking septic systems, improper floor drains, improper storage and disposal of hazardous substances, leaking storage tanks, leaking pipes, surface spills, condensation from air emissions, and improper waste disposal. The number of pathways is significantly increased in areas not serviced by municipal sewer, compared to areas that are serviced by public sewer. 8.7.5 Federal, State, and Local Regulations and Programs to Protect Groundwater Federal: State: Local: Safe Drinking Water Act Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Montana Groundwater Pollution Control System Montana Water Use Act (Water Right Permit) Comprehensive Environmental Cleanup and Responsibility Act Agricultural Chemical Groundwater Protection Act Bozeman Subdivision Regulations. As part of the environmental assessment required for ma- jor subdivisions, subdividers must establish the depth to the water table and the dates on which these depths were determined. They must also determine the depth and location of all known aquifers that may be affected by the proposed subdivision. Finally, subdividers must describe any steps necessary to avoid the degradation of groundwater and groundwater recharge areas. Bozeman Municipal Code. Section 8.16.065 "Dumping of Hazardous Materials/Wastes Pro- hibited" of the Bozeman Municipal Code makes the dumping of hazardous materials and/ or wastes illegal. These wastes cannot be dumped at the landfill or anyplace else in the City. Uniform Building Code. The Uniform Building Code, which has been adopted by reference by the City of Bozeman, has special requirements for foundations built in areas with seasonal high water tables. The Building Code also has an "H" occupancy for hazardous occupancies. Special regulations for things such as spill control, drainage, containment, ventilation, and standby and emergency power may apply. Uniform Fire Code. The Uniform Fire Code addresses the use, production, and storage of hazardous wastes. The Fire Code also regulates specific land uses such as junk yards, dry clean- ing businesses, semiconductor fabrication, and industrial plants. Page 8-22 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands 8.8 GROUNDWATER ISSUES AND ANALYSIS The City has already experienced firsthand the tremendous public costs that can be associated with a major groundwa- ter contamination clean-up project. The Bozeman Solvent Site is an area of groundwater contamination that is largely within the City of Bozeman. In 1989, groundwater from wells in the Nelson Mobile Home Park (northeast of the North 17th Avenue and Durston Road intersection) were determined to contain chlorinated solvents in excess of safe drinking water standards. Subsequent investigations found that the contaminants in the groundwater originated from the Buttrey's Shopping Center property (now the Hastings Idaho Pole site i.r currentfy being remediated Shopping Center) and extended north, generally between N. 19th Avenue and an extension of N. 11th Avenue, past Interstate 90. Further investigations determined that improper disposal of chlorinated solvents by a dry cleaning business in the shopping center was the likely cause of the contamination. Solvents were improperly released to the septic system of the shopping center and to the municipal sewer system, thereby allowing the contaminants to enter the groundwater aquifer. As time passed, the flow of ground- water carried the contaminants to the present boundaries of the solvent site. A Controlled Groundwater Area (CGW A) has been established surrounding the solvent plume. Within this CGWA, responsible parties must provide safe drinking water to all residences and businesses. This has required substantial public expenditures including funds for the expansion of the City's municipal water system to provide an alternate water supply system for developed properties within the CGWA. A CGW A has also been established around the Idaho Pole Superfund site off of Cedar Street and L Street. The site is roughly 50 acres in size, and is owned by the Idaho Pole Company, which is a wood- treating operation. The site has been contaminated with wastes from wood-treating products, including pentachlorophenol and other chlorinated phenols, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and dioxins/ furans. The private wells of nearby residences were found to be contaminated. Cleanup of the site began in 1995, and should be completed by 2005. Contamination of the Idaho Pole Site has to date prevented the redevelopment of the site. Although there are many federal and state regulations and programs to prevent groundwater contamina- tion, there are additional actions the City can take to prevent future groundwater contamination. Some examples include Groundwater Protection Overlay Zone. This overlay district would apply to areas with high water tables that are highly susceptible to groundwater contamination. This would become a new section in the Zoning Ordinance explaining the purpose of the district, identifying the permitted and prohibited uses, and outlining any design or mitigation standards. Some, if not all, land uses in the overlay district could be processed as conditional use permits. "Grandfather" protection would be provided to preexist- ing uses and structures. The following items could be reviewed as part of the overlay zone: Page 8-23 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Site design to prevent spills and discharges to the environmental and groundwater; Secondary containment for hazardous substance storage and use areas; General purpose floor drains only allowed if approved for connection to a public sewer system, an on-site closed holding tank (not a septic), etc.; Compliance with state and federal requirements for hazardous substances, safety, and environ- mental protection. Prohibition of Various Land Uses. Some uses that pose a substantial threat of groundwater con- tamination should be prohibited from areas with a high water table, or areas with a high water table not connected to municipal sewers. Some of these uses may include industrial uses that handle, store, or produce hazardous substances; gas stations or other uses storing petroleum products in storage tanks; and dry-cleaning operations. Prohibiting such uses could be incorporated into a Groundwater Overlay District. Large-lot Residential Zoning. Llmit develop- ment to large-lot residential uses in areas highly susceptible to groundwater contamination. Indushia/ uses near this natural spring could pollute groundwater Depth to Groundwater Testing. Due to the fact that water table levels fluctuate throughout the year, sever::il water level tests shm1ld he performed throughout the year. Or developers rnuld he required to perform water level tests during the spring when water table levels are typically the highest. Link to Other Permits. The City could add a provision to the text of the Zoning Ordinance requiring that no final site plan approval, occupancy permit, or building permit be issued for any land use or activity until it has obtained all required environmental permits and approvals from the county, state, or federal agencies. Transfer of Development Rights. Use TDRs to transfer development rights or development density from areas highly susceptible to groundwater contamination, to areas with little susceptibility. Growth Controls/Timing. Allow uses that pose a threat to groundwater resources, or high density development, in areas served by municipal sewer and water. This will relieve the risk of contamination from on-site private septic systems. Hazardous Waste Collection. The City of Bozeman can sponsor regularly scheduled household haz- ardous waste collection days. This can reduce the amount of household hazardous wastes being accu- mulated in homes and garages. Public Education. The City of Bozeman can employ a number of public education techniques ranging from brochures to seminars about groundwater. Citizens should be informed about the hazards house- hold hazardous wastes present to groundwater. Groundwater education could be done in area schools. Page 8-24 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands 8.8.1 Soil Contamination In addition to groundwater contamination, soil contamination is also a problem. There are several sites in town that have been difficult to develop or redevelop due to soil contamination. The Idaho Pole Superfund Site has soil contamination issues as well as groundwater contamination problems. The CMC Asbestos site near Lindley Park also has soil contamination problems. The site is an inactive, 38-acre railroad facility that was in operation between 1927 and 1978. Asbestos was found on the site in a large pile of ore and in soils. Many of the sources of contamination for groundwater also pose a threat to soils. Many of the groundwater protection actions would also protect soils. 8.9 GEOLOGIC CONSTRAINTS 8.9.1 Introduction In the Bozeman area geologic constraints refer to erosive soils, steep or unstable slopes, and seismic hazards. Erosive Soils. Erosion is defined as the detachment, transport, and deposition of soil particles by wind or water. In the past, erosion has been largely associated with agricultural activities. However, increas- ingly, erosion from construction sites is recognized as an environmental problem. In general, an unpro- tected construction site can lose over 150 tons of topsoil per acre per year. Erosion contributes to water quality and air quality issues. Soil erosion, and the deposition of sediments in waterways, is one of the leading causes of nonpoint source water pollu- tion in the United States. Eroded sediments and pollutants associated with soil particles are deposited into surface wa- ter resources. This degrades water quality, and can make water unfit for drinking. Eutrophication is another water quality concern that results from sedimentation. Eutrophication is caused by nutrient loading; nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen foster the growth of algae and bacteria in surface water resources. Soil erosion on an unstable bank Erosion can also result in a loss of flood control benefits as sediments are deposited into a water body, and its ability to convey stormwater and snowmelt is compromised. Sedimentation can harm wildlife and wildlife habitat. It clogs the gills of adult fish, covers critical insect habitat and fish spawning habitat, and can cause algae growth in water that can block sunlight needed by fish. Finally, sedimenta- tion, pollution, and algae decrease the aesthetic and recreational attractiveness of streams, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Steep Slopes. Slopes are inherently unstable. They are characterized by equilibrium between the geo- logic forces that uplift parts of the earth's crust and the forces of erosion such as wind and water. Any changes in this system-earthquakes, excessively heavy rainfall, excavation, grading, etc.-can disrupt this equilibrium and result in erosion and/ or landsliding. Slope is also an important factor in infrastructure installation, access, aesthetic and recreation amenities, and wildfire vulnerability. Page 8-25 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Seismic Hazards. Bozeman lies within the Rocky Mountain Seismic Belt, which runs from southern Utah to Idaho and Montana. Bozeman lies in an area characterized by severe damage according to the Uniform Building Code Seismic Risk (Hazard) Map. Several major earthquakes have been documented in this area. Most notably is the 19 59 Hebgen Lake earthquake that triggered the 37 million cubic yard Madison Canyon landslide forming Hebgen Lake. Several faults run through the Bozeman area and are shown on Figure 8 in the Critical Lands Study. Therefore, land use and planning decisions in the future should consider seismic hazards. In addition to the impacts of ground shaking, there are several other damage-causing phenomena that can result from earthquakes: Liquefaction occurs when earthquake vibrations cause soil to lose its strength and collapse. The soil becomes momentarily liquefied, and can result in structural damage. Areas characterized by a seasonal high water table and/ or wetlands are especially susceptible to liquefaction. Subsidence refers to downward movement of earth caused by a reduction in water pressure. Earthquakes can exacerbate the effects or incidence of subsidence. Earthquakes can trigger landslides in unstable areas or areas already susceptible to landslides. In addition to the hazards described above, earthquakes pose threats to community "lifelines" or critical facilities such as electricity and natural gas; water, sewer, and solid waste services; highway, railway, and airports; and telephone, radio/ television, and mail. 8.9.2 Federal, State, and Local Regulations and Programs Federal: State: Water Quality Act of 1987. This Act reauthorized the federal Clean Water Act, and added a new goal to the CWA focusing on controlling nonpoint source water pollutants. This Act directs the states to conduct planning studies, and to identify and provide abatement programs for polluted waters. Since sedimentation is one of the leading causes of nonpoint source water pollution, the Water Quality Act would apply to projects causing erosion and sedimentation. Federal Disaster Relief Act of 1974. The federal government provides disaster relief funds through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) under the Federal Disaster Relief Act of 197 4. FEMA plays a crucial role in redevelopment and recovery in disaster areas. Short-Term Exemption from Montana's Swface Water Quality Standards (3A Authoriza- tion). One of the main purposes of this law is to minimize sedimentation. This program applies to any person or agency that initiates a short-term activity that may cause unavoidable short- term violations of state surface water quality standards for turbidity, total dissolved solids, or temperature. State waters refer to any body of water, irrigation system, or drainage system, either surface or underground, and wetlands. Montana Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (MPDES Permit). This Act applies to Page 8-26 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Local: all discharges to surface water or groundwater, including those related to construction, dewater- ing, and suction dredges. It could also apply to erosion and sedimentation. Montana Water Quality Act. This Act prohibits the pollution of state waters and the place- ment of wastes in a location where they area likely to cause pollution of any state water. This Act would also likely apply to erosion and sedimentation. Uniform Building Code. The Uniform Building Code has been adopted by reference by the City of Bozeman. The Building Code has special provisions relating to seismic safety and earth- quake-resistant design. Bozeman Subdivision Regulations. 'The subdivision regulations have several requirements in regards to geologic conditions, slopes, and soils. First, subdividers must identify geologic hazards affecting the proposed subdivision which could result in property damage or personal injury due to rock falls or slides; land, mud, or snow slides; surface subsidence; and seismic activity. Sec- ond, applicants must identify any other unusual soil, topographic or geologic features, or condi- tions on the property which might limit its capability for building or excavation using ordinary and reasonable construction techniques. Some unique conditions might include, but are not limited to, shallow bedrock, high water table, unstable or expansive soils, slope, and fault lines. Third, applicants must provide a soils map for the property, including highly erodible soils or slopes in excess of 15 percent gtade. Fourth, applicants must describe the location and amount of any cut or fill three or more feet in depth. Where fills and cuts are necessary, plans to prevent erosion and to promote revegetation must be described. Finally, applicants must show measures to be taken to prevent or materially lessen the danger of future property damage or personal injury due to any of the hazards referred to above. 8.10 GEOLOGIC CONSTRAINTS ISSUES AND ANALYSIS 8.10.1 Erosion and Sedimentation Eroding soil at a road cut Because of all the construction activity occurring in the Bozeman area, erosion and sedimentation are of real concern. The City does not currently have a grading ordinance, so there is little control over erosion and sedimentation problems arising from construction activity. The City might con- sider enacting an erosion and sedimentation con- trol ordinance. The goal of this ordinance would be to ensure that all soil remains on-site during any construction activity or land use. This ordi- nance would be implemented at the site plan or subdivision review stage. It would require sub- mittal of soil types, location of waterbodies, pre- dominant land features, contour intervals, and slope descriptions. In addition, applicants would need to submit the following information: Page 8-27 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Description and location of the physical limits of the exposed land area contemplated for the earth change Description and location of all existing and proposed on-site drainage facilities Timing and sequence of each proposed earth change Description and location of all proposed temporary and permanent soil erosion control measures Program proposal for the continued maintenance of all permanent soil erosion control facilities. This ordinance could also require sedimentation basins during construction or for developments with large amounts of impervious surface area, protection or creation of vegetative buffers near waterbodies, and retention of existing landscaping and groundcover. 8.10.2 Steep Slope There is not a significant amount of steep slopes within the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning area, but there are some. Spe- cial attention should be given to development in areas characterized by steep slopes. The development of steep slopes, and other mar- ginally developable lands, can be expected to increase in the future as easily developed lands are built out. Currently, the City has no specific language in the Zoning Ordinance to address the issue of steep slopes. The City could pursue several different actions to en- sure that development on slopes is safe, and that life and property is protected. Some pos- sible actions include the following: S teep!J sloping topograpl[y in the Story Hills Slope Protection Ordinance. The purpose of the ordinance would be to minimize the loss of life and property on hillsides due to seismic activity, landslides, soil erosion, sedimentation, slope instability, and water runoff. This ordinance would require the following for all lots with a slope equal to or greater than 15 percent: Consolidate all areas of disturbance on the areas of least slope Establish minimum lot sizes for steep slopes Minimize changes in grade, cleared area and volume of cut or fill on the site, and Comply with a limitation on disturbance of the subject property calculated as follows: Slope Category Percent Disturbance Allowed 40 percent and greater 30 percent 25 to 40 percent 45 percent 15 to 25 percent 60 percent Page 8-28 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Additional requirements for location, design, and construction types may also apply. Grading Ordinance. The City could adopt a Grading Ordinance that would set standards for height, gradient, drainage, and structural setbacks for cut and fill slopes. A grading ordinance could be inte- grated with an erosion and sedimentation control ordinance. The "Guiding Principles" Approach. This approach would require the delineation of hillside overlay districts for all hillside areas in the planning jurisdiction. A set of guiding principles would then apply to all development within these districts. These principals would be very flexible, and would allow for the arrangement of development to fit the characteristics of a specific site. This approach would encourage creative and innovative design to meet the regulations. 8.10.3 Seismic Hazard Bozeman sits in an area where seismic hazards are always a concern. However, there are not any require- ments and regulations that apply specifically to the siting of developments in seismic hazard areas. The City should obtain or prepare better maps showing the exact location of known faults. In addition, m1n1mum setbacks between structures and known faults could reduce the threat of loss of life and property. 8.11 FISH AND WILDLIFE HABITAT 8.11.1 Introduction Most of the critical lands described in this chapter so far represent physical constraints to development. Features such as wetlands, floodplains, steep slopes, and high water tables make land unsuitable for development. However, like agricultural lands, wildlife habitat areas are often highly desirable for devel- opment. The presence of tremendous fish and wildlife resources, as well as fish and wildlife habitat, are very important to the local economy. The Bozeman area reaps considerable economic benefits from tourism, and hunting and fishing activities that rely on quality fish and wildlife habitat. Quality fish and wildlife resources, and habitat, also provide important aesthetic values. The area's high quality of life includes opportunities to view a diversity of wildlife species from one's living room window, or while out walking or bicycling on roads or nearby trails. Finally, wildlife provides emotional values. The excellent fish and wildlife resources in Montana make it a truly unique place. Few places provide as many opportunities for people to access such a wide array and abundance of wildlife and wildlife species. Many of the areas described in earlier sections of this chapter provide the best fish and wildlife habitat in the planning jurisdiction. Wetlands, rivers, and streams provide excellent fish habitat, and nesting and resting areas for migrating birds. In addition, wetlands, floodplains, and riparian areas provide excellent habitat for most species of fish and wildlife. Riparian areas, areas characterized by steep slopes, and farmland provide excellent habitat for larger wildlife species. Finally, areas characterized by native grass- land/ coniferous forest interfaces (like those in the Story Hills) and older residential areas also provide wildlife habitat in the planning jurisdiction. Page 8-29 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 8.11.2 Prevalence of Species Birds. Over 375 species of birds have been identified within the state of Montana. From this list of birds occurring in the state, 133 species have been observed in the Bozeman Latilong, a larger area that includes the Bozeman 2020 Planning Area. Certain adaptable species like the mallard almost appear to thrive as an urban population. Among the many small songbirds present in this general area, most have rather small home ranges, while some are very specific in habitat requirements. As land uses change, a few species will benefit from urban development, while most will not. It should come as no surprise that the degree of change in residence status or in number of bird species present will depend heavily upon the diversity of habitats maintained within the Planning Area. Black bears are sometimes seen in town Mammals. Montana hosts 109 mammalian species: 21 game and furbearer species, 87 nongame species (1 of which is classified as threatened, grizzly bear, and 2 of which are clas- sified as endangered, the black-footed ferret and wolf, pursu- ant to the Threatened and Endangered Species Act of 1973) and 1 classified as "bison" (Sect. 87-2-101, MCA). Forty- nine of these species occur in the Bozeman area. Habitat needs must be met within the ecological amplitude or home range of a species. Some find all their needs within a small area, while others require extensive areas, even including migration routes between distant summer and winter habi- tats. Amphibians. Amphibian refers to a variety of cold-blooded species, including frogs, toads, and salamanders. Today, ap- proximately 100 species of salamanders and 80 species of frogs and toads can be found in the United States; however, only 4 species of salamanders and 12 species of frogs and toads are found in Montana. From these, there is one salamander species and 4 species of frogs and toads that live in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area. Reptiles. Approximately 100 species of lizards, 50 species of turtles, and 120 species of snakes are found in the United States today. However, only 4 species of lizards, 3 species of turtles, and 10 species of snakes can be found in Montana. From these, there are 3 species of snakes and 1 turtle species found in the Bozeman Planning Area. Fishes. Montana harbors 86 fish species; many are nonnatives that were introduced to the state within the past 100 years. Only 7 of the 15 species inhabiting the Bozeman Planning Area are true natives. The local trout species-rainbow, brown, brook, and Yellowstone cutthroat-were all introduced, replacing the area's only native trout, the Missouri River cutthroat, which no longer exists in local waters. The few arctic grayling, another native gamefish, that persist in the East Gallatin River are a product of recent experimental stockings by Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. The trout of the State's rivers and streams are natural, self-sustaining populations that reproduce in the wild. Hatchery trout are only stocked in area ponds. Urbanization, with its associated changes to the quantity and quality of the area's aquatic habitats, is the greatest threat to the continued health and well-being of local cold-water fisheries. These PageS-30 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Q1,1.·tlily and Critical Lands fisheries also face other problems including unauthorized introductions of new fish species and diseased fish. Whirling disease is also a factor in many watercourses in the Bozeman area. Species Matrix. In 1997, Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks developed a species/habitat type matrix for the Bozeman Planning Area. This matrix portrays species presence and preferences by habitat types. The matrix provides an important tool in evaluating the short-term, as well as long-term, effects of planning and zoning decisions for the jurisdiction. This matrix can be found in the Critical Lands Study. 8.11.3 Federal, State, and Local Regulations and Programs Federal: There are many federal regulations and programs that seek to protect wildlife and wildlife habitat, including Endangered Species Act of 1973, Bald Eagle Protection Act, Migratory Bird Treaty Act, Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958, and Swampbuster Legislation. State: There are also several state regulations and programs that seek to protect wildlife and wildlife habitat, including Habitat Montana Program, Hunting and Fishing Management, Hunter Enhancement, Stream Habitat, and Montana Subdivision and Platting Act. Local: At the local level, the Bozeman Subdivision Regulations require an environmental assessment, which includes information about wildlife habitat. Applicants are required to describe any species of fish or wildlife that may be affected by the proposed subdivision. They must also identify any known critical or key wildlife areas such as big game winter range, waterfowl areas, wetlands, or habitats for rare or endangered species. Finally, applicants must describe any proposed measures for protecting or en- hancing wildlife habitat, or for minimizing degradation. 8.12 WILDLIFE AND WILDLIFE HABITAT ISSUES AND ANALYSIS In the Bozeman Planning Area, the greatest threat to wildlife habitat is increasing urban development, including the instal- lation of public infrastructure. Urban development threat- ens most aspects of habitat requirements. First, urban devel- opment impacts the amount of space available to species, as well as the spatial arrangement of habitat requirements re- sulting in habitat fragmentation. Second, the removal of veg- etation can eliminate food sources and feeding areas. Third, urban development results in erosion and sedimentation, ur- ban runoff, and urban pollutants that can threaten water sources. Fourth, urban development removes natural groundcover and eliminates cover and shelter for many spe- Wetlands provide excellent wildlife habitat cies. Finally, habitat fragmentation removes natural wildlife habitats and results in increasingly smaller islands of available habitat. The greatest threat to fish habitat is pollution or degradation of rivers, streams, and ditches. The de- struction of wetlands also threatens amphibian and waterfowl/waterbird species. Finally, aquatic spe- cies are also harmed by barriers such as dams, which limit their movement throughout their habitat. Page 8-31 Envirorunental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Many of the protection measures already discussed in this chapter would also apply to habitat protec- tion, including open space protection, cluster or conservation subdivisions, transfer of development rights programs, purchase of development rights to protect open space, urban and rural service area assessments, and deed restrictions/ conservation easements. Educating the public is also very important for wildlife and habitat protection. If given the proper information, private property owners can take a number of steps to enhance wildlife habitat on their property. Information should be made available, and the public should be informed of the fact that this information is available. 8.13 OTHER CRITICAL LAND AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ISSUES 8.13.1 Noxious Weeds In most parts of Montana, including the Bozeman Planning Area, the spread of nonnative noxious weeds has become a considerable environmental problem. These weeds have been accidently brought to Montana from other parts of the country and world. Most of the natural agents-insects and diseases- that normally keep these plants in check in their native envi- ronments are not present in Montana, so it is difficult to pre- vent spreading. Because of the lack of natural controls, combined with the aggressive growth characteristics and unpalatability of many of these weeds, once they get a foothold, they can dominate and replace more desirable native vegetation. The negative effects of noxious weeds include: Loss of wildlife habitat & reduced wildlife numbers Reduced livestock grazing capacity Increased soil erosion and topsoil loss Diminished water quality and fish habitat Reduced cropland and farmland production Reduced land value and sale potential Costs of controlling established weeds ~ 1 '~·/,,/ ,1.I \ ,if:t / ,f! •,. ,; . . ·~ ., ,~~{) ". . ' , .· ' ..'/' • <. I 11 : ',,;~ , 7r, . ,·;.I;1 . ,'. , .;> • ., .. ,/.4t.,. . / _,,,":, Mr, "'-f,~:r ·;~ <;II/ ,I''.,,.-;,,c v- :.- -.. .;.- -~ • .-. "' ' -;·~. ·'.~;...:~ :-... .·,-;;,:.J,., , , , ; , .. i..1.~ - f-·.,. '.. : ·_ •. I .• I ..,.. . """''. . . . ·'. JI, "'-.:."-, --~··--f - -- -· • ..... , . Spotted Knapweed is a noxious weed There are many things all City residents can do to combat noxious weeds, including Learn to identify weeds in your area Control weeds on your property A void driving through weed patches Buy and feed weed free hay Inform others about weeds Alert landowners if you find weeds Limit access in weed-infested areas Minimize soil disturbances Reseed areas of disturbed soils Do not overgraze pasturelands Check in and under your vehicle for weeds and weed seed before going into the hills Page 8-32 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands The most important things the City can do to combat noxious weeds is map their locations on public lands and public easements, and prepare a noxious weed management plan for public lands. There are many people and agencies in the Bozeman area that could provide considerable technical support for this effort. It is also important that the City disseminate information about weeds to City residents. 8.13.2 Noise Pollution Noise is increasingly an important environmental concern that can have significant impacts on a person's well-being and quality of life. Noise is increasing over time for a variety of reasons. First, urban inten- sification (living closer together) results in less acoustical privacy. Second, technology (stereos, leaf blowers, jet skis, planes, consumer products, etc.) is resulting in more and more noisy products. Third, the erosion of social consideration for others and the rise of individual rights versus community rights is also contributing to the problem. Noise is "unwanted sound." Any sound from any source whatsoever-human, animal, or thing-can produce "unreasonable noise." Noise pollution could be defined as (1) Noise that is routine and predict- able for long periods of time (week after week) or is occasional but excessive, (2) Noise that distracts and/or restricts you from the normal use of property (owned or rented), or (3) Noise that would disturb a "reasonable person." Basically, noise can be considered pollution if it causes annoyance, sleeplessness, fright, or any other stress reaction. The actual loudness of a sound is only one component of the effect it has on human beings. Other factors that have to be considered are the time and place, the duration, the source of the sound, and whether the listener has any control over it. Noise can have deleterious health impacts. First, excessive noise can result in hearing loss. Second, noise leads to stress, which is a leading cause of illness and suicide. The City of Bozeman has already had to deal with issues of noise pollution. During the fall of 2000, a mediation process was used to address issues of noise emanating from recreation use of the Bogert Pavilion and the impacts the noise was having on nearby residents. As part of that process, the City was urged to prepare and enact a noise ordinance. That suggestion is still valid, and existing ordinances related to noise should be reviewed and updated as needed. 8.13.3 Light Pollution As Bozeman continues to grow and urbanize, the issue of light pollution will increasingly become a problem. The purpose of outdoor lighting is to help people see. Unfortunately poorly designed and operated lighting actually has the opposite effect. There are many components to light pollution, includ- ing the following: Glare. It can create pain and discomfort for those looking toward it. It creates a hazard on the road by obscuring pedestrians and other objects from a driver's view. Ironically, it does this while creating a false sense of security for pedestrians who can mistake all the light around them for an assumption that a driver is aware of them, when in reality the pedestrian is invisible because of glare and backlighting. Page 8-33 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Light Trespass. Light trespass is the crossing of a property line by artificial light. It is wrong because it violates the rights of those across the property line, and diminishes their enjoyment of their home and property. Clutter. Community members should be striving for an attractive nighttime environment, just as they should be doing in the daytime. Such poor environments, caused by a cacophony of light from various sources, are part of the stress of today's life. A dark sky is part of an attractive and healthy environment. Energy waste. Because of the overusage of light, one billion dollars in energy costs are wasted every year in the United States. In a time of great energy concern, the amount of energy and money used on over lighting is a problem. Urban sky glow. Light pollution can adversely impact our view of the universe and our ability to enjoy the beauty of the night sky. This sky glow impacts urban dwellers the most. The main sources of light pollution in Bozeman are older street lights (often "cobra" style fixtures), security lighting, and accent lighting. There are many things that could be done to address light pollution issues such as Establish light standards (for fixtures, bulbs, and brightness) and review proposed lighting during subdivision, site plan, or other review processes. Use shields to direct light down to where it is needed. Controlling the light output to locations where it is needed will reduce light pollution and the associated waste of energy. Use time controls (or dimmers or other controls) to insure that light is there when needed, and not there when it is not. Design and install lighting to insure that glare is minimized. Most glare comes from poor fixtures or poor installations. Use the right amount of light for the task, not overkill. In the case of lighting, more is usually not better. When not blinded by glare, the eye is a marvelous instrument and can see very well at what seems to be quite low lighting levels. In addition, going from over lit areas to darker areas means that people do not see too well (transient adaptation), and the opposite holds as well. Even lighting levels are most desirable. Use energy-efficient light sources. Light sources vary greatly in their efficiency. Consider espe- cially the use of low pressure sodium (LPS) lamps; they are the most efficient of all. LPS is excellent for street lighting, parking lots, security lighting, and other applications where color rendering is not critical. Careful lighting design can be done using LPS for essentially any applica- tion. The City should review sections in the Zoning Ordinance and Subdivision Regulations that address lighting, and revise if needed. 8.13.4 Viewsheds and Ridgelines An important component of the Bozeman Area's beauty is the views of surrounding hillsides, ridgelines and mountains. Viewshed and ridgeline protection has increasingly become a critical issue for open space and natural resource planning. Bozeman has already had its share of viewshed controversy when Page 8-34 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands the new Hillcrest facility was sited near Burke Park/Peet's Hill. Because of the rapid development, of both residential and commercial projects, it is more important now than ever to identify and develop a means of protecting important, character-defining viewsheds and ridgelines for the City of Bozeman. Ridgelines provide important aesthetic resources 8.13.5 Air Quality The Environmental Protection Agency has established maximum thresholds for a variety of airborne pollutants. Currently, Bozeman is classified as a high risk area for non-attainment for small particles and carbon monoxide. If Bozeman loses its attainment area status it can have undesirable effects on the ability of local government to obtain federal funding for transportation, require additional development review for air quality effects, increase public costs for additional street maintenance, and result in regu- lation of air pollutant sources such as wood stoves. Air quality in Bozeman is impacted by development patterns in the county which encourage additional vehicular travel. The land use pattern and concepts called for in this plan will help to reduce air quality problems in the future. The City, County, and other groups and governmental entities need to work together to address the air quality issues. 8.14 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND CRITICAL LANDS GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES 8.14.1 Protect the health, safety, and welfare of Bozeman area residents, and protect private and public property. Page 8-35 Envirorunental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Objective 1. Discourage development in areas characterized by wetlands, hydric soils, flood- plain and flooding, high water table, seismic activity, steep slopes, faults, landslide hazard, and fire-dependent natural areas. Page 8-36 Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 27, 35, 39, 60, 62, 70, 80, 83, 85, 87, 105 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified develop- ment impacts. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi~ tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 39) Develop and implement reliable and adequate funding mechanisms for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of urban parks, recreation trails, and public open spaces, including, but not limited to, a park maintenance district, general funds, and parkland dedica- tions. 60) Establish public/private partnerships to complete hazard/risk analyses of historic sites and properties and neighborhoods to determine vulnerability and recommend and implement appropriate mitigation. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 70) Adopt and implement the transportation facility plan and its successors to support the community vision contained in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 80) Establish public/private partnerships to protect and preserve open spaces or other sig- nificant properties to advance the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands 83) Work with neighboring jurisdictions to create and connect trails and corridors. 85) Evaluate and implement innovative measures and programs to protect critical lands and other environmentally sensitive areas. 87) Establish appropriate setbacks to buffer watercourses and wetlands based on the size and/ or functionality of the watercourse or wetland. Ensure that an appropriate amount of the buffers are left in natural vegetation. 105) The Critical Lands Study document shall be updated to reflect changes in jurisdiction, legislation, mapping and inventories, and natural resources in the Bozeman area. This update shall begin once the Local Water Quality District concludes its wetland grant projects. 8.14.2 Identify, protect, and enhance natural resources within the planning area, and the impor- tant ecological functions these resources provide. Objective 1. Retain and enhance the benefits wetlands provide such as groundwater and stream recharge, fish and wildlife habitat, flood control, sediment control, erosion control, and water quality. Implementation Policies: 3, 4, 5, 6, 27, 32, 35, 39, 62, 80, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 104 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified develop- ment impacts. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 39) Develop and implement reliable and adequate funding mechanisms for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of urban parks, recreation trails, and public open spaces, including, but not limited to, a park maintenance district, general funds, and parkland dedica- tions. Page 8-37 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 80) Establish public/ private partnerships to protect and preserve open spaces or other sig- nificant properties to advance the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 84) Require adequate on-site storm water detention/retention and treatment in conjunction with development to reduce runoff, reduce flood peaks, prevent stream scouring, flooding, and water contamination. 85) Evaluate and implement innovative measures and programs to protect critical lands and other environmentally sensitive areas. 87) Establish appropriate setbacks to buffer watercourses and wetlands based on the size and/ or functionality of the watercourse or wetland. Ensure that an appropriate amount of the buffers are left in natural vegetation. 89) Protect and rehabilitate those watercourses and wetlands on City property and encourage similar actions for private property. 90) Prepare and adopt a grading ordinance to reduce erosion and sedimentation and to pro- tect air and water quality. 104) Prepare and adopt an Urban Open Space Plan for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning area that includes, among other things, identification of possible open space areas and corridors, prioritization of protection and acquisition opportunities, and possible fund- ing and implementation tools. Objective 2. Maintain and enhance floodplain capacity for conveying and storing floodwaters. Page 8-38 Implementation Policies: 3, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 80) Establish public/private partnerships to protect and preserve open spaces or other sig- nificant properties to advance the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 82) Request an update of the National Flood Insurance Program maps every ten years by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. 84) Require adequate on-site storm water detention/retention and treatment in conjunction with development to reduce runoff, reduce flood peaks, prevent stream scouring, flooding, and water contamination. 85) Evaluate and implement innovative measures and programs to protect critical lands and other environmentally sensitive areas. 86) Update the City's stormwater control plan. 87) Establish appropriate setbacks to buffer watercourses and wetlands based on the size and/ or functionality of the watercourse or wetland. Ensure that an appropriate amount of the buffers are left in natural vegetation. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands 89) Protect and rehabilitate those watercourses and wetlands on City property and encourage similar actions for private property. Objective 3. Protect riparian corridors to provide wildlife habitat and movement areas, and to buffer water bodies. Implementation Policies: 4, 27, 36, 39, 62, 80, 82, 85, 87, 89, 90, 104 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 36) Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines to encourage functional, human scale, and attractive development. 39) Develop and implement reliable and adequate funding mechanisms for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of urban parks, recreation trails, and public open spaces, including, but not limited to, a park maintenance district, general funds, and parkland dedica- tions. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 80) Establish public/private partnerships to protect and preserve open spaces or other sig- nificant properties to advance the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 82) Request an update of the National Flood Insurance Program maps every ten years by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. 85) Evaluate and implement innovative measures and programs to protect critical lands and other environmentally sensitive areas. 87) Establish appropriate setbacks to buffer watercourses and wetlands based on the size and/ or functionality of the watercourse or wetland. Ensure that an appropriate amount of the buffers are left in natural vegetation. 89) Protect and rehabilitate those watercourses and wetlands on City property and encourage similar actions for private property. 90) Prepare and adopt a grading ordinance to reduce erosion and sedimentation and to pro- tect air and water quality. 104) Prepare and adopt an Urban Open Space Plan for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning area that includes, among other things, identification of possible open space areas and corridors, prioritization of protection and acquisition opportunities, and possible fund- ing and implementation tools. Page 8-39 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Objective 4. Develop and implement a citywide noxious weed control plan. Implementation Policies: 4, 8, 35, 39, 62, 80, 90, 91 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools; 39) Develop and implement reliable and adequate funding mechanisms for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of urban parks, recreation trails, and public open spaces, including, but not limited to, a park maintenance district, general funds, and parkland dedica- tions. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 80) Establish public/private partnerships to protect and preserve open spaces or other sig- nificant properties to advance the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 90) Prepare and adopt a grading ordinance to reduce erosion and sedimentation and to pro- tect air and water quality. 91) Prepare and implement a weed control plan, in concert with other governmental and non- governmental groups, which includes mapping, management strategies and techniques, and education. 8.14.3 Ensure good environmental quality of water resources, air, and soils within the planning area. Objective 1. Protect, restore, and enhance wetlands in the planning area. Page 8-40 Implementation Policies: 3, 4, 5, 10, 27, 35, 62, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 104, 105 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified develop- ment impacts. 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 84) Require adequate on-site storm water detention/ retention and treatment in conjunction with development to reduce runoff, reduce flood peaks, prevent stream scouring, flooding, and water contamination. 85) Evaluate and implement innovative measures and programs to protect critical lands and other environmentally sensitive areas. 86) Update the City's stormwater control plan. 87) Establish appropriate setbacks to buffer watercourses and wetlands based on the size and/or functionality of the watercourse or wetland. Ensure that an appropriate amount of the buffers are left in natural vegetation. 89) Protect and rehabilitate those watercourses and wetlands on City property and encourage similar actions for private property. 90) Prepare and adopt a grading ordinance to reduce erosion and sedimentation and to pro- tect air and water quality. 104) Prepare and adopt an Urban Open Space Plan for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning area that includes, among other things, identification of possible open space areas and corridors, prioritization of protection and acquisition opportunities, and possible fund- ing and implementation tools. 105) The Critical Lands Study document shall be updated to reflect changes in jurisdiction, legislation, mapping and inventories, and natural resources in the Bozeman area. This update shall begin once the Local Water Quality District concludes its wetland grant projects. Objective 2. Protect, restore, and enhance riparian corridors to protect the chemical, biological, and physical quality of water resources. Implementation Policies: 3, 4, 5, 10, 27, 35, 62, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 104, 105 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate Page 8-41 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page 8-42 the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified develop- ment impacts. 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 82) Request an update of the National Flood Insurance Program maps every ten years by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. 84) Require adequate on-site storm water detention/ retention and treatment in conjunction with development to reduce runoff, reduce flood peaks, prevent stream scouring, flooding, and water contamination. 85) Evaluate and implement innovative measures and programs to protect critical lands and oth(';r environmentally sensitive areas. 86) Update the City's stormwater control plan. 87) Establish appropriate setbacks to buffer watercourses and wetlands based. on the size and/ or functionality of the watercourse or wetland. Ensure that an appropriate amount of the buffers are left in natural vegetation. 89) Protect and rehabilitate those watercourses and wetlands on City property and encourage similar actions for private property. 90) Prepare and adopt a grading ordinance to reduce erosion and sedimentation and to pro- tect air and water quality. 92) Utilize best management practices in transportation system maintenance to facilitate non- motorized transportation, preserve air and water quality, extend facility service life, and pro- tect City resources. 104) Prepare and adopt an Urban Open Space Plan for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning area that includes, among other things, identification of possible open space areas and corridors, prioritization of protection and acquisition opportunities, and possible fund- ing and implementation tools. 105) The Critical Lands Study document shall be updated to reflect changes in jurisdiction, legislation, mapping and inventories, and natural resources in the Bozeman area. This update shall begin once the Local Water Quality District concludes its wetland grant projects. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Objective 3. Ensu~e that land uses in areas characterized by a high water table and/ or aquifer recharge zone will not contaminate water resources. Implementation Policies: 3, 4, 5, 16, 27, 35, 53, 85, 105 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified develop- ment impacts. 16) Research incentives and regulations and publicize existing incentives, in accordance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, that encourage development within the City of Bozeman. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 53) Work with the Gallatin Local Water Quality District, Gallatin County, and local water quality groups to organize, promote, fund, and hold an annual household hazardous waste disposal event and work to develop a permanent household hazardous waste disposal facil- ity. 85) Evaluate and implement innovative measures and programs to protect critical lands and other environmentally sensitive areas. 105) The Critical Lands Study document shall be updated to reflect changes in jurisdiction, legislation, mapping and inventories, and natural resources in the Bozeman area. This update shall begin once the Local Water Quality District concludes its wetland grant projects. Objective 4. Ensure that future development will not contaminate soils and water, and encour- age the cleanup and redevelopment of existing brownfields to return these lands to productive use. Implementation Policies: 4, 5, 28, 35, 53, 60, 62, 105 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified develop- ment impacts. Page 8-43 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelop- ment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 53) Work with the Gallatin Local Water Quality District, Gallatin County, and local water quality groups to organize, promote, fund, and hold an annual household hazardous waste disposal event and work to develop a permanent household hazardous waste disposal facil- ity. 60) Establish public/private partnerships to complete hazard/risk analyses of historic sites and properties and neighborhoods to determine vulnerability and recommend and implement appropriate mitigation. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 105) The Critical Lands Study document shall be updated to reflect changes in jurisdiction, legislation, mapping and inventories, and natural resources in the Bozeman area. This update shall begin once the Local Water Quality District concludes its wetland grant projects. Objective 5. Protect and enhance air quality in order to minimize health hazards associated with air pollution. Page 8-44 Implementation Policies: 16, 38, 44, 58, 70, 72, 73, 74, 77, 90, 92 16) Research incentives and regulations and publicize existing incentives, in accordance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, that encourage development within the City of Bozeman. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, and related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spac~s and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 44) Prepare and implement a comprehensive urban forest master plan addressing planting, maintenance, and replacement needs. 58) Revise the zoning ordinance to encourage and facilitate the development of multi-use buildings and projects that combine residential and non-residential uses including live/work opportunities. 70) Adopt and implement the transportation facility plan and its successors to support the community vision contained in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 72) Revise the zoning map and code to reflect the center-based land use pattern described in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 73) Work with major employers and other significant trip generators to identify and imple- ment transportation demand management actions, including telecommuting, off-peak time shipping, ride sharing, and others. 7 4) Amend ordinances to require the dedication and development of non-motorized trans- portation facilities in conjunction with development. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Environmental Quality and Critical Lands 77) Provide for non-motorized transportation facility maintenance through the City's normal budgeting and programming for transportation system maintenance. 90) Prepare and adopt a grading ordinance to reduce erosion and sedimentation and to pro- tect air and water quality. 92) Utilize best management practices in transportation system maintenance to facilitate non- motorized transportation, preserve air and water quality, extend facility service life, and pro- tect City resources. 8.14.4 Maintain a natural and attractive aesthetic character for the Bozeman Area. Objective 1. Protect viewsheds and ridgelines by carefully planning development location, type and character. Implementation Policies: 4, 8, 15, 27, 30, 39, 80, 83, 104 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City oper11tions on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. 15) Cooperate with School District Number 7 on the siting and redevelopment of neighbor- hood-based schools that will support and integrate with the land use pattern of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 30) Identify and map important viewsheds and ridgelines, and actively work to protect and enhance them. 39) Develop and implement reliable and adequate funding mechanisms for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of urban parks, recreation trails, and public open spaces, including, but not limited to, a park maintenance district, general funds, and parkland dedica- tions. 80) Establish public/private partnerships to protect and preserve open spaces or other sig- nificant properties to advance the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 83) Work with neighboring jurisdictions to create and connect trails and corridors. 104) Prepare and adopt an Urban Open Space Plan for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning area that includes, among other things, identification of possible open space areas and corridors, prioritization of protection and acquisition opportunities, and possible fund- ing and implementation tools. Page 8-45 Environmental Quality and Critical Lands Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Objective 2. Ensure a dark evening sky, public safety, and energy efficiency by addressing the issue of light pollution. Implementation Policies: 3, 31 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 31) Require adequate public safety lighting while respecting the community desire for a dark sky. Amend the zoning and subdivision ordinances as needed. Objective 3. Work with utility providers to eliminate overhead service lines over the next twenty years. Implementation Policies: 8 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. Objective 4. Control ambient and site-specific noise conditions and impacts. Page 8-46 Implementation Policies: 3, 5 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified develop- ment impacts. ~~ ..... •;11111111;... 11• f 2 0 • 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together CHAPTER9 Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space CHAPTER9 Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space 9.0 INTRODUCTION In the 1999 Community Characteristic and Opinion Survry, the top two things residents like about Bozeman were access to outdoors amenities/recreation and the natural environment. Bozeman is surrounded by a substantial amount of public open space in the form of federal- and state-owned lands. These lands provide significant recreational opportunities. However, the City also contains a considerable amount of public and private open lands-in the form of parks, open spaces, and the trail system-which provides excellent passive and non-passive recreational opportunities right here in town. In fact, activities at the Bozeman 2020 Community Planning charrette showed that Peet's Hill is one of Bozeman area residents' favorite places-second only to downtown. Other f~vorite places included Lindley, Bogert, and Cooper Parks. The Bozeman Area Recreation, Parks, Open Space and Trails Master Plan (POST) guides planning activities related to parks, recreation, trails, and open space. This document was first prepared by the Recreation and Parks Advisory Board in 1992, and has been subsequently updated, with the latest version adopted in 1997. This document provides a comprehensive compendium of background information regarding parks, recreation, trails, and open space. The plan guides planners, developers, and the public when securing and developing parks, trails, and open space to meet the City's needs. The document actually combines four previously separate planning documents into one plan, including the following: 1 . Bozeman Area Parks, Open Space and Trails POST Master Plan, August 1992 2. Bozeman Parks, Open Space and Trails Plan Update, 1995 3. City of Bozeman individual Park Master Development Plans, 1992 4. Bozeman Area Trails Classification, Design, Maintenance and Construction Standards. The 1997 compilation includes information and maps of existing parks; discusses the maintenance of existing parks; discusses future park, trail, and open space needs; provides park development and land acquisition recommendations; and provides a synopsis of responsible parties and a timeline. The 1997 POST Plan contains most of the technical background information and analysis for this Chap- ter; most of that information will not be repeated in this document. Therefore, the 1997 Post Plan, and its successors, are hereby adopted and incorporated as an element of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. The Bozeman Recreation and Parks Advisory Board (BRP AB) oversees issues related to planning for parks, recreation, trails, and open space. This Board is comprised of citizen volunteers who make Page 9-1 Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space recommendations to City staff, the Bozeman Planning Board, and the City Commission. The Board is com- mitted to providing quality recreational opportunities for all ages and abilities. The Board's goal is to deter- mine the City's recreation and parks needs, to acquire additional parklands, to find the means to develop rec- reational facilities on these lands, and to ensure that City parks are adequately maintained. The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan seeks to maintain and enhance existing parks, recreation facilities, pathways, and open spaces while creating additional opportunities to meet the future demands of a growing population 9.1 PARKS BACKGROUND INFORMATION 9.1.1 Introduction Bozeman 2020 Community Plan The East Gallatin Recreation Area is a City park There are currently approximately 432 acres of City park inside and outside the City of Bozeman. This acreage consists of 57 different parks. Most of these parks were dedicated as part of the residential subdivision process and serve the neighborhood around them. However, there are also several large parks that serve the larger community due to their size or special facilities. Existing park facilities are listed in Table 9-1 on Pages 9-4 through 9-6, and show in Figure 9-1 on Page 9-7. Different parks provide different recreational opportunities and services. Parks can be classified into one of five general categories: neighborhood, community, tot lot, specialty, and linear parks. Sometimes a park can be a combination of these park types. 9.1.2 Changing Demographics and Parks Changing demographics, work and commute patterns, technology, and public values are accompanied by changes in lifestyle, recreational interests, and community issues. These changes can figure significantly when estimating the community's park and recreation needs into the future. There are several specific ways demographic shifts and changing lifestyles, at both the national and local level, can impact park needs and demands, including 1 . The most significant trend affecting park planning is the aging of the baby boomers. Within the next decade, the leading edge of the baby boomers will begin to turn 65. This group will be in their retirement years with time and financial resources at a peak. By 2030, the over 65 age group will represent 22 percent of the country's population compared to 12 percent in 1988. Although they are aging, the baby boomers may be healthier and will remain active longer than past genera- tions of elderly. The pre-retirement and the active retired are likely to increase the demand on recreational facilities and services. Since Bozeman and Gallatin County seem to attract a signifi- cant number of retirees, these impacts could be substantial. 2. At the same time, the baby boom "echo"-the growing number of children of the baby boomers Page9-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space -will have its effect. While the number of elementary school age children is declining, the per- centage of teenagers is on the increase. As a result, middle- and high-school recreational facili- ties will have less surplus space. There will be a corresponding shift in the types of facilities needed. 3. Changes in the ethnic composition of the nation's population will impact parks and recreation facility planning. National trends indicate that Hispanic and Asian minorities are the fastest growing minorities. Increased cultural diversity will bring with it a need for a different mix of recreational facilities. Also, as the country becomes more globalized, sports and recreational activities in other nations will gain more exposure in this county. For instance, the large demand for soccer may in part be stimulated by new arrivals from countries with a strong soccer tradition. 4 . The number of people living alone or in non-family situations in increasing. Only half of the new households now being formed are families, compared to 75 percent in 1975. In other words, single people will head more households. An accompanying trend will be an increased number and percentage of people housed in multifamily dwellings. This is particularly true as single- family housing becomes less affordable. More people living in higher density housing, and a smaller percentage of traditional families, may also have implications for future park needs. Per- haps, special park requirements and standards will be needed for multifamily housing. 5. The presence of Montana State University results in a large population of people in their late teens and twenties-prime recreating age. Many students do not have the responsibilities that come with a family, a career, and running a household. They tend to have more time available for various types of recreational activities. 9.1.3 National Park Standards There are many different park standards available today. Most notably, the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA)-an independent, nonprofit organization whose purpose is to advocate quality parks for the American people-has developed a widely used set of park standards. In 1995, the NRPA issued a set of national level of service (LOS) standards called Park, Recreation, Open Space and Greenwqy Guide- lines. BMX bike course at Westlake Park Although widely accepted in the past, there is in- creased recognition that national-based standards may not be resulting in what communities really want. A growing school of park and recreation planners argue that these standards (1) emphasize "how much" rather than "how good," (2) reflect past desires and expectations rather than today's needs, (3) do not recognize the unique conditions, resources, and needs of different communities, and (4) often are unrealistic and difficult to implement. Setting minimum standards to accomplish a loftier set of goals may backfire. Although they may help to raise the current standards of the "lowest common denominator" communities, they may lead to underachievement in more ambitious communities. Page 9-3 d s: OS e, 'E u s s :0 :i 0 N ~ s § IIJ N 0 i:Q u IIJ OS $ d IIJ Q.. 0 "C ~ f ~ 'Jl~ :::~ ·.0 :: OS ~ u IIJ i:i::: ~~ OS ~ Name Location Annie Woodland & Oak Babcock (Gty) West Babcock & Fowler Babcock (School) West Babock Babcock Meadows Virginia Way & W Babcock Beall Park N. Bozeman & Villard Bogert Park S. Omrch & Bogert Place Bozeman Ponds Fowler and Huffine Line Bridger Creek Story :Mill Rd. & Lind.fill Brookside Park N. 25th and W. Babcock Burke Park S. Church and cemetery Centennail Park N. Tracy and Cottonwood Christie Fields N. Black & :M"ason Cooper Park S. 8th&Koch Creekside Park N Rouse & Lamme East Gallatin Park :M"anley Road Ferguson Meadows Cascade & Mineral/Sanders Ferguson Meadows Durston & Mineral/Sanders Gallagator Donation College Street Gardner Park Gardner Park Subdivision Gtafs East Park Gt:afs Street Type: N = Neighborhood C = Community Table 9-1: Inventory of Existing City Parks Acres Developed Playground Shelter Trails Beach 2.0 N N N N N 5.255 y baseball N N N 10.95 N soccer N N N 2.41 y N N ."'", d ~ '-a I tJl Name Location Greenway Parle Hunters Way & Durston Harvest Creek I Between Rose & Durston Harvest Creek II Between Rose & Annie I--iighland Trail Josephine and cemetery HRDCPark N. 24th and Mendenhall Jarrett Parle Westridge Drive (Figgins) Josephine Parle Kenyon Drive Kagy Boulevard Kagy & Sourdough Road Kirk Parle N. 20th and Beall Langhor Parle S. Tracy and Mson Lindley Parle E . t\.fain and Buttonwood Gallagator Linear Park S. Ornrch to 3rd & Kagy New Hyalite View Spruce Drive North 9th Park N. 9th and Oak North 19th .·\venue N. 19th l\venue North Grand Fields N. C'Jrnnd & Cottonwood Rose Parle Woodland & Oak Sculpture Park N. 7th .\venue Softball Complex Haggerty bne Soroptomist Park N. Rouse and E. !vfain Type: N = Neighborhood C = Community Table 9-1: Inventory of Existing City Parks, continued Acres Developed Playground Shelter Trails Beach Irrigation 2.86 N N N N N N 2.37 y N N y N y 2.43 y N N y N y 0.22 N N N y N N 2.72 N N N N N N 1.89 y y y N N y 4.32 N N N N N N 2.32 N N N N N N 13.3 y baseball y N N y 8.9 y y N y N N 12.6 y y y y N y 12.2 N N N y N N 47.0 y y N y N N 2.2 N N N N N N 0.6 N N N N N N 2.5 y baseball N N N y 18.52 N N N N N N 0.33 y N N N N y 14.65 y y N N N y 0.34 y N N N N y ~ E: ·a u ~ s s :0 :, ~ 0 N = s II.~ > N 0 ~ II.> u rE ~ = II.> Q. 0 "a O "'~ i i:=~ i. ~ .g ~ ~ u l i:~ i. Table 9-1: Inventory of Existing City Parks, continued Name Location Acres Developed Playground Shelter Trails Beach Irrigation S. 8th Boulevard S. 8th Boulevard 1.0 y N N N N y Southside Park S. 5th and College 2.8 y tennis N N N N Spring ?vJeadows Park Graf & Spring Meadows 2.57 N N N N N N Story Iv.lill Park Story Iv.lill and Bridger D:t: 1.44 N N N y N N Sundance Springs Goldenstein lane 10.0 N N N N N N Sundance Trail Sundance Drive 18.0 N N N y N N Valley Creek Park Treasure and Stillwater 3.69 N N N y N N Valley Unit Park Cascade to Dirston 8.594 y y N y N y West 1fain West 1fain and Babcock 1.57 y N N N N N Westfield Park Oxford and Wmchester 3.87 y N N N N N Westgate Park W Babockc & Hunters 0.84 N N N N N N Westlake Park N 5th and Tamarck 5.9 y N N N N N (BMX) Westridge North of Graf Park 0.86 N N N N N N Westridge Boulevard Westridge D:t: & S. 3rd 0.18 y N N N N N Westridge North Park Hill Street and Westridge 2.3 N N N N N N Westridge South Park Grcle D:t: & Spring Creek 1.05 N N N N N N Type: N = Neighborhood C = Community S = Specialty Park L = Linear Park T = Tot Lot TOTAL PARK ACREAGE Restrooms Fountain Sidewalk N N N y N y N N y N N N N N N N N N N N N N N y N N y N N y N N N N N y N N N ? \0 I -.J ~ 11~ .., ;-..i::_~ (lij Qo011\~V'l8 ~~ -ii1,11n1111m 2 0 • 2 0 ofiaJU'll,f (}U~' ,?ul1.1N,'7'fdfiar tiij \0 <JQ "'"""· ..I ... c:~ : (b ' < J -" ....... ;-.r:J I .., "· If I~ \ f\; i ~J; ~ lj ' ~ Q : -: "i . \ vl.t _ .. , ' ,.'-~) " ~Cl "' ~ -< . ' . ." ,,..!,1, it ::: ~ r !;l i_. I - - a :,: ~ " Legend City Limits /'../ Roads D Parks /'v Existing Trails & Paths /'..,/ Proposed Boulevard Trail /'..,/ Proposed Bike Route Possible Future Trail Corridors ./ ~\ ,___,/ ' Sidewalk Connection ~ A N 0.5 OMiles • i ~ ,6 .. -l' "i: ' r;( " "" I I r - 1.;; .-..1. :.. ...1 -.,- ~, ~ - -- -·r- ~,.-.-,~-· ,o " " Notes: s1 \ 1. This map is drawn over the "Bike Route Network" map that was prepared by Peccia and Associates. 2. Boulevard trails are paved pathways (8 to 10) feet wide) that parallel major roadways. They are set back from the road, and have landscaping and street trees on both sides. 3. These trail locations were determined by the Bozeman Recreation and Parks Advisory Board in conjunction with the Gallatin County Trails Committee. 4. The location of future trail corridors is approximate. Trail Map Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space types of parks, and therefore require buffer zone spaces between active recreation areas and surrounding neighborhoods. Good auto access and parking must be provided. The parks should be developed and maintained for intensive use. Lindley Park and the Bozeman Ponds are good examples of community parks. The NRPA recommends that community parks be approximately twenty-five to thirty acres in size and be provided at the ratio of five to eight acres per 1,000 population. Lindley Park and the Bozeman Ponds: are both examples: of communi(y parks: in Bozeman Regional Parks. Regional parks service entire cities or regions. Activities available in regional parks may include picnicking, boating, fishing, swimming, camping, trails, a golf course, etc. Regional parks tend to be large (over 200 acres) and should be provided at the ratio of five to ten acres per 1,000 people. Because of their regional nature, regional parks are usually not figured into the "core" parkland provided by a city. Specialty Parks. Specialty parks provide a spe- cial type of recreational opportunity that capital- izes on a unique natural feature or on a population that is large enough to support a special type of recreational demand. Examples are golf courses, historic sites, zoos, and sports complex. The Bozeman Sports Complex and the BMX course at Westlake Park are good examples of specialty parks. Linear Parks. Finally, linear parks are corridors of land that provide public access between differ- ent locations for recreational or transportation pur- poses. Improvements can include facilities to aid walking, hiking, and bicycling. 9.1.5 City Parks Department Thi! Jkotcpark al Kirk Park i r a .rptd"li!JI pork area The City Parks Department is responsible for maintaining and caring for park buildings, playground equipment, picnic facilities, ballfields, trails, skating rinks, tennis courts, and other related equipment Page 9-9 Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and facilities. The parks and playground budget was $841,876 for fiscal year 2000-2001. This amount is up from $763,325 in fiscal year 1999-2000 due largely to a $60,000 appropriation of Sundance Springs Park donations. Therefore, the City of Bozeman spends approximately $1,835 per acre of park and approximately $24 per capita each year on park acquisition, development, and maintenance. The parks and playground budget is also used to maintain other City property. 9.1.6 Parkland Acquisition Acquisition of land for future park sites is vital to insure the availability of land for park development as the growing community demands new facilities. Parkland dedication in subdivisions should only be accepted when the land is well located, is needed for the overall park and recreation program, and is physically suited for park and recreation use. Cash-in-lieu payments, land trades, or off-site park dedica- tions should be considered if necessary to obtain centrally located land or land adjacent to existing parks. Although cash-in-lieu payments are allowed by state law, the City has generally placed a higher priority on parkland dedication to provide land for parks and open spaces. This preference is because state law states that cash-in-lieu payments must be calculated based on the pre-development value of the land being subdivided instead of the post-development value, which results in land dedications being worth more than cash-in-lieu payments. In the future, cash-in-lieu payments or other equivalents may become more prevalent as a tool for acquiring larger, more cohesive tracts of parkland. Therefore, the City should pursue legislative changes at the state level to the cash-in-lieu of parkland payment calculations to better reflect the post-development value of parkland. An important factor to consider when approving parkland dedications is the lack of usable active recre- ation park areas. There is an increasing demand for multipurpose fields of varying kinds, and a corre- sponding shortage of these facilities. Consideration must be given to the development of these facilities. Therefore, acceptance of parkland dedications unsuitable for this type of development must be carefully evaluated to ensure adequate supplies of land suitable for active development. On the other hand, parkland dedication could be considered as a tool to protect some important natural or critical land resources such as Bozeman Creek. While these lands would obviously not be conducive to the development of ballfields, the protection of important watercourse corridors is vitally important to the preservation of sensitive landscapes. As parkland acquisition continues into the future, a balance will need to be struck between competing parkland interests and needs. The community's need for organized recreational areas, such as ballfields, must be balanced against the community's need to pre- serve valued pristine landscapes and viewsheds. 9.1.7 Regional Park Since 1991, the Bozeman Recreation and Parks Advisory Board has been advising the City Commission that a large regional park is needed. Since 2000, a group of citizens have been working to site a 100-acre regional park in the Bozeman area. A major impetus behind the 100-acre park is the community's demonstrated need for additional multipurpose fields. There are other benefits of a large regional park, including: Maintenance for small, scattered parks would be more than for one large park. A large park would better accommodate parking demand. Page 9-10 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space A large regional park would serve a much larger population than neighborhood or community parks, resulting in a better investment. The community could sponsor or host large sports events with a larger facility. A regional park may be a good opportunity for the City and County to cooperate in the area of parkland acquisition, development, and maintenance. The park could provide amenities such as natural areas, trails, pavilion(s), amphitheater, and tennis courts. There are also downsides to a regional park that must be mentioned. First, because of its size, a regional park may end up being sited far from major population centers. People would likely have to travel to a regional park by private vehicle, which would generate more automotive travel and traffic. Second, the acquisition, development, and maintenance of a large regional park may pull needed resources away from smaller neighborhood parks. 9.1.8 Joint Park/School Site Acquisition School sites, both developed and undeveloped, have the potential to provide a tremendous recreational resource for Bozeman resi- dents. Whenever opportunities arise, parkland dedications should be adjacent to proposed school sites to accommodate larger acre- age for joint development and shared maintenance by the City and school district. A good example is Asheim Fields at Babcock Park, which is located at West Babcock Street and Fowler Lane. Asheim Fields is approximately 5.2 acres in size and is located adjacent to a 10-acre future school site. Plqyingfields on school district land Currently, the school district limits the use of school property and recreational facilities during non- school hours and during the summer, and limits use by nonstudents. For example, the school district will remove nets from basketball courts on school district property to discourage their use. On the other hand, the school district has legitimate concerns about wear and tear on their grounds and facilities. The City should continue to work with the school district to establish mutually beneficial and acceptable agreements and arrangements to meet the recreational needs of the community. 9.2 PARK ISSUES AND ANALYSIS Throughout the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning process, many issues and challenges related to parks were revealed. 9.2.1 Park Maintenance and Development There are currently several undeveloped dedicated parks within the City. The lack of adequate parks maintenance and development funds has prevented these parks from being developed. These parks need to be developed to provide surrounding residential areas with adequate parkland in close proximity. It is possible that parks could be developed and maintained by the neighborhood serviced by the park. Page 9-11 Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space Bozeman 2020 Community Plan The City has also been considering establishing a citywide Parks Maintenance District for many years. This district would be similar to the existing citywide Tree Maintenance District and Street Maintenance District. Every parcel in the City-residential and commercial-is assessed these fees. With a Parks Maintenance District, fees might only be assessed from residential parcels. If parks maintenance funds were generated through a Citywide Park Maintenance District, then City park funds could be used for park acquisition and development. In the past, the City would be responsible for developing dedicated parkland. However, the City is increasingly unable to develop new parks as they are dedicated due to a lack of funds. There have been instances in the recent past where developers have developed parks within their development. Develop- ers choose to develop parks themselves to provide a marketable amenity within the subdivision. Park development at the very least should include final grading and seeding/ sodding of dedicated parkland. There have also been instances of developers aocl/ or homeowners associations providing for the maintenance of neighborhood parks. Again, the City increasingly does not have sufficient funds to adequately maintain all City parks. Therefore, developers and/ or homeowners take on the responsibility of park maintenance to ensure the provision of quality open spaces within their subdivisions. If Developer/Ho- meowner Association park maintenance is go- The pavi!!ion at Bogert Park is an important community resource ing to continue in the future, the City should establish maintenance standards and require- ments for inclusion in subdivision covenants to ensure that adequate maintenance occurs. If a Citywide Park Maintenance District is ever created, the maintenance of dedicated City parks by developers and/ or homeowners associations would be expected to end. 9.2.2 Parkland Aggregation and Consolidation As stated previously, the City currently acquires parkland through residential subdivision in one of two ways-dedication of a portion of land being subdivided for parks or payment of cash-in-lieu of dedicated parkland. Historically, the City of Bozeman has had far more dedications of land than payments of cash-in-lieu. Both options have pros and cons. The dedication of land ensures the provision of parkland within a subdivision that will benefit the residents of the development, and the parkland dedication process is relatively simple. However, the parkland dedication process has also resulted in a fragmented park system where many of the parks are too small to be used for organized recreational activities. On the other hand, the cash-in-lieu payments would lend themselves to the creation of larger and more usable parks. However, as discussed previously, cash-in-lieu payments are based on pre-development value of land and can result in the availability of a very limited amount of funds. Therefore, cash-in-lieu payments most often result in fewer acres of parkland than outright land dedication due to escalating and speculative land prices. Finally, the parks purchased with cash-in-lieu funds may not always be wit~in or adjacent to the development that produced the cash-in-lieu funds. Therefore, neither of the current options results in an optimal situation for providing adequate and usable parkland for all City residents. Page9-12 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space The City's parkland acquisition procedures should be restructured so that functional parks are provided in conformance with public desires. This issue has two basic elements. First, a new POST plan should be prepared to reevaluate park needs and provide the factual basis for development requirements. This new plan should also look at the preferred location for new parks to serve as central points in new development, somewhat like Cooper Park serves as a focus point for the surrounding neighborhood. The Recreation and Parks Advisory Board should establish location evaluation criteria for issues such as access, adequate parking, adequate size, and so forth. Second, the City needs to establish the necessary background, research, and legal structure to support off-site parkland dedications. The State of Montana Subdivision and Platting Act seems to support the concept of off-site parkland dedications. Off-site parkland dedications would provide an optimal alternative to the two current means of acquiring parkland. The benefits of the parkland dedication process would be enhanced by the ability to consolidate and aggregate parkland into larger and more usable tracts. The above-mentioned proposal to prepare a new POST plan would ensure that residential developments are served by ad- equate parkland. Section 76-3-621 of the Montana Code Annotated (MCA) governs subdivision parkland dedications. Subsections (1) and (2) require a dedication "to the governing body of cash or land donation equal to" and then specifies a percentage of area or fixed area. The requirement of dedication is for an equivalent, not directly for a portion of the land being subdivided, to be dedicated. This indicates that off-site dedications are acceptable providing that all other requirements of the section have been met. According to Subsection (4), the Planning Board or Park Board having jurisdiction may determine suit- able locations for parks. It is required to give due weight and consideration to developer preferences. It is possible to accommodate both of these. At a net density of six dwelling units per acre, a square mile of land with a 0.03 acre park dedication requirement (which is the standard currently being used) would yield between 86 and 117 acres of parkland dedication, depending on the amount of land utilized for public rights-of-way. With this amount of land available, four ten-acre neighborhood parks could be sited that would provide for formal recreation grounds such as ball diamonds and soccer fields. A sizeable amount-over 50 percent of the total-would be left over and could be distributed based on the developer's preferences. The remaining land could be utilized for recreational trails, tot lots, specialty parks and uses, picnic areas, or other recreational uses. The preferences of the development community would be considered during the public participation process for the preparation of a new POST plan, and future subarea or neighborhood plans. Since the amount of land being set aside for parks would not increase, many of the concerns of the development community should be mitigated. Subsection (S)(a) requires that the land dedication or cash-in-lieu be utilized for the provision of parks to service the dedicating subdivision. A properly prepared and adopted POST plan could provide the necessary findings relating to the proximity of a certain class of park to any subdivision making an off- site dedication. Based on research on realistic pedestrian and bicycle travel distances to neighborhood services, a defensible distance standard could be established. This would be especially true if desirable park locations were properly integrated into an overall subarea or neighborhood plan. The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan also recommends the preparation of subarea plans to encourage the development of larger parks through aggregation and consolidation. A subarea plan is intended for areas (at least 640 acres) where there is still a significant opportunity to shape a desired land use pattern Page 9-13 Parks~ Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and coordinate between existing and/ or future land developments, as well as various landowners. In addition to parks, areas of special concern for coordination include trails, roadways, and utilities. 9.2.3 Addressing the "Freerider" Effect The problem of inadequate funding for City parks has already been discussed. The "freerider" effect is one phenomenon that exacerbates the problem of increasing park demand and lack of adequate funding for park acquisition, development, and maintenance. Basically, nonresidents of the City represent a significant user group of City parks. However, these nonresidents pay little toward City park acquisition, development, and maintenance. (Note: This might change if Gallatin County open space bond funds were ever used to acquire and develop parkland within the City.) The Recreation Department estimates that one-third of Swim Center users are not City residents, and that one-half of participants in Recre- ation Department programs are not City residents. Further, it is estimated that 60 to 70 percent of the participants in user group recreation activities (Little League, Barracuda Swim Team, and so forth), which frequently use City facilities, are not City residents. Based on these estimates, it is easy to see that a significant number of City park users are nonresidents. Other City programs have already addressed this issue. For example, some non-City residents are included in a taxing district that provides funds for the operation and maintenance of the Bozeman Public Library. These funds are paid to the City once per year as a lump sum. It may be difficult to assess county residents for their use of City parks, but this seems to be a critical factor in strik- ing a balance between fiscal constraints and adequate park facilities for all. Currently, state law allows joint funding of agreed-upon programs, as well as interlocal agreements for the provision of services such as parks and recreation. Any Intergovernmental Agreement be- tween the City and the County for development in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area should include provisions to address park and recreation facility acquisition, development, and maintenance. Some ex- amples would include the establishment of a joint park fund for the Planning Area and participation in a citywide Parks Maintenance District by all residents of the Plan- ning Area. The Bozeman Ponds property was once owned by FWP 9.2.4 Working with Other Local, State, and Federal Agencies If the City is to provide adequate park facilities in the future, it will be imperative to work closely with other local, state, and federal agencies. The Bozeman Ponds and the East Gallatin Parks are both owned by Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. However, the City has established long-term leases for both sites and is responsible for maintaining and managing the parks with some financial support from Fish, Wild- life and Parks. Any future parks that benefit residents of the County, as well as City residents, would provide excellent opportunities for acquisition, development, and maintenance partnerships between the Page9-14 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space City and County. Any Intergovernmental Agreement that addresses land use development in the area outside of the City but inside the Planning Area should include provisions for City and County park partnerships. County officials have contemplated the creation of a Countywide Parks Special Improve- ment District (SID). If such a district was ever created, and if City parcels were assessed for this district, the funds City residents contribute should be spent on parks within, or adjacent to, the City. Opportuni- ties to jointly develop City parks adjacent to schools should be pursued when feasible. 9.2.5 Parks-Current and Future Needs When one considers the totality of possible park users in the Bozeman area, including the City itself as well as the entire Gallatin County Bozeman Area Zoning District, the City is in good shape in terms of the number of acres of neighborhood and community parkland. In fact, the City meets or exceeds national acreage standards for neighborhood and community parks. Based on national standards, the City could use more tot lots. Most of the City's parkland issues are related to the usability of parkland. While the City has a considerable amount of dedicated parkland, many of these parks are very small and are scattered throughout the landscape. Due to their small and unconsolidated nature, the functionality of much of the parkland is marginal. The City also has difficulties adequately developing and maintain- ing the parkland the City does have due to fiscal constraints. Please refer to Table 9-2. Table 9-2: Parks-Current and Future Needs YearZOOO City of Bozeman Population - 31,636 Park Type Standard Current Park Needed Tot lot 0,25 to 0.5 acres per 0.58 7.9 - 15.8 1,000 :J(R:$ Neighbomood park' 1 lo 2 ncres per 1,000 209.15 31.6 - 63.2 acres acres Community park' 5 to 8 acres per 1,(XX) 207.26 158.2- acres 253.1 acres 1 Llnear parks were added to the neighborhood park total. 2 Specialty parks were added to the community park total. Gallatin County B0zemm1 Area Zoning District' Population - 39,489 Park Needed 9.87 - 19.74 acres 39.49 - 78.98 acres 197.44 - 315.81 acres Year2010 City of Bozeman Galli,tin County Population- Bozeman Area 39,600 Zoning District1 Population - 49,430 Park Park Needed Needed 9.8 - 19~8 acres 12.36 - 24.71 acres 39.6 - 79 2 acres 49.43 - 98.86 acres 198.0 - 316.8 acres 247.15 - 395.44 acres Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space 9.3.2 Recreation Department Facilities The Swim Center is located atfjacent lo Bozeman Senior High School Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Swim Center. The Swim Center is located at 1211 West Main Street, ad- jacent to the Bozeman Senior High School. The Swim Center has a fifty- meter, eight-lane pool with a two- flume slide, pool toys, and diving board. It has a large hot tub and fit- ness equipment. The pool is fully handicapped accessible with a hy- draulic-powered lift at poolside. Lap swim, water aerobics, swim lessons, open boating, and recreation swim- ming are all activities to be had at the Swim Center. Bogert Pool. Bogert Pool is located in Bogert Park, 325 South Church Avenue. It is open from the second week in June through the first week in September. Bogert Pool is comprised of two pools-a shallow pool for young children and a deeper pool for diving and lap swimming. Two diving boards are provided, and a sun deck with lawn furniture surrounds the pools. Swimming lessons are offered throughout the summer. The Lindley Center. The Lindley Center, which is located at 1102 East Curtiss Street, can be rented by the public through the Recreation Department for educational and social events. 9.3.3 Recreation Programs The Bozeman Recreation Programs enhance the quality of life through personal, community, and eco- nomic benefits. An individual that is active has the best health insurance one can buy. Recreation programs help people live longer, prolong independent living for seniors, reduce the risk of heart disease, combat osteoporosis and diabetes, and enhance overall health and well-being. Recreation reduces stress, builds self-esteem, and reduces self-destructive and antisocial behaviors in youth. Recreation programs produce leaders, reduce isolation and loneliness, reduce crime, and build strong families and healthy communities. Recreation creates social skills and participation in the community. Recreation builds pride in a community and enhances perceived quality of life. Recreation reduces health care costs, thus adding to the economic benefits of the community. Recreat- ing reduces social service and police/justice costs, improves work performance, and reduces costs asso- ciated with crime and dysfunction. Recreation generates tourism expenditures, and brings money into the community. Recreation saves our City money and is an investment in the future. Finally, recreation is an excellent means of increasing ecological understanding and sens1t1v1ty. For example, trail systems save energy and protect air quality. Page9-16 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space In the spring and summer, the Recreation Department offers a variety of programs, such as the following: · Preschool programs · Cheerleading · Easter Egg Hunt · Summer Time Park Fun · Candle making · Creation in beads · Running for fun Basketball · Boat building · Exploring nature Sensational crafts · Canoeing and kayaking · Flag football Skateboarding · Junior Chefs cooking club · Cake decorating Inline skating/ hockey · Outdoor adventure skills · Candy making Science experiments · Science of flight · Madison River float · T-shirt fashion · Junior leaders · Tee-ball Backpacking · Junior lifeguarding · Soccer · Sweet Pea Children's Run In the fall and winter, the Recreation Department offers the following programs: · Preschool programs · Home school swimming lessons · Youth swimming specials · Family nights specials · Letters and calls from Santa · Water aerobics · Open boating · Snorkeling · Kayaking/ Canoeing 9.3.4 Recreation Issues The biggest issue facing the Recreation Department is the need to provide adequate recreation for a growing population with limited resources and facilities. The Recreation Department offers many more summer programs than winter programs because the summer programs can be done outside. Sufficient facilities do not exist for a full-fledged year-round recreation program. If sufficient facilities were avail- able, what is currently a three-month recreation program could become a twelve-month program. The annual Easter egg hunt is a Recreation Department program The City really needs an indoor recreation center. This indoor space would accomplish many things. First, recreation programming could be run year- round instead of just in the summer. Second, the center could support more adult recreation. Cur- rently, school-age residents participate in recreational opportunities at school facilities. However, there is no indoor space for adult sports such as volley- ball, basketball, and so forth. Third, the center could provide swimming facilities for very young children. The pool at the Swim Center is too deep for use by really small children. A shallow pool at the center could also be used for this activity. Bogert Pool, the only outdoor community pool, was constructed in 1939. The heating system was installed in 1949, and the pool was renovated in 1974. The pool is now physically and functionally obsolete and needs to be replaced. There is also a great need for playing fields to use for recreation programs. As stated above, the Recre- ation Department runs flag football, tee-ball, and soccer programs. The acquisition and development of new playing fields is discussed in the previous sections on parks. Page 9-17 C s: (11 ·a ~ u s s 0 ;:l 0 N 0 N c:: s 4J (11 N 0 .Q 4J u (11 ~ C 4J r:i.. 0 "'C ij ~· ~ ~ ~ c 0 ·p (11 f:u ! 4J i:i::: 4 (11 ~ Activity/ Facility Badminton Basketball 1. Youth 2. High School 3. Collegiate Handball (3-4 wall) Ice hockey Tennis Volleyball Recommended Space Requirements 1620 sq. ft . 2400 - 3036 sq. ft. 5040 - 7280 sq. ft. 5600 - 7980 sq. ft. 800 sq. ft. for 4- wall 1000 sq. ft for 3- wall 22,000 sq. ft. including support area ['yfinimum of 7,200 sq. ft. single court ',:j :0 IJ'Q n, \C \-C I Activity/ Facility Baseball 1. Official 2. Little League Field hockey Football Soccer Golf-driving range Table 9-3: NRPA Recreation Facility Standards, continued Recommended Recommended Recommended No. of Service Space Size and Units Per Requirements Dimensions Orientation Population Radius Baselines - 90' Pitching distance - 601/i' Foul lines - min. Locate home plate 320' to pitcher throwing 1 per 5,000 3.0 - 3.85 acres Center field - 400' across sun and nurumum plus batter not facing it. 'I• - 1 Line from home /2 mile Lighted 1 per Baselines - 60' plate through Pitching distrance - pitchers mound 30,000 46' run east-northest. Foul lines - 200' Center field - 200' 1.2 acres minimum to 250' 180' x 300' with a Fall season - long minimum of 6' axis northwest to 15 - 30 minutes i\Iinimum 1.5 acres southwest. For 1 per 20,000 clearance on all longer periods travel time sides. north-south. 160' x 360' with a ~ifinimum 1.5 acres minimum of 6' Same as field 1 per 20,000 15 - 30 minutes clearance on all hockey. travel time sides. 195' to 225' X 330' 1. 7 - 2.1 acres to 360' with a Same as field 1 per 10,000 1- 2 miles minimum 10' hockey. .:: oj E: a, ·a u s 0 s ::: 0 N 0 N s c ~ oj N 0 ~ ~ u oj Cl, er:, c ~ Cl, 0 ~ f "c~ ,a 'C ;; 0 ':ti oj .~ u .. ~ 1~ i:i::: ~ Activity/ Facility '/,-Mile running track Sofrball Multiple recreation court (basketball, volleyball, tennis) l'rails 1\ re hcry range Table 9-3: NRPA Recreation Facility Standards, continued Recommended Recommended Recommended No. of Service Space Size and Units Per Requirements Dimensions 0 rie n ta tion Population Radius Long axis in sector Overally width - from north to 276' south to northwest 15 - 30 minutes 4.3 acres Length - 600.02' to southeast with 1 per 20,000 travel time Track width for 8 finish line at to 4 lanes is 32' northerly end. Baselines - 60' Pitching distance - 46' (40' minimum) Women's fast pitch 1 per 5,000 (if Table 9-3: NRPA Recreation Facility Standards, continued 1r r') 1 Recommended I Recommended No. of s Activity/ Recommended Service Location Sil Space Size and Units Per :, Facility Requirements Dimensions Orientation Population Radius Notes N 0 N 0 All walks and (') 0 structures occur s within an area s approximately 130' C: :, wide by 115' deep. Minimum cleared ~- area is contained Center line of "~ ' Combination skeet I tvlinimum 30 acres I within 2 super- length runs 30 minutes travel Part of :, and trap field (8 imposed segments northes t-sou thwes t 1 per 50,000 time regional / metro! stations) with 100-yard radii with shooter facing park complex. (4 acres). Shot-fall northeast. danger zonie is contained within 2 superimposed segments with 300-yard radii (3 6 acres). 9 hole course can accommodate 350 people / da y. Average length 18 hole course can Golf 50-60 acres vary 600-2700 accommodate 500- 1 . Par 3 (18 hole) Minimum 50 acres yards .Majority of holes None 1/2 to 1 hour travel 550 people/day. .,_ 9-holc standard l\:linimum 110 Average length- on north-sou th axis 1 per 25,000 time Course may be 3 18-holc 2250 yards 1 per 50,000 located in standard acres Average length- community or 'i:I Sil 6500 yards district park, but :..,. ;- should not be over .Y' Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Table 9-4: Assessment of Bozeman Recreation Facility Needs (Compared to National Standards) Yearam YearEO Yearml Gllatiri Guty <attitJ. Crunty Gillarin Crunty Gty <f fu.erren lliremn.Area R:pjarim lb.anoArea f\:pJatim fu.emn.Area Rµiuicn-31,636 ~ll5trici ~Ilsttict1 ming Ilsttict1 ~,4WJ -'!f)fJJ) f\:pJatim-4\l,430 -46pX) R:pJaticn-58,169 Activity /Faality Slarm:d G.m:rt Faality Faality Faality Faality Faality Faality Ned; Ned; Ned; Ntrls Ned; Ned; ~ aoo mip field 1 rcr.:D,OOJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Gif NIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 Hr 3 (9 lrles) 1 fff2S,OOJ 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 9We starrlu:d 18-We stmdatd 1 fff .:D,OOJ 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~Jni 1 rcrJJ,OOJ 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 '/ .ml! running 1 rcrJJ,OOJ 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 trade &dxdl 1 fff S,OOJ 9 6 8 8 10 9 12 MJtipe recreatim 1 rcr-10,00J o:ut 3 3 3 3 5 4 5 Toils 1 systcrn i:r:r tegn1 J) rri]e; NIA N'A NIA NIA N/A NIA Arcmyrange 1 rcr.:D,OOJ 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Basd:nl Cllidal. 1 fff'.D,OOJ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 little l£ag,.e 1 fff S,OOJ 6 6 8 8 10 9 Heklmcky 1 rcrai,oo:i 0 1 1 1 2 2 12 fuiball i rcrai,oo:i 2 li:.dl 5ize 1 1 1 2 2 2 2mi:yt Socu!r 1 rcr-10,00J 15 full si2c 3 3 3 4 4 5 6~ G:if~rnnge 1 rcr.:D,OOJ 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 &hir1ro 1 rcr-5,00J 0 6 8 8 10 9 12 Basldxill. Ywh 10 6 8 8 10 9 12 Hghmrl 1 rcr-5,00J 1 Cdlegiale 2 Hnhil 1 rcrai,oo:i 7 1 1 1 2 2 2 Icemcky Irrlxr- 1 fff Jrrlxr 100,00J 2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space 9.4 PARK AND RECREATION ACTIVITY/FACILITY STANDARDS In addition to establishing national standards for park facilities, the National Recreation and Park Asso- ciation also established standards for recreation activity facilities. These standards are shown on Pages 9-18 through 9-21. Again, the purpose of these guidelines is to present park and recreation space stan- dards that are applicable nationwide for planning, acquisition, and development of park, recreation, and open space lands, primarily at the community level. The standards are merely guides, and must be interpreted according to the particular situation to which they are applied and specific local needs. It is important to note that the City of Bozeman has many recreational opportunities and facilities for which there are no national standards. These activities include cross-country skiing, inline skating, skateboarding, disc golf (fol£), rugby, and ultimate frisbee. Because there are no standards, decisions regarding the adequacy of facilities for these activities are largely gauged by the Bozeman Recreation and Parks Advisory Board and the City's Recreation and Parks Departments. 9.4.1 Assessment of Recreation Facility Needs An inventory was prepared of existing recreational facilities within the City of Bozeman (see Table 9-4 on Page 9-22). This inventory included City-owned facilities, as well as facilities owned by Bozeman School District #7 and Montana State University. Once the inventory was prepared, Bozeman's current and future facility needs were evaluated. Bogert Poof at Bogert Park ir the City's on!J outside public pool Based on this inventory and assessment for recre- ation facilities for which national standards exist, Bozeman is already in pretty good shape in terms of recreational facilities for the entire population of likely users. This includes the City of Bozeman itself, as well as residents of the Gallatin County Bozeman Area Zoning District. The City's num- ber of recreational facilities meets, and in many cases exceeds, national standards. The only facili- ties the City lacks, in order to adequately serve just the City population, are field hockey fields, badminton courts, and volleyball courts. There is not a tremendous amount of demand for badminton and field hockey facilities in Bozeman so the lack of adequate facilities is probably not a problem. Volleyball is quite popular, and the lack of adequate facilities should be addressed. It is important to note that basketball courts are often used for volleyball. If the City's outdoor basketball courts were counted as possible volleyball courts, the City would have an adequate number. When one considers the recreational needs of likely users in the County, as well as City of Bozeman residents, additional Little League baseball diamonds are also needed. Again, facilities owned and operated by Bozeman School District #7 were included in the recreational facility inventory. Just because these facilities exist within the City does not necessarily mean that they are available for use by all segments of the City's population and at all times. As discussed previously, the school district often restricts who can use their facilities, as well as placing time of day and seasonal restrictions on the use of their facilities. The City should continue to work with the school district to Page 9-23 Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space Bozeman 2020 Community Plan establish mutually beneficial arrangements for the use of school district facilities to enhance the quality of life of Bozeman area residents. Again, the City's biggest recreational facility issue is the lack of a year-round, indoor sports complex. Many of the City's recreational facilities are outside and are therefore only available for use during the summer months. Another significant issue is the maintenance and renovation of the City's recreational facilities. While the City might have adequate facilities in terms of numbers, these facilities must be maintained in good and safe working condition. Facilities must also be updated and renovated to meet new demands and satisfy ever-changing standards for safety. 9.5 PATHWAYS 9.5.1 Introduction Pathways are defined as any route or facility that pro- vides safe and convenient non-motorized transporta- tion, including trails, sidewalks, and bike lanes. The inclusion of pathways into the fabric of the Bozeman area will have significant benefits to our community's livability and well-being. Pathways offer a human- scaled public space, a place free from automobile traf- fic where people can interact with one another and enjoy open space corridors with the community. Ev- eryone reaps the benefits of exercise, increased safety, nature, and human interactions while going about the business of their daily lives. Bike lanes, like this one on Oak Street, are a type of pathway Pathways provide a critical component of a successful transportation system, as well as an enjoyable and effective recreation system. In the past, all pathways within the City of Bozeman were viewed primarily as recreational amenities, and have been historically reviewed and handled in the same manner as parks. The Recreation, Parks, Open Space and Trails (POST) Plan has been used to evaluate proposals for new trails and set standards for trail development. In the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan the role of path- ways is elevated to important transportation facilities as well as recreational facilities. A discussion of pathways as transportation facilities can be found in Chapter 10 - Transportation. The Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan 2000 Update also discusses the role of pathways as part of the City's transpor- tation network. Currently, there are approximately twenty miles of non-sidewalk pathways within the City of Bozeman. This includes a wide variety of facilities ranging from the trails at Burke Park/Peet's Hill to the paved bike path along Highland Boulevard, from small connector trails like the Valley Creek linear park to the bike lane along South 3rd Avenue. There are many more miles of pathways in areas in close proximity to the City such as the "M" hike and trails in the Triple Tree Subdivision. Figure 9-1 on Page 9-7 shows the location of existing pathways, as well as the proposed locations for future pathways. Page9-24 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space 9.5.2 Pathway Groups Several groups in the Bozeman area have contributed considerably to pathway planning considerations in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. These groups include: Bozeman Recreation and Parks Advisory Board. This is a board of twelve citizen volunteers who are appointed by the Bozeman City Commission. The board has prepared and updated the POST Plan, and is responsible for reviewing trail proposals in subdivisions and other development projects. The board assesses the community's current and future trail needs, and plans accordingly. The Board has a trails committee. Gallatin County Trails Advisory Committee. This committee was appointed in 1999 as a formal advisory committee to the Gallatin County Planning Board. It includes eleven volunteer committee members from around the county, with a mix of experience and skills relating to public trails. The Trails Advisory Committee is charged with two primary tasks: 1) inventory existing trails and planned trails in Gallatin County, and 2) develop a proposal for a countywide trail system. This second task includes developing criteria for siting trail corridors, identifying potential corridors, estimating costs and other resource requirements for the potential trail corridors, and setting priorities among the possible new trails. Gallatin Valley Land Trust (GVLT). GVLT is a nonprofit membership organization dedicated to the conservation of open space, agricultural land, and wildlife habitat and the creation of public trails in and around Gallatin County. GVLT has been a leader in planning, building, and maintaining trails. In par- ticular, GVLT has been instrumental in obtaining easements and other links between critical sections of the trail system. For example, as a result of GVLT's persistent negotiations, Montana Rail Link has leased the Story Mill Spur Trail to the City of Bozeman for ten years. Bozeman Area Bicycle Advisory Board. This Board is comprised of citizen volunteers who are appointed by the City Commission. Board members have knowledge of bicycling and/ or traffic safety in the Bozeman area. The Board is advisory to the City Commission on matters which may have an impact on bicycling, including usage of public streets and other public ways. The Board provides advice to the Commission regarding bicycling issues pertaining to the POST Plan and the Transportation Plan, and the Board is also represented on the Transportation Coordinating Committee (TCC). Rotary Club. Rotary is a service organization of business and professional leaders worldwide who provide humanitarian service, encourage high ethical standards in all vocations, and help build goodwill and peace in the world. The local Rotary Club has been very involved in trail and park acquisition, development, and maintenance. These groups often work closely with each other. For example, during the spring of 2000 the Bozeman Recreation and Parks Advisory Board, the Gallatin County Trails Advisory Committee, GVLT, and City and County staff worked together to prepare a countywide inventory of existing trails using global posi- tioning system (GPS) technology. This inventory was very useful for the preparation of a future trails map for the Bozeman area, as well as a future trail map for all of Gallatin County. The GPS trail map allowed the group to better view existing trails, and determine where future trails are needed for connec- tions. Page 9-25 Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 9.5.3 Future Pathway Categories Three major categories of future pathways exist: boulevard trails, bike routes, and trail corridors. Boulevard Trails. These are paved path- ways that are eight to ten feet wide. They parallel major roads, and have landscap- ing on both sides and are separated from traffic by boulevard trees. The right-of- way for boulevard trails will be acquired as part of the dedicated right-of-way for subdivisions. In many cases, boulevard trails are shown along the same roads as bike lanes shown in the Bike Route Net- work map that was prepared by the Bozeman Bicycle Advisory Board and included in the Transportation Plan. The The paved pathway along Highland Boulevard would be classified as a boulevard trail Transportation Plan included a cross-sec- tion for the development of streets with a bike lane and a boulevard trail. Many avid bicycle commuters prefer riding on the street in a dedicated bike lane. However, travelers usually (by foot, bike, skateboard, and so forth) prefer to be completely separated from vehicular traffic. The above-referenced street cross- section would accommodate all travelers. In the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, boulevard trails are characterized as transportation facilities and are discussed in depth in Chapter 10 - Transportation. Bike Routes. These are roads that are recommended for bicycle use through signage only. A bicycle route does not have a designated bicycle lane. The network of bike routes, shown on the Proposed Trail System map, corresponds with the bike routes shown on the Bike Route Network map. In the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, bike routes are characterized as transportation facilities and are discussed in depth in the Chapter 10 - Transportation. Trail Corridors. These corridors are for the most part not located along roads, but instead weave and meander throughout the community. They are frequently located along watercourses or other protected lands. They are rarely paved, but can be made to be Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)-compliant. Some trails provide significant commuter and transportation options, and are discussed in Chapter 10 as transportation facilities. Trails that are considered to be primarily recreational facilities for the purpose of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan will be discussed in this chapter. 9.5.4 Pathways and the POST Plan In addition to establishing desired locations for new trails, the POST Plan outlines trail use classifica- tions, design standards and classifications, maintenance standards and guidelines, and construction and material specifications. There are three basic use classifications for trails within Bozeman: Class I. These trails are heavily used, generally full access, multiple non-motorized use, main Page9-26 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space corridor trails designed for recreational and commuter use. These trails are designed to permit two-way traffic either using a wide surfaced tread, or parallel treads, one surfaced and the other unsurfaced. There is a greater degree of ADA accessibility. The Gallagator Trail is a good example of a Class I trail. Class II. These trails receive moderate use. The use is multiple non-motorized with local and connector trails designed for commuter and recreational use. Class II trails are not specifically designed for full access and may or may not be surfaced. The degree of ADA accessi- bility is moderate. The trails in Burke Park/Feet's Hill are good examples of Class II trails. Class III. These trails receive low use. They are often long-distance connector trails designed primarily for recreational use by hikers and all-terrain bicycles. Trails are limited to pedestrian use in sensitive locations, such as wetland nature education areas. Trails are designed to mini- mum standards, striving for low maintenance and minimal disturbance to the natural setting. The degree of ADA accessibility is difficult to most difficult. The existing trail through the Painted Hills Subdivision (south of the City) is a good example of a Class III trail. The POST Plan contains design standards and guidelines, maintenance standards and guidelines, and construction and material specifications for each class of trail. Because the POST Plan contains all of this information, and is considered an element of this plan, this information will not be repeated here. Interested readers should refer to the current POST Plan, or its future successors, for more detailed information. 9.6 PATHWAY ISSUES AND ANALYSIS Many of the issues that plague parks also plague pathways. The preparation of a new POST Plan will address all park and trail issues. 9.6.1 Acquisition of Land or Easements for Trails In the past, the land for trails has been acquired in two basic ways: 1) the dedication of land usually as parkland through the residential subdivision review process, and 2) the obtainment of public trail ease- ments across private property (sometimes part of the subdivision review process). Land is also some- times purchased or donated. Each of the two main options listed above has positive and negative aspects. The main benefit of acquiring land through parkland dedication is that the location of a trail can often be determined before any structures are built, which results in well-planned trail corridors and the City becoming responsible Page 9-27 Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space Bozeman 2020 Community Plan for maintenance. Developers are usually also required to install the trail. The process is pretty straight- forward due to the subdivision process. However, the dedication of parkland for trail use often results in less parkland dedicated for parks. Trail corridors provide important transportation and recreation func- tions, but do not adequately provide the same amenities a park does. Also, the development of a trail system through subdivision dedications is as unpredictable and incremental as the development process itself is; there are often chunks of developed trail that lead nowhere. The use of trail easements is attractive because it is not dependent upon the subdivision review process. An easement can be obtained anytime, anywhere from a willing grantor. Therefore, the development of trail corridors with easements is more "nimble" than through subdivision dedication. On the downside, trail easements are often needed for trail corridors through developed areas; the location and design of the trail can be variable. Also, the use of easements secures the land for trails, but does not provide any mechanism for development and maintenance. This is when the cooperation between the City, County, volunteers and non-profits such as the Gallatin Valley Land Trust (GVL 1) becomes critical. A mix of these two trail land acquisition methods will probably continue into the near future. However, several initiatives should be considered to enhance the benefits and minimize the negatives of both options. During the subdivision dedication process, parkland dedicated for trail corridors should only be considered if it is a considerable swath of land that also protects critical lands or important viewsheds. Trails that primarily serve as transportation and/ or commuting facilities should not be dedicated as parkland, and should instead be provided as a required transportation facility to address the transporta- tion impacts of the subdivision. A detailed set of criteria will need to be developed for evaluating whether a proposed trail system would constitute a transportation facility, a recreation amenity, or both. These criteria could be contained in the POST Plan, future updates to the Transportation Plan, and subdivision regulations for the City. The major problem with trail easements is the cost of trail development and maintenance. It might be possible for funds from a Citywide park main- tenance district to be used to fund trail mainte- nance. Then, funds the City Park Department would ordinarily use for maintenance could be used for trail development. However, a more at- tractive option is for the City to forge public and private partnerships. As stated previously, the Gallatin Valley Land Trust represents a tremen- dous community resource for acquiring land and easements for trails, trail development, and trail maintenance. The City should continue to culti- Weed control is a maintenance issue at Burke Park/Peet'.r Hill vate its relationship with GVLT for the expan- sion of a recreational trail network. Another pos- sible resource is the Montana Conservation Corps (MCC). The MCC has crews of young people who frequently engage in trail construction and maintenance. The maintenance of trails that are classified as transportation and commuting facilities may be funded through the same mechanisms that fund all other transportation facilities (i.e., citywide Street Maintenance District). Page9-28 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space 9.6.2 Aesthetics of Trail Corridors An important part of the enjoyability of a trail is its aesthetic and visual character. For example, the Sourdough Trail is loved because it is a beautiful stretch of wooded land along the creek. Not all trail corridors will be, or even can be, as picturesque as the Sourdough Trail. However, the City must en- deavor to ensure that trail corridors are as attractive as possible. The use of property along trail corridors has a great potential to impact the visual qualities of a trail-both positively and negatively. For example, some property owners with land abutting trails have installed beautiful landscaping that enhances the experience of everyone who uses the trail. On the other hand, some property owners install tall fences that result in a tunnel effect on some trails. Provisions should be included in the Zoning Ordinance that enhance the aesthetic qualities. 9.6.3 Width of Trail Dedication/Easement It is very important that trail land dedications or easements, especially for recreational trails, are suffi- ciently wide. The needed width of a particular trail corridor depends largely on the corridor's relation- ship to adjacent properties. For example, a narrow trail adjacent to a small backyard might significantly infringe upon the privacy and enjoyment of the property owners. Similarly, a narrow trail adjacent to a backyard containing dogs might impact the enjoyment of the trail user. Currently, the Bozeman Recre- ation and Parks Advisory Board recommends that trail corridors be at least twenty-five to thirty-five feet in width. The Gallatin Valley Land Trust feels that corridors of up to fifty feet would be better. Adequate trail dedication or easement width is also important for the design of trails-especially in areas with topographical or other natural constraints. For example, a trail might have to have significant meandering in areas characterized by slopes, or to avoid a wetland or riparian area. For trails that primarily serve a transportation function, such as many of the proposed boulevard trails, width is not as much of a concern. Since the trail is a transportation corridor instead of a recreational corridor, the enjoyment of the user is not as much of an issue. Also, since most transportation trails adjoin commercial properties, the impacts of the trails on the adjoining properties should be negligible regardless of the corridor's width. 9.6.4 Homeowners Association Trail Maintenance Frequently, public trail easements across private land are maintained by Subdivision Homeowners' or Property Owners' Associations. While this is a good solution for the provision of trail maintenance in an environment of fiscally constrained local government, the associations are often not providing adequate maintenance. Steps should be taken to ensure that these associations are providing the maintenance they agree to provide. If Developer/Homeowner Association trail maintenance is going to continue in the future, the City should establish maintenance standards and requirements for inclusion in subdivision covenants to ensure that adequate maintenance occurs. 9.6.5 Coordination of Standards There should be a better coordination of trail standards between the City, County, and other entities Page 9-29 Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space Bozeman 2020 Community Plan holding ownership or easements for trail corridors. As the various trail systems expand, they will eventu- ally link together to form a large trail network. Better standards and coordination will ensure a more predictable and user-friendly trail environment for users. Standards for bridge construction are of par- ticular concern. Bridges provide critical linkages for trail systems, and the usability of a trail corridor is often dependent upon the design and accessibility of bridges. 9.6.6 Liability Issues As the number of trails proliferates, so do liability concerns for public and private property owners. Public agencies that are considering building a trail may worry about a user being injured on the trail. Similarly, private landowners who own land adja- cent to a trail may worry about trail users wandering off the trail onto their land and injuring themselves or causing property dam- age. Or landowners may like to open up their land for recre- ational use but are concerned about the liability they may incur in doing so. In September of 2000, the Rails-to-Trails Conservancy issued a report entitled Rail-Trails and Liability: A Primer on Trail- Related Liability Issues and Risk Management Techniques. In this report, the Conservancy concludes that liability from trail development has not been a problem for private and public land- owners. Most states have laws that limit public and private prop- erty owners' liability. Recreational Use Statutes protect private "Main Street lo the Mountains" trail sys/em marker landowners who want to open their land up for public use, and in some cases these statutes also protect private property owners. Public landowners are often protected by governmental immunities or possess limited liability under a State Tort Claims Act. Trespass laws protect private property owners with land adjacent to trails. Finally, insurance can provide protection for . private and public parties as well. Adjacent property owners are not at risk if they avoid recklessly and intentionally creating hazards for trail users. Public trail managers avoid liability by designing and maintaining trails in a responsible manner and do not charge for trail use. This report concludes that liability on trails is mainly an issue of proper design, maintenance, and management. The report recommends the following risk management strategies: During trail design and development, develop a list of potential hazards, design and locate the trail such that dangerous locations are avoided, develop a list of permitted trail uses and the risks associated with each, identify applicable laws, and design and construct the trail in accordance with recognized guidelines. Once the trail is open for use, conduct regular inspections, document the results of the inspec- tions and any actions taken, and maintain a plan for handling medical emergencies. Page9-30 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space The City should develop a plan to incorporate the recommendations listed above. In addition, state law should be researched to evaluate the protection afforded to private and public landowners, and the City should support any needed changes in state law. 9.6.7 Holding of Easement Agreements Currently, the City does not make a practice of holding trail easement agreements. Instead, nonprofit groups such as the Gallatin Valley Land Trust usually hold the agreements. In the future, the City should consider holding these easement agreements. If a citywide Park Maintenance District were ever formed, it would be easier to use these funds for trail maintenance if the City held the easements. In addition, the trail system would be more of a community system if the City held the easements. 9.6.8 Weed Control While trail maintenance is generally an issue, the control of noxious weeds is especially of concern. In addition to the actual cost of weed control, weeds have negative effects on trail corridors such as Loss of wildlife habitat and reduced wildlife numbers Increased soil erosion and topsoil loss Diminished water quality and fish habitat Visual impacts of unsightly weeds. The City needs a noxious weed control plan for all public lands-parks and trail corridors. Because weeds spread up and down corridors due to people, pets, wildlife, and weather, the plan should be coordinated with other agencies such as Gallatin County and Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 9.7 OPEN SPACE 9.7.1 Introduction The provision of open space, in or near an urban area, is a critical component to quality of life. This plan discusses the importance of providing open space in and near Bozeman for recreation opportunities and visual relief from the built urban environment. The plan also contemplates the importance of protecting agricultural and rural open spaces in areas outside of Bozeman. Open space provides many important benefits, including: Recreation. Open space areas (especially public open spaces) provide tremendous recreational opportunities. Burke Park/Peet's Hill, which is a natural open space area with a trail system, is among the best-loved places in town. Preventing urban sprawl. By preventing urban sprawl into open areas and agricultural lands, a more compact and efficient urban development pattern can be encouraged. Encouraging infill rather than sprawl saves public tax dollars by reducing infrastructure costs. In addition, nonre- newable resources such as fuel are saved by reducing commuting time. Protecting natural resources and critical lands. The protection of open spaces is compatible with other community goals of protecting wetlands, watersheds, aquifer recharge areas, flood- plains, and wildlife habitat. Page 9-31 Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Controlling public costs. The costs of public services and facilities for agricultural lands and other open space are generally low. In fact, the tax returns from farms and ranches are often greater than the costs of providing services. Preserving farm and ranchland is one way a com- munity can maintain their tax base while reducing public costs. Preserving the local economic base. Historically, agricultural production has been one of the largest economic sectors in the Gallatin Valley. Agricultural economic benefits are great because agriculture exports goods and imports income. Agriculture also supports a wide-range of other businesses such as grocery stores, hardware stores, farm implement dealers, feed supply stores, and food processing plants. Preserving the Gallatin Valley's agricultural heritage and rural lifestyle. Bozeman, as well as the entire Gallatin Valley, has a history and heritage based largely on agriculture. It is impor- tant to protect and maintain this agricultural heritage because it provides an important connec- tion to Bozeman's past. Promoting local self-sufficiency. Agriculture uses local resources and is less sensitive to na- tional and international policy decisions than other industries. Therefore, areas with significant agricultural communities, as in the Gallatin Valley, often have more stable, self-reliant econo- mies. Conserving energy. Prime agricultural soils require less energy, chemicals, and fertilizers to farm. Further, when agricultural lands are maintained near their primary markets, energy require- ments are reduced through deceased transportation costs. 9.7.2 Gallatin County Open Lands Board Wheat field north of Bozeman Open Lands Board. The Gallatin County Land Board consists of fifteen members who are appointed by the Gallatin County Commission. Board members represent the areas of farming, ranching, law, business, nonprofit, wild- life, retired professional, and homemak- ing. The Open Lands Board is charged with exploring and implementing pro- grams and policies to protect open spaces in the Gallatin Valley. The Board was responsible for conducting an Open Space Survey during the spring of 2000, and for placing an Open Space Bond is- sue on the November 7, 2000 ballot. The bond issue passed, and the Board has authority to expend bond money with the approval of the Gallatin County Commission. The Board is looking at a variety of open space preservation methods: fee simple acquisition, land donations, conservation easements, purchase of development rights/transfer of development rights, agricultural tax relief, and cluster development. They are also exploring a variety of open space funding Page9-32 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space mechanisms, including general obligation bonds, grants, cash gifts/ donations/ endowments, long-term payouts, joint ventures, and statewide legislation. Open Space Survey. In April of 2000, the Gallatin County Open Lands Board and the Trust for Public Lands hired Moore Information of Portland, Oregon to conduct a phone survey of likely voters regard- ing open space issues. A total of 500 interviews were conducted based on random digit dialing of telephone households countywide. Sampling within those households was used to ensure a representa- tive sample of voters interviewed. The survey revealed that 68 percent of respondents would favor a $10 million open space bond, 20 percent would vote no, and 12 percent were undecided. The survey also revealed that the most support- ive respondents were women age 18-44, Democrats, county residents of less than five years, and renters. People who own or operate ranches in Gallatin County were less likely to support an open space bond measure than non-ranchers, while residents of Bozeman (both inside and outside the city limits) were more likely to support the bond measure than residents elsewhere in the County. Voters who want to preserve land and impede growth drove the support for the measure. When support- ers were asked why they supported the measure, "maintain open space" was the leading response (for 30 percent), followed by desires to "stop development" (14 percent), "stop rapid growth" (13 percent), and "save farms and ranches" (13 percent). Other supporters wanted to "maintain quality of life" (7 per- cent), "maintain water quality" (5 percent), "preserve wildlife" (4 percent) or believe "it's needed" (3 percent). At the same time, opposition to the measure came from voters who "oppose a tax increase" (24 percent) or "oppose government intervention" (24 percent). Other voters opposed the measure because it "in- fringes on property rights" (13 percent), "oppose citizen advisory boards" (9 percent), or "don't think it is necessary (5 percent). Open Space Bond Measure. Voters approved the Gallatin County Open Space bond in the fall of 2000. The bond, in the amount of $10 million dollars, is for the purpose of preserving open space in Gallatin County by purchasing land and conservation easements from willing landowners. These ease- ments will be used to manage growth, preserve farms and ranches, protect wildlife habitat, protect water quality and provide parks and recreational areas. The County Open Lands Board was appointed to oversee the grant program. The Board reviews all applications and makes project funding recommendations to the County Commissioners, who have the authority to spend the money. 9.7.3 Open Space Preservation Options There are a number of open space preservation and protection options that could work in Bozeman, and the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area. These options could be used alone, or in combina- tion. Any new POST Plan, or stand-alone open space plan, should explore these options for their appli- cability in Bozeman. The Bozeman Subdivision Regulations, Zoning Ordinance, and any other relevant City regulations and policies should be modified as needed to implement open space protection measures Page 9-33 Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space Bozeman 2020 Community Plan recommended in the POST Plan or open space plan. Some options may require legislative changes at the state level. This list is not comprehensive, and other methods of protecting open space should be evaluated if they are applicable to Bozeman's situation. Cluster Development. In certain circumstances, setback and lot size requirements could be relaxed to allow cluster development. This would allow the grouping of buildings and lots on a small portion of a larger tract while keeping most of the tract as farmland or open space. The farmland or open space should be protected through permanent conservation easements. Cluster development protects natural, agricultural, scenic, and cultural resources. The PUD development option could be used to do cluster developments. Transfer of Development Rights (TDRs). The City would allow the development rights or densities assigned through zoning to one lot to be transferred to another parcel at another location. The "sending" parcel is typically unsuitable or undesirable for development due to environmental constraints, or be- cause it provides farmland or open space. The "receiving" parcel is typically highly suited for denser development because it has adequate public services. TDRs allow a farmers or ranchers to pursue their agricultural activities while gaining some monetary value for the land's development potential. Purchase of Development Rights (PDRs). The community can purchase easements for farmland or open space. Some communities have found that purchasing development rights is cheaper than provid- ing roads, schools, and other services to new subdivisions. Through PDRs, the land is protected but remains on the tax rolls and in productive use. The property owner also retains the advantages of property ownership. The City could work with nonprofit organization such as the Gallatin Valley Land Trust to purchase development rights. Differential Taxation. Differential taxation (also known as preferred, use-value, restricted-use, or de- ferred taxation) lowers the tax burden on lands a community wishes to protect from development. Of- ten, farmers and ranchers sell their land because of escalating property taxes resulting from advancing urban development. Differential taxation assesses land at its use value rather than its full market value. Urban and Rural Service Area As- sessments (URSAA). URSAA is an al- ternative differential taxation program. URSAA differentiates between proper- ties that will ultimately be developed at urban densities based on extension of public sewer and water lines, and prop- erties not targeted for public services and urban development. The areas targeted for development are taxed at a higher rate. URSAA discourages speculative investment and channels development pressure into areas the community has deemed as most acceptable for develop- ment. Page9-34 Private land along Bozeman Creek that is protected with a conservation easement Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space Deed Restrictions/Conservation Easement. Communities can enter into voluntary deed restrictions with landowners, or obtain conservation easements. Landowners must agree to keep their land as agri- cultural or open space land. In return, landowners receive a lowered tax reflecting the agricultural or open space use of their land. Often a sliding-scale taxation policy, based on the number of years the easement runs, is used for conservation easements. Agricultural Districts. Agricultural districts are specially designated areas where state and local gov- ernments are limited in their ability to restrict farm practices or operations, take farmland by eminent domain, or allow the construction of public utilities. To participate, farmers and ranches must enroll for a specified amount of time with the option of renewing. Some states link agricultural districts with taxation programs; farmers and ranchers must be in an agricultural district to receive tax breaks. POST/ Open Space Plan. An open space plan should be prepared for the Bozeman 2020 Planning Area. The open space plan could be a stand-alone document, or could be part of a new or updated POST Plan. Missoula's Urban Area Open Space Plan is a good model. City voters approved an open space acquisition bond measure to implement the plan. The Missoula plan calls for a coherent open space system distributed throughout the Missoula Valley. Parks and conservation lands are the central elements of their system; agricultural lands and the urban forest are the complementary elements; and views, vistas, and trails serve as links of the system. Their system also revolves around "cornerstones," important parks and conservation lands that anchor the open space system in a fundamental way. 9.8 OPEN SPACE ISSUES AND ANALYSIS 9.8.1 Loss of Agricultural Lands Population growth and land development seem to be at once the greatest threat to open space, as well as the greatest opportunity to protect open space for the future. On one hand, land development is expand- ing into agricultural areas and spilling onto private lands formally used for agricultural uses. On the other hand, a growing population makes it easier to provide public open spaces through development, bond issues, and land donations. Agricultural uses within the City of Bozeman Farm- and ranchland is definitely being converted to commercial and residential development. Due to speculation, the price of greenfields near urban centers rises quickly. Also, expanding land de- velopment results in decreased availabil- ity of land for farming operations. In- creasingly, farms and ranches must be large to be economically viable; and large lots are increasingly difficult to find. However, not all development is equally culpable when it comes to the loss of open space. It is the large lot, suburban development in Gallatin Valley that is consuming the majority of precious open space and agricultural lands, and not Page 9-35 Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space Bozeman 2020 Community Plan dense and compact development like that found in Bozeman and other urbanized areas. For example, 100 acres in unincorporated Gallatin Valley with on-site water and sewer would support, at most, 100 dwelling units (one acre minimum lot size with on-site water and sewer). The same 100 acres in the City of Bozeman could support at least 600 dwelling units. The most successful policy the City of Bozeman has been pursuing, and should continue to pursue, to protect agricultural lands and other open spaces is to encourage and facilitate dense urban development within the City. The City's policy is two-pronged. First, encourage as much development as possible to occur within City limits and on City water and sewer, and maintain open lands outside the City. To this end, the City has annexed a tremendous amount of land during the past decade (approximately 2,500 acres since 1990). In addition, the City issued building permits for 2,827 new dwelling units during the 1990s. Second, development that does occur in the City should be timed to discourage leapfrog develop- ment. Most annexations to the City are land that is contiguous to existing City limits. 9.8.2 Urban Open Space Much of the discussion under the Parks and Pathways sections of this Chapter would also apply to the acquisition and maintenance of open space. City residents love natural open spaces as evidenced by the fact that Burke Park/Peet's Hill is one of the most popular places in town. Opportunities and options for acquiring open space within and adjacent to the urbanized area is very important. As stated previ- ously, a comprehensive open space plan should be prepared either as a stand-alone document or as part of a new POST Plan. The City should work closely with the Gallatin Valley Land Trust and simila·r organizations to acquire and maintain open space in the Bozeman area. 9.8.3 Location of Open Space In and Near the City It is important that any open space related information in the POST Plan or stand-alone open space plan include consideration of the most optimal arrangement and location of open space within and near the City. The location of future open space should be consistent with the overall goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, and should ensure the most efficient use of land and provision of services. For example, much of the northwest part of the Bozeman 2020 Planning Area is slated for dense commercial and urban residential uses, and the siting of significant open space areas in this part of town might create a conflict. On the other hand, many areas to the east of the City are designated as Limited Residential because they have topographical or infrastructure constraints that would make ur- ban density development difficult. These areas would be very appropriate for the provision of open space areas. A greenbelt all the way around the City would make the provision of City services very costly and inefficient if and when the City needs to expand beyond the green belt. However, providing green swaths in areas where significant urban development is not practical or desirable could reduce develop- ment pressures in those areas. Open spaces should be used to connect parks and other public or quasi- public spaces (library, Emerson Cultural Center, schools, and so forth) to one another. Page9-36 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space 9.9 PARKS, RECREATION, TRAILS, AND OPEN SPACE GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES Parks & Recreation-Provide for accessible, desirable, and maintained public parks, active and passive open spaces, trails systems, and recreational facilities for residents of the community. Objective 1. Initiate a new Parks, Recreation, Open Space, and Trails Plan to examine current and future needs, optimal locations for major parks and open spaces, and interconnecting trail systems by January 2002. Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 3, 4, 34, 38, 44, 50, 66, 67, 75, 76, 79, 83 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 34) As described in Chapter 9, prepare and adopt a new comprehensive plan for parks, recre- ation, open space, and trails for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, and related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 44) Prepare and implement a comprehensive urban forest master plan addressing planting, maintenance, and replacement needs. 50) Incorporate public art in public projects including buildings, parks, recreational facilities, and public service facilities and encourage private development to include art in their projects. 66) The City shall balance the needs of existing and future development so that the cost of public facilities and services is assigned on a fair, proportionate, and equitable basis to the user that requires them. 67) As provided for in state law, seek to establish joint funding mechanisms so that non-City residents participate in the construction and support of City services and facilities that they use. 7 5) Prepare and adopt clear criteria to determine when pedestrian and bicycle facilities are primarily transportation improvements or recreational facilities. 76) Prepare and adopt design, construction, and maintenance standards for pedestrian and bicycle transportation improvements versus recreational facilities. 79) Provide opportunities for meaningful public outreach and involvement in the preparation of all Bozeman 2020 Community Plan implementation tools. Page 9-37 Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 83) Work with neighboring jurisdictions to create and connect trails and corridors. Objective 2. Undertake regulatory reform to enable the creation of larger, more functional parks in proximity to population centers. Implementation Policies: 2, 3, 6, 10, 14, 27, 32, 34, 38, 56, 57, 72, 79 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. 14) Pursue state legislative changes as needed to advance the goals, objectives, and commu- nity vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 34) As described in Chapter 9, prepare and adopt a new comprehensive plan for parks, recre- ation, open space, and trails for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, and related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 56) Coordinate with landowners to assemble and site community parks, as defined herein, which are centrally located and easily accessible to increase and maximize recreational possi- bilities. 57) Revise local subdivision regulations to support off-site parkland dedication or other means of aggregating parkland. 72) Revise the zoning map and code to reflect the center-based land use pattern described in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 79) Provide opportunities for meaningful public outreach and involvement in the preparation of all Bozeman 2020 Community Plan implementation tools. Objective 3. Establish a regular and adequate funding source to maintain, manage, and develop parks, trails, and recreational facilities/ areas. Page9-38 Implementation Policies: 10, 34, 39, 56, 62, 66, 67, 106 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. 34) As described in Chapter 9, prepare and adopt a new comprehensive plan for parks, recre- ation, open space, and trails for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space 39) Develop and implement reliable and adequate funding mechanisms for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of urban parks, recreation trails, and public open spaces, including, but not limited to, a park maintenance district, general funds, and parkland dedica- tions. 56) Coordinate with landowners to assemble and site community parks, as defined herein, which are centrally located and easily accessible to increase and maximize recreational possi- bilities. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 66) The City shall balance the needs of existing and future development so that the cost of public facilities and services is assigned on a fair, proportionate, and equitable basis to the user that requires them. 67) As provided for in state law, seek to establish joint funding mechanisms so that non-City residents participate in the construction and support of City services and facilities that they use. 106) The City shall prepare park and trail development and maintenance standards for inclu- sion in subdivision covenants to ensure that Homeowners and Landowners Associations doing their own park and trail development and maintenance do an adequate job. Objective 4. Acquire and/ or preserve significant properties within the City and Planning Area. Implementation Policies: 4, 30, 34, 62, 80, 104 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected. 30) Identify and map important viewsheds and ridgelines, and actively work to protect and enhance them. 34) As described in Chapter 9, prepare and adopt a new comprehensive plan for parks, recre- ation, open space, and trails for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 80) Establish public/private partnerships to protect and preserve open spaces or other sig- nificant properties to advance the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 104) Prepare and adopt an Urban Open Space Plan for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning area that includes, among other things, identification of possible open space areas and corridors, prioritization of protection and acquisition opportunities, and possible fund- ing and implementation tools. Objective 5. Enhance the community's quality of life through recreational programming and the development of recreational facilities. Page 9-39 Parks, Recreation, Pathways, and Open Space Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page9-40 Implementation Policies: 8, 10, 34, 35, 39, 67, 79, 81 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. 34) As described in Chapter 9, prepare and adopt a new comprehensive plan for parks, recre- ation, open space, and trails for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 39) Develop and implement reliable and adequate funding mechanisms for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of urban parks, recreation trails, and public open spaces, including, but not limited to, a park maintenance district, general funds, and parkland dedica- tions. 6 7) As provided for in state law, seek to establish joint funding mechanisms so that non-City residents participate in the construction and support of City services and facilities that they use. 79) Provide opportunities for meaningful public outreach and involvement in the preparation of all Bozeman 2020 Community Plan implementation tools. 81) Prepare a recreation facilities and programming plan, including the development of an indoor recreation center and an outdoor community pool. .. ~~ .... . •;11r11u1,1• 2 0 • 2 0 Shaping Our Fu lure Together CHAPTER 10 Transportation Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 10.0 INTRODUCTION Transportation CHAPTER 10 Transportation This chapter identifies and establishes policies and principles for a variety of means of moving persons and goods throughout the Bozeman Planning Area. These ideas form the basis for a true multi-modal and cost-effective transportation system. Transportation-related issues were an area of primary concern identified by the public during outreach and information gathering efforts. Over 41 percent of surveyed respondents identified a transportation issue as one of the principal issues they wished the Bozeman 2020 Plan to address. Private automobiles are the primary means of travel in Bozeman, although other alternatives exist. Recent computer model- ing by the Montana Department of Transportation indicates that significant increases in numbers of average daily trips and total vehicle miles traveled are expected in the Bozeman area in the next twenty years. As the Bozeman area grows, traffic increased will create significant demands on existing infra- structure and funding. The development of travel alternatives is crucial in establishing a balanced and well integrated transportation system that blends with other identified community goals and desires, including the preservation of community character and environmental quality. The Bozeman 2020 Plan, and the recently prepared Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan 2001 Update, both address the need for adequate transportation means, coupled with efficient land use policy, to meet future transportation demand. Past land development policy has encouraged land use patterns which have discouraged non-automotive means of transportation. Changes in policy are advanced in chapters throughout this document to reverse this trend. A policy emphasis on providing multi-modal transportation networks, in conjunction with more efficient land use and better community design, al- lows a more desirable land use pattern and community character than would otherwise be possible. 10.1 GENERAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Bozeman's transportation system is comprised of a complex network of physical facilities and services that moves goods and people throughout the community. The most obvious component is the 292 miles of roads within the approximately 38.5 square mile Planning Area, of which 179 miles of streets lie within the city limits of Bozeman. The street system is made up of a variety of street types ranging from the Interstate Highway System to short, local cul-de-sac streets, which serve a variety of functions. All streets serve to facilitate the movement of people and goods from one location to another. The maintenance and development of the street system is a responsibility shared by several different agencies. The Montana Department of Transportation generally maintains the state and federal high- ways such as I-90, North 19th Avenue, US 191 /Main Street, North Rouse Avenue/Bridger Drive, and North 7th Avenue. The City of Bozeman is generally responsible for local streets such as Willson Avenue and those in most subdivisions. Gallatin County maintains routes within the Planning Area such Page 10-1 Transportation Bozeman 2020 Community Plan as Baxter Lane and Sourdough Road. Some private parties maintain roads within planned unit develop- ments or other streets that have remained in private ownership. All government agencies have active maintenance programs intended to extend the service life of constructed roads. The construction, or oversight responsibility for construction, of new roads varies depending on loca- tion and route classification. Generally, the City of Bozeman Department of Public Service is respon- sible for ensuring that construction within the City meets required standards. The Gallatin County Road Office has a similar responsibility for development and construction within the unincorporated portions of the Planning Area. Several major routes, such as Durston Road, pass through both jurisdictions. In these cases; agencies coordinate efforts ,including maintenance responsibility. Responsibility for en- forcement of traffic law is handled by the Bozeman City Police, Montana Highway Patrol, or Gallatin County Sheriff as dispatched by 911. 10.1.1 Transportation Planning The Transportation Coordinating Committee (TCC) coordinates transportation planning within Bozeman and the surrounding area. The TCC has representatives from Federal, State, County, and City govern- ment, both City and County Planning Boards and staff, the general citizenry, and other interested parties. The TCC is operated under a memorandum of understanding between the state, city, and county that specifies voting memberships and purposes. The TCC is responsible for coordinating work on the major street system within the transportation planning area, including designation of principal routes, recommending construction sequences and projects, and serving as a clearinghouse of information to other affected parties. The Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan 2001 Update (2001 Update) is the most recent effort in this area. Adoption of the 2001 Update by TCC was completed in May 2001. The previous transportation plan was adopted in 1993. Development of the transportation system since that time has been significantly directed by the recommendations of the 1993 plan. It is expected that Bozeman and the surrounding area will be classified as an urbanized area with a population of 50,000 or more by the US Census Bureau after either the 2000 or 2010 census. At that · time Bozeman will be required by federal law to undertake the creation of a metropolitan planning organization. This will in essence expand the scope of the TCC to include outlying areas but will also come with funding for implementing the transportation planning process. 10.1.2 Transit Several transit providers service the Bozeman area. The most well known is Galavan, an on-demand service based from the Bozeman Senior Center that principally serves seniors and per- som with disabilities. Galavan is funded through a variety of sources, including a small dedicated mill levy, and provided 19,616 rides in 1999. Bobcat Transit is an MSU student funded system which runs two routes in Bozeman and to some outly- ing areas, including Four Corners and Belgrade. It provided 6,129 Page10-2 Bobcat Transit Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Transportation rides in 1999. The Bobcat Transit system operates during school sessions and is open to the general public. Awareness of the availability of the service appears to be a significant limiting factor on usage of the Bobcat Transit system. A variety of other special purpose or publicly available operators such as Valley Cab provide other transportation services. 10.1.3 Air Travel Air travel services to Bozeman are provided at Gallatin Field, a commercial and general aviation airport located approximately five miles northwest of Bozeman. An independent airport authority - funded by federal funds, rents and licenses from private companies using the airport, and user fees - operates Gall- atin Field. Gallatin Field provides a full range of aviation services, including direct connections to four major airline destinations: Salt Lake City, Denver, Minneapolis, and Seattle. 10.1.4 Rail A main rail line operated by Montana Rail Link provides rail services to Bozeman. The railroad provides heavy freight services, but no passenger service is available at this time. In 1999, 261,000 rail cars passed through Bozeman. The railroad played a significant role in shaping the community and continues to be a significant landowner in the northeast part of the city. 10.1.5 Pathways Bozeman is served by a variety of travel paths for non-motorized vehicles and pedestrians. The on-street system is comprised mainly of bike lanes and bike routes as well as sidewalks adjacent to the streets. The on-street pathway system provides a primarily commut- ing function rather than recreational. As discussed in the 2001 Up- date, the further development of this travel system should be coin- cident with the development of the motorized vehicular street sys- tem. The suggested street standards included in the 2001 update all incorporate pedestrian and bicycle travel areas. The off-street sys- tem is generally located outside of the usual rights-of-way and often traverses areas that are not accessible to motorized vehicles. As a result of its separation from streets, the off-street system has a greater function for providing recreational travel. Pathways include the following facilities: Bike lanes: dedicated lanes within a street right-of-way sepa- rated from traffic by a broad painted line Trail; are part of lbt off-street system Bike routes: streets designated by signs as being more appropriate for bicycle use Bike and pedestrian paths: paths physically separated from roadways by a barrier or significant space Sidewalks: paved paths primarily in the usual road right-of-way. Pathways are maintained by a variety of agencies, organizations, and individuals depending on their locations and type. Page 10-3 Transportation Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 10.2 LINK BETWEEN TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE/DEVELOPMENT Transportation and the development of land have always been closely related. The great cities of history developed along rivers, ports, and overland trade routes that allowed the easy transportation of goods and ideas. Locally, the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railroad in 1883 began the largest building boom in Bozeman's history. The population increased from 687 in 1880 to an estimated 3,000 in 1885, a growth of 336 percent. The ability to conveniently ship bulk freight and bring tourists to Yellowstone National Park via rail in a few days instead of weeks by stagecoach created new markets for local production and entrepreneurs. The Northern Pacific Railroad arrived in 1883 Transportation also shaped the local land use pattern. Prior to the coming of convenient and reliable automotive trans- portation, a trip from the farm to town could consume an entire day. Persons who visited town on a regular basis gen- erally lived in close proximity to the city. Many farm fami- lies owned or rented homes in town and would move in to Bozeman for the winter. Partially because of the effort re- quired for non-local trips, the community development pat- tern was comparatively compact. Transportation choices continue to be a significant influence on land development and community character. The vari- ous forms of rights-of-way within Bozeman utilize approxi- mately 25 percent of its total developed area for roads. A four-lane interstate requires approximately 26 acres of land for every mile traveled. The same 26 acres is enough land to build almost 13 blocks of housing in the older portions of Bozeman. Development along transportation corridors changes city shape and travel patterns. A preference for au- tomotive travel has interacted with other factors to create land use patterns that now compel the use of a motorized vehicle for the essentials of daily living in many parts of the country. One tool in directing community development is the direct public funding of transportation improvements. Since a lack of access is a constraint on land development, the placement of rights-of-way encourages development in a specific time and place. However, as discussed in the transportation plan, the amount of funding is far less than the expected need, and the community has not chosen to use this method of infrastructure development at this time. Several factors contributed to the huge growth of suburbs beginning in the late 1940s: the development of reliable automobile transportation coupled with rapidly rising incomes, generous federal loan pro- grams, a pent-up housing demand caused by a lack of residential construction during WWII, millions of returning troops, and crowded conditions in many large urban areas. The "American Dream" rapidly became identified by many people with detached, low density, single household homes, and a new car. There were also a lot of jobs and money to be made in creating and meeting the demand for this life style. A combination of private and governmental decisions continued to reinforce this land use and develop- ment pattern. Pagel0-4 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Transportation Suburban growth and rigid segregation of uses caused a rapid increase in the number of miles traveled each day by the average household. The changing workforce amplified this trend. With increasing num- bers of dual income homes, additional vehicles were required for the daily work trips. Low density populations and segregated land uses required additional vehicular trips to services which were now located at a greater distance from the home. "The percentage of commute trips to work made by private vehicle, as opposed to public transit and walking (taking into account people who work in home occupations), in- creased from 69 percent in 1960 to 88 per~ent in 1990. Furthermore, while persons per household declined from 3.2 in 1960 to 2.6 in 1990, annual vehicle trips per household and annual vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per household have both increased by 22 per- cent according to the 1993 National Transportation Statistics". (Source: Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Section 3 1990 Natiom11ide Personal Transportation Suroey, p. 196) During the decade of the 1970s, a growing number of individuals began questioning the desirability of the prevailing development pattern. Urban decay, rapidly increasing costs for streets and other infra- structure, and the ever increasing amount of land being converted to suburban development caused a reevaluation of the dominant land use mentality. A variety of private and public efforts began to rein- vest in the existing cities and to challenge the rigidly segregated land use patterns being commonly applied throughout the entire county. As Bozeman grew, it developed a central commercial core. Like most communities, the common loca- tion of business allowed for a synergy that benefited all commercial development. The Downtown area remains an active commercial center that provides a wide variety of services to the immediate neighbor- hood and the wider community. An industrial center later developed along the rail corridor constructed by the Northern Pacific, which provided the heavy freight services various industrial operations re- quired. The development of the automobile made travel to more distant destinations faster and more convenient. New and expanding busi- nesses sought easily accessible but inexpensive land. These areas generally lay along major travel corridors into town. Strip development -characterized by shallow commercial lots along major thoroughfares and interrupted by frequent drive access locations- began to ex- pand outward. The greater distances between commercial enterprises soon began to necessi- tate the use of an automobile to travel to the new developments. North 7th Avenue typifies corridor-based strip development The corridor-based land use pattern has predominated in the United States for the past forty years. However, increasing dissatisfaction with the resulting development patterns and side effects of increas- ing required travel have caused a reevaluation of land use policies. A growing number of communities and individuals are examining alternative options. One action that this Plan supports is a return to a center-oriented land use development pattern. Page 10-5 Transportation Bozeman 2020 Community Plan A center-oriented development pattern recalls some of the original elements of Bozeman and other towns. Having commercial activities closely clustered together allows for a synergy in which the employ- ees and customers of one business may easily patronize other complimentary businesses. The close proximity allows for shorter travel lengths between destinations. This reduces total miles traveled by vehicle and corresponding discharge of air pollutants, increases the feasibility of travel by foot or bi- cycle, creates clusters of travel demand which can be efficiently served by mass transportation, facili- tates car pooling or other shared travel arrangements, reduces time expenditures for travel, and helps to create a more defined sense of place. This greater transportation efficiency reduces transportation capi- tal and maintenance costs by reducing the number of miles of streets that must be constructed and the numbers of vehicles that must be accommodated. The reduced costs translate to more affordable homes and business and lower annual tax burdens than would otherwise be required. Improvements in transportation efficiency and a reduction of vehicle trips also affects air quality. The Environmental Protection Agency has established maximum thresholds for a variety of airborne pollut- ants. Currently, Bozeman is classified as a high risk area for non-attainment for small particles and carbon monoxide. If Bozeman loses its attainment area status, it can have undesirable effects on the ability of local government to obtain federal funding for transportation, require additional development review for air quality effects, increase public costs for additional street maintenance, and result in regu- lation of air pollutant sources such as wood stoves. Air quality in Bozeman is impacted by development patterns in the county that encourage additional vehicular travel. The land use pattern and concepts called for in this plan will help to reduce air quality problems in the future. The City, County, and other groups and governmental entities need to work together to address the air quality issues. A variety of elements must be considered when examining the distribution of commercial centers, the principal among them being geographic scale. The size of area designated as a center must be large enough to provide area for a variety of businesses. It must be close enough to its market to allow customers and employees a reasonable travel distance. The types of businesses to locate within a center will help to establish these parameters. Different types of activities draw from a variety of areas. A small convenience store may have a service area of a single neighborhood. Montana State University (MSU) has a service area that encompasses the state. The transportation network helps to establish desirable locations for centers by providing highly accessible areas that can support the higher traffic volumes generated by commercial development. By carefully matching land uses and transportation services, both in development timing as well as location, an efficient and smooth flow of goods and individuals can be achieved while reducing both short and long term cosls, and supporting land use and other goals of the community. If land use and transportation are not correctly matched, a variety of problems arise. When high density land uses are placed at a distance from central destinations, the ability to utilize non-motorized transpor- tation decreases. This in turn can lead to increased street congestion, higher pollution discharges, lower air quality, and more time and fuel consumption. 10.3 TRANSPORTATION PLAN As stated previously, the Bozeman Transportation Coordinating Committee (TCC) has recently com- pleted the preparation of the Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan 2001 Update. The transporta- tion plan was jointly funded by the City, County, and State and covers the area shown in Figure 1-1 of the 2001 U date. Page10-6 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Cover of the new transportation plan Transportation Transportation is an important component of the services that support the use of land. Therefore, the current edition of the transportation facility plan, at this time known as the Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan 2001 Update, and all ac- companying appendices, amendments and modifications adopted by the City is incorporated by reference in this plan as if set forth in full, except for any exceptions noted in this chap- ter or not applicable to the City of Bozeman's jurisdiction. The transportation facility plan is a resource for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and an integral part of the implementation tools. As stated in the goals and objectives for this chapter, in cases where there are apparent conflicts between the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and the transportation facility plan, the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan or its successors is the domi- nant statement of policy. The previous transportation facility plan was adopted in 1993. Due to rapid growth in the area, an update to the facility plan was undertaken. The Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan 2001 Update supercedes the previous transportation facility plan adopted in 1993. The 2001 Update was based on a transportation model involving an area that included essentially all of Gallatin County's non-federal lands with the exception of the West Yellowstone area. The entire street network was mapped using global positioning equipment and was made into a geographic information system (GIS) file. This network was then combined with tabular information regarding population and economic characteristics in the GIS-based modeling software. The model was calibrated to accurately reproduce the existing traffic conditions as quantified by automated traffic counts on major roads throughout the modeling area. The consultants, in consultation with the local professional planning staff, made a series of population and employment projections. Two technical advisory groups distributed the expected future expansion of the population and employ- ment throughout the county. Each group was comprised of planning staff, utility company representa- tives, school district representatives, representatives of the City Engineer's Office and County Road Office, and other knowledgeable individuals. Each group distributed the growth geographically on maps to represent the locations and number of expected new residential and commercial development. This information was then balanced against the projected numerical increases in population and employment, and used as the basis for the model to estimate future traffic demand and travel routes. Included in the model design was an alternative that evaluated the effects of an increased growth management effort. A more detailed description of the model is contained in the 2001 Update. The modeling effort was pro- vided by the Montana Department of Transportation, Urban Planning Section, and remains a resource for future planning work by the City and others. 10.3.1 Street Network The nature of the computer model used for the 2001 Update supports multiple testing of alternative improvements to the road network. Thirteen model runs were undertaken examining a variety of im- provements and their ability to address future needs. The most e~fective options were then combined Page 10-7 Transportation Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and tested to evaluate the best anticipated combination of total projects, which then became a recom- mended programs and project list. The plan also included two important design components. The first is a series of maps, which show desired future routes for automotive and non-automotive travel networks. These maps illustrate gener- ally desired connections and are subject to the limitations identified in the 2001 Update. One of the principal functions of these maps is to identify corridors that need to be protected from intrusion, so when it becomes desirable to construct a travel way conflicts with existing uses can be minimized. It is important to note that no immediate need is identified for many of the depicted routes. The construc- tion of these facilities is dependent on need. The development of land and the timing of road construc- tion to service that development must follow land use policies identified through the relevant growth policy. The maps also indicate, in conjunction with the recommended design standards, the amount of right-of-way expected to be necessary for future transportation improvements. It is important to recog- nize that these maps look considerably farther ahead than the twenty year horizon of the majority of the plan. This longer term look is necessary to prevent future conflicts and inconsistencies in the transpor- tation system. The second major design component is a series of recommended street design cross- sections illustrating general facility design and right-of-way needs. These two components, when inte- grated with the development review process, will help to ensure that adequate transportation is provided in the locations, and at the time and scale, needed to protect the public health, safety, and welfare. Facilities such as the hospital make Bozeman a regional service center Figures 10-2 and 11-7 of the 2001 Update illus- trates the existing and expected arterial and collec- tor street system which is likely to develop in the Bozeman area over the next 20 years. A copy of these maps are contained in Appendix E of this plan. It should be noted that many of the larger projects identified as likely to be required by the 2001 Update lie outside of the Bozeman 2020 Plan- ning Area. Details on individual projects are avail- able in the 2001 Update. The construction of most of these facilities depends primarily on the need for transportation facilities to service new devel- opment. Unless there is a need, the roads will not be constructed. The majority will be constructed as project improvements by private parties pursuing development of land and consist of two lane roads. Several improvements to major corridors are expected to be required which will provide services for the larger community. It is important that the City and County coordinate to preserve existing and future travel corridors. Through the development review process, the governing bodies may ensure that corri- dors are not obstructed. A key feature of the expected future street system is its interconnectedness. The Bozeman area transpor- tation system has historically had few alternatives for travel of longer distances. The 19th Avenue corri- dor typifies this problem. 19th Avenue is the only continuous means of travel from the north to south side of Bozeman that does not require a diversion from the original route selected. Consequently it receives very heavy traffic flows. The original town site was developed with a highly interconnected grid that provided many travel route alternatives. This diffused traffic over a greater number of routes and thereby reduced the likelihood of high traffic volumes on any given street. Later development did not Page10-8 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Transportation preserve the same level of interconnectivity. This forced the few through streets to carry all of the traffic entering or leaving an area. As growth continued, this low level of connectivity began to cause difficul- ties as more vehicles joined the traffic flow. The expected future street system has restored a basic grid pattern to the arterial and collector network. It is intended that by providing a diversity of routing options, street size may be constrained without inhibiting the ability of the transportation network to accommodate the public. Efforts should continue to try and complete missing links within the existing transportation system to allow reduced trip lengths, and corresponding improvements in reduced emissions and time spent in travel. Development of the large areas within the arterial and collector grid should also be designed and developed with a significant amount of interconnectedness between local and other streets. The interconnectedness should also be enhanced with pedestrian and bicycle route connections to ensure meaningful opportunities for travel alternatives to the automobile. Bozeman is a regional service community. The location of MSU, the Bozeman Deaconess Hospital, Museum of the Rockies, commercial opportunities, and other attractions means that many persons from areas around Bozeman travel significant distances to visit Bozeman each day. For example, the traffic counts performed in 1998 for the 2001 Update documented 60,000+ trips per day traveling into or out from Bozeman's municipal boundaries. Bozeman is also a significant tourist destination with a high quality natural environment and recreational destinations in close proximity. Tourism also creates a sig- nificant in-town and through-town travel demand. Travel generated outside of Bozeman therefore has a significant effect on the Bozeman street network. Transportation network design must account for these longer distance trips. Table 10-1 shows existing and future antrcipated traffic demand both in miles traveled and hours traveled. Modifications to alter transportation behavior may alter the expected totals. Table 10-1: Comparison of Expected Vehicle Activity 1998 and 2020 Inside the 2000 Bozeman City Limits Annual Vehicle Annual Vehicle Miles Traveled Hours Traveled Year 1998 Existing Street Network 111,600,000 4,120,000 Year 2020 Existing + Committed Projects Network 184,500,000 6,756,000 Year 2020 Recommended Network 168,000,000 6,156,000 Percent Change in Miles Traveled from 1998 Existing Network to 151 % 2020 Recommended Network Additional annual vehicle miles and h.ours by 2020 on the Recommended Network within the 2000 Bozeman City Limits 56,500,000 2,036,000 (Population increase of 71 % county wide) Difference in total vehicle miles and hours traveled between 2020 -16,500,000 -600,000 Existing + Committed Network and 2020 Recommended Network Source: MDT Transpo,tation Mode/for the Greater Bozeman Area Tra11spo1tation Plan 2001 Update. Transportation in Bozeman generates much greater activity than many persons may understand. The miles traveled annually in 1998 would be sufficient to circle the earth's equator 4,485 times and consume Page 10-9 Transportation Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 470 person-years of time. The difference in the two figures cited in Table 10-1 for vehicle miles traveled in 2020 represent avoided miles from longer, more circuitous trips, and congestion avoidance. As shown in Table 10-1 and discussed in Section 10.5, transportation-related activities are one of the largest time and financial undertakings for both private and public entities. 10.3.2 Functional Classification and Limitations Transportation systems serve two basic functions: access to property and mobility from point to point across a distance. To describe and assign these functions to different types of streets, a ranking has been established which indicates the balance between the two functions. Arterial streets are principally for travel, usu- ally longer distances between two points. They have a low function for directly accessing prop- erty. Speeds are usually higher and intersec- tions are often signalized to coordinate the movement of significant numbers of vehicles. Access to the arterial streets is controlled and limited to specified locations or distances, so that vehicles entering or exiting the street do not interfere with the flow of traffic. Depend- ing on the size of the road, a frontage street may be provided to access adjacent property without adding entrance points onto the arte- rial street. Arterial streets are the largest and most prominent streets in a community. North 1th Avenue is classified as an arterial Collector streets are generally equally divided in their purpose to move persons from place to place and to access property adjacent to them. Access locations are often controlled but a greater number are allowed than on arterial streets. Speeds are moderate and intersections may be signalized or controlled by stop signs. Table 10-2: Roadway Characteristics Arterials Collectors Locals Typical Right of Way Needed 120 feet 90 feet 60 feet Access Control High Moderate Low Mobility High Moderate Low Parking Restricted Yes Variable No Defined Pedestrian/Bicycle Facilities Yes Yes Yes - pedestrian No - bicycle Source: Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan 2001 Update. Pageto-10 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Transportation Local streets have a primary purpose of accessing adjoining property. These streets range from short cul- de-sacs to the traditional grid system of most of the historic portion of town. Speeds are low and most lots have at least one entrance onto the street. The physical design of the different classifications of streets is variable. While right-of-way is obtained for the maximum expected future development of the road, the actual road construction is sized depend- ing on expected traffic volumes over the design period of the road, usually 15 years. Most roads can serve for an extended period of time with a standard two-lane width. Often intersections are widened to accommodate turning movements before additional lanes are added along a travel corridor. 10.3.3 Coordination of Multi-Modal Transportation System Development The transportation development policies of the United States, at all levels of government, have for many years fo- cused mainly on the provision of roads for private vehicles. When congestion occurred the response was to build a larger road or more roads. Years of this practice have demon- strated that it is very difficult and often prohibitively expen- sive to construct enough roads fast enough to prevent con- gestion. A more balanced approach, which shows promise, is to consider and provide a wide range of transportation options, in conjunction with efficient land utilization. The more balanced approach does not prohibit the development of additional roadways, but the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan has established as a goal and future policy an increased commitment to providing alternatives to the private pas- senger vehicle. The provision of an adequate pedestrian and bicycle travel network will give individuals a viable choice of travel options. The construction of these alter- natives needs to be coordinated with the development of A pedestrian in the historic core of Bozeman the motorized travel system. The 2001 Update has established standard designs for all levels of streets within the city that integrates pedestrian and bicycle facilities. A system of on-street and off-street pe- destrian and bicycle routes has also been established by the 2001 update. The construction of these travel networks will occur primarily during the development process. The union of these different types of travel options will help ensure a consistent level of attention and commitment for balanced transpor- tatlon options. The development of the public street network has been underway since the founding of Bozeman. Similar attention has not been given to non-automotive connections. As part of the Transportation Plan, an accurate map of the existing off-road trail network has been developed for the first time. This inven- tory will allow efforts to be focused on completing missing links in the trail system, so that a complete and interconnected system can be established. The inventory will also for the first time allow the cre- ation and distribution of accurate maps showing where trails exist, and provide for coordinated planning of trail networks by government and nonprofit groups. The ability to disseminate information on trail locations will encourage trail utilization, foster efforts to complete missing trail links, and support a decrease in automobile use. Page 10-11 Transportation Bozeman 2020 Community Plan In order to develop the broad range of transportation options, certain physical necessities must be met. All publicly traveled ways must occupy a certain physical space. The process of acquiring that space is usually through transfer to the public through the development process or government acquisition. The most advantageous time to obtain necessary rights-of-way is prior to development, since subsequent use of the land is able to be adjusted with less difficulty than if right-of-way acquisition is initiated after development. The sizing of individual street rights-of-way follows the uses they will serve as deter- mined through the street classifications identified in the 2001 Update. A similar effort must be under- taken to classify and determine appropriate sizing for non-automotive paths that are not constructed in conjunction with street development. 10.4 TRANSPORTATION MODES AND LIMITS Biryclingfor transpottation can be difficult during Montana winters Each means of transportation has limits and advantages. All require an expendi- ture of time, money, and certain physical abilities. Walking is the most commonly used form of transportation. Each ve- hicular trip begins and ends with one or more pedestrians. Research indicates that the average person will walk for a period of 5-10 minutes to reach shopping or other destinations, excluding recreational jour- neys. Because of the comparatively small area that can be easily accessed by walk- ing, the viability of this travel mode is more sensitive to land development patterns than other modes of travel. The historic core of Bozeman is well suited to this distance limit, with elementary schools and other major public buildings and services forming the center of service areas that overlap. This spacing is partially the result of the physically smaller community that made up Bozeman in the past, and partially the result of differing social expectations. For instance, routine bussing of school children by School District 7 did not exist at the beginning of the 20th Century but was functional by 1962. Bicycles are the second most common means of non-motorized travel. The maximum distance most cyclists are willing to travel is 1.5-2 miles, again for non-recreational trips. This distance allows a consid- erably larger range and greater access to locations and services. Bozeman is well suited for this means of transportation with moderate topography and many services within reasonable travel distances. How- ever, weather can be a constraint during the winter portion of the year. The community has made private and public efforts over the last decade to develop a system of pedestrian and bicycle trails and lanes. The expansion of this system has been an area of consistent concern in the public comments as Bozeman 2020 has been developed. The land use pattern shown on Figure 6-2 of this growth policy was constructed with an understanding of the limitations of bicycle and pedestrian travel. The spacing of commercial nodes provides for realis- tic travel distances for non-motorized travel. The development of the trails and roads depicted in the 2001 Update will provide for significant pedestrian and bicycle access throughout the community. Pagel0-12 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Transportation Automotive travel offers considerable personal convenience in trip scheduling and allows for longer trips. It also is a more expensive means of travel for both private and public parties. Traditionally, society has accepted those costs. However, as costs continue to increase alternatives are being sought. Bozeman has a street system that is functional and reasonably time efficient at this time. The transpor- tation facility plan that was prepared in 1993 provided direction for street system improvements. Many of these improvements have been carried out over the past decade, and have improved and expanded the street system's ability to accommodate an increasing population. The 1993 plan also served as the basis for a five million dollar municipal bond issue dedicated to funding street improvements. The new trans- portation facility plan, the 2001 Update, has been prepared and was adopted in 2001. A variety of transit options exist rn Bozeman but are not often utilized by the general public. Some of the reasons for a low utilization rate include a lack of infor- mation regarding transit availability, lim- ited days and hours of operation, and ease of accommodation for private vehicles at destinations. To support a viable public transit system, minimum densities of six dwelling units per net acre are required. Land development patterns and character- istics, therefore, have a significant effect Su,jace parking lots are an inejficient use of prime real estate on the ability of a community to support a generally accessible transit system. Transit provides travel options for significant elements of our society who may not be able to operate a motor vehicle independently, especially the elderly and young. Slightly more than 18 percent of respondents to a survey conducted for the 2020 Plan indicated that their household did not have a vehicle. 10.5 TRANSPORTATION DEMAND MANAGEMENT The proper function of a transportation system relies on a balance between the supply of transportation services such as traffic signals and travel lanes, and the demand for those services by those wishing to travel. In Bozeman as in many other communities, transportation demand is not spread evenly through- out the day. Morning and evening peak travel times occur which see a significant portion of total trips being made during a small portion of the day. This causes peak travel time congestion and the percep- tion of a need for additional street capacity. Transportation Demand Management (TDM) refers to an integrated set of strategies designed to reduce the travel demand by reducing the number of trips made, shifting travel from more highly congested times of day to less congested times, and shifting the travel mode from low-occupancy to higher-occupancy vehicles, rather than creating additional supply. TDM may provide a much more cost-effective means of addressing congestion than the construction of addi- tional travel lanes. TDM strategies include a wide range of options from which a community may select those which best match their circumstances. The 2001 Update discusses the range of available options and makes recom- mendations for a variety of implementation tools. The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan partially ad- dresses TDM intent by seeking to modify the land use and development patterns to support viable Page 10-13 Transportation Bozeman 2020 Community Plan alternatives to automotive travel. Higher density development supports neighborhood businesses since a larger potential customer and employee base is located in a smaller area. This in turn increases the likelihood of necessary services being located within range for pedestrian or bicycle trips rather than automobile. The center-based land use pattern also supports the development of transit with the loca- tion of convenient center points for employment activities in proximity to transit routes. It is intended to create a synergy between activities, travelers, and transportation options that strengthens each. Other TDM strategies rely upon better trip planning by individuals, alternative work schedules being allowed by employers, or car/van pooling. The 2001 Update notes that a theoretical maximum demand reduc- tion in home to work vehicle trips of 25 percent might be achieved through a combination of strategies. This is a theoretical limit which has never been achieved in the United States. In evaluating the possible future benefits of TDM, it must be remembered that as a regional service and tourist destination Bozeman draws large numbers of persons from outside its own boundaries. A review of the traffic counts conducted for the 2001 Update in October 1998 indicates in excess of 60,000 trips per day entering and leaving Bozeman. As measured by enplanements at Gallatin Field, October is one of the least active tourist months, so it is expected that during peak seasons significant numbers of additional trips would occur. The ability to modify these types of longer distance trips is limited as, for example, pedestrian alternatives are not viable for the longer distances being undertaken for these trips. None the less, modifying local trips may be a productive means of reducing transportation demand. Although a maximum 25 percent reduction may not seem significant in comparison to the overall system, transportation costs have a strong influence on private and public budgets, air quality, and personal time costs. Transportation costs are estimated to consume 20 percent of the average household discretionary income. It is the second largest expense exceeded only by housing. Public expenditures are also heavily impacted by transportation requirements. The portion of the City budget dedicated specifically to street related items in Fiscal Year 2000 was 9.5 percent. No major construction projects were conducted in this budget year. This amount does not include funds directly expended on local facilities by the state Depart- ment of Transportation. The budget amount cited does not include money expended for police or fire services, which included response to over 2,000 traffic-related incidents in Fiscal Year 1999. The collec- tive Fire and Police Department budgets make up slightly more than 13 percent of the Fiscal Year 2000 budget. Reduction in automotive travel demand may be a significant means of cost savings for taxpay- ers. 10.6 PATHWAYS People require mobility. They must be able to travel from home to work, schools, shopping, and other life activities. People also seek safety, directness, and convenience in their choice of travel modes. Walk- ing and bicycling are economical and commonly available means of travel. Bicycles are inexpensive to own and operate, require little parking area, conserve energy, and generate little or no air pollution. However, pedestrians and bicyclists require travel routes that respect the greater individual vulnerability of non-automotive travelers. Bozeman has been conducting bicycle and pedestrian planning for many years. The 1990 Master Plan Update and the 1993 Transportation Plan Update both addressed the need for increased efforts in this area. Several private groups such as the Gallatin Valley Land Trust have also been active in the acquisi- tion and development of pathways. Examples of significant successes are the Galligator Trail, which Page10-14 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Transportation reclaimed an abandoned railroad bed, and the Highland Boulevard trail. Bike and pedestrian planning has changed since early efforts. Today, the integration of pathways-whether sidewalks, bike lanes, or other designs-with streets has provided a greater commuter emphasis than in the past. However, trans- portation and recreation can not be completely separated, as there is much overlap between the two. Pedestrian and biryde pathway The Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan 2001 Update includes design standards for streets that incorporate pathways in all types and classifications of rights-of-way. It also includes a map of a future trail system and bicycle network, including ele- ments that do not lie along the major street system. The differ- ent systems will accommodate a variety of user skill levels and functions. The maps, provided for reference in Chapter 9, indi- cate those connections that will serve as principal non-automo- tive travel ways much in the same fashion as the 2001 Update indicates major arterial and collector streets. A continuing de- velopment of local connections will be required. This finer level of planning will need to occur during the development design stage since it is a higher level of detail than is currently available. A high level of pathway connectivity is an important criterion for future designers to maintain. The development of truly functional pathway networks will rely on four elements: Engineering, the actual design and construction of facilities; Education, which attempts to inform automotive and non- automotive travelers on issues of coexistence; Enforcement, which ensures safe and normal travel con- ventions and roadway harmony; and Encouragement, or promoting non-motorized travel through a vari- ety of means. Engineering. Pathways are a principal element of qual- ity built environments, because they provide a variety of benefits including recreation, community interaction, and nonpolluting forms of transportation. The 2001 Update provides street design standards for adoption by the governing bodies that includes pedestrian and bicycle facilities at all levels. This formal sanction of this inter-modal transportation approach is a commit- ment by the community to develop a more diverse trans- portation system. Design standards for pathways are also required so that consistent and uniform travel ways may be constructed and maintained. Cooperation be- tween various departments is required to ensure a smooth process and classification system for transpor- tation and recreational pathways. ' ~ • I ,:,.; . .... _. ._.. -~ .. ·:-·.·i_of. . ~,;=- ,. . .ft). •~ . .I -,I .,~- ,,, .-!• ...... f tf' <> . . ,. The Transportation Plan contains standards for pathways, including bike lanes Education. Travel in an urban environment relies upon predictable behaviors from fellow trav- elers. In addition to basic rules of the road, users need to learn the transportation network so that they can negotiate smoothly rather than making sudden unexpected changes. Pathway users share in these responsibilities and must actively participate in keeping travel safe. Page 10-15 Transportation Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Enforcement. Harmony on the roadway requires consideration of others. Bicyclists often ma- neuver unexpectedly, leading to conflicts with motorists. Motorists sometimes treat bicyclists as if they do not belong on the roadway. Both motorists and pathway users must abide by rules and responsibilities. The most effective enforcement technique is education so that all users under- stand safe travel behaviors, and can act with mutual consideration with other travelers. Encouragement. To truly receive the benefits of a variety of transportation alternatives people must know about them. Streets are highly visible and maps are included in every phone book and in many other locations. Similar efforts will need to be made to inform the public of where publicly accessible pathways exist and the destinations they lead to. Trails have often been portrayed as solely a recreational amenity. It will take an ongoing effort to encourage people to make adjustments to their habits and begin to utilize pathways as a primary form of travel. 10.7 AIR TRAVEL Air services to Bozeman are provided through Gallatin Field, which began commercial air carrier opera- tions in 1947. Although carriers have changed, service has been continuous. Passenger volume has increased sharply over the past twenty years from 59,186 in 1981 to 222,767 in 1999. A significant proportion of this growth is attributable to tourism. Gallatin Field is the 7th busiest airport in the Northwest, as measured by enplanements, while serving a population base that is only the 22nd largest. Nationally, Gallatin Field is the 168th largest domestic market. The large tourist trade significantly increases the service levels available to residents by supporting additional carriers and numbers of daily flights. The greater service levels help to support the growth of the local economy by increasing nationwide access. Quality of life is increasingly a reason for businesses to locate or expand in a given area. A rising number of businesses and manufacturing operations in the Bozeman area rely on national and interna- tional markets for their goods. The ability to conveniently travel for meetings supports local efforts to support or recruit economically desirable businesses to the area. A common concern with air travel to Bozeman has been cost. This is attributable to several factors. First, is the comparatively low volumes of passengers traveling through Gallatin Field. This reduces the number of carriers who can reasonably provide competitive services. Currently four carriers are provid- ing service. Second is the location of Bozeman. Bozeman is a significant distance from major population centers of the nation. The average air passenger leaving from Gallatin Field will travel 7 4 percent farther than the average U.S. air traveler. When adjusted for distance, fares from Gallatin Field are essentially equivalent to other markets. It is expected that Gallatin Field will continue to develop and provide quality air services to the region. As the population expands and air travel demand increases, additional carriers or services are expected to be added. It is expected that passenger enplanements will increase at a rate between 5 percent and 7.75 percent annually. Travel origins and destinations are likely to continue their national distribution rather than focusing on specific regions. Page10-16 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Transportation 10.8 TRANSPORTATION GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES 10.8.1 Transportation System-Maintain and enhance the functionality of the transportation sys- tem. Objective 1. The implementation of the transportation facility plan shall conform to the goals and policies of this Plan to ensure that public and private investments in transportation infra- structure support other land use decisions of the community. Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 3, 9, 23, 40, 70 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 9) Continue to support and participate in existing cooperative intergovernmental groups such as the Transportation Coordinating Committee, Gallatin City-County Board of Health, and the Gallatin Valley Roundtable. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 40) Work with the Montana Department of Transportation and Gallatin County to develop coordinated public right-of-way landscaping guidelines, including desired tree and grass spe- cies and maintenance. 70) Adopt and implement the transportation facility plan and its successors to support the community vision contained in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 2. Ensure that the development review process shall coordinate development and transportation services so that necessary facilities, such as pedestrian and vehicular travel ways, are provided concurrently with development. Implementation Policies: 3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 23, 32, 38, 66, 83 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified develop- ment impacts. 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. 9) Continue to support and participate in existing cooperative intergovernmental groups such as the Transportation Coordinating Committee, Gallatin City-County Board of Health, and the Gallatin Valley Roundtable. 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. Page 10-17 Transportation Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 12) Establish a regional planning coordinating committee based on the model of the Trans- portation Coordinating Committee to address planning issues with regional impacts. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, and related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 66) The City shall balance the needs of existing and future development so that the cost of public facilities and services is assigned on a fair, proportionate, and equitable basis to the user that requires them. 83) Work with neighboring jurisdictions to create and connect trails and corridors. Objective 3. All development activity shall comply with the right-of-way standards, road loca- tions, and other policies set forth in the transportation facility plan to ensure that an orderly, efficient, effective transportation system is continued and to avoid future problems with inad- equate transportation services and options. Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 3, 5, 32, 38, 70 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified develop- ment impacts. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, and related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 70) Adopt and implement the transportation facility plan and its successors to support the community vision contained in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 4. Ensure that adequate interconnections are made throughout the transportation system to ensure a variety of alternatives for trip routing. Page 10-18 Implementation Policies: 3, 38, 70, 83 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Transportation 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, and related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 70) Adopt and implement the transportation facility plan and its successors to support the community vision contained in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 83) Work with neighboring jurisdictions to create and connect trails and corridors. 10.8.2 Ensure that a variety of travel options exist which allow safe, logical, and balanced trans- portation choices. Objective 1. For the purposes of transportation and land use planning and development, non- motorized travel options and networks shall be of equal importance and consideration as motor- ized travel options. This balance shall ensure that a variety of travel opportunities are available which do not require the use of automobiles for all local trips. Implementation Policies: 38, 39, 70, 77, 78, 88 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 39) Develop and implement reliable and adequate funding mechanisms for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of urban parks, recreation trails, and public open spaces, including, but not limited to, a park maintenance district, general funds, and parkland dedica- tions. 70) Adopt and implement the transportation facility plan and its successors to support the community vision contained in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 77) Provide for non-motorized transportation facility maintenance through the City's normal budgeting and programming for transportation system maintenance. 78) Continue the existing sidewalk and curb ramp installation, repair, and replacement pro- gram. 88) Develop City-sponsored trail maps and information, and provide signage for trail parking and trail facilities to encourage trail usage. Objective 2. Ensure provision of adequate parking to support commercial and residential activi- ties in the downtown area. Implementation Policies: 3, 5, 55 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified develop- ment impacts. 55) Prepare and implement a neighborhood plan for Downtown to evaluate issues such as parking, economic development, building rehabilitation, expansion of the Downtown busi- ness district, and the rehabilitation of Bozeman Creek. Page 10-19 Transportation Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Objective 3. Reduce the impact of the automobile by supporting land use decisions that can decrease trip length of automobile travel and encourage trip consolidation. Implementation Policies: 1, 3, 6, 32, 58, 72, 83 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 58) Revise the zoning ordinance to encourage and facilitate the development of multiuse buildings and projects that combine residential and non-residential uses including live/work opportunities. 72) Revise the zoning map and code to reflect the center-based land use pattern described in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 83) Work with neighboring jurisdictions to create and connect trails and corridors. Objective 4. Promote pedestrian and bicyclist safety. Pagel0-20 Implementation Policies: 9, 23, 62, 69, 70, 71, 77, 78, 83 9) Continue to support and participate in existing cooperative intergovernmental groups such as the Transportation Coordinating Committee, Gallatin City-County Board of Health, and the Gallatin Valley Roundtable. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 69) Develop and implement regularly scheduled town meetings hosted by the City Manager, City Commission, and senior staff to directly address citizen concerns. 70) Adopt and implement the transportation facility plan and its successors to support the community vision contained in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 71) Partner with governmental and non-governmental groups such as law enforcement, schools, MSU, Board of Health, Bicycle Advisory Board, and the Pedestrian and Traffic Safety Com- mittee, to establish an ongoing pedestrian and bicycle awareness and safety education pro- gram. 77) Provide for non-motorized transportation facility maintenance through the City's normal budgeting and programming for transportation system maintenance. 78) Continue the existing sidewalk and curb ramp installation, repair, and replacement pro- gram. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Transportation 83) Work with neighboring jurisdictions to create and connect trails and corridors. 10.8.3 Encourage transportation options that reduce resource consumption, increase social in- teraction, support safe neighborhoods, and increase the ability of the existing transportation facilities to accommodate a growing city. Objective 1. Promote and ensure a high-quality public transit system. Implementation Policies: 3, 27, 36, 58, 62, 67, 70, 72 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including but not limited to, neo-traditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 36) Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines to ensure functional, human scale, and attrac- tive development. 58) Revise the zoning ordinance to encourage and facilitate the development of multiuse buildings and projects that combine residential and non-residential uses including live/work opportunities. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 67) As provided for in state law, seek to establish joint funding mechanisms so that non-city residents participate in the construction and support of City services and facilities that they use. 70) Adopt and implement the transportation facility plan and its successors to support the community vision contained in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 72) Revise the zoning map and code to reflect the center-based land use pattern described in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 2. Support and encourage Transportation Demand Management to reduce peak travel demands and increase the efficient use of the existing transportation system. Implementation Policies: 27, 29, 31, 38, 58, 70, 72, 73, 77, 78, 83, 88 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 29) Use the GIS based land use inventory to identify infill opportunities and share this infor- mation with developers. Page 10-21 Transportation Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 31) Require adequate public safety lighting while respecting the community desire for a dark sky. Amend the zoning and subdivision ordinances as needed. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 58) Revise the zoning ordinance to encourage and facilitate the development of multiuse buildings and projects that combine residential and non-residential uses including live/work opportunities. 70) Adopt and implement the transportation facility plan and its successors to support the community vision contained in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 72) Revise the zoning map and code to reflect the center-based land use pattern described in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 73) Work with major employers and other significant trip generators to identify and imple- ment transportation demand management actions, including telecommuting, off-peak time shipping, ride sharing, and others. 78) Continue the existing sidewalk and curb ramp installation, repair, and replacement pro- gram. 79) Provide opportunities for meaningful public outreach and involvement in the preparation of all Bozeman 2020 Community Plan implementation tools. 83) Work with neighboring jurisdictions to create and connect trails and corridors. 88) Develop City-sponsored trail maps and information, and provide signage for trail parking and trail facilities to encourage trail usage. 10.8.4 Pathways-Establish and maintain an integrated system of transportation and recreational pathways, including bicycle and pedestrian trails, neighborhood parks, green belts and open space. Objective 1. Coordinate development of non-motorized transportation systems in conjunction with motorized vehicular transportation systems. Page10-22 Implementation Policies: 3, 38, 70, 74, 85 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 70) Adopt and implement the transportation facility plan and its successors to support the community vision contained in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 7 4) Amend ordinances to require the dedication and development of non-motorized trans- portation facilities in conjunction with development. 85) Evaluate and implement innovative measures and programs to protect critical lands and other environmentally sensitive areas. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Transportation Objective 2. Create and maintain an interconnected and convenient pedestrian and bicycle net- work for commuting and recreation as discussed and described in the transportation facility plan and in coordination with the design standards of the transportation facility plan and the Parks, Open Space, and Trails Plan. Implementation Policies: 3, 38, 39, 70, 74, 75, 76, 83, 88 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 39) Develop and implement reliable and adequate funding mechanisms for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of urban parks, recreation trails, and public open spaces, including, but not limited to, a park maintenance district, general funds, and parkland dedica- tions. 70) Adopt and implement the transportation facility plan and its successors to support the community vision contained in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 7 4) Amend ordinances to require the dedication and development of non-motorized trans- portation facilities in conjunction with development. 7 5) Prepare and adopt clear criteria to determine when pedestrian and bicycle facilities are transportation improvements or recreational facilities. 7 6) Prepare and adopt design, construction, and maintenance standards for pedestrian and bicycle transportation improvements versus recreational facilities. 83) Work with neighboring jurisdictions to create and connect trails and corridors. 88) Develop City-sponsored trail maps and information, and provide signage for trail parking and trail facilities to encourage trail usage. Objective 3. Review, revise, and update trail/pathway standards to reflect the various types and uses of trails and other non-motorized travel ways. Implementation Policies: 34, 75, 76 34) Review and update the Parks, Open Space, and Trails plan as described in Chapter 9. 7 5) Prepare and adopt clear criteria to determine when pedestrian and bicycle facilities are transportation improvements or recreational facilities. 76) Prepare and adopt design, construction, and maintenance standards for pedestrian and bicycle transportation improvements versus recreational facilities. Objective 4. Continue to improve the existing pedestrian network to increase American's with Disabilities Act compliance with a long term intent of full accessibility throughout the commu- nity transportation system. Give highest priority to those improvements that will provide the greatest access to community centers of activity. Implementation Policies: 62, 70, 75, 76, 77, 78, 88 Page 10-23 Transportation Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Pagel0-24 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 70) Adopt and implement the transportation facility plan and its successors to support the community vision contained in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 7 5) Prepare and adopt clear criteria to determine when pedestrian and bicycle facilities are transportation improvements or recreational facilities. 7 6) Prepare and adopt design, construction, and maintenance standards for pedestrian and bicycle transportation improvements versus recreational facilities. 77) Provide for non-motorized transportation facility maintenance through the City's normal budgeting and programming for transportation system maintenance. 7 8) Continue the existing sidewalk and curb ramp installation, repair, and replacement pro- gram. 88) Develop City-sponsored trail maps and information, and provide signage for trail parking and trail facilities to encourage trail usage. •;11111111111• .. ~~..,. ~ 2 0 • 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together CHAPTER 11 Public Services and Facilities Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 11.0 INTRODUCTION Public Services and·Facilities CHAPTER 11 Public Services and Facilities This chapter provides background information, goals, and objectives for a variety of City services and facilities such as wastewater collection and treatment, water treatment and distribution, storm drainage, solid waste disposal, fire and police protection, library services, and education. While these services and facilities are many and varied, they are all important components of the City's ability to ensure the health, safety, and general welfare of our citizens. The wastewater and water systems protect public and environmental health while considering the future needs of the City as growth continues. The solid waste program provides an environmentally sound means of disposing of wastes-an inevitable by-product of modern civilization-through sanitary landfilling, recycling, and composting. Police and fire protection are fundamental components of life and safety protection, but also provide important educational, peacekeeping, and community service functions. The library advances the welfare of area residents by providing general information, lifelong learning opportunities, and materials on current topics and titles, as well as by advancing literacy skills. Finally, educational opportunities in the community are critical for the economic and social well-being of the City. Basically, public services and facilities are important facets of the quality of life enjoyed by Bozeman . area residents. Facilities and services, such as the provision of municipal water and sewer services, encourage development within the City. The close proximity of other facilities and services, such as library access and educational opportunities, help make Bozeman a desirable place to live. All services and facilities provided under the authority of the City of Bozeman will have short-term and long-term facility plans or strategic plans which will evaluate current and future needs and best manage- ment practices for providing services. It is important that implementation of all facility or strategic plans, including transportation, complies with the goals and objectives of the City's growth policy. As the City continues to grow, the maintenance of existing facilities must be balanced with the need to provide new facilities so that existing users do not suffer a reduction in service quality in order to provide services to new development. It is easier to strike this balance with some facilities and services than with others. For example, it is comparatively simple to make new development "pay its own way" when it comes to street, water, and wastewater infrastructure. It is common practice to make developers of new subdivisions pay for the installation of new streets and water and wastewater infrastructure needed to serve their development. On the other hand, it is difficult to make new development "pay its own way" for library services and facilities. For a long time the size of the library was adequate. However, as growth has continued, the size of the library has become inadequate. Instead of requiring new develop- ment to pay for a new library, all property owners in the City will be asked to pay. Growth in the areas Page11-1 Public Services and Facilities Bozeman 2020 Community Plan outside of the City places further demands on elements of City services without providing revenues to offset demand. Creative and cooperative funding strategies are vital to enable the City to address the needs for provision of services in Bozeman. 11.0.1 Privitization The City of Bozeman provides many different services to its citizens. Periodically the City reevaluates the types and levels of services it provides through the budgeting and facility planning processes. A periodic evaluation of the mechanisms by which the City provides services may also be helpful. Tradi- tionally, many services such as law enforcement have been provided directly by the City because they strongly affect the rights and obligations of the citizenry. Some services such as fire protection are the direct legal responsibility of the City. Other services such as parks are provided by the City because of the general availability for use but a limited ability to directly charge for use. All City administered services have been provided in order to protect the public health, safety, and welfare, and to enhance the quality of life of the citizenry. The protection of health, safety, and general welfare are the basic func- tions of government. In recent years there have been varying levels of interest across the country in privitizing these services, wherein a private company contracts with the governing body to directly provide the service to the public. As the City undertakes the periodic evaluations mentioned above, it may be appropriate to include in the evaluation of service for some functions the ability of private parties to provide the same service at a competitive cost. In evaluating whether private parties can adequately provide a service, it is important that the entire scope and purposes of the service be evaluated, because in many circum- stances City programs are coordinated so the implementation of a single action will accomplish many different purposes. If the City does choose to provide service through private party contracting, it will be imperative that adequate safeguards are in place to ensure service quality is maintained and that the full range of public purposes will be achieved with service delivery. Many services provided by the City are exclusive. For instance, only a single sewer system serving Bozeman. As a result of this single provider situation, checks and balances must be put in place prior to possible private provision of services to prevent price gouging and other monopolistic practices. Cur- rently, these operations are overseen by the City Commissioners, who are subject to periodic election and the constraints of law to ensure that the cost of services is not excessive. The private provision of governmental services is one option which can be considered when the City Commission evaluates how best to serve the citizens of Bozeman and should only be undertaken when the public is assured of quality service and reasonable cost. 11.1 WASTEWATERFACILITIES The City of Bozeman operates a municipal wastewater treatment system which provides disposal and treatment of sewage. The development of the wastewater system is guided by a facility plan which was most recently updated in 1998. It contains the detailed information supporting this and other sections of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Therefore, the Wastewater Facility Plan and its successors are hereby adopted as supporting elements of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. The municipal wastewater treatment system collects sewage flows through 100+ miles of main lines. Page11-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Wastewater treatment plant off Springhill Road Public Services and Facilities The Wastewater Treatment Plant cleaned 1,653 million gallons of sewage flows from City users in calendar year 2000, an amount equal to 3,144 gallons per minute. The fa- cility plan has identified a variety of im- provements for treatment, transmission, and storage which are required in order to maintain service as the City grows in popu- lation and area. The Wastewater Facility Plan also includes a map showing the loca- tion and sizing of expected major distribu- tion system components. A copy of this map is included in Appendix E. As devel- opment occurs, the construction of the expected system will serve to protect the public health, safety, and welfare by providing for safe treatment and disposal of wastes. Installation of properly sized facili- ties in accordance with the facility plan will provide the most economical and cost-efficient provision of services. The City operates the wastewater system as an enterprise fund. Enterprise funds are used to account for operations that are financed and operated in a manner similar to private business enter- prises-where the intent of the governing body is that the costs (expenses, including depreciation) of providing goods or services to the general public on a continuing basis be financed or recovered primarily through user charges. The municipal wastewater system supports the land use element of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan by providing a means of treatment and disposal of sewage generated by urban density development that could not be adequately done by septic systems. It also supports prevention of groundwater contamina- tion, preservation of public health by removing harmful organisms before release of treated water, and conservation of wildlife by providing in-stream flows in the East Gallatin River. 11.2 WATER FACILITIES The City of Bozeman operates a municipal water system which provides water for do- mestic, fire suppression, and irrigation uses. The development of the water system is guided by a Water Facility Plan, which was most recently updated in 1997 and contains the detailed information supporting this and other sections of the Bozeman 2020 Com- munity Plan. Therefore, the Water Facility Plan and its successors are hereby adopted and incorporated as supporting elements of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Water treatment plant on Sourdough Canyon Road The municipal water system draws from three sources, Lyman Creek, Sourdough Creek, and Middle Creek and distributes treated water through 130+ miles of main lines. The Water Treatment Plant deliv- ered 1,700 million gallons to City users in calendar year 2000, enough to cover a square mile more than Page11-3 Public Services and Facilities Bozeman 2020 Community Plan seven feet deep. The facility plan has identified a variety of improvements for treatment, transmission, and storage which are required in order to maintain service as the City grows in population and area. The water facility plan also includes a map showing the location and sizing of expected major distribution system components. A copy of this map is included in Appendix E. As development occurs, the con- struction of the expected system will serve to protect the public health, safety, and welfare by providing for safe drinking water, fire suppression flows, and reliable supply. Installation of properly sized facilities in accordance with the facility plan will provide the most economical and cost-efficient provision of services. The City operates the water system as an enterprise fund. Enterprise funds are used to account for operations that are financed and operated in a manner similar to private business enterprises-where the intent of the governing body is that the costs (expenses, including depreciation) of providing goods or services to the general public on a continuing basis be financed or recovered primarily through user charges. The municipal water system supports the land use element of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan by providing a safe and reliable supply of water for urban density development that would be difficult to adequately service by individual wells. It also supports preservation of wetlands and associated habitat and wildlife species by reducing groundwater depletion, supports the urban forest and other landscaping with irrigation water, and helps ensure a safe community by providing a reliable fire suppression water supply. 11.3 STORMWATERSYSTEM The City of Bozeman operates a municipal stormwater system, which provides for the collection, trans- port, and discharge of water generated by rain, snowmelt, or similar situations in certain portions of the City. The development of the system is the subject of a Stormwater Facility Plan, which was most recently updated in 1982. The plan contains information on stormwater locations, discharges, effects, and needs for mitigation. The plan has only partially been utilized and due to its age needs to be updated. When the update is prepared, it should be coordinated with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and be adopted as a supporting element of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. The municipal stormwater system discharges to three primary watercourses-Bozeman Creek, Spring Creek, and the Farmers Canal. The collection and treatment of stormwater is essential to protect wild- life, wildlife habitat, and water quality since many oils, chemicals, and other pollutants can be washed into streams by surface runoff. Stormwater management is also important for flood control. This is described in more detail in Chapter 8. As development occurs, the construction of additional impervi- ous surfaces creates a need for stormwater management. Implementation tools for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan should ensure the adequate management and treatment of stormwater. The municipal stormwater system supports the land use element of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan by providing for mitigation of development impacts and can be integrated into a variety of open spaces which provide for community character. It also supports preservation of wetlands and associated habi- tat and wildlife species by reducing water pollution and can be used to support the urban forest and other landscaping with irrigation water. Pagell-4 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Public Services and Facilities 11.4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT The City's solid waste management plan approach includes landfilling, recycling, and composting wastes. It is important that the City provide efficient and effective solid waste collection and disposal services, along with offering opportunities for recycling and composting which will minimize the amount of waste going to the City landfill. 11.4.1 Bozeman City Landfill The City operates a Class II sanitary land- fill that is comprised of a 200-acre site located in the northeast part of the Plan- ning Area between Mcllhattan and Story Mill Roads. This landfill was first opened in 1969, with the first 30-acre cell remain- ing in operation until 1997. The 15-acre cell the City currently uses will be full in approximately two to three years. The City landfill takes in about 60,000 tons of refuse per year, half of which comes from homes and businesses outside the City limits. The City operates and main- tains a gas extraction system that burns City of Bozeman lancfjill off methane generated by the decomposing garbage. Groundwater and air quality are monitored four times per year. The County also operates a sanitary landfill at Logan. This landfill handles 30,000 tons of refuse per year. Since the current Class II landfill cell will be nearing capacity, the City has been investigating solid waste disposal options for the future. The City has retained an engineering consultant for the siting, design, and permitting of a solid waste transfer station facility. Landfill users are charged a fee based on the amount and type of material being disposed. All loads coming into the landfill must be secured or covered to avoid littering the surrounding area. Customers with unsecured loads may be assessed a fine at the scale house. There is one Class III area in the landfill that accepts concrete (free of rebar or metal), tires, tree stumps, and other inert materials. This unlined area is an asset to the landfill because, by burying these materials in a separate area, valuable space is saved in the landfill's lined cell. 11.4.2 Recycling The City of Bozeman offers several recycling programs at the landfill that benefit the community and residents. In Bozeman, only about 7 to 10 percent of the waste stream is recycled instead of landfilled. The national average is approximately 30 percent. The City does encourage recycling through garbage collection rates. Page11-5 Public Services and Facilities Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Recycling. The City is a member of the Headwaters Cooperative Recycling Project (HCRP), a coopera- tive of City, County and federal entities. The HCRP serves ten southwest Montana counties as well as Yellowstone National Park. The HCRP has ten sites located within City limits and in the surrounding area where people can recycle newspaper, glass, cardboard, magazines, and steel and aluminum Ca1'1.S. The program is subsidized and costs the City approximately $1.20 per person per year from the solid waste collection enterprise fund. After almost four years, the HCRP is operating in the black and is continuing to expand its program into other surrounding cities and counties. In 2000, Bozeman residents recycled 2,175 tons of newspaper, glass, cans, and magazines-a 22 percent jump from 1999. Glass recycling. Glass is currently taken to Holnam, Inc., where the glass is used as a sandstone substitute in their cement manufacturing process. Recycled glass has also been used as an aggregate substitute in producing crushed road mix gravel base materials. The base gravels can then be utilized in the construction of parking lots, city streets, and so forth. White goods area. Appliances such as refrigerators, freezers, washing machines and dryers, stoves, water heaters, and sheet metals are accepted at the white goods area. The doors and freon must be removed from all refrigerators and freezers before they are brought to the landfill. These items are baled and recycled once a year. Wire disposal. Barbed, woven, clothesline, cable, and electrical wire without insulation are accepted in the wire disposal area. All wire must be clean. The wire is baled and recycled along with the regular white goods material. Compost. With the recent addition of a tub grinder and a trommel screen at the City's exist- ing composting facility, compost and mulch are now sold at the landfill. Landscape contractors, nurseries, and the general public use these prod- ucts for landscaping projects, gardens, lawns, tree plantings, and flower boxes. Compost is produced from yard trimmings, leaves, straw, hay, manure, sawdust, small vegetable plants, and bush, hedge, and tree trimmings. Compost from yard waste takes approximately fifteen to eighteen months Compost piles at the landfill to mature. Mulch is produced from ground clean wood waste materials. Yard waste materials used for composting are collected from residences weekly from April through September. Larger diameter yard waste is picked up twice per year. These services are free to households that use the City's garbage collection service. Residential yard waste, farm and ranch waste (including horse and cow manure), and clean commercial wood waste generated from com- mercial/ industrial and residential properties in Bozeman and Gallatin County may be brought to the City's composting facility located at the City Landfill. 11.5 TRANSPORTATION One of the most common interactions with the public sector for the average person is the use of the street network and other transportation elements. The City of Bozeman has 140+ miles of streets Page 11-6 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Public Services and Facilities within its boundaries that carried 111,000,000 miles of vehicular travel per year, according to the most recent transportation modeling done by the Montana Department of Transportation. The City regularly prepares Transportation Facility Plans which become a core element of comprehensive planning for the City. The City recently adopted a new Transportation Facility Plan known as the Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan 2001 Update. Chapter 10 of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan addresses transpor- tation and summarizes various transportation issues. The main discussion of current and future trans- portation needs is in the Transportation Facility Plan. Therefore, the Transportation Facility Plan and its successors are hereby incorporated and adopted as supporting elements of the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. The Transportation Facility Plan supports the land use element of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan by planning for the provision of transportation facilities that are required for land use development. It also specifies street standards, depicts expected links required to support future development and pre- vent future right-of-way problems, depicts expected improvement based on anticipated traffic, and sup- ports the development of a multi-modal transportation system to provide a functional and safe alterna- tive to automobile dependence. The Transportation Facility Plan also supports other Bozeman 2020 Community Plan elements by providing adequate facilities to support economic development, develop- ment of the urban forest, inter-jurisdictional cooperation and coordination, and sense of place by sup- porting urban density development. 11.6 PARKS AND RECREATION Cooper Park on South 8th Avenue Parks and recreation facilities are among the most important contributing factors of quality for life. The City currently has 432 acres of park, and a va- riety of recreational facilities. The City has a Parks, Open Space and Trails (POS1) Plan that was most recently updated in 1997. Chapter 9 of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan addresses parks, recreation, trails, and open space issues. The main discussion of current and future parks and recre- ation needs is found in the POST Plan. Therefore, the POST Plan and its successors are hereby adopted as supporting elements of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. The 1997 POST Plan includes information and maps of existing parks; discusses the maintenance of existing parks; discusses future park, trail, and open space needs; provides park development and land acquisition recommendations; and provides a synopsis of responsible parties and a timeline. This plan supports the development of a new POST plan as discussed in Chapter 9. 11.7 FIRE PROTECTION The Bozeman Fire Department's mission is to minimize the loss of life, injury or property damage through basic emergency medical care and fire rescue services. Fire Department staff provides fire code inspec- tions, code enforcement, and fire safety survival education programs to the public. Fire suppression, Page11-7 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Public Services and Facilities arson investigation, hazardous materials mitigation, disaster management, and wildland firefighting all fall within the duties of the Fire Department. The department staff strives to provide these services at the highest national standards consistent with community needs and available public and private re- sources. All firefighters are basic Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs), and some are Paramedics. The Fire Department staff includes the Fire Chief, Deputy Chief/Fire Marshall, seven captains, eighteen firefighters, and support staff. There are two fire stations. Fire Station #1 is located at 34 North Rouse Avenue and Fire Station #2 is located at 410 South 19th Avenue. Fire Station #1, 34 North Rouse Avenue Growth in the size of the City has had signifi- cant impacts on the Fire Department's ability to adequately provide fire protection for all areas of the City. The Fire Department has established a six-minute response time (two minutes prepa- ration and four minutes of travel) as a level of service (LOS) standard. Based on a six-minute response time, service areas for the two existing fire stations can be established (see Figure 11- 1 ). According to this figure, many parts of the City are already outside of the optimal six-minute response time service areas. The City must start planning and budgeting for the future to site a new station and/ or relocate existing stations. If the City is not able to provide acceptable levels of protection by the siting of new fire stations, other means of protecting life and structures, such as the installation of sprinkler systems in all new construction, may need to be considered. 11.8 POLICE PROTECTION The Bozeman Police Department provides a full range of law enforcement services for the citi- zens of Bozeman, adhering to all federal, state and local requirements and certifications. The department, which is headquartered in the Law and Justice Center, consists of forty sworn of- ficers and six civilian employees. These employ- ees provide for an administrative division, pa- trol division, investigation division, drug task force, DARE, school resource officer, canine The Law and Justice Center, 615 South 16th Avenue unit, and motorcycle and bicycle patrol. The six civilian employees serve as animal control officers, parking control officers, evidence technicians, and in secretarial positions. The Police Department's Vision and Mission Statements are as follows: Vision Statement- The Bozeman Police Department is a group of select law enforcement profes- sionals who are sincere!y committed and dedicated to providing the highest level of service to all citizens of our community. This will be accomplished l?J, developing positive programs and creating an atmo- sphere where eveo, emplqyee's integn'ty, competenry, and commitment to serve is se!fevident. Pagell-9 Public Services and Facilities Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Mission Statement-The Bozeman Police Department, in partnership with the citizens efBozeman, is committed to improving the quality ef life by identijj,ing and resolving public sqfety concerns. Safety and crime rate are among the leading indicators of the quality of life enjoyed by the community's citizens. Safety encompasses freedom from unintentional injuries, as well as crime. Low incidence of crime is one of the leading indicators used to define a healthy community. The amount of crime in a location also plays a major role in helping families decide where to live and corporations where to relo- cate, which contributes to the economic health of a community. The table below indicates the frequency of reported major offenses in Bozeman and other communities in Gallatin County. It is important to keep in mind that the number of arrests might indicate an increase in crime or an increase in the efficiency and effectiveness of law enforcement. Often communities with effective law enforcement have higher numbers of reported crimes since more criminals are arrested. In addition, numbers are not rates and therefore not related to the population rates. Table 11-1: Major Offenses as Reported by Individual Public Safety Agencies - 1997 Motor Agency Homocide Rape Robbery Assault Burglary Larceny Vehicle Theft Belgrade PD 0 0 2 16 27 142 13 Bozeman PD 2 1 6 14 121 1,281 52 County Sheriff 0 6 2 11 108 407 48 Manhattan PD 0 1 0 0 1 22 1 MSU Police 0 4 0 10 7 214 4 Three Forks PD 0 0 0 0 3 13 1 W Yellowstone PD 0 0 0 1 11 122 15 County Total 2 12 10 52 278 2,201 134 Source: Montana Board of Crime Contro4 1997. Like the Fire Department, the Police Department generally strives for a response time of six minutes. However, the police force is slightly more flexible than the fire protection staff, because the police often respond from locations in the field as opposed to fixed locations (i.e., fire stations). The six-minute service area of the Law and Justice building would approximate the service area of Fire Station #2. 11.9 EDUCATION Quality schools are very important indicators of good places to live and work, and are often cited as a reason people choose to live in the Bozeman area. The Bozeman School District #7 is a significant property owner in the City and in areas adjacent to the City. The following are properties the school district owns in the Bozeman area: Page11-10 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Bozeman High School-25 acres CJM School/Support Servi:ces-42 acres Willson School-3.5 acres Morning Star School-10 acres Emily Dickinson School-10 acres Whittier School-2.38 acres Hawthorne School-2.8 acres Irving School-1.83 acres Public Services and Facilities Longfellow School-1.79 acres Sacajawea Middle School-30 acres North 27th Property/Bus Barn-28 acres West Babcock (undeveloped)-10 acres Kagy/Highland (undeveloped)-10 acres Kagy /Highland (undeveloped)-10 acres Patterson Road undeveloped)-30 acres Emerson Lawn (undeveloped)-0.7 acres As shown in Table 11-2, the school district projects declining school populations at all levels (K-5, 6-8, and 9-12) over the next decade. This projected decline in school-age children in the district could reflect many different national, state, and local trends. For example, the composition of American households and families is changing over time. Families and households are becoming smaller as couples choose to have no or fewer children, as more people remain single, and as the population in general ages. Locally, many young families with children may simply be unable to afford to live in the Bozeman area and move to other districts where the cost of living is more favorable. Table 11-2: Bozeman School District School Enrollment - 1990 through 2010 K -5 Enrollment 6-8 Enrollment 9-12 Enrollment 19 9 0 2 . 2 7 1 967 1 , 282 1991 2,262 1,032 1,323 19 9 2 2 , 328 1,112 1 ,375 19 9 3 2,320 1 , I24 1 , 450 19 9 4 2 , 350 1,122 1 , 611 19 9 5 2 ,259 1 , 1 5 1 1,628 19 9 6 2 .2 1 9 1 , 174 1,648 19 9 7 2,193 1,193 1,719 19 9 8 2 , 161 1 ,5 1 2 1,794 19 9 9 2, I 5 2 1 , 1 5 5 1,823 2000 (projected) 2 , 126 1,155 1,844 2002 (projected) 2 ,060 1 .136 1,850 2004 (projected) 2 , 002 1, 1 1 9 1 . 837 2006 (projected) 2, 002 1 ,0 8 7 1,772 2008 (projected) 2 .0 0 2 1 ,0 3 9 1 , 7 3 9 2010 (projecoed) 2,002 1,039 1 ,699 Source: Bozeman School Distn·ct # 7, based on fivej•ear Cohort Survival method, actual data is determined on the first Monday of October of each school year. Whether school enrollment in Bozeman declines or rises in the future will have impacts on the City of Bozeman, especially in regard to land use and transportation. Similarly, decisions the City makes will have impacts on the school district. For example, if the City approves a new large residential develop- ment, what sort of impacts will it have on the school district? It is very important that the City and School District work closely together and keep each other informed on future plans. The City and School District should also work together to develop joint school/parks and recreational facilities that PageU-11 Public Services and Facilities Bozeman 2020 Community Plan will benefit both. The Planning Board and Planning Staff have committed to meeting with representa- tives from School District #7 on a regular basis. 11.10 LIBRARY SERVICES The City's first public library was established in 1891 with a collection of 250 books in the old City Hall and Opera Hall. In 1904, the collection was moved to the Carnegie Library Building and in 1981 to the current location at 220 East Lamme Street. The library's vision and mission statements are as follows: Vision-The Bozeman Public 'Library shares the vision of the nation's founders that liberty and learning are inseparable and that a democratic people must have free, open, and equal access to infor- mation. People ef all ages will: 1) have access to educational, cultural, and recreational resources to enhance their emplf!Jment outlook, lifelong learning, and personal growth opportunities; 2) be able to choose from a variety of cultural and recreational resources to enhance their personal growth; and 3) have a safe and open library environment with a variety of resources to foster a tolerant and civil community. The Bozeman Public Library welcomes all, especial/y the young, to share in the }f!Y of exploring the world ef information and the realms of our imagination. Mission-The Bozeman Public Library provides the community with free, open, and equal access to general information on a broad arr~ of topics; resources to promote personal growth and lifelong learning; popular materials to meet cultural and recreational needs; and the training needed to find, evaluate, and use information ejfective!J. The Bozeman Public Library is a very busy place, as illustrated by the following statistics: Circulation of materials has jumped by 26.6 percent since 1996. The library averages 900 visitors per day. Visitors check out 36,000 books per month. Bozeman, with a service population of 45,000, sees 314,000 visitors per year. Missoula, with more than twice the service population (89,000), actually has fewer visitors at 291,000 per year. Billings, with a service population of 121,000-nearly three times that of Bozeman-has 371,000 visitors per year. Bozeman borrowers check out an average of9.41 items per year, compared to a national average of 6.1. Programs at the library draw nearly 13,313 people each year, several thousand more than Missoula at 8,404. Due to significant growth in the Bozeman area during the past decade, the library is now experiencing some growing pains. The size of the Bozeman library and the number of library staff, in relation to the number of people the library serves, is way below national standards. The current library facility is 21,000 square feet, employs 19.66 full time employees (FTEs), and houses 85,000 volumes. The library serves 67 percent- of Gallatin County (through an inter-local agreement between the City and County), which is approximately 45,000 people. Based on national standards, the library should have 2.5 volumes Pagell-12 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Bozeman Public Library, 220 East Lamme Street 11.11 IRRIGATION WATER Public Services and Facilities per capita, 1 square foot per capita, and 1 FTE per 1,000 capita. Therefore, the library should have 112,500 volumes, be 45,000 square feet in size, and employ 45 FTEs. If the library only served City residents, the number of volumes would meet national standards with 76,000 volumes. However, the library should be 30,400 square feet in size and employ 30.4 employees to meet na- tional standards, even if it only served City residents. Therefore, the library is already in need of expansion, and the City is pursuing library expansion needs and options. Due to the Gallatin Valley's agricultural heritage, the Bozeman area is crisscrossed by many irrigation ditches or stream-ditch combinations. As a development occurs that impacts an irrigation ditch, it is very important to ensure that the water rights of downstream users are protected. The City must work with the local ditch and canal companies to protect these rights. However, some ditches are no longer in use or no longer convey water to downstream users. In these cases, the ditches should be abandoned and eliminated from the landscape. In places where irrigation ditches are retained, sufficient setbacks and buffers must be provided around the ditch. 11.12 SUNSET HILLS CEMETERY The Sunset Hills Cemetery dates to the late 1860s. The site was chosen because it was on high ground and overlooked the tiny settlement of Bozeman. Origi- nally, it looked much like the Story Hills to the north- barren of trees, grass covered, and windblown. The cemetery is rich in local history; and the town's three founding fathers-John Bozeman, William Beall, and Daniel Rouse-are buried there. Many of Bozeman's place names come from pioneers who settled here in the final decades of the 19th Century and are now buried in Sunset Hills. Sunset Cemetery The cemetery sits between Lindley and Burke parks and comprises 125 acres, 65 of which are in use. The remaining 60 acres are leased for agricultural purposes. A Perpetual Care Fund has been established to maintain the plots and grounds. A columbarium, located near the center of the cemetery grounds in a parklike setting, is available for cremation interment. Decisions regarding the cemetery are guided by the Cemetery Board. It is important that development of the cemetery be consistent with tl1e characteristics of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. The Board Page 11-13 Public Services and Facilities Bozeman 2020 Community Plan recommends that a Cemetery Master Plan (which is similar to the Parks, Recreation, Open Space, and Trails Plan) be developed. In this plan, issues such as the provision of open space buffers to protect the character and nature of the cemetery as well as trail connections and standards should be addressed. 11.13 OTHER CITY SERVICES There are many other City departments necessary for providing the high-quality public services City residents have come to expect that have not yet been discussed in this document. Like other City departments, divisions, and offices already discussed in this plan, these departments must continue to be funded and supported to accommodate increasing demands for service as the City and its population grow. City departments must have adequate facilities, equipment, staff, and budgets to ensure high- quality public services into the future. 11.13.1 Three Branches The City of Bozeman is a City Commission/ City Manager form of government with an elected munici- pal judge. These three entities form the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the local govern- ment. City Commission. Five commissioners, elected with no party affiliation, make up the City Commis- sion. They are elected to four-year, overlapping terms as part-time officials. Terms are staggered, and elections are held every two years. The candidate who receives the most votes in the election becomes the Major during the last two years of his or her term. The City Commission establishes policies govern- ing City operations and enacts ordinances and resolutions to amend or update the Bozeman Municipal Code. The Commission levies taxes, adopts the City's yearly budget, and appoints members to citizen advisory boards. Decisions made by the City Commission protect the health, safety, general welfare, and future well-being of the citizens of Bozeman. City Manager. The City Manager is hired by the City Commission and acts as the adminis- trative head of City government. He provides the City Commission with information needed to make informed policy decisions and is respon- sible for the efficient administration of all City departments. To ensure quality services are be- ing provided to the community, the City Man- ager leads, directs, coordinates, and supports the City's workforce. He heads the Department of Public Welfare while supervising the Assistant City Manager and all department directors. The City Manager signs agreements, contracts, and Memorandums of Understanding between the City, local businesses, and state and federal agen- cies. Page 11-14 Bozeman City Ha!~ 411 East Main Street Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Public Services and Facilities Municipal Court. The Municipal Court is comprised of the Municipal Judge, an elected official who hears cases involving violations of City ordinances and misdemeanor cases defined by state criminal codes. Municipal Court is responsible for civil and criminal violations, tax collection under $5,000, and fees due to the City under $5,000. Municipal Court works with the City Attorney's Office, the City Prosecutor, and with police officers. 11.13.2 Department of Finance The Finance Department staff work with the public on a regular basis. They manage all City revenues, funds, the City budget and the City's insurance programs. Citizens may interact with Finance Depart- ment employees when paying utility bills and Special Improvement Districts (SIDs) assessments, buying a business or pet license, or paying a parking ticket. There are four divisions in the Finance Department: accounting, treasury, data processing, and purchas- ing/ central services. Finance Department employees provide other City departments with support ser- vices, including financial planning, budgeting, accounting, data processing, insurance administration, and collection. Other duties include investing City funds, administering the City's debt, providing Spe- cial Improvement District (SID) accounting, managing the business license program, developing internal controls, billing of utilities, and purchasing and providing warehousing/ delivery services. Accounting. The Accounting Division ensures that City's financial records are maintained in accor- dance with generally accepted accounting principles. The division prepares a C.omprehensive Annual Financial Report for each fiscal year. This report is available for public review. Central Services. The Central Services Division maintains a Central Supply Warehouse and all inven- tory-holding areas. Central Services purchases stock and non-stock materials for City Departments. This division also manages the City fuel program. Central Services holds public auctions of City surplus goods. Data Processing. The Data Processing Division manages and coordinates the City's mainframe com- puter system. Staff maintains the computer security system and develops procedures for system access. The division plans and implements system upgrades and installs and troubleshoots hardware and soft- ware programs for the mainframe system. Treasury. The Treasury Division bills, collects, and records all funds due to the City and invests them to ensure a secure revenue base. Water, sewer, garbage, and City assessments are billed, collected, and recorded through this office. Treasury administers business and pet licenses, parking permits and tickets, the records for Sunset Hills Cemetery, and miscellaneous receivables. Revenues 'collected from other City departments are forwarded to the Treasury Department for proper verification and recording into the accounting system. 11.13.3 Department of Law The City Attorney is the head of the Department of Law. He is the legal advisor and attorney for the City and all City officers and departments. The City Attorney's Office has two functions, civil and criminal. For the civil function, the attorneys represent the City before all courts, all administrative agencies, and Pagell-15 Public Services and Facilities Bozeman 2020 Community Plan all legal proceedings which involve the City. They advise the City Commission, the City Manager and all other department staff on legal issues. They prepare or review contracts, deeds, resolutions, ordinances and other municipal documents which relate to governmental agreements, services, and operations of the City. For the criminal function, an Assistant City Attorney prosecutes misdemeanor offenses committed within City limits, in(Juding traffic violations, violations of the Bozeman Municipal Code, and misdemeanor state law violations. The Assistant City Attorney also provides legal advice to the Bozeman Police Department about misdemeanor criminal matters. 11.13.4 Building Department The Building Department is part of the Department of Public Safety's Division of Fire, Building, and Emergency Services. Providing behind-the-scenes safety to the community by monitoring construction projects within city limits is the work of the Building Department. Safety standards set to protect life, limb, property, and public welfare are enforced at construction sites. Staff regulates and controls build- ing designs; all construction; the quality of materials; and the use, occupancy, location, and maintenance of all buildings and structures in the City. Building Department staff includes the Chief Building Offi- cial, a Plans Examiner, three Building Inspectors, a Fire and Life Safety Inspector, a Code Enforcement Officer, a Project Permit Coordinator and support staff. Plans for residential and commercial projects are received and processed at the Building Department, and are then reviewed for compliance with adopted codes and ordinances. When plans are approved, permits are issued, and impact and permit fees are assessed and collected. Periodic inspections of the site are made to ensure compliance with approved plans, codes, and ordinances. If violations are found, they are investigated and turned over to the Code Enforcement Officer for processing and remedial action. 11.13.5 Engineering Office The Engineering Office is part of the Depart- ment of Public Service. City engineers develop and implement water, wastewater, stormwater, and transportation facilities master plans to en- sure short- and long-term public infrastructure needs are being addressed as the community ex- pands and grows. They establish standards for the construction and maintenance of the City's infrastructure. City engineers monitor projects to ensure compliance with City, County, State, The Engineering Department oversees public works projects and Federal rules, regulations, codes, and engi- neering standards. By preparing, reviewing, and overseeing plans and designs, engineers provide technical assistance to developers during the project planning process. They inspect construction and manage public works projects. These projects include sanitary and storm sewers, water distribution, water and wastewater treatment, solid waste management, streets, and traffic control. Page11-16 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Public Services and Facilities Figure 11-2: City of Bozeman Organization Chart VOTERS OF THE CITY OF BOZEMAN MUNICIPAL JUDGE CITY COMMISSION DEPTOF FINANCE CITY MANAGER DEPTOF l.AW DEPTOF PUBUC SAFETY CLERK OF COMMISSION ASSISTANT CITY MANAGER DEPTOF PUBUC SERVICE DEPTOF PUBUC WELFARE Pagell-17 Public Services and Facilities Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Figure 11-3: City of Bozeman Organization Chart by Department DEPT OF FINANCE DIRECTOR DEPT OF LAW CITY A TIORNEY Accounting Finance Central Services Criminal MUNICIPAL COURT •nginccring Water/Sewer Data Processing DEPT OF PUBLIC SAFETY DIRECTOR Police Division Fire, Building, and Emctgency Services DEPT OF PUBLIC SERVICE DIRECTOR Facilities and Land Water Treatment Plant Wastewater Treatment Plant DEPT OF PUBLIC WELFARE CITY MANAGER Bozeman Public Library Recreation Division Page11-18 Planning and Community Development Director Community Development Historic Preservation Pbn~;ng l Bozeman 2020 Community Plan City engineers work with City planners to review all proposed subdivisions, annexations, and Zone Code proposals. Engineers coordinate infrastruc- ture projects with County, State, and Federal agen- cies. They administer the Environmental Protec- tion Agency Wastewater Pretreatment Program and the City floodplain ordinance. Installation of new city sidewalks, repairs of existing sidewalks, enforcement of the weed- and sidewalk snow-re- moval programs, and traffic studies are adminis- tered by City engineers. An extensive collection of maps, aerial photos, record drawings, plats, property ownership, and other infrastructure records are maintained in the City Engineering Office. Public Services and Facilities The Bozeman Planning and Engineering Departments are housed in the Alfred M. Stiff Professional Building at 20 East Olive Street 11.13.6 Department of Planning and Community Development The Department of Planning and Community Development is part of the Department of Public Wel- fare. This office administers the City's long-range planning program, annexation policy, zoning ordi- nance, and subdivision regulations. It coordinates the Transportation Efficiency Act (TEA), the neigh- borhood planning program, and serves as the City's liaison with the U.S. Census Bureau. The Planning Department also administers the City's impact fee program. Staff include the Planning Director; senior, associate, and assistant planners; an urban design planner; a Zone Code Enforcement Officer; the His- toric Preservation Officer; and support staff. This department is divided into four basic functions: community development, planning, zoning, and historic preservation. Community Development. The Community Development Block Grant program is administered by this division. Community development includes economic development, housing, and public facilities. Staff also administers related grant programs, such as the Land and Water Conservation Fund and the Community Transportation Enhancement Program. Planning. Staff in the Planning Office improves neighborhoods in Bozeman by following planning standards for the health, safety, welfare, and convenience of citizens. Planners review subdivision plans to oversee that streets and highways are laid out correctly and that new community centers have ad- equate utility, street, health, educational, and recreational facilities. They consider the needs of agricul- ture, business, and industrial sectors in future growth. Residential areas are planned to provide a healthy environment. Zoning. Zoning is an important element in community planning. The zoning program develops, admin- isters, and enforces the zoning regulations in Bozeman. Reviews are conducted of all Zone Code amend- ment applications, zone map changes, conditional uses, site plans, certificates of appropriateness, Planned Unit Developments, and townhouse developments. All variance requests are also reviewed. Staff assis- tance is provided to the Zoning Commission, the City Commission, Design Review Board, and Develop- ment Review Committee. Pagell-19 Public Services and Facilities Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning staff presents prqjects at public hearings Historic Preservation. The Historic Preservation Of- ficer (HPO) acts as an advocate for preservation of his- toric sites and buildings in Bozeman. The HPO creates public and civic awareness of preservation through in- terpretive programs, local media, and special publications. Nominations to the National Register of Historic Places are made through the Preservation Office. A Historic Preservation Awards Program and an Historic Preserva- tion Week are annual events sponsored by the Historic Preservation Office each June. The Historic Preservation Advisory Board (HPAB) offers free architectural, historical, and restoration advice to property owners. Board members are appointed by the City Commission, providing an oppor- tunity for citizens to get involved. The HP AB works to integrate historic preservation into local, state, and federal planning and decision-making processes. It identifies, evaluates, and protects historic re- sources within Bozeman and educates the general public about historic preservation. 11.14 PRIVATE UTILITY PROVIDERS Obviously, many services within the City are provided by private utility providers instead of by the City, including electric power, natural gas, cable television, phone services, and wireless communications. It is important that the City work closely with these various service providers to ensure that citizens' utility needs are adequately provided into the future. Areas requiring close coordination include easement acquisition and placement, burying overhead utilities, installation and maintenance of utilities within City rights-of-way, and siting of new facilities (such as cellular towers). 11.15 PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND IMPLEMENTA- TION POLICIES 11.15.1 Facilities and Services-All public facilities and services provided under the authority of the City of Bozeman shall be provided in an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally sound manner. Objective 1. All service and facilities provided under the authority of the City of Bozeman shall have facility plans which will evaluate current and future needs and best management practices for providing services. Page11-20 Implementation Policies: 1, 23, 35, 54, 66, 67, 79, 97 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Public Services and Facilities 54) Review and evaluate for effectiveness, and if necessary modify, each City program or policy at least every five years. Ensure public participation in the review process. 66) The City shall balance the needs of existing and future development so that the cost of public facilities and services is assigned on a fair, proportionate, and equitable basis to the user that requires them. 67) As provided for in state law, seek to establish joint funding mechanisms so that non-City residents participate in the construction and support of City services and facilities that they use. 79) Provide opportunities for meaningful public outreach and involvement in the preparation of all Bozeman 2020 Community Plan implementation tools. 97) Implement all existing and future facility and strategic plans to support, and in accor- dance with, the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 2. Implement all facility plans, including transportation, in compliance with the goals and objectives of the City's growth policy. Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 23, 35, 62, 67, 79, 96, 97 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 67) As provided for in state law, seek to establish joint funding mechanisms so that non-City residents participate in the construction and support of City services and facilities that they use. 79) Provide opportunities for meaningful public outreach and involvement in the preparation of all Bozeman 2020 Community Plan implementation tools. 96) Implement the Capital Facilities Priority Area in support of a compact urban form and the land use pattern, goals, and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 97) Implement all existing and future facility and strategic plans to support, and in accor- dance with, the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 3. Strive to coordinate the provision of services with other governmental agencies to prevent overlap and excessive cost, as well as to provide the highest quality services. Implementation Policies: 8, 10, 12, 13, 67, 83, 94 Page11-21 Public Services and Facilities Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 8) Establish strong working relationships between City offidals and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. 12) Establish a regional planning coordinating committee based on the model of the Trans- portation Coordinating Committee to address planning issues with regional impacts. 13) Continue cooperation and coordination with the Gallatin County Planning Board to sup- port policies and programs that encourage development within municipalities and establish clearly defined urban growth areas. 6 7) As provided for in state law, seek to establish joint funding mechanisms so that non-City residents participate in the construction and support of City services and facilities that they use. 83) Work with neighboring jurisdictions to create and connect trails and corridors. 94) Work with Gallatin County, School District Number 7, and other entities to jointly fund, develop, and maintain parks and recreation facilities. Objective 4. Balance maintenance of existing facilities with the need to provide new facilities so that existing users do not suffer a reduction in service quality in order to provide services to new development. Implementation Policies: 2, 24, 66, 94, 95, 96, 97 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. 66) The City shall balance the needs of existing and future development so that the cost of public facilities and services is assigned on a fair, proportionate, and equitable basis to the user that requires them. 94) Work with Gallatin County, School District Number 7, and other entities to jointly fund, develop, and maintain parks and recreation facilities. 95) Continue the City's impact fee program as allowed by law and judicial rulings. 96) Implement the Capital Facilities Priority Area in support of a compact urban form and the land use pattern, goals, and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 97) Implement all existing and future facility and strategic plans to support, and in accor- dance with, the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 5. Sewer Facilities-Provide for public central sewer collection and treatment facili- ties for all existing and future land uses within the Planning Area. Pagell-22 Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 23, 66, 95, 96, 97 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Public Services and Facilities 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 66) The City shall balance the needs of existing and future development so that the cost of public facilities and services is assigned on a fair, proportionate, and equitable basis to the user that requires them. 9 5) Continue the City's impact fee program as allowed by law and judicial rulings. 96) Implement the Capital Facilities Priority Area in support of a compact urban form and the land use pattern, goals, and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 97) Implement all existing and future facility and strategic plans to support, and in accor- dance with, the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 6. Storm Drainage-Provide for storm drain, flood control, and treatment facilities to protect existing and future land uses, preserve public safety, and protect surface and groundwater quality. Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 23, 53, 66, 82, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 96, 97 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administra_tive officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 53) Work with the Gallatin Local Water Quality District, Gallatin County, and local water quality groups to organize, promote, fund, and hold an annual household hazardous waste disposal event and work to develop a permanent household hazardous waste disposal facil- ity. 66) The City shall balance the needs of existing and future development so that the cost of public facilities and services is assigned on a fair, proportionate, and equitable basis to the user that requires them. 82) Request an update of the National Flood Insurance Program maps every ten years by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. 84) Require adequate on-site storm water detention/retention and treatment in conjunction with development to reduce runoff, reduce flood peaks, prevent stream scouring, flooding, and water contamination. 86) Update the City's stormwater control plan. 87) Establish appropriate setbacks to buffer watercourses and wetlands based on the size and/ or functionality of the watercourse or wetland. Ensure that an appropriate amount of the buffers are left in natural vegetation. Page 11-23 Public Services and Facilities Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 89) Protect and rehabilitate those watercourses and wetlands on City property and encourage similar actions for private property. 90) Prepare and adopt a grading ordinance to reduce erosion and sedimentation and to pro- tect air and water quality. 96) Implement the Capital Facilities Priority Area in support of a compact urban form and the land use pattern, goals, and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 97) Implement all existing and future facility and strategic plans to support, and in accor- dance with, the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 7. Solid Waste-Provide for a balanced and integrated solid waste reduction, recy- cling, and disposal system and design to meet the future needs for the Planning Area. Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 35, 53, 66, 97, 98, 99 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 53) Work with the Gallatin Local Water Quality District, Gallatin County, and local water quality groups to organize, promote, fund, and hold an annual household hazardous waste disposal event and work to develop a permanent household hazardous waste disposal facil- ity. 66) The City shall balance the needs of existing and future development so that the cost of public facilities and services is assigned on a fair, proportionate, and equitable basis to the user that requires them. 97) Implement all existing and future facility and strategic plans to support, and in accor- dance with, the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 98) Investigate the feasibility of a Citywide curbside recycling service to reduce waste mate- rials being sent to the landfill. 99) Develop incentives to encourage the diversion of yard wastes and recyclable materials from the waste stream. Objective 8. Domestic Water-Provide for a safe and adequate water supply, distribution, stor- age, and treatment facilities to support water demand projected in regard to planned land uses in the Planning Area. Page 11-24 Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 23, 66, 85, 89, 91, 95, 96, 97 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Public Services and Facilities 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 66) The City shall balance the needs of existing and future development so that the cost of public facilities and services is assigned on a fair, proportionate, and equitable basis to the user that requires them. 85) Evaluate and implement innovative measures and programs to protect critical lands and other environmentally sensitive areas. 89) Protect and rehabilitate those watercourses and wetlands on City property and encourage similar actions for private property. 91) Prepare and implement a weed control plan, in concert with other governmental and non- governmental groups, which includes mapping, management strategies and techniques, and education. 9 5) Continue the City's impact fee program as allowed by law and judicial rulings. 96) Implement the Capital Facilities Priority Area in support of a compact urban form and the land use pattern, goals, and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 97) Implement all existing and future facility and strategic plans to support, and in accor- dance with, the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 9. Fire Protection-Protect the community through a comprehensive fire and life safety program for current and future city needs. Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 8, 10, 66, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. 66) The City shall balance the needs of existing and future development so that the cost of public facilities and services is assigned on a fair, proportionate, and equitable basis to the user that requires them. 9 5) Continue the City's impact fee program as allowed by law and judicial rulings. 96) Implement the Capital Facilities Priority Area in support of a compact urban form and the land use pattern, goals, and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 97) Implement all existing and future facility and strategic plans to support, and in accor- dance with, the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 100) Investigate, and if feasible implement, the siting of City service satellites to provide neighborhood services from multiple departments to encourage efficiency, improve customer service, more equitably distribute services, and provide a civic presence in neighborhoods. Pagelt-25 Public Services and Facilities Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 101) Pursue adequate emergency services personnel, facilities, and equipment to provide levels of service in compliance with local, state, and national standards. Objective 10. Police Service-Provide protection of community residents from criminal activity, reduce the incidence of crime, and provide other necessary services to meet current and future needs. Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 8, 10, 66, 96, 97, 100, 101 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. 66) The City shall balance the needs of existing and future development so that the cost of public facilities and services is assigned on a fair, proportionate, and equitable basis to the user that requires them. 96) Implement the Capital Facilities Priority Area in support of a compact urban form and the land use pattern, goals, and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 97) Implement all existing and future facility and strategic plans to support, and in accor- dance with, the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 100) Investigate, and if feasible implement, the siting of City service satellites to provide neighborhood services from multiple departments to encourage efficiency, improve customer service, more equitably distribute services, and provide a civic presence in neighborhoods. 101) Pursue adequate emergency services personnel, facilities, and equipment to provide levels of service in compliance with local, state, and national standards. Objective 11. Library Services-Ensure that high-quality library services are provided in an effi- cient, cost-effective manner. Page11-26 Implementation Policies: 1, 2, 62, 66, 67, 96, 97 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 66) The City shall balance the needs of existing and future development so that the cost of public facilities and services is assigned on a fair, proportionate, and equitable basis to the user that requires them. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Public Services and Facilities 67) As provided for in state law, seek to establish joint funding mechanisms so that non-City residents participate in the construction and support of City services and facilities that they use. 96) Implement the Capital Facilities Priority Area in support of a compact urban form and the land use pattern, goals, and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 97) Implement all existing and future facility and strategic plans to support, and in accor- dance with, the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Objective 12. Cemetery-Ensure that cemetery facilities are adequately provided, developed, and maintained. Implementation Policies: 38, 93 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, and related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 93) Prepare, adopt, and implement facility and strategic plans for all City services which shall evaluate current conditions, future needs, alternatives, and recommend a preferred course of action. 11.15.2 The City shall work with other service and utility providers to ensure the adequate and safe provision of services. Objective 1. Education-Ensure that the area around educational institutions has adequate resi- dential parking, facilities, bike paths, and zoning to ensure a high quality of life for school users and city residents. Implementation Policies: 3, 8, 32, 38, 94, 100 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, and related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 94) Work with Gallatin County, School District Number 7, and other entities to jointly fund, develop, and maintain parks and recreation facilities. 100) Investigate, and if feasible implement, the siting of City service satellites to provide neighborhood services from multiple departments to encourage efficiency, improve customer service, more equitably distribute services, and provide a civic presence in neighborhoods. Page 11-27 Public Services and Facilities Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Objective 2. Irrigation Water-Provide adequate protection to the canals from development to ensure future access to canal water for agricultural use. Implementation Policies: 3, 84, 86, 87, 90 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 84) Require adequate on-site storm water detention/ retention and treatment in conjunction with development to reduce runoff, reduce flood peaks, prevent stream scouring, flooding, and water contamination. 86) Update the City's stormwater control plan. 87) Establish appropriate setbacks to buffer watercourses and wetlands based on the size and/ or functionality of the watercourse or wetland. Ensure that an appropriate amount of the buffers are left in natural vegetation. 90) Prepare and adopt a grading ordinance to reduce erosion and sedimentation and to pro- tect air and water quality. Objective 3. Private Utilities-Facilitate the provision of adequate private utility services within the City while respecting the character of Bozeman. PageU-28 Implementation Policies: 3, 8, 102 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. 102) Work with private utilities to place existing service lines underground. ....~~ . ..... , •111Jlllllill. 2 0 • 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together CHAPTER 12 Subdivision Review Bozeman 2020 Cornmunitv Plan 12.0 INTRODUCTION Subdivision Review CHAPTER 12 Subdivision Review One of the principal responsibilities of local government in Montana is the review of proposed subdivisions. Section 76-3-101 et seq. Montana Code Annotated governs the review of subdivisions. Section 76-3-501 et seq. MCA requires all municipal and county governments to establish subdivision review regulations and establishes the minimum requirements for those regulations. In addition, Section 76-1-601 MCA requires that a growth policy discuss and address various elements of the subdivision review process. This chapter meets the requirement. Title 76, Chapter 3 MCA contains the requirements and restrictions upon both public and private parties for subdivision review and platting. For full information on this subject interested parties are referred to Title 76, MCA and the City of Bozeman subdivision regulations. The creation of a subdivision within an urban area often precedes or accompanies a change in the use of that land. A subdivision will generally remain in perpetuity and continue to influence the location and intensity of land uses within and adjacent to the subdivision. Therefore, subdivisions are strongly connected to the comprehensive planning process and may significantly advance or detract from the attainment of publicly identified goals. Because of this strong influence, all subdivisions must be reviewed to ensure their compliance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Subdivisions which do not comply should not be approved. The subdivision regulations adopted by the City must also conform to the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 12.1 REVIEW CRITERIA FOR SUBDIVISIONS Section 76-3-504 MCA establishes the minimum requirements for mandatory subdivision regulations. Subdivisions must be reviewed against six criteria established by state law. These criteria are effects on agriculture, effects on agricultural water user facilities, effects on the natural environment, effects on wildlife and wildlife habitat, effects on local services, and effects on public health and safety. Other criteria are also currently considered during the subdivision review process. Persons are referred to Title 76, Chapter 3 MCA for the full statutory requirements and Title 16 of the Bozeman Municipal Code for the full text of the local requirements. If statutory requirements are modified, all necessary amendments to this growth policy will be undertaken to ensure compliance with state law. The purpose for the required review of subdivisions is to provide for orderly development, provide for parks and open spaces, coordinate roadways and avoid congestion, protect property rights, protect purchasers from fraud, and avoid subdivisions which could endanger the public health and safety. In order to accomplish these purposes, proposed subdivisions are reviewed against certain criteria; and certain information is required to be provided through an environmental assessment. State law requires this analysis be made but allows for multiple means of providing the review. A person proposing a Page 12-1 Subdivision Review subdivision is generally required to collect and provide the necessary information in conjunction with an application for subdivision review. However, it is also possible for the City to gather and review data for a larger area and therefore remove the need for a private party to do so. As allowed in Section 76- 3-608 MCA, in a community where a growth policy has been adopted that addresses the required primary review criteria, identifies certain areas as exempt, and has. been supported by adoption ofzoning regulations which address the primary review criteria, the subdivider may be relieved of the requirement to address these issues. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Staff presentation at a Planning Board meeting It is the intention of the City of Bozeman to exercise this opportunity to coordinate public review of important issues, facilitate development in compliance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, and provide opportunities for public involvement in the review process. In furtherance of this, the City conducts a variety of facility planning activities which identify major system components on a Citywide basis. In a particular part of town, if the City of Bozeman has conducted adequate studies to establish facility needs, inventoried natural features, or established the necessary information regarding one or more of the various criteria, an individual proposing a development may be relieved from the provision of the required information. Relief from the normal requirements for submittal of elements of the environmental assessment may be granted by the Planning Board during the review process in compliance with the requirements of state law and local ordinances. Unless the City has explicitly granted a waiver, either individually or collectively through ordinance or other public means, all subdivisions shall provide an environmental assessment as may be provided for by state law and City ordinance. 12.2 DEFINITIONS AND REVIEW PROCEDURES Tbis section defines the six criteria for subdivision review and gives an overview of how those criteria will be utilized during the review of individual subdivision proposals. 12.2.1 Agriculture Agriculture is defined as the cultivation or tilling of soil for the purpose of producing vegetative materials for sale or for use in a commercial operation and/ or the raising or tending of animals for commercial sale or use. Agriculture does not include gardening for personal use, keeping of house pets, or landscaping for aesthetic purposes. Evaluation and decision: The above definition shall be applied during subdivision review subject to the following presumptions: 1) Property annexed or seeking to be annexed within the depicted urban area shown in Figure 6-2 will generally not be utilized for agricultural purposes over the long term. 2) Agriculture may be appropriate within the city in limited areas where physical constraints make an area undesirable for the construction of buildings or in support of a commercial business such as a plant nursery. 3) Urban densities of development within the City of Bozeman will facilitate the preservation of Page 12-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Subdivision Review agriculture in Gallatin County by providing a location for the development of residential and employment activities in a compact and efficient manner and thereby will reduce pressure to convert agricultural lands to non-agricultural uses in the county. 4) Undeveloped agricultural lands within the City which are not constrained by physical features should be developed at urban densities to enable infill development and reduce outward expansion of the City. 12.2.2 Agricultural Water User Facilities Agricultural water user facilities are defined as those facilities which provide water for irrigation and stock watering to agricultural lands and include, but are not limited to, ditches, pipes, and other water conveying facilities. Evaluation and decision: This definition shall be applied during subdivision review subject to the following presumptions: 1) As agricultural uses are not generally urban uses, the transition of agricultural lands to urban uses will remove the need for agricultural water user facilities. 2) Whenever possible the subdivision process shall result in the formal abandonment and removal of all agricultural water user facilities except that, if it can be established by written statement that the facility is still in use by identified persons for agricultural purposes, the facility shall be maintained and all necessary easements for maintenance shall be provided. The burden of maintenance falls to the remaining water users. Should the facility be unused for the conveyance of water for beneficial use to agricultural lands for the period of five continuous years, the facility shall be considered abandoned and the maintenance easement shall without further action become null and void. 3) The use of agricultural water user facilities for storm water discharges does not constitute beneficial use for the purposes of presumption 2 above. 12.2.3 Local Services Local services are defined as all services provided by governmental bodies for the benefit of citizens. These services include, but are not limited to, police, fire, water, recreation, streets, parks, libraries, schools, wastewater, and solid waste collection and disposal. Those criteria to which a specific response and evaluation of impact must be made are listed within the City subdivision regulations. Evaluation and decision: This definition shall be applied during subdivision review subject to the following presumptions: 1) When the City has established through its own activities assessments of need and means of addressing those needs, subdividers will not be required to duplicate that work without good cause. If the City has completed a portion of the required assessment the subdivider may be required to submit the remaining portion of the necessary information. 2) Capacity and capability in local services is limited and all development should equitably participate in providing adequate services for themselves, including replacement of consumed reserve capacity, as may be necessary to meet levels of service and facility design standards as -may be uniformly established for the City. Page 12-3 Subdivision Review 3) 4) Response times, physical space within facilities, compliance with applicable facility plans, and general design of local service facilities within proposed subdivisions shall be addressed during the preliminary plat review; and necessary mitigation shall be provided. Lack of adequate service capacity and capability within local services is adequate grounds for de- nial of subdivision approval when impacts of proposed subdivisions are not mitigated. 12.2.4 Effect on the Natural Environment Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Fall leaf collection is a City service The natural environment is defined as the physical conditions which exist within a given area, including land, water, mineral, flora, fauna, noise, light, and objects of historic or aesthetic significance. Evaluation and decision: This definition shall be applied during subdivision review subject to the following presumptions. 1) The natural environment is fundamentally linked with our economic development as an attraction to new and expanding businesses, a tourist destination, and a basic component of Bozeman's character. 2) The natural environment should be conserved and development should respect significant natural features and systems, including road locations, storm water treatment and discharges, potential contamination of ground or surface water, and others that may be identified through subdivision, zoning, data inventories, and other implementation tools. Necessary mitigation of development impacts should be required. 12.2.5 Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat Wildlife is defined as animals that are neither human, domesticated, nor feral descendants of commonly domesticated animals; and wildlife habitat is defined as the place or type of habitat where wildlife naturally lives. Evaluation and decision: This definition shall be applied during subdivision review subject to the following presumptions. 1) With the exception of watercourse corridors and wetlands, lands within the designated urban area, all lands shown on Figure 6-2 except limited residential and suburban residential, are currently typically utilized for purposes which reduce their value as wildlife habitat, and development will have a minor impact. 2) The habitat needs of larger and/ or predatory wildlife species such as deer, moose, bears, coyotes, or similar species will generally not be met within urban density development and therefore are unlikely to be found to be desirable within the city. 3) Smaller species, especially birds, are compatible within urban density development and should be preserved, including the encouragement of backyard habitats. Page 12-4 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Subdivision Review 4) Wetlands, stream corridors, and similar high value habitats should be preserved as much as possible and may provide a variety of recreational and safety values such as flood control as well as habitat. 12.2.6 Public Health and Safety Public health and safety is defined as a condition of optimal well-being, free from danger or injury, for a community at large, not merely for an individual or small group of persons. Evaluation and decision: This definition shall be applied during subdivision review subject to the following presumptions: 1) Health is a comprehensive subject, and threats to health include chronic as well as acute hazards. 2) The creation of hazards to public health and safety are not acceptable, and appropriate mitigation must be provided. 3) Some level of risk is present in all locations and times despite efforts to prevent harm. Individual developments are not solely responsible for the correction of risks which are common to all, but should equitably participate in common solutions. However, the presence of common risks, such as, but not limited to, a failed or unsafe intersection of streets, may preclude approval of a development until the hazard has been removed or corrected. 4) The developer of a subdivision may not accept hazards to public health and safety on behalf of future residents or owners of a subdivision by declaring that necessary infrastructure improvements or other actions are unnecessary. 12.3 PUBLIC HEARING PROCEDURES A fundamental component of the subdivision review process is the opportunity for members of the public and interested groups to offer comments on the proposal. This opportunity is formally provided by the public hearing process where persons for, against, or merely seeking information about the proposal may speak to appointed or elected officials who must approve or deny the project. The required public hearing on a subdivision proposal may be held before either the Planning Board or the City Commission. The individual body to hold the public hearing is set by ordinance. In the event that the Planning Board does not hold the public hearing, they will hold a public meeting to review the project and offer a recommendation to the City Commission regarding the proposed subdivision's compliance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Regardless of which body holds the hearing, a similar procedure is required. Generally, the format for a subdivision public hearing Subdivision review public hearing before the Planning Board is as follows: 1) The public hearing is advertised as required by state law and the City of Bozeman Subdivision Regulations. Page 12-5 Subdivision Review Bozeman 2020 Community Plan 2) The public hearing is conducted at the time and place advertised. 3) The project is announced by the Mayor or the President of the Board. 4) The Office of Planning and Community Development gives the report of the Development Review Committee, including an analysis of compliance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, regulatory standards, and a recommendation of approval, denial, or approval with conditions. 5) After the staff report, the Applicant and applicant's representative(s) make a presentation. 6) The Commission or Planning Board ask questions of the staff or applicant after presentations are concluded. 7) The public hearing is opened with persons able to speak for, against, or to seek additional information about the project from applicant or staff. If many persons are present or multiple projects are to be reviewed, a time limit may be established for each speaker. The public is encouraged to provide a factual basis for their support or opposition to a subdivision. 8) When all persons have had opportunity to speak, the public hearing is closed and the Commission or Planning Board members then discusses the project together. 9) The Commission or Planning Board evaluates the application materials, the staff report, public testimony, and the requirements of subdivision law and regulations. The Commission or Planning Board may inquire of staff, applicants, or the public for clarification or additional information in order to complete their evaluation. 10) A majority vote of a defined quorum is typically adequate to render a decision. 11) If the Planning Board has conducted the public hearing, it forwards a recommendation to the City Commission, who makes its decision based on the public record established during the public hearing. 12) If the City Commission has conducted the public hearing, it makes its decision on the record established during the public hearing. 13) When the City Commission has rendered its decision, the Commission causes findings of fact to be prepared to establish the official record and decision. 14) An approval or denial of a subdivision may be appealed to District Court after a final decision has been rendered. Appeals are subject to the requirements of state law. Page 12-6 .... ~~~ .. •;11tllHlil1• 2 0 + 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together CHAPTER 13 Implementation and Policies Bozeman 2020 Conununity Plan 13.0 IMPLEMENTATION OVERVIEW Implementation and Policies CHAPTER 13 Implementation and Policies A growth policy contains a vision for a desired community. Like all visions, someone must undertake actions to implement the vision if change is to be realized. Private individuals in the advancement of their own interests will initiate many of the required actions. The construction of new homes and busi- nesses and the upkeep and reinvestment in existing areas of the community will actually carry out many of the elements of the community vision on the ground. The City of Bozeman will also undertake a variety of actions that will advance the purposes and goals of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. The City has a variety of tools available that can help influence the future of the City and guide public and private actions. The full realization of the vision of this plan will only be achieved through years of diligent work by public/private partnerships. 13.1 IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS Capital Improvements Planning The City periodically prepares facility plans for streets, sewer, and water services. These plans involve conducting inventories of the existing services and hardware and evaluating expected future needs. As part of this process, areas for future service are identified and routes for the extension of services are depicted. This ratio- nal evaluation of current and future needs sup- ports the careful and fiscally responsible pro- vision of services. Knowledge of future ser- vice needs and abilities also integrates with the growth policy by helping to identify desired growth areas. Capital Construction and Financing Tools Capital improvements planning includes projects like waler main replacement State law provides certain tools for cities to use in providing sewer, water, and street services to their citizens. Taxing ability, special improvement districts, reimbursements for excess capacity installed by private efforts, and other options are available to either directly fund the installation or repair of facili- ties, or to support private development actions. The use of these tools to place infrastructure directly affects the ability to develop specific parcels of land. By carefully matching the use of these tools to desired growth areas, the City can help to guide growth into locations that are beneficial to the City as a whole and support desired land use patterns. The Capital Facilities Priority Area described in Chapter 6 Page 13-1 Implementation and Policies Bozeman 2020 Community Plan provides the means to coordinate capital construction and land use policy. The use of this, and other infrastructure installation tools, may significantly increase the value of private land by expenditure of public funds. Subdivision Subdivision is the division of land into legally defined and transfer;ible parcels. State law requires that all counties and cities have subdivision regulations. The purpose of these regulations is to ensure the protection of adjoining landowners; ensure the adequate provision of services for the protection of future land purchasers; provide for a review of the effects of the action on agriculture, local services, wildlife, and other issues defined by state law and local regulation; and provide a defined and predictable review process for the person who is seeking approval for a subdivision. Part of subdivision review is an evaluation of the proposed subdivision's compliance with an adopted growth policy. Only those subdi- visions which are in compliance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan should be approved. Subdivi- sion helps to establish the future land use to occur on given parcels, provides for the dedication of public rights-of-way, provides for the dedication of parks, and establishes land use patterns. As a result of these actions, subdivision activities may advance or impede the goals of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, including adequate provision of water and sewer services, dedication of parkland, housing variety, and the location and width of streets. After adoption of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, the subdivi- sion regulations must be reviewed and revised as necessary to ensure that they are in conformance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Zoning Zoning divides the area of the City into areas where similar uses are conducted. Zoning regulations cover a wide variety of issues from historic preservation to flood control. The purposes of zoning in- clude, among other things, the provision of adequate light and air, security from fire, protection from natural hazards, and the protection of property values. Zon- ing addresses a fine level of detail with the establishment of standards for a vari- Zoning can influence the character of buildings ety of issues related to the use of land. Zoning has a strong influence on the char- acter of buildings and land uses within a community. Zoning may advance the aims of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan as it relates to community character, protection of environmentally sensitive lands, and a center-based community pattern. The City of Bozeman utilizes the zoning process to evaluate individual developments. The zoning regulations will need to be reviewed and revised after completion of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan to ensure that zoning is in compliance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and to establish appropriate densities, identify mitigation requirements, ensure adequate provision of site development components such as parking, protect property values through historic preservation and other qualitative elements, ensure public participation in zoning deci- sions, and so forth. Page13-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Implementation and Policies Building and Fire Codes These construction codes provide direction and guidance for the renovation, fire protection, and con- struction of buildings. They ensure that adequate means of escape from fire are provided, that founda- tions and walls are adequate to support the loads they carry, and that electrical and plumbing systems will function properly. They are safety tools for the owners and users of buildings. They will advance the purposes of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan by helping to preserve the public health and safety in work, home, and recreational facilities. Budgeting The annual budget process is the means by which the City of Bozeman allocates limited financial, time, and other resources in the pursuit of daily operations. By selecting those areas receiving greatest atten- tion and support the City Commission helps to influence the desirability of the community and areas within the community. This tool can advance the purposes of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan by providing adequate resources for the upkeep of public facilities, staff research of implementation tools, direct services to the public, and other activities. Economic Development The City has a variety of means to encourage the development of the local economy. Community Devel- opment Block Grants, tax abatement, the Gallatin Development Corporation, a public-private venture, the Economic Development Revolving Loan Fund, and the Housing Revolving Loan Fund are all re- sources the City may utilize to directly encourage the development of new and existing businesses and housing. By its choice of recipients for these activities and programs, the City may encourage the cre- ation and retention of jobs in a manner that furthers the goals of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. The utilization of other tools such as capital facilities planning and installation can also influence the development of the economy by providing the necessary urban services and land use pattern to support cost efficient development. Data Inventory and Information Management As part of its various responsibilities, the City of Bozeman gathers large amounts of information on a wide variety of topics. This information is stored in different departments and in different types of records. In order to craft implementation policies, prepare ordinances, and provide efficient and ad- equate public services, the gathered information must be utilized. Many private parties also utilize City information in the pursuit of development or other activities. One of the greatest challenges the City faces is ensuring that the most correct and up-to-date information is used as the basis for decision making. The City has recently begun the development, in cooperation with Gallatin County, of a geo- graphic information system. This computer system allows the connection of text, pictures, and other forms of information to maps. The system also enables rapid analysis of previously collected informa- tion. The further development of this system will enable reductions in redundant data collection, enable more efficient analysis of existing situations and problems, and aid in factually based decision making. There are many persons or organizations that may be interested in certain basic information such as flood -plain locations, wetlands, water and sewer mains, etc. In order to maximize benefits for resources ex- pended, the City should work with other public and private parties in gathering information on Bozeman and its surrounding areas. Such cooperative efforts could include the preparation of subarea plans, for- mal intergovernmental agreements, and other means. Page 13-3 Implementation and Policies Bozeman 2020 Community Plan The City is also developing a greater electronic resource sharing capability through its web site. It is expected that City ordinances, official maps, and other commonly used public information may be con- veniently and inexpensively accessed through this means in the future. Both of these activities advance the goals of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan by supporting public education regarding community priorities and public participation in review and crafting of ordinances and policies. Intergovernmental Cooperation The City of Bozeman interacts with many other government entities in its daily operations. Gallatin County, School District Number 7, and Montana State University have an influence on activities and land uses within Bozeman. The City also shares many similar issues and concerns with these and other governmental bodies. Many problems, such as protection of wildlife and open spaces and pro- vision of adequate transportation services, can- not be adequately addressed if only one party is trying to solve problems. As discussed in Chapter 1, Dealing with Change, the City of Bozeman wishes to cooperate with other entities to find so- lutions to common problems. Through coopera- The City and County can work together to protect agricultural landr tion the City and others can advance the goals of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan by addressing large-scale issues in a cohesive and effective manner. Cost-Benefit Analysis A cost-benefit analysis can be a helpful tool in evaluating the desirability of certain aspects of continuing with a proposed course of action. The analysis can be conducted in many ways and at many levels. The state conducts a limited analysis with the preparation of fiscal notes on proposed legislation. Such notes typically only evaluate the impact of the proposed legislation on state finances. The City could poten- tially benefit from a similar approach to determine if the expected benefits are great enough to offset the required investment of public resources. A requirement for cost-benefit analysis on impacts that are not internal to the City government, although intellectually appealing, poses a number of difficulties. The principal problem is quantifying elements that are both in the future and vary significantly from place to place. There are so many factors involved that it would be practically impossible to eliminate those not under consideration. In addition, may activities undertaken by government are related to non-monetary items, such as justice and equal protec- tion of the law. Any formal and consistent application of cost-benefit analysis would require clearly defined methods, purposes, and understanding of its limitations. Prior to the commencement of a cost-benefit analysis program, a careful evaluation of its usefulness in specific types of decision-making processes should be conducted. Page13-4 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Implementation and Policies 13.2 IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES The goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan cover a wide range of issues. Often an implementation policy taken to advance one goal may also apply to others. In order to facilitate compari- son and review of the policies, all of the implementation policies have been gathered into this chapter. They are organized by number and not by topic. In each chapter of the plan where goals and objectives have been prepared, the implementation policies which will carry out those goals and objectives have been identified and are listed and referenced by the numbers shown below. If a discrepancy is discovered between the text of an implementation policy listed in this chapter and the text of an implementation policy listed in another chapter, the text of this chapter shall be considered to be correct and take precedence. 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected . 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified develop- ment impacts. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and subarea plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. 9) Continue to support and participate in existing cooperative intergovernmental groups such as the Transportation Coordinating Committee, Gallatin City-County Board of Health, and the Gallatin Valley Roundtable. 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. 11) Provide assistance to other communities by sharing materials, knowledge, and training opportunities with elected officials and community volunteers. 12) Establish a regional planning coordinating committee based on the model of the Trans- portation Coordinating Committee to address planning issues with regional impacts. Page 13-5 Implementation and Policies Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page13-6 13) Continue cooperation and coordination with the Gallatin County Planning Board to sup- port policies and programs that encourage development within municipalities and establish clearly defined urban growth areas. 14) Pursue state legislative changes as needed to advance the goals, objectives, and commu- nity vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 15) Cooperate with School District Number 7 on the siting and redevelopment of neighbor- hood-based schools that will support and integrate with the land use pattern of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 16) Research incentives and regulations and publicize existing incentives, in accordance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, that encourage development within the City of Bozeman. 17) Revise existing development design review programs to include objective review criteria. Any new design review programs, for residential and/ or commercial development, should also include objective review criteria. 18) Review and evaluate development procedures and requirements and make changes, as needed, to improve predictability, clarity, timeliness, effectiveness, and simplicity, while en- suring adequate review of community and environmental impacts. 19) The annexation policy of the City shall if necessary be revised to seek to regularize City boundaries, eliminate existing gaps in the City's jurisdiction, annex all areas adjacent to the City which are developed at a density greater than one dwelling unit per acre, and address other issues as identified in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 20) Implement and maintain a land inventory system to track the size and development of the City. 21) Provide to the City Commission a semiannual report summarizing all development activ- ity in the previous six months. The report shall include annexation, subdivision, and land development activity and an inventory of available land for development in each land use category. 22) If the annual growth rate of the City either increases or decreases by 50 percent or more in a single year, if the City increases in population or area by more that 15 percent during the period between otherwise scheduled reviews; or if the inventory of land uses within the City shows one land use exceeding the national averages for cities of comparable size by more than 30 percent, then the Planning Board shall initiate a review of the growth policy to ensure that the goals, objectives, and text of the plan adequately reflect that status and the needs of the community. Should the review indicate the need for changes to the plan to respond to altered circumstances, the changes shall be initiated promptly. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. 25) Update the Entryway Corridor Overlay plan to ensure adequate and appropriate review standards that are consistent with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 26) Continue to support the annual Beautification and Historic Preservation awards and the public recognition and community pride it encourages. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Implementation and Policies 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelop- ment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 29) Use the GIS based land use inventory to identify infill opportunities and share this infor- mation with developers. 30) Identify and map important viewsheds and ridgelines, and actively work to protect and enhance them. 31) Require adequate public safety lighting while respecting the community desire for a dark sky. Amend the zoning and subdivision ordinances as needed. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 33) Educate the community regarding the use of street improvement lighting districts for providing public lighting and that the City shall support and facilitate their usage. 34) As described in Chapter 9, prepare and adopt a new comprehensive plan for parks, recre- ation, open space, and trails for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 36) Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines to encourage functional, human scale, and attractive development. 3 7) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conser- vation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, and related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 39) Develop and implement reliable and adequate funding mechanisms for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of urban parks, recreation trails, and public open spaces, including, but not limited to, a park maintenance district, general funds, and parkland dedica- tions. 40) Work with the Montana Department of Transportation and Gallatin County to develop coordinated public right-of-way landscaping guidelines, including desired tree and grass spe- cies and maintenance. 41) Require the installation of street trees in public rights-of-way in conjunction with devel- opment, including enforcement as necessary. 42) Continue, promote, and expand as needed the City's existing cost share tree planting program. 43) Maintain a tree inventory system and incorporate it into the City GIS system, including information on trimming, removal, planting, and tree health status. Page 13-7 Imp lementation and Policies Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page 13-8 44) Prepare and implement a comprehensive urban forest master plan addressing planting, maintenance, and replacement needs. 45) Conduct an affordable housing needs assessment at least every five years, and prepare and implement an affordable housing strategic plan. 46) Lobby the state to adopt building codes that are responsive to the unique circumstances of older buildings. 4 7) Ensure that the zoning ordinance provides for both minimum and maximum residential densities. 48) Sustain the Bozeman Arts Commission and support the Commission's preparation and implementation of a Bozeman Arts and Culture plan. The plan shall address funding, facili- ties, access, event scheduling, arts education and outreach, and expanding arts opportunities. 49) Promote Downtown as the cultural center of Bozeman through support of art in public places, including visual, literary, and performing arts on both public and private property. 50) Incorporate public art iri public projects including buildings, parks, recreational facilities, and public service facilities and encourage private development to include art in their projects. 51) Support and facilitate community arts and cultural events such as the Sweet Pea Festival, Christmas Stroll, Lunch on the Lawn, wllatin County Fair, and the Winter Fair. 52) In cooperation with other public and private entities, design a long-range plan to promote cultural tourism. 53) Work with the Gallatin Local Water Quality District, Gallatin County, and local water quality groups to organize, promote, fund, and hold an annual household hazardous waste disposal event and work to develop a permanent household hazardous waste disposal facil- ity. 54) Review and evaluate for effectiveness, and if necessary modify, each City program or policy at least every five years. Ensure public participation in the review process. 55) Prepare and implement a neighborhood plan for Downtown to evaluate issues such as parking, traffic circulation, economic development, the economic impacts commercial devel- opment located outside the commercial core has on Downtown, building rehabilitation, ex- pansion of the Downtown business district, increasing building height limits, rehabilitation of Bozeman Creek, and so forth. 56) Coordinate with landowners to assemble and site community parks, as defined herein, which are centrally located and easily accessible to increase and maximize recreational possi- bilities. 57) Revise local subdivision regulations to support off-site parkland dedication or other means of aggregating parkland. 58) Revise the zoning ordinance to encourage and facilitate the development of multi-use buildings and projects that combine residential and non-residential uses including live/work opportunities. 59) Ensure an adequate land base dedicated to the commercial functions of neighborhood commercial centers so that businesses reinforce each other, provide a wide range of services, and are easily accessible to neighborhood residents and workers. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Implementation and Policies 60) Establish public/private partnerships to complete hazard/risk analyses of historic sites and properties and neighborhoods to determine vulnerability and recommend and implement appropriate mitigation. 61) Maintain and enhance as needed relationships with the Gallatin Development Corpora- tion, Chamber of Commerce, and other groups to promote Bozeman as a good place to live and work and attract businesses that advance the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 63) Support those segments of Bozeman's economy related to agriculture by encouraging the development of local value-added processes. 64) Support the creation and continuation of local markets such as the Farmer's Market for local products. 65) Support the production of specialty and organic crops in close proximity to urban areas by allowing small-scale agriculture as a home-based business, expanding the Farmer's Mar- ket, and so forth. 66) The City shall balance the needs of existing and future development so that the cost of public facilities and services is assigned on a fair, proportionate, and equitable basis to the user that requires them. 67) As provided for in state law, seek to establish joint funding mechanisms so that non-City residents participate in the construction and support of City services and facilities that they use. 68) Help advance Montana State University's education and research missions and further the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan through internship and part- nership opportunities with the City and contracts for services such as the Community Design Center. 69) Develop and implement regularly scheduled town meetings hosted by the City Manager, City Commission, and senior staff to directly address citizen concerns. 70) Adopt and implement the transportation facility plan and its successors to support the community vision contained in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 71) Partner with governmental and non-governmental groups such as law enforcement, schools, MSU, Board of Health, Bicycle Advisory Board, and the Pedestrian and Traffic Safety Com- mittee, to establish an ongoing pedestrian and bicycle awareness and safety education pro- gram. 72) Revise the zoning map and code to reflect the center-based land use pattern described in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 73) Work with major employers and other significant trip generators to identify and imple- ment transportation demand management actions, including telecommuting, off-peak time shipping, ride sharing, and others. 7 4) Amend ordinances to require the dedication and development of non-motorized trans- portation facilities in conjunction with development. Page 13-9 Implementation and Policies Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page13-10 7 5) Prepare and adopt clear criteria to determine when pedestrian and bicycle facilities are primarily transportation improvements or recreational facilities. 7 6) Prepare and adopt design, construction, and maintenance standards for pedestrian and bicycle transportation improvements versus recreational facilities. 77) Provide for non-motorized transportation facility maintenance through the City's normal budgeting and programming for transportation system maintenance. 78) Continue the existing sidewalk and curb ramp installation, repair, and replacement pro- gram. 79) Provide opportunities for meaningful public outreach and involvement in the preparation of all Bozeman 2020 Community Plan implementation tools. 80) Establish public/private partnerships to protect and preserve open spaces or other sig- nificant properties to advance the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 81) Prepare a recreation facilities and programming plan, including the development of an indoor recreation center and an outdoor community pool. 82) Request an update of the National Flood Insurance Program maps every ten years by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. 83) Work with neighboring jurisdictions to create and connect trails and corridors. 84) Require adequate on-site storm water detention/retention and treatment in conjunction with development to reduce runoff, reduce flood peaks, prevent stream scouring, flooding, and water contamination. 85) Evaluate and implement innovative measures and programs to protect critical lands and other environmentally sensitive areas. 86) Update the City's stormwater control plan. 87) Establish appropriate setbacks to buffer watercourses and wetlands based on the size and/ or functionality of the watercourse or wetland. Ensure that an appropriate amount of the buffers are left in natural vegetation. 88) Develop City-sponsored trail maps and information, and provide signage for trail parking and trail facilities to encourage trail usage. 89) Protect and rehabilitate those watercourses and wetlands on City property and encourage similar actions for private property. 90) Prepare and adopt a grading ordinance to reduce erosion and sedimentation and to pro- tect air and water quality. 91) Prepare and implement a weed control plan, in concert with other governmental and non- governmental groups, which includes mapping, management strategies and techniques, and education. 92) Utilize best management practices in transportation system maintenance to facilitate non- motorized transportation, preserve air and water quality, extend facility service life, and pro- tect City resources. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Implementation and Policies 93) Prepare, adopt, and implement facility and strategic plans for all City services which shall evaluate current conditions, future needs, alternatives, and recommend a preferred course of action. 94) Work with Gallatin County, School District Number 7, and other entities to jointly fund, develop, and maintain parks and recreation facilities. 9 5) Continue the City's impact fee program as allowed by law and judicial rulings. 96) Implement the Capital Facilities Priority Area in support of a compact urban form and the land use pattern, goals, and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 97) Implement all existing and future facility and strategic plans to support, and in accor- dance with, the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 98) Investigate the feasibility of a Citywide curbside recycling service to reduce waste mate- rials being sent to the landfill. 99) Develop incentives to encourage the diversion of yard wastes and recyclable materials from the waste stream. 100) Investigate, and if feasible implement, the siting of City service satellites to provide neighborhood services from multiple departments to encourage efficiency, improve customer service, more equitably distribute services, and provide a civic presence in neighborhoods. 101) Pursue adequate emergency services personnel, facilities, and equipment to provide levels of service in compliance with local, state, and national standards. 102) Work with private utilities to place existing service lines underground. 103) The City shall support private and/ or public efforts to site and operate a homeless shelter in Bozeman. 104) Prepare and adopt an Urban Open Space Plan for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning area that includes, among other things, identification of possible open space areas and corridors, prioritization of protection and acquisition opportunities, and possible fund- ing and implementation tools. 105) The Critical Lands Study document shall be updated to reflect changes in jurisdiction, legislation, mapping and inventories, and natural resources in the Bozeman area. This update shall begin once the Local Water Quality District concludes its wetland grant projects. 106) The City shall prepare park and trail development and maintenance standards for inclu- sion in subdivision covenants to ensure that Homeowners and Landowners Associations doing their own park and trail development and maintenance do an adequate job. 107) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding and tax breaks, to encourage the creation of primary jobs and workforce training. 108) Provide public infrastructure for a partnership with Montana State University that incubates business-building on the success of the Montana Manufacturing Extension Cen- ter, TechRanch, and TechLink-transferring technologies developed at MSU to the private sector and creating high paying jobs. 109) Adopt and incorporate by reference into the 2020 Plan a Bozeman Economic and Business Development Master Plan with the goals of (1) Actively encouraging, promoting and facilitating the creation of new businesses within the Bozeman Area, recruiting nonresi- dent businesses to relocate to the City, and retaining and supporting the expansion of existing Page 13-11 Implementation and Policies Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page13-12 businesses; (2) actively encouraging, promoting, and facilitating a strong, mutually beneficial working relationship between the City of Bozeman and Montana State University, with an emphasis on capturing a larger share of the benefits of university research through local economic development; and (3) promoting and maintaining a positive business climate within the City. ( 4) Involving participants in this process who should include but not be limited to the Public Sector (City of Bozeman, Gallatin County, Bozeman Public Schools, Montana State University, and the State of Montana) and Private Sector (Gallatin Development Cor- poration, Bozeman Area Chamber of Commerce, Southwest Montana Building Industry As- sociation, and Downtown Bozeman Business Improvement District). 110) Where appropriate, utilize the Historic Mixed Use (HMU) zoning designation to protect the character of historically mixed use neighborhoods, and encourage the continued viability of these areas. Special emphasis shall be placed on historic preservation, adaptive reuse, and a balanced and broad range of uses consistent with the existing development pattern. ....-. .~ .... . •;t1JIIHlil1• 2 0 • 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together CHAPTER 14 Glossary of Terms Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Glossary of Terms CHAPTER 14 Glossary of Terms Adequate Public Facilities. The circumstance of having the necessary roads, sewer, water, and other public or private facilities which may be defined by ordinance, to enable the provision of services to development which comply with locally established level of service standards. Affordable Housing. Housing is considered affordable when a household pays no more than 30 percent of its adjusted monthly (after tax) income for housing and utilities. Usually used in reference to housing for low and moderate income persons, defined as those who earn less than 50% or 80% respectively, of the area's annual median income. Bozeman Planning Area. See Figure 2-1. Brownfields. Abandoned, idled, or underused industrial, commercial, or other facility where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination or other non-natural physical circumstance. Compatible Development. The use of land and the construction and use of structures which is in harmony with adjoining development, existing neighborhoods, and the goals and objectives of this plan. Elements of compatible development include, but are not limited to: variety of architectural design; rhythm; scale; intensity; materials; building siting; lot and building size; hours of operation; and integra- tion with existing community systems including water and sewer services, natural elements in the area, motorized and non-motorized transportation, and open spaces and parks. Compatible development does not require uniformity or monotony of architectural or site design. Compatible Land Use. A land use which may by virtue of the characteristics of its discernible outward effects, exist in harmony with an adjoining land use of differing character. Effects often measured to determine compatibility include, but are not limited to, noise, odor, light, and the presence of physical hazards such as combustible or explosive materials. Critical Lands. Those areas typified by the natural characteristics and functions described in the Criti- cal Lands Study. Density. The number of dwellings per net acre of land. Downtown. The area generally bounded by Broadway Avenue, Lamme Street, 5th Avenue, and Olive Street. An area of mixed uses, Downtown is generally characterized by historic architecture and is principally commercial in character. Downtown is an. important component in making Bozeman a unique and desirable place. Page14-1 Glossary of Terms Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Facility Plan. A formal plan prepared for a specific physical resource of the City which examines the resource's current state, future needs for the resource, and recommended means of meeting identified future needs. Examples of facility plans the City has caused to be prepared are the 1998 Wastewater Facility Plan and the Parks, Open Space, and Trails plan. Goal. A statement of general purpose or intent relating to a defined topic. A goal generally seeks an improvement in the status of some specified thing. An example is: Promote, encourage and enhance the built environment to create an aesthetically pleasing community. Growth. An increase in Bozeman's population and/ or area. The increase may be the result of natural population growth through births exceeding deaths, in-migration, or annexation. Growth rate. A measure over time of the increase or decrease in City population compared to the City's population at a specified date. Growth rates are usually expressed as a percentage and applied to time increments of one, five, or ten years. Historic Core. The area contained within the Neighborhood Conservation Overlay District as shown in Figure 4-1. The historic core is comprised of a variety of mutually supportive land uses including commercial, residential, public, and industrial activities. Historic Resources. Any district, site, building, structure, or object that is significant in American history, architecture, archeology, or culture. Historic resources have economic, educational, scientific, social, recreational, cultural, historic, and/ or practical value to living persons. Said properties have usually achieved significance prior to the last fifty years and possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association. Typically, significant heritage properties: a) are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of Montana's or the nation's history (e.g. the agricultural development of the Gallatin Valley); b) are associated with the lives of persons or groups of persons significant in our past (e.g. the Nelson Story family or Bozeman's early Chinese residents); c) embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction (e. g. local pattern book architecture), or that represent the work of a recognized master (e.g. architect Fred Willson), or that possess high artistic values (e.g. the T. Byron Story Mansion) , or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction (e.g. existing or potential local historic districts); or, d) have yielded or are likely to yield information important in prehistory or history (e.g. tipi rings or a buffalo kill site). The most significant heritage properties in the Bozeman area are those districts, sites, buildings, struc- tures, or objects listed on the National Register of Historic Places or determined to be eligible for listing on the National Register, the official list of the nation's heritage properties worthy of preservation because of national, state, or local significance. However, properties not eligible for National Register listing may also possess local value and should thus be considered worthy of preservation. Page14-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Glossary of Terms Human Scale. The proportional relationship of a particular building, structure, or streetscape element to the human form and function. Human scale does not prohibit multistory structures. Infill. The development or redevelopment of vacant, abandoned, or under utilized properties which are within developed areas of the City, and where water, sewer, streets, and fire protection have already been developed and are provided. Annexed areas located on the periphery of the City limits shall generally not be considered infill sites. Mitigate/Mitigation. Measures taken or required to avoid, minimize, compensate for, or offset the definable impacts of development on the environment, public facilities and services, or other issues of community concern defined by ordinance. Neighborhood. An area of Bozeman with characteristics that distinguish it from other areas and that may include distinct economic characteristics, housing types, schools, or boundaries defined by physical barriers, such as major highways and railroads or natural features, such as watercourses or ridges. A neighborhood is often characterized by residents sharing a common identity focused around a school, park, business center, or other feature. As a distinct and identifiable area, often with its own name, neighborhoods are recognized as fostering community spirit and a sense of place, factors recognized as important in community planning. Net acres. The area of land measured in acres, minus any dedications to the public, such as public or private streets and parks. Objective. A more specific statement than a goal which seeks to advance the intent of a goal. Objec- tives bridge the distance between goals which are general in nature and policies which call for a specified and distinct action to be accomplished. An example is: Support and encourage creative site development design. Open Space. Land and water areas retained for use as active or passive recreation areas, agriculture, or resource protection in an essentially undeveloped state. Open Space, active. Open space that may be improved and set aside, dedicated, designated, or re- served for recreational facilities such as swimming pools, play equipment for children, ball fields, court games, picnic tables, etc. Open Space, passive. Open space that is essentially unimproved and set aside, dedicated, designated, or reserved for public or private use, including agriculture or resource protection. Pedestrian Oriented Design. Development designed with an emphasis on pedestrian safety, conve- nience and accessibility that is equal to or greater than the emphasis given to automotive access and convenience. Planned Neighborhood Area. A specific area within the Bozeman Planning Area for which a Neigh- borhood Plan or Sub-Area Plan has been prepared which has established a neighborhood specific frame- work for development. Elements in a Neighborhood Plan will include, but are not limited to, land use, transportation, parks, focal points, and unique features of the area. A Neighborhood Plan or Sub Area Plan is required to be in compliance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Page14-3 Glossary of Terms Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Policy. A definite course or method of action selected from among alternatives and in light of given conditions to guide and determine present and future decisions. An example is: Create a park and tree maintenance district to preserve and enhance the aesthetic qualities of publicly owned lands. Primary Employment. Associated with business activities that provide services primarily outside the area via the sale of goods and services, but whose revenue is directed to the local area in the form of wages and payments to local suppliers. Sprawl. A pattern of development generally characterized by a combination of: 1) low population density, 2) forced reliance on individual automotive transportation, 3) distribution of land uses which require driving in order to satisfy basic needs, 4) development which leaves large undeveloped areas surrounded by development. Strategic Plan. A formal plan prepared for a specific service of the City which examines the current state of the service, future needs for the service, and recommended means of meeting identified future needs. Examples of strategic plans the City may cause to be prepared are Arts and Culture and Urban Forestry. Page14-4 APPENDICES ~~..,. . •11,.... r11nt,1ia ~ 2 0 • 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together Bozeman 2020 Community Plan AppendixA APPENDIX A Statement of Coordination and Cooperation Between the Gallatin County and Bozeman City Planning Boards The Gallatin County Planning Board and the Bozeman City Planning Board agree to coordinate and cooperate with each other on matters relating to growth policy within the area currently known as the Gallatin County /Bozeman Area Zoning District. The Gallatin County Planning Board shall ensure coordination and cooperation with the Bozeman City Planning Board on matters related to the growth policy by: Working collaboratively to develop coordinating policies that are beneficial to all county resi- dents. Providing city staff and board members with an opportunity to review and comment on all major developmentt (subdivision+) proposals and requests to amend the growth policy or zoning regu- lations within the Gallatin County /Bozeman Area Zoning District. The Bozeman City Planning Board shall ensure coordination and cooperation with the Gallatin County Planning Board on matters related to the growth policy by: Working collaboratively to develop coordinating policies that are beneficial to all county resi- dents. Providing county staff and board members with an opportunity to review and comment on all requests regarding annexation, changes to the city annexation policy, and on requests to amend the growth policy or the zoning ordinance in the city. Coordinating Policies 1. Land Use: A. Explore opportunities via SB 97 (Growth Policy) to enhance planning for the area abut- ting the Bozeman municipal boundaries. B. Support urban and suburban, non-agricultural development within the urban service area. Urban and suburban, non-agricultural development shall be on city services or central services appropriate for later connection to city services. C. Consider/ evaluate feasibility oft (Promote+) on-site services for planned rural develop- ment outside the urban service area to the extent consistent with policies that seek to discourage leapfrog development. D. Support agricultural/ open space land use. Page A-1 AppendixA Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Consider/ evaluate the feasibility of TD Rs and other collaborative programs. Protect significant natural amenities and critical lands. Provide appropriate buffers for riparian areas, ridgelines, parks, etc. 2. Transportation System: A. Develop a county-wide trails plan. B. Support the update of the Bozeman Area Transportation Plan so that land use policy drives the design of the transportation system. t Denotes langr,(lge adopted l!J, the City of Bozeman Planning Board - February 24, 2000 !Denotes la11g11agc adopted fty the Gallatin Counry Planning Board - March 14, 2000 PageA-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan AppendixB APPENDIXB Draft Intergovernmental Agreement INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENT RECOMMENDED DRAFT, 7-31-01 THIS AGREEMENT, entered into this by and between GALLATIN COUNTY, MONTANA, hereinafter referred to as the "County," and THE CITY OF BOZEMAN, MONTANA, a Municipal Corporation, hereinafter referred to as the "City." WITNESSETH: WHEREAS, continued growth in Bozeman and in the Bozeman area of Gallatin County pro- vides the opportunity for increased coordination between the City and the County, resulting in better management and control of the development in this area; and WHEREAS, the Interlocal Cooperation Act, as found in 7-11-101, et. seq., Montana Code An- notated permits local governmental units to make the most efficient use of their powers by enabling them to cooperate with other local governmental units on a basis of mutual advantage and thereby to provide services and facilities in a manner and pursuant to forms of governmental organization that will accord best with geographic, economic, population, and other factors influencing the needs and develop- ment of local communities; and WHEREAS, it is the purpose of Chapter 1, Title 76 of Montana Codes Annotated, Planning Boards, to encourage local units of government to improve the present health, safety, convenience, and welfare of their citizens and to plan for the future development of their communities to the end that highway systems be carefully planned; that new community centers grow only with adequate highway, utility, health, educational, and recreational facilities; that the needs of agriculture, industry, and busi- ness be recognized in future growth; that residential areas provide healthy surroundings for family life; and that the growth of the community be commensurate with and promotive of the efficient and eco- nomical use of public funds; and WHEREAS, subsection (g) of 76-1-601 Montana Codes Annotated requires an adopted growth policy to include: (g) A statement of how the governing bodies will coordinate and cooperate with other juris- dictions that explains: (i) If a governing body is a city or town, how the governing body will coordinate and cooperate with the county in which the city or town is located on matters related to the growth policy; Page B-1 AppendixB (ii) Section 1.0 Policies: Bozeman 2020 Community Plan If a governing body is a county, how the governing body will coordinate and cooperate with cities and towns located within the county's boundaries on mat- ters related to the growth policy; 1.1 That the City and County shall establish the Bozeman Urban Land Use Area (ULUA) surrounding the City of Bozeman and mutually agree that said area is appropriate for the location and development of urban land uses and urban residential densities in accordance with adopted growth policies. For the purposes of this agreement, development refers to any subdivision or site development with the exception of single-family homes on existing lots, accessory buildings on existing lots or agricultural buildings on existing lots. 1.2 That urban level development is permitted to take place outside of the ULUA only in areas designated for that use in the duly adopted and approved Gallatin County Growth Policy. 1.3 That within the ULUA, the County will approve only urban level developments as de- fined in the City and County growth policies, neighborhood plans or supplemental regulations, except for those areas otherwise specified in the adopted City and County growth policies and agreed to by the City and County. 1.4 That properties within the ULUA seeking to develop must annex to the City if the City determines that municipal water and sanitary sewer can be made available. The availability of municipal water and sewer shall be determined by the City's Director of Public Service, within twenty (20) working days of the receipt of a properly submitted annexation petition, on a case-by-case basis based on adopted water and sewer facility plans. If municipal water and sanitary sewer cannot be made available, the County shall impose City of Bozeman street, water, sewer, access, parking and landscaping standards and require waivers of right to protest to annexation and special improvement or mainte- nance districts as part of development approvals. The City shall participate in the review of the design and inspection of construction for all infrastructure to ensure compliance with City standards and to facilitate the eventual connection to City services. 1.5 That the Policy of the City is to consider the annexation of all properties within the unincorporated area of the ULUA as soon as said property becomes eligible (as defined by State law) for annexation and municipal water and sanitary sewer can be made available. Water and sanitary sewer can be made available to property designated as an urban land use classification on the City growth policy Land Use Map, and this property is consid- ered to have satisfied the requirements set forth in Section 1.4 and can proceed directly to the formal annexation process. 1.6 That the City agrees not to annex property outside the ULUA without first amending the ULUA boundary through the established amendment procedure. WHEREAS, in order to effectuate the policies agreed upon by the County and the City, it is appropriate that an Intergovernmental Agreement be entered into. PageB-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Appendix:B Section 2.0 Agreements: NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the covenants and obligations herein expressed, it is agreed by and between the parties hereto as follows: 2.1 Establishment of the ULUA: There is hereby established a ULUA surrounding the City of Bozeman. Gallatin County and the City of Bozeman shall amend their official Growth Policy Maps to reflect the ULUA boundary as set forth on Map One, attached hereto and by this reference incorporated herein. 2.2 Referral Policy: When subdivision proposals or publicly funded projects such as CTEP or CDBG are located with the ULUA, the County agrees to refer such development propos- als to the Bozeman Planning Board for review and comment. Such referrals shall be for- warded to the Board for recommendation at least twenty (20) working days prior to final action thereon by the County. The City agrees that after review of the development proposals by the Bozeman Plan- ning Board and the recommendation for approval, approval with conditions, or disap- proval is forwarded to the Gallatin County, that final authority regarding approval or disapproval of development proposals rests with the Board of County Commission- ers. The County acknowledges that riothing herein shall prevent the City of Bozeman from adopting and exercising control over its own utility extension plans and proce- dures. 2.3 Establishment of Growth Policy for the ULUA: The County and the City agree to follow the policies included in the Gallatin County Growth Policy, or any applicable neigh- borhood plan, for the ULUA. 2.4 Establishment of Supplemental Regulations for the ULUA: The County shall establish supplemental Subdivision and Zoning Regulations for the ULUA incorporating the policies and agreements contained herein. 2.5 Building Codes: To ensure that adequate urban level services can be provided to protect life, safety and welfare in the ULUA, the County shall take steps pursuant to 50-60 M.C.A. - Building Construction Standards to establish a building code enforcement program for the ULUA. 2.6 Development Within the ULUA: A. The County agrees not to approve any rezoning or development application, as defined in the supplemental regulations, for property which is eligible for annex- ation to the City and for which the City has determined that municipal water and sanitary sewer can be made available. If an annexation petition is filed and is suLsequently denied by formal action of the City Commission, the County may Page B-3 AppendixB Bozeman 2020 Community Plan accept a rezoning or development proposal on the property and, if appropriate, approve it in accordance with the developmental criteria contained in this agree- ment. B. Both parties reserve the right, under this agreement, to review and comment on development proposals which propose waiver requests to City of Bozeman street, water, sewer,· access, parking and landscaping standards or to requirements for waivers of right to protest to annexation and special improvement or mainte- nance districts otherwise required as part of development approvals within the ULUA. Either party shall extend to the other the opportunity to comment upon such waiver requests at least twenty (20) working days prior to final action on the proposal by relevant governing authority. Such waivers shall only be granted for good cause, and shall be supported by written findings of fact. C. The County and City agree that, except as modified by this agreement, all County regulations and procedures, including the authority to disapprove, approve, or approve with conditions, shall continue to apply to developments within the ULUA. D. The County and City agree to coordinate any technology applicable to the ULUA including GIS mapping and that an equitable cost-share of any ULUA specific updates will be developed between the City and the County. 2.7 Park Acquisition, Development and Maintenance: A. EsLablishmenl of a Park Fund for the ULUA. The County hereby establishes a park fund within the ULUA to be funded by any cash-in-lieu of parkland pay- ments accepted by the County in lieu of required parkland dedication within the ULUA. The City and County agree to use such fund for the acquisition and devel- opment of parks to benefit the area from which the fee is collected, either within the City or within the ULUA. The location, timing and development of parks within the ULUA shall be acceptable to and approved in writing by the City, and shall be consistent with any applicable elements of the adopted Gallatin County and City of Bozeman Growth Policies. B. Establishment of a City Parks Maintenance District. Due to significant usage of City parks and recreational facilities by non-City residents of the ULUA, all dwell- ings within the ULUA shall participate in a City parks maintenance district should the City elect to form such a district. 2.8 Development Outside of the Bozeman ULUA. Gallatin County agrees to use the Gallatin County Growth Policy as a guideline for development outside the ULUA. Subsequent revisions to said Growth Policy affecting the ULUA or property within one mile of the ULUA bound- ary, shall be forwarded to the City for recommendations at least twenty (20) working days prior to final action by the County Planning Board and/ or County Commission. PageB-4 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Appendix B 2. 9 Annexations. A . The City shall notify the County in writing about the receipt of any annexation petition, for land within the ULUA, within ten (10) working days of the receipt of said petition. B. The City agrees to consider the annexation of any parcel or parcels of land lo- cated in the ULUA. Every effort will be made by the City to take formal action on annexation proposals within sixty (60) working days of receipt of a complete annexation petition. C. The City agrees to consider for annexation any Annexation Petition for undevel- oped or developed parcel or parcels of land, which qualify for voluntary annex- ation pursuant to State law. The City also agrees to the annexation of all County road rights-of-way, easements, etc., adjacent to a voluntary annexation, provided that the right-of-way, easement, or other basis for roadway is eligible for annex- ation under Sections 7-2-42 through 7-2-47 MCA, and further, that the County requests such annexation. However, the City reserves the right not to annex such County roads and rights-of-way if such road is primarily used by County develop- ment. In the event the City shall determine not to annex such roads or rights-of- way, it shall provide a written explanation in the annexation impact reports pro- vided to the County outlining the City's reasons for determining not to annex such roads or rights-of-way. D. The City agrees to pursue involuntary annexation of any undeveloped parcel or parcels, or any undeveloped, partially developed, or developed subdivision, planned unit development, or any other development located within the ULUA, when State statutory requirements for involuntary annexations have been met and City development standards are met or funded by a special improvement or mainte- nance district or other funding mechanism. E. The County agrees that the City may annex outside the ULUA. When the annex- ation is for the purpose of accommodating uses that have a positive regional economic benefit, or any other such uses as mutually agreed to by the City and County, or if otherwise specifically agreed to by the County, the ULUA boundary amendment procedure may be waived. The City agrees that proposed annex- ations outside the ULUA will be sent by certified mail to the Board of County Commissioners for review and comment at least twenty (20) working days prior to scheduled public hearing. F. The City and County agree that the City is not obligated to annex any develop- ment approved by Gallatin County Commissioners, which does not conform to the supplemental regulations, unless a variance, waiver or modifications to such standards was granted by the Commissioners and the City Commission recom- mended approval of the variance, waiver or modification. Page B-5 AppendixB G. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan The City and County shall consider the establishment of annexation districts as allowed by State law. 2.10 Improvement to County Roads. The City agrees to apply appropriate off-site street im- provement requirements to any development within the City limits, which has an identifiable impact on the County road system. The City agrees to send the plans of said improvements to the Gallatin County Planning Department and Gallatin County Road Department for review and comment. If improvements are to be made to County roads outside of the City limits, such improvements must conform to the Transportation Plan as adopted by TCC. 2. 11 Amendments to the ULUA Boundary. The City and County agree that amendments to the ULUA boundary will be in accordance with adopted City and County growth policies and shall be considered an amendment to this agreement. The ULUA boundary shall be reviewed and updated as necessary and at least once every two years. 2.12 Enforcement. It is the intent of both the City and the County that this Agreement will be binding upon both the City and the County, and that either party hereto shall be permitted to specifically enforce any provision of this Agreement through arbitration or mediation. 2.13 Term. This Agreement shall remain in force and effect for a period of ten (10) years from the date of its execution. Thereafter, it shall be automatically renewed for successive six-year terms unless at least six (6) months prior to its scheduled expiration, either party should notify the other party of its decision that the Agreement not be renewed. Such notification shall be sent by certified letter, with a return receipt requested. In addition, the City and County agree to a biennial review of all elements of the ULUA Agreement and prepare a joint staff report to the respective legislative bodies. 2.14 Applicability. The provisions of Gallatin County Zoning Regulations and Subdivi- sions Regulations, which pertain to development within the ULUA, shall be in compli- ance with this agreement, provided that in no event shall the provisions of this Agreement take precedence over the Gallatin County Flood Plain Regulations. 2.15. Amendments. This Agreement may be amended at any time if both parties concur on the need for amendments and the proposed content of the amendments. 2.16 Termination. In the event either party makes unilateral changes to regulations or prac- tices that materially changes the intent of this agreement, then after giving the other party six (6) months notice of intent to terminate, the aggrieved party shall have the option of terminating this Agreement. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement this day and year first above written. PageB-6 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan AppendixB GALLATIN COUNTY, MONTANA By ___________ _ ATTEST: Clerk APPROVED AS TO FORM: County Attorney CITY OF BOZEMAN, MONTANA ATTEST: Clerk of the Commission APPROVED AS TO FORM: City Attorney Page B-7 AppendixB Bozeman 2020 Community Plan PageB-8 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan AppendixC APPENDIX C Public Participation/Education Program Overview I. Community Characteristic and Opinion Survey Description: A statistically valid mail-back survey of community characteristics and opinions was used in October of 1999. The survey was sent to a sample of approximately 1,200 households. The ad- dresses were randomly selected, via a computer program, from the City water and sewer bill records. Approximately 444 surveys were returned. The survey information was used to describe current condi- tions in Bozeman, and for projections, estimates, and trend analysis. The first page of the survey con- tained information regarding the Community Plan, the planning process, and who to contact for more information. The Planning Board gave away donated prizes, including two lift tickets to Bridger Bowl, a lunch for two at John Bozeman's Bistro, dinner for two at Mackenzie River Pizza, a 6-month family pass to the Swim Center, and a free use of the Lindley Center. Costs: Paper for survey - $93.44 Copying and folding survey - $240.00 Preparation of mailing list, labels and tabs - $120.00 Return postage account - $100.00 Outgoing postage (bulk rate) - $210.00 Return postage - $250.00 Total Costs=$1,013.00 Publicity: There were two articles in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle regarding the survey. The Board sent public service announcements to the local radio stations. The Board asked the Billings Gazette to include a News Brief in their Bozeman Section regarding the survey. Finally, the Board had interview spots on the local TV news on Channels 6/ 42 and 7. II. Community Logo Design Contest Description: The Planning Board sponsored a community-wide logo design contest in 1999. There was a $100.00 prize for the best logo. The Board did not receive any logos, and no prize was ever awarded. Costs: Paper - $14.00 Copying - $120.00 (1,000 copies at $0.12 a piece) Ad in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle - $117.26 Total Costs=$251.26 Page C-1 AppendixC Publicity: Ad in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle PSAs sent to local radio stations Flyers posted all over town Sent flyers home with kids through schools III. Kick-Off Events/ Open Houses Description: These events were held in 1999 as follows: Emily Dickinson School - November 15 Hawthorne School - November 16 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Morning Star School - November 17 Irving School - November 18 There were four goals for these events, including 1. Make people aware of the fact that the Community Plan is currently being prepared, and that there will be on-going opportunities for public participation, 2. Provide information about how the City uses its Community Plan, 3. Provide some information about different plan "elements" (such as housing, public services/ facilities, parks, etc.), and 4. Collect infor- mation regarding citizen issues, concerns, preferences and visions. Approximately 300 people attended the events. Attendees were asked to participate in a visual preferencing activity. Four $50 gift certificates, to the Gallatin Valley Mall, were awarded as prizes. Costs: Paper for flyers - $100.00 Copying for flyers - $960.00 (8,000 flyers at $0.12 a piece) Insert flyers in water bills - $75.00 (7,500 flyers at $0.01 a piece) Ads in Bozeman Daily Chronicle - $350.00 School rental fee - $126.50 Cooler rental - $24.00 Passports - $65.10 Slide film- $14.42 Serving trays - $30.00 Foam core display boards - $239.70 Miscellaneous supplies - $388.66 Miscellaneous copy services - $15.00 Photocopying for Bozeman Bucks - $50.00 Printing on color laser printer - $60.00 Prizes - $200.00 Copies of visual preferencing survey report - $266.70 Color maps on plotter - $15.00 ($1.00 per square foot) Total Costs=$2,980.08 Publicity: Two display ads in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle Editorial in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle PageC-2 Open hou.re at Irving School Elementary School Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Two articles in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle PSAs on the local radio stations Interview on Yellowstone Public Radio Interviews on TV news on Channels 6/42 and 7 Press release sent to the Billings Gazette for Bozeman Section Flyers mailed to everyone receiving a City water bill Flyers posted around town IV. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Brochures AppenclixC Description: Staff prepared two new "tip sheets" or brochures regarding the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan, and Growth Policies in general. Approximately 400 copies of both have been made to date. Costs: Paper - $12.00 Copying - $90.00 Total Costs=$102.00 Publicity: These brochures have been available at all Bozeman 2020 Community Plan events and presentations. They are also available at the Planning Department. V. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Speakers Bureau Description: Early in 2000, the Planning Board sent letters to 113 local clubs, groups and/ or organiza- tions. The Board extended an offer to these groups for a speakers bureau. In other words, the Planning Board would send a Board member and/ or a staff member to present information to any group regarding the Community Plan. The presentations were generally about 15 minutes, with questions and answers if the group desired. Several handouts were provided, including survey results, newsletters, business cards, and brochures. To date, the Board had attended approximate 30 speakers bureau engagements, including the following: Chamber of Commerce Board of Directors, Bozeman Parks and Recreation Advisory Board, Bozeman Beautification Board, Gallatin Association of Realtors, League of Women Voters, In- teragency Council, HI Case Management, and Gallatin area real estate appraisers and lenders. Costs: Letters - $7.00 Postage - $37.29 Copying of handouts Publicity: Letters sent to the groups Speakers bureau presentation Page C-3 AppendixC Bozeman 2020 Community Plan VI. Bozeman Area Planning News Newsletter Description: This newsletter provided updates on the planning process. It was prepared and distributed as needed. To date, four issues were distributed on the following dates November 1998, January 1999, March 1999, and February 2000. The newsletters were also available on the City's web site. Planning staff maintains a mailing list of approximately 300 people or groups. Beginning with the February 2000 issue, e-mail messages were sent to people with e-mail addresses to notify them that a new issue of the newsletter was available at the web site. This reduced printing and postage costs. Costs: Newsletter 1 - $78.75 (175 copies, printing and postage) Newsletter 2 - $90.00 (200 copies, printing and postage) Newsletter 3- $171.00 (300 copies, two pages, printing and postage) Newsletter 4 - $72.00 (160 copies, printing and postage) Postcard mailer regarding e-mail - $100.00 (printing and postage) Total Costs:::::$511.75 Publicity: The Board had sign-up sheets, to get on the newsletter mailing list, at several Bozeman 2020 Community Plan events. The newsletters are posted on the City's web site VII. Focus Group Session #1 Description: This event was held on Wednesday, February 9, 2000 at the Bozeman Senior High School from 7:00 to 9:30 pm. The purpose of the event was to gather more detailed information, from the public, about the following topics: transportation; land use; community character; economic develop- ment; public services and facilities; parks, trails, and open space; housing; natural resources; and historic preservation. Participants were asked to respond to the following questions: What are specific problems in Bozeman relating to the topic? What are some solutions to those problems? What aspects of the topic are working well in Bozeman? The Planning Board use the gathered information for the preparation of goals and objectives. The information was also used later for the development of implementation policies for the plan. Approxi- mately 65 people attended the focus group session. Costs: Office supplies and copying - $275.00 Invitation letters - $40.00 (printing and postage) Ads in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle - $350.00 Color maps on plotter - $50.00 Printing final report - $15.00 Total Costs:::::$730.00 Publicity: Invitations to people who signed up at the open houses PageC-4 Foms group session # 1 - economic development Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Two ads in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle PSAs to local radio stations VIII. BACC II Booth AppendixC Description: The Planning Board had a booth at the 2000 Bozeman Area Home, Garden and Local Services show at the Brick Breeden field house at MSU. Approximately, 5,000 people attended the show that year. At the booth, the Board featured the following: Map showing changes in the City limits over time (1890 to present) Map showing annexations to the City since 1988 Display of historic population and economic booms in Bozeman PA Bluprints software on two computers Survey and fun quiz with drawing for prizes (t-shirts and night at Lehrkind Mansion B&B) Handouts (brochures, survey results, newsletters, business cards) 2020 Community Plan bookmarks Census 2000 freebies Candy The booth was staffed at all times by staff or Planning Board members. Approximately 150 surveys were completed and tabulated. Costs: BACC II booth rental - $425.00 Ad in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle - $100.00 Bozeman 2020 t-shirts - $500.00 Bozeman 2020 bookmarks - $625.00 Bozeman 2020 banner - $90.00 PA Bluprints - $15.00 Copies - $45.00 (paper and printing) Table - $25.00 Candy - $10.00 Total Costs - $1,835.00* Bozeman 2020 Community Plan booth at BACC II *Approximately 50 t-shirts remained after BACC II to give away at other events. After BACC II, approxi- mately 2,200 bookmarks were left to giveaway at other events. Finally, the banner was used again at later events. Publicity: The Chamber of Commerce does most of the publicity work for BACC II, and they use a variety of media. The City placed a display ad in the BACC II insert in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle. IX. Land Use Alternative Charrette Description: This was a three-day event held on June 2, 3 and 4, 2000. On June 2, there was a public event commencing at 7:00 pm. A brief overview of the planning process was provided. People broke into smaller working groups to graphically address issues such as: parks, trails, and open space; natural Page C-5 AppendixC Bozeman 2020 Community Plan resources and critical lands; central business districts and the historic core; commercial and economic development; service centers; transportation; housing; and the University-City interface. The objective of these groups was to develop maps, diagrams, and drawings exploring various alternatives. A social mixer followed the Friday evening work session. On Saturday, the design team assembled the ideas, concepts, and alternatives that were gathered during Friday night's session. The design team prepared maps. Another public orientation was provided for people who were unable to attend the Friday night orientation. At 4:00 pm, the public was invited to an informal review of the work in progress. The option maps were commented on and critiqued by the design team, staff, and the public. On Sunday, the design team again worked on the maps. 'l'hey revised the drawings based on Saturday's informal comment and critique session. At 2:00 pm a wrap-up session was held. Public input was collected on the options and alternatives. Next steps in the planning process were discussed. Approxi- mately 80 members of the public attended over the course of three days. Cost: Office supplies - $290.00 Facility rental and food - $1,884.84 Ads in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle - $350.00 Color maps on plotter - $132.00 Copying services - $11.88 Slide preparation - $150.00 Small color maps - $18.00 Flyers for water bills - $348.83 Insert flyers in bills - $7 5 .UU Color posters - $75.00 Total Costs=$3,335.55 Publicity: Color posters displayed around town Two ads in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle PSAs to local radio stations Article in the Chronicle Local TV news Radio talk show Design vo/11nteers prepan·ng maps al the cham:tte Design team volunteers working 1vith members of the public Handing out flyers door-to-door in residential neighborhoods Handing out flyers door-to-door to downtown businesses (about 60) X. Mass Mailing of Preliminary Goals and Objectives Description: Once the preliminary goals and objectives were prepared, they were sent to everyone on the long-range planning mailing list (approximately 300 people/ groups) . They were also sent to an additional 50 people/ groups who were not on the mailing list. People were asked to provide comments on the goals and objectives. Page C-6 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Costs: Photocopies - $294.00 Postage - $115.50 Total Costs- $409.50 Xl. Visual Preferencing Activity at Schools/Senior Center AppendixC Description: The visual preferencing activity was conducted at various elementary school classes and at the senior center. In all, approximately 100 people participated in these sessions. There was no cost because the boards and other materials were already prepared. XII. Focus Group Session #2 Description: The second round of focus groups was held on September 25, 26 and 27, 2000 at the Professional Building. The topics were the same as the topics of the first focus group session. In all, 60 people participated in these sessions. The focus groups reviewed the preliminary goals and objectives. Bozeman 2020 t-shirts were given away as prizes. Invitations to participate in the focus groups were sent to everyone who participated in the first focus group session. Invites were also sent to people on the mailing list. Two ads ran in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle (Sunday and This Week) inviting the rest of the community to participate. Costs: Photocopies- $25.55 Postage-$120.45 Newspaper ads-$350.00 Carafe rentals-$58.00 Food-$88.96 Misc.-$6.77 Total Costs-$649.74 Publicity: Mailed invitations Ads in Chronicle Focus group session #2 - community character Notices posted at Professional Building XIII. Wrap Up Open Houses Focus group session #2 - transportation Description: A series of five open houses were held during January 2001. The first open house was held on January 17 from 7:00 to 9:00 pm at Irving School. The second open house was held on January 18 from 7:00 to 9:00 pm at Emily Dickinson School. The third open house was held on January 22 from 7:00 to 9:00 pm at Morning Star School. The fourth open house was held on January 23 from 7:00 to 9:00 pm at Hawthorne School. The fifth and final open house was held on January 26 from 9:00 am to 6:00 pm at the Gallatin Valley Mall. Approximately 150 people attended the school open houses. Page C-7 AppendixC Bozeman 2020 Community Plan These open houses featured the finalized goals and objectives, as well as community plan maps such as the future land use map, the current land use inventory, the parks and trails map, and maps from the transportation plan. The open house displays were organized into three major categories - public out- reach/planning process, community plan products and elements, and implementation techniques. Costs: B&W Photocopies- $750.00 Color Prints -$100.00 Newspaper ads-$350.00 Printing services -$120.00 Food-$38.59 Supplies -$180.00 Photographic supplies - $11.00 Total Costs-$1,549.59 Publicity: Flyers in water/ sewer bills Ads in Chronicle Notices posted at Professional Building PSAs Local TV news interview Flyers posted around town XIV. Draft Document Public Meeting Wrap up open house at Irving Elementary School Description: Two public question and answer sessions were held at the Bozeman Public Library to field questions the public might have regarding the draft plan. The first session was held from 12:00 to 2:00 pm on Tuesday, March 20, 2001 and the second session was held from 7:00 to 9:00 pm on Wednesday, March 21, 2001. Approximately 25 people attended the first session, and about 15 attended the second. Two planning staff members, representing the Bozeman Planning Board, provided a short overview of the plan and answered any questions. Costs: Plan summaries - $120.00 Advertising - $2,000.00 Postcards- $56.81 Posters - $20.00 Total Costs - $2,196.81 Publicity: Series of 9 1 /4 page advertisements in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle E-mail to people on mailing list Postcards send to people on the mailing list without e-mail Posters PageC-8 Bozeman 2020 Conununity Plan AppenclixC XV. Public Hearings Description: Two public hearings were held before the Planning Board on April 12 and 14, 2001 at the Bozeman Holiday Inn. A third public hearing was held before the Planning Board on May 17, 2001 at City Hall. The Planning Board used public comments and feedback to modify the plan as needed before forwarding the document on to the City Commission. The Bozeman City Commission held a public hearing on the plan on September 10, 2001 at City Hall. Costs: Advertising - $800.00 Postcards- $100.00 Posters - $20.00 Rentals - $45.00 Holiday Inn - $750.00 Displays - $50.00 Copies - $25.00 Total Costs - $1,790.00 Publicity: Sent e-mails to mailing list Hung posters around town Postcards send to people on the mailing list without e-mail Display ads in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle Public notice ads in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle April 12, 2001 Planning Board public hearing April 12, 2001 Planning Board public hearing Page C-9 AppendixC Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page C-10 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Implementation and Policies Building and Fire Codes These construction codes provide direction and guidance for the renovation, fire protection, and con- struction of buildings. They ensure that adequate means of escape from fire are provided, that founda- tions and walls are adequate to support the loads they carry, and that electrical and plumbing systems will function properly. They are safety tools for the owners and users of buildings. They will advance the purposes of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan by helping to preserve the public health and safety in work, home, and recreational facilities. Budgeting The annual budget process is the means by which the City of Bozeman allocates limited financial, time, and other resources in the pursuit of daily operations. By selecting those areas receiving greatest atten- tion and support the City Commission helps to influence the desirability of the community and areas within the community. This tool can advance the purposes of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan by providing adequate resources for the upkeep of public facilities, staff research of implementation tools, direct services to the public, and other activities. Economic Development The City has a variety of means to encourage the development of the local economy. Community Devel- opment Block Grants, tax abatement, the Gallatin Development Corporation, a public-private venture, the Economic Development Revolving Loan Fund, and the Housing Revolving Loan Fund are all re- sources the City may utilize to directly encourage the development of new and existing businesses and housing. By its choice of recipients for these activities and programs, the City may encourage the cre- ation and retention of jobs in a manner that furthers the goals of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. The utilization of other tools such as capital facilities planning and installation can also influence the development of the economy by providing the necessary urban services and land use pattern to support cost efficient development. Data Inventory and Information Management As part of its various responsibilities, the City of Bozeman gathers large amounts of information on a wide variety of topics. This information is stored in different departments and in different types of records. In order to craft implementation policies, prepare ordinances, and provide efficient and ad- equate public services, the gathered information must be utilized. Many private parties also utilize City information in the pursuit of development or other activities. One of the greatest challenges the City faces is ensuring that the most correct and up-to-date information is used as the basis for decision making. The City has recently begun the development, in cooperation with Gallatin County, of a geo- graphic information system. This computer system allows the connection of text, pictures, and other forms of information to maps. The system also enables rapid analysis of previously collected informa- tion. The further development of this system will enable reductions in redundant data collection, enable more efficient analysis of existing situations and problems, and aid in factually based decision making. There are many persons or organizations that may be interested in certain basic information such as flood -plain locations, wetlands, water and sewer mains, etc. In order to maximize benefits for resources ex- pended, the City should work with other public and private parties in gathering information on Bozeman and its surrounding areas. Such cooperative efforts could include the preparation of subarea plans, for- mal intergovernmental agreements, and other means. Page 13-3 Implementation and Policies Bozeman 2020 Community Plan The City is also developing a greater electronic resource sharing capability through its web site. It is expected that City ordinances, official maps, and other commonly used public information may be con- veniently and inexpensively accessed through this means in the future. Both of these activities advance the goals of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan by supporting public education regarding community priorities and public participation in review and crafting of ordinances and policies. Intergovernmental Cooperation The City of Bozeman interacts with many other government entities in its daily operations. Gallatin County, School District Number 7, and Montana State University have an influence on activities and land uses within Bozeman. The City also shares many similar issues and concerns with these and other governmental bodies. Many problems, such as protection of wildlife and open spaces and pro- vision of adequate transportation services, can- not be adequately addressed if only one party is trying to solve problems. As discussed in Chapter 1, Dealing with Change, the City of Bozeman wishes to cooperate with other entities to find so- lutions to common problems. Through coopera- The City and County can work together to protect agricultural landr tion the City and others can advance the goals of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan by addressing large-scale issues in a cohesive and effective manner. Cost-Benefit Analysis A cost-benefit analysis can be a helpful tool in evaluating the desirability of certain aspects of continuing with a proposed course of action. The analysis can be conducted in many ways and at many levels. The state conducts a limited analysis with the preparation of fiscal notes on proposed legislation. Such notes typically only evaluate the impact of the proposed legislation on state finances. The City could poten- tially benefit from a similar approach to determine if the expected benefits are great enough to offset the required investment of public resources. A requirement for cost-benefit analysis on impacts that are not internal to the City government, although intellectually appealing, poses a number of difficulties. The principal problem is quantifying elements that are both in the future and vary significantly from place to place. There are so many factors involved that it would be practically impossible to eliminate those not under consideration. In addition, may activities undertaken by government are related to non-monetary items, such as justice and equal protec- tion of the law. Any formal and consistent application of cost-benefit analysis would require clearly defined methods, purposes, and understanding of its limitations. Prior to the commencement of a cost-benefit analysis program, a careful evaluation of its usefulness in specific types of decision-making processes should be conducted. Page13-4 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Implementation and Policies 13.2 IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES The goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan cover a wide range of issues. Often an implementation policy taken to advance one goal may also apply to others. In order to facilitate compari- son and review of the policies, all of the implementation policies have been gathered into this chapter. They are organized by number and not by topic. In each chapter of the plan where goals and objectives have been prepared, the implementation policies which will carry out those goals and objectives have been identified and are listed and referenced by the numbers shown below. If a discrepancy is discovered between the text of an implementation policy listed in this chapter and the text of an implementation policy listed in another chapter, the text of this chapter shall be considered to be correct and take precedence. 1) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan is the guiding policy and decision-making tool for decisions made by elected, appointed, and administrative officials. 2) The Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall guide all capital facilities planning and con- struction, which shall further the community vision described in the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan. 3) Review, and revise as necessary, all municipal ordinances to comply with and advance the goals, objectives, and community vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, with zoning and subdivision amendments to be completed within one year of plan adoption. 4) Collect data and prepare maps and reports as part of regular City operations on items of identified community concern, such as crime, parks, wetlands, and viewsheds, to facilitate the equitable evaluation of community impacts of development. When possible seek coop- erative ventures with public and private parties to increase the usefulness of the data col- lected . 5) Ensure that municipal ordinances provide for adequate mitigation of identified develop- ment impacts. 6) Devise standards, procedures, and requirements for the preparation, review, and adop- tion of neighborhood and subarea plans. 7) Develop a reliable support program for the preparation and implementation of neighbor- hood and subarea plans, that requires some monetary or in-kind contribution from landown- ers within the area. 8) Establish strong working relationships between City officials and staff and representa- tives of other governmental or non-governmental service providers through regularly sched- uled meetings or other means. 9) Continue to support and participate in existing cooperative intergovernmental groups such as the Transportation Coordinating Committee, Gallatin City-County Board of Health, and the Gallatin Valley Roundtable. 10) Establish interlocal agreements to address areas of common concerns and issues. 11) Provide assistance to other communities by sharing materials, knowledge, and training opportunities with elected officials and community volunteers. 12) Establish a regional planning coordinating committee based on the model of the Trans- portation Coordinating Committee to address planning issues with regional impacts. Page 13-5 Implementation and Policies Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page13-6 13) Continue cooperation and coordination with the Gallatin County Planning Board to sup- port policies and programs that encourage development within municipalities and establish clearly defined urban growth areas. 14) Pursue state legislative changes as needed to advance the goals, objectives, and commu- nity vision of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 15) Cooperate with School District Number 7 on the siting and redevelopment of neighbor- hood-based schools that will support and integrate with the land use pattern of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 16) Research incentives and regulations and publicize existing incentives, in accordance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, that encourage development within the City of Bozeman. 17) Revise existing development design review programs to include objective review criteria. Any new design review programs, for residential and/ or commercial development, should also include objective review criteria. 18) Review and evaluate development procedures and requirements and make changes, as needed, to improve predictability, clarity, timeliness, effectiveness, and simplicity, while en- suring adequate review of community and environmental impacts. 19) The annexation policy of the City shall if necessary be revised to seek to regularize City boundaries, eliminate existing gaps in the City's jurisdiction, annex all areas adjacent to the City which are developed at a density greater than one dwelling unit per acre, and address other issues as identified in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 20) Implement and maintain a land inventory system to track the size and development of the City. 21) Provide to the City Commission a semiannual report summarizing all development activ- ity in the previous six months. The report shall include annexation, subdivision, and land development activity and an inventory of available land for development in each land use category. 22) If the annual growth rate of the City either increases or decreases by 50 percent or more in a single year, if the City increases in population or area by more that 15 percent during the period between otherwise scheduled reviews; or if the inventory of land uses within the City shows one land use exceeding the national averages for cities of comparable size by more than 30 percent, then the Planning Board shall initiate a review of the growth policy to ensure that the goals, objectives, and text of the plan adequately reflect that status and the needs of the community. Should the review indicate the need for changes to the plan to respond to altered circumstances, the changes shall be initiated promptly. 23) Continue to update and follow facility plans to ensure that orderly development can be supported by infrastructure facilities. 24) Invest public and private funds in all areas of the community to maintain a healthful, pleasant, and desirable atmosphere and prevent abandonment of areas of the community. 25) Update the Entryway Corridor Overlay plan to ensure adequate and appropriate review standards that are consistent with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 26) Continue to support the annual Beautification and Historic Preservation awards and the public recognition and community pride it encourages. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Implementation and Policies 27) Revise and amend ordinances to facilitate and encourage innovative and context sensi- tive community design, including, but not limited to, neotraditional and conservation subdi- vision design. 28) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding support and tax breaks, to encourage commercial and residential development or redevelop- ment of identified infill areas, including brownfields and the Historic Core. 29) Use the GIS based land use inventory to identify infill opportunities and share this infor- mation with developers. 30) Identify and map important viewsheds and ridgelines, and actively work to protect and enhance them. 31) Require adequate public safety lighting while respecting the community desire for a dark sky. Amend the zoning and subdivision ordinances as needed. 32) Require the preparation of subarea plans in newly developing areas as described in Sec- tion 6.1.3 and in accordance with the land use principles in Section 6.1.2. 33) Educate the community regarding the use of street improvement lighting districts for providing public lighting and that the City shall support and facilitate their usage. 34) As described in Chapter 9, prepare and adopt a new comprehensive plan for parks, recre- ation, open space, and trails for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Planning Area. 35) Actively provide community outreach to educate the public and collect input about City programs, services, and policies, including the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan and its imple- mentation tools. 36) Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines to encourage functional, human scale, and attractive development. 3 7) Continue and improve implementation of the existing successful Neighborhood Conser- vation Overlay and Historic Preservation Program. 38) Provide for pedestrian and bicycle networks, and related improvements such as bridges and crosswalks, to connect employment centers; public spaces and services, such as parks, schools, libraries; and other destinations. 39) Develop and implement reliable and adequate funding mechanisms for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of urban parks, recreation trails, and public open spaces, including, but not limited to, a park maintenance district, general funds, and parkland dedica- tions. 40) Work with the Montana Department of Transportation and Gallatin County to develop coordinated public right-of-way landscaping guidelines, including desired tree and grass spe- cies and maintenance. 41) Require the installation of street trees in public rights-of-way in conjunction with devel- opment, including enforcement as necessary. 42) Continue, promote, and expand as needed the City's existing cost share tree planting program. 43) Maintain a tree inventory system and incorporate it into the City GIS system, including information on trimming, removal, planting, and tree health status. Page 13-7 Imp lementation and Policies Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page 13-8 44) Prepare and implement a comprehensive urban forest master plan addressing planting, maintenance, and replacement needs. 45) Conduct an affordable housing needs assessment at least every five years, and prepare and implement an affordable housing strategic plan. 46) Lobby the state to adopt building codes that are responsive to the unique circumstances of older buildings. 4 7) Ensure that the zoning ordinance provides for both minimum and maximum residential densities. 48) Sustain the Bozeman Arts Commission and support the Commission's preparation and implementation of a Bozeman Arts and Culture plan. The plan shall address funding, facili- ties, access, event scheduling, arts education and outreach, and expanding arts opportunities. 49) Promote Downtown as the cultural center of Bozeman through support of art in public places, including visual, literary, and performing arts on both public and private property. 50) Incorporate public art iri public projects including buildings, parks, recreational facilities, and public service facilities and encourage private development to include art in their projects. 51) Support and facilitate community arts and cultural events such as the Sweet Pea Festival, Christmas Stroll, Lunch on the Lawn, wllatin County Fair, and the Winter Fair. 52) In cooperation with other public and private entities, design a long-range plan to promote cultural tourism. 53) Work with the Gallatin Local Water Quality District, Gallatin County, and local water quality groups to organize, promote, fund, and hold an annual household hazardous waste disposal event and work to develop a permanent household hazardous waste disposal facil- ity. 54) Review and evaluate for effectiveness, and if necessary modify, each City program or policy at least every five years. Ensure public participation in the review process. 55) Prepare and implement a neighborhood plan for Downtown to evaluate issues such as parking, traffic circulation, economic development, the economic impacts commercial devel- opment located outside the commercial core has on Downtown, building rehabilitation, ex- pansion of the Downtown business district, increasing building height limits, rehabilitation of Bozeman Creek, and so forth. 56) Coordinate with landowners to assemble and site community parks, as defined herein, which are centrally located and easily accessible to increase and maximize recreational possi- bilities. 57) Revise local subdivision regulations to support off-site parkland dedication or other means of aggregating parkland. 58) Revise the zoning ordinance to encourage and facilitate the development of multi-use buildings and projects that combine residential and non-residential uses including live/work opportunities. 59) Ensure an adequate land base dedicated to the commercial functions of neighborhood commercial centers so that businesses reinforce each other, provide a wide range of services, and are easily accessible to neighborhood residents and workers. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Implementation and Policies 60) Establish public/private partnerships to complete hazard/risk analyses of historic sites and properties and neighborhoods to determine vulnerability and recommend and implement appropriate mitigation. 61) Maintain and enhance as needed relationships with the Gallatin Development Corpora- tion, Chamber of Commerce, and other groups to promote Bozeman as a good place to live and work and attract businesses that advance the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 62) Hire a community grants coordinator to secure grants to help support economic develop- ment, infrastructure installation and maintenance, parks, historic preservation, affordable housing, community beautification, and so forth. 63) Support those segments of Bozeman's economy related to agriculture by encouraging the development of local value-added processes. 64) Support the creation and continuation of local markets such as the Farmer's Market for local products. 65) Support the production of specialty and organic crops in close proximity to urban areas by allowing small-scale agriculture as a home-based business, expanding the Farmer's Mar- ket, and so forth. 66) The City shall balance the needs of existing and future development so that the cost of public facilities and services is assigned on a fair, proportionate, and equitable basis to the user that requires them. 67) As provided for in state law, seek to establish joint funding mechanisms so that non-City residents participate in the construction and support of City services and facilities that they use. 68) Help advance Montana State University's education and research missions and further the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan through internship and part- nership opportunities with the City and contracts for services such as the Community Design Center. 69) Develop and implement regularly scheduled town meetings hosted by the City Manager, City Commission, and senior staff to directly address citizen concerns. 70) Adopt and implement the transportation facility plan and its successors to support the community vision contained in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 71) Partner with governmental and non-governmental groups such as law enforcement, schools, MSU, Board of Health, Bicycle Advisory Board, and the Pedestrian and Traffic Safety Com- mittee, to establish an ongoing pedestrian and bicycle awareness and safety education pro- gram. 72) Revise the zoning map and code to reflect the center-based land use pattern described in the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 73) Work with major employers and other significant trip generators to identify and imple- ment transportation demand management actions, including telecommuting, off-peak time shipping, ride sharing, and others. 7 4) Amend ordinances to require the dedication and development of non-motorized trans- portation facilities in conjunction with development. Page 13-9 Implementation and Policies Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page13-10 7 5) Prepare and adopt clear criteria to determine when pedestrian and bicycle facilities are primarily transportation improvements or recreational facilities. 7 6) Prepare and adopt design, construction, and maintenance standards for pedestrian and bicycle transportation improvements versus recreational facilities. 77) Provide for non-motorized transportation facility maintenance through the City's normal budgeting and programming for transportation system maintenance. 78) Continue the existing sidewalk and curb ramp installation, repair, and replacement pro- gram. 79) Provide opportunities for meaningful public outreach and involvement in the preparation of all Bozeman 2020 Community Plan implementation tools. 80) Establish public/private partnerships to protect and preserve open spaces or other sig- nificant properties to advance the goals and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 81) Prepare a recreation facilities and programming plan, including the development of an indoor recreation center and an outdoor community pool. 82) Request an update of the National Flood Insurance Program maps every ten years by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. 83) Work with neighboring jurisdictions to create and connect trails and corridors. 84) Require adequate on-site storm water detention/retention and treatment in conjunction with development to reduce runoff, reduce flood peaks, prevent stream scouring, flooding, and water contamination. 85) Evaluate and implement innovative measures and programs to protect critical lands and other environmentally sensitive areas. 86) Update the City's stormwater control plan. 87) Establish appropriate setbacks to buffer watercourses and wetlands based on the size and/ or functionality of the watercourse or wetland. Ensure that an appropriate amount of the buffers are left in natural vegetation. 88) Develop City-sponsored trail maps and information, and provide signage for trail parking and trail facilities to encourage trail usage. 89) Protect and rehabilitate those watercourses and wetlands on City property and encourage similar actions for private property. 90) Prepare and adopt a grading ordinance to reduce erosion and sedimentation and to pro- tect air and water quality. 91) Prepare and implement a weed control plan, in concert with other governmental and non- governmental groups, which includes mapping, management strategies and techniques, and education. 92) Utilize best management practices in transportation system maintenance to facilitate non- motorized transportation, preserve air and water quality, extend facility service life, and pro- tect City resources. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Implementation and Policies 93) Prepare, adopt, and implement facility and strategic plans for all City services which shall evaluate current conditions, future needs, alternatives, and recommend a preferred course of action. 94) Work with Gallatin County, School District Number 7, and other entities to jointly fund, develop, and maintain parks and recreation facilities. 9 5) Continue the City's impact fee program as allowed by law and judicial rulings. 96) Implement the Capital Facilities Priority Area in support of a compact urban form and the land use pattern, goals, and objectives of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 97) Implement all existing and future facility and strategic plans to support, and in accor- dance with, the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. 98) Investigate the feasibility of a Citywide curbside recycling service to reduce waste mate- rials being sent to the landfill. 99) Develop incentives to encourage the diversion of yard wastes and recyclable materials from the waste stream. 100) Investigate, and if feasible implement, the siting of City service satellites to provide neighborhood services from multiple departments to encourage efficiency, improve customer service, more equitably distribute services, and provide a civic presence in neighborhoods. 101) Pursue adequate emergency services personnel, facilities, and equipment to provide levels of service in compliance with local, state, and national standards. 102) Work with private utilities to place existing service lines underground. 103) The City shall support private and/ or public efforts to site and operate a homeless shelter in Bozeman. 104) Prepare and adopt an Urban Open Space Plan for the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan planning area that includes, among other things, identification of possible open space areas and corridors, prioritization of protection and acquisition opportunities, and possible fund- ing and implementation tools. 105) The Critical Lands Study document shall be updated to reflect changes in jurisdiction, legislation, mapping and inventories, and natural resources in the Bozeman area. This update shall begin once the Local Water Quality District concludes its wetland grant projects. 106) The City shall prepare park and trail development and maintenance standards for inclu- sion in subdivision covenants to ensure that Homeowners and Landowners Associations doing their own park and trail development and maintenance do an adequate job. 107) Use and publicize incentives, such as, but not limited to, public infrastructure funding and tax breaks, to encourage the creation of primary jobs and workforce training. 108) Provide public infrastructure for a partnership with Montana State University that incubates business-building on the success of the Montana Manufacturing Extension Cen- ter, TechRanch, and TechLink-transferring technologies developed at MSU to the private sector and creating high paying jobs. 109) Adopt and incorporate by reference into the 2020 Plan a Bozeman Economic and Business Development Master Plan with the goals of (1) Actively encouraging, promoting and facilitating the creation of new businesses within the Bozeman Area, recruiting nonresi- dent businesses to relocate to the City, and retaining and supporting the expansion of existing Page 13-11 Implementation and Policies Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page13-12 businesses; (2) actively encouraging, promoting, and facilitating a strong, mutually beneficial working relationship between the City of Bozeman and Montana State University, with an emphasis on capturing a larger share of the benefits of university research through local economic development; and (3) promoting and maintaining a positive business climate within the City. ( 4) Involving participants in this process who should include but not be limited to the Public Sector (City of Bozeman, Gallatin County, Bozeman Public Schools, Montana State University, and the State of Montana) and Private Sector (Gallatin Development Cor- poration, Bozeman Area Chamber of Commerce, Southwest Montana Building Industry As- sociation, and Downtown Bozeman Business Improvement District). 110) Where appropriate, utilize the Historic Mixed Use (HMU) zoning designation to protect the character of historically mixed use neighborhoods, and encourage the continued viability of these areas. Special emphasis shall be placed on historic preservation, adaptive reuse, and a balanced and broad range of uses consistent with the existing development pattern. ....-. .~ .... . •;t1JIIHlil1• 2 0 • 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together CHAPTER 14 Glossary of Terms Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Glossary of Terms CHAPTER 14 Glossary of Terms Adequate Public Facilities. The circumstance of having the necessary roads, sewer, water, and other public or private facilities which may be defined by ordinance, to enable the provision of services to development which comply with locally established level of service standards. Affordable Housing. Housing is considered affordable when a household pays no more than 30 percent of its adjusted monthly (after tax) income for housing and utilities. Usually used in reference to housing for low and moderate income persons, defined as those who earn less than 50% or 80% respectively, of the area's annual median income. Bozeman Planning Area. See Figure 2-1. Brownfields. Abandoned, idled, or underused industrial, commercial, or other facility where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination or other non-natural physical circumstance. Compatible Development. The use of land and the construction and use of structures which is in harmony with adjoining development, existing neighborhoods, and the goals and objectives of this plan. Elements of compatible development include, but are not limited to: variety of architectural design; rhythm; scale; intensity; materials; building siting; lot and building size; hours of operation; and integra- tion with existing community systems including water and sewer services, natural elements in the area, motorized and non-motorized transportation, and open spaces and parks. Compatible development does not require uniformity or monotony of architectural or site design. Compatible Land Use. A land use which may by virtue of the characteristics of its discernible outward effects, exist in harmony with an adjoining land use of differing character. Effects often measured to determine compatibility include, but are not limited to, noise, odor, light, and the presence of physical hazards such as combustible or explosive materials. Critical Lands. Those areas typified by the natural characteristics and functions described in the Criti- cal Lands Study. Density. The number of dwellings per net acre of land. Downtown. The area generally bounded by Broadway Avenue, Lamme Street, 5th Avenue, and Olive Street. An area of mixed uses, Downtown is generally characterized by historic architecture and is principally commercial in character. Downtown is an. important component in making Bozeman a unique and desirable place. Page14-1 Glossary of Terms Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Facility Plan. A formal plan prepared for a specific physical resource of the City which examines the resource's current state, future needs for the resource, and recommended means of meeting identified future needs. Examples of facility plans the City has caused to be prepared are the 1998 Wastewater Facility Plan and the Parks, Open Space, and Trails plan. Goal. A statement of general purpose or intent relating to a defined topic. A goal generally seeks an improvement in the status of some specified thing. An example is: Promote, encourage and enhance the built environment to create an aesthetically pleasing community. Growth. An increase in Bozeman's population and/ or area. The increase may be the result of natural population growth through births exceeding deaths, in-migration, or annexation. Growth rate. A measure over time of the increase or decrease in City population compared to the City's population at a specified date. Growth rates are usually expressed as a percentage and applied to time increments of one, five, or ten years. Historic Core. The area contained within the Neighborhood Conservation Overlay District as shown in Figure 4-1. The historic core is comprised of a variety of mutually supportive land uses including commercial, residential, public, and industrial activities. Historic Resources. Any district, site, building, structure, or object that is significant in American history, architecture, archeology, or culture. Historic resources have economic, educational, scientific, social, recreational, cultural, historic, and/ or practical value to living persons. Said properties have usually achieved significance prior to the last fifty years and possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association. Typically, significant heritage properties: a) are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of Montana's or the nation's history (e.g. the agricultural development of the Gallatin Valley); b) are associated with the lives of persons or groups of persons significant in our past (e.g. the Nelson Story family or Bozeman's early Chinese residents); c) embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction (e. g. local pattern book architecture), or that represent the work of a recognized master (e.g. architect Fred Willson), or that possess high artistic values (e.g. the T. Byron Story Mansion) , or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction (e.g. existing or potential local historic districts); or, d) have yielded or are likely to yield information important in prehistory or history (e.g. tipi rings or a buffalo kill site). The most significant heritage properties in the Bozeman area are those districts, sites, buildings, struc- tures, or objects listed on the National Register of Historic Places or determined to be eligible for listing on the National Register, the official list of the nation's heritage properties worthy of preservation because of national, state, or local significance. However, properties not eligible for National Register listing may also possess local value and should thus be considered worthy of preservation. Page14-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Glossary of Terms Human Scale. The proportional relationship of a particular building, structure, or streetscape element to the human form and function. Human scale does not prohibit multistory structures. Infill. The development or redevelopment of vacant, abandoned, or under utilized properties which are within developed areas of the City, and where water, sewer, streets, and fire protection have already been developed and are provided. Annexed areas located on the periphery of the City limits shall generally not be considered infill sites. Mitigate/Mitigation. Measures taken or required to avoid, minimize, compensate for, or offset the definable impacts of development on the environment, public facilities and services, or other issues of community concern defined by ordinance. Neighborhood. An area of Bozeman with characteristics that distinguish it from other areas and that may include distinct economic characteristics, housing types, schools, or boundaries defined by physical barriers, such as major highways and railroads or natural features, such as watercourses or ridges. A neighborhood is often characterized by residents sharing a common identity focused around a school, park, business center, or other feature. As a distinct and identifiable area, often with its own name, neighborhoods are recognized as fostering community spirit and a sense of place, factors recognized as important in community planning. Net acres. The area of land measured in acres, minus any dedications to the public, such as public or private streets and parks. Objective. A more specific statement than a goal which seeks to advance the intent of a goal. Objec- tives bridge the distance between goals which are general in nature and policies which call for a specified and distinct action to be accomplished. An example is: Support and encourage creative site development design. Open Space. Land and water areas retained for use as active or passive recreation areas, agriculture, or resource protection in an essentially undeveloped state. Open Space, active. Open space that may be improved and set aside, dedicated, designated, or re- served for recreational facilities such as swimming pools, play equipment for children, ball fields, court games, picnic tables, etc. Open Space, passive. Open space that is essentially unimproved and set aside, dedicated, designated, or reserved for public or private use, including agriculture or resource protection. Pedestrian Oriented Design. Development designed with an emphasis on pedestrian safety, conve- nience and accessibility that is equal to or greater than the emphasis given to automotive access and convenience. Planned Neighborhood Area. A specific area within the Bozeman Planning Area for which a Neigh- borhood Plan or Sub-Area Plan has been prepared which has established a neighborhood specific frame- work for development. Elements in a Neighborhood Plan will include, but are not limited to, land use, transportation, parks, focal points, and unique features of the area. A Neighborhood Plan or Sub Area Plan is required to be in compliance with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. Page14-3 Glossary of Terms Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Policy. A definite course or method of action selected from among alternatives and in light of given conditions to guide and determine present and future decisions. An example is: Create a park and tree maintenance district to preserve and enhance the aesthetic qualities of publicly owned lands. Primary Employment. Associated with business activities that provide services primarily outside the area via the sale of goods and services, but whose revenue is directed to the local area in the form of wages and payments to local suppliers. Sprawl. A pattern of development generally characterized by a combination of: 1) low population density, 2) forced reliance on individual automotive transportation, 3) distribution of land uses which require driving in order to satisfy basic needs, 4) development which leaves large undeveloped areas surrounded by development. Strategic Plan. A formal plan prepared for a specific service of the City which examines the current state of the service, future needs for the service, and recommended means of meeting identified future needs. Examples of strategic plans the City may cause to be prepared are Arts and Culture and Urban Forestry. Page14-4 APPENDICES ~~..,. . •11,.... r11nt,1ia ~ 2 0 • 2 0 Shaping Our Future Together Bozeman 2020 Community Plan AppendixA APPENDIX A Statement of Coordination and Cooperation Between the Gallatin County and Bozeman City Planning Boards The Gallatin County Planning Board and the Bozeman City Planning Board agree to coordinate and cooperate with each other on matters relating to growth policy within the area currently known as the Gallatin County /Bozeman Area Zoning District. The Gallatin County Planning Board shall ensure coordination and cooperation with the Bozeman City Planning Board on matters related to the growth policy by: Working collaboratively to develop coordinating policies that are beneficial to all county resi- dents. Providing city staff and board members with an opportunity to review and comment on all major developmentt (subdivision+) proposals and requests to amend the growth policy or zoning regu- lations within the Gallatin County /Bozeman Area Zoning District. The Bozeman City Planning Board shall ensure coordination and cooperation with the Gallatin County Planning Board on matters related to the growth policy by: Working collaboratively to develop coordinating policies that are beneficial to all county resi- dents. Providing county staff and board members with an opportunity to review and comment on all requests regarding annexation, changes to the city annexation policy, and on requests to amend the growth policy or the zoning ordinance in the city. Coordinating Policies 1. Land Use: A. Explore opportunities via SB 97 (Growth Policy) to enhance planning for the area abut- ting the Bozeman municipal boundaries. B. Support urban and suburban, non-agricultural development within the urban service area. Urban and suburban, non-agricultural development shall be on city services or central services appropriate for later connection to city services. C. Consider/ evaluate feasibility oft (Promote+) on-site services for planned rural develop- ment outside the urban service area to the extent consistent with policies that seek to discourage leapfrog development. D. Support agricultural/ open space land use. Page A-1 AppendixA Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Consider/ evaluate the feasibility of TD Rs and other collaborative programs. Protect significant natural amenities and critical lands. Provide appropriate buffers for riparian areas, ridgelines, parks, etc. 2. Transportation System: A. Develop a county-wide trails plan. B. Support the update of the Bozeman Area Transportation Plan so that land use policy drives the design of the transportation system. t Denotes langr,(lge adopted l!J, the City of Bozeman Planning Board - February 24, 2000 !Denotes la11g11agc adopted fty the Gallatin Counry Planning Board - March 14, 2000 PageA-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan AppendixB APPENDIXB Draft Intergovernmental Agreement INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENT RECOMMENDED DRAFT, 7-31-01 THIS AGREEMENT, entered into this by and between GALLATIN COUNTY, MONTANA, hereinafter referred to as the "County," and THE CITY OF BOZEMAN, MONTANA, a Municipal Corporation, hereinafter referred to as the "City." WITNESSETH: WHEREAS, continued growth in Bozeman and in the Bozeman area of Gallatin County pro- vides the opportunity for increased coordination between the City and the County, resulting in better management and control of the development in this area; and WHEREAS, the Interlocal Cooperation Act, as found in 7-11-101, et. seq., Montana Code An- notated permits local governmental units to make the most efficient use of their powers by enabling them to cooperate with other local governmental units on a basis of mutual advantage and thereby to provide services and facilities in a manner and pursuant to forms of governmental organization that will accord best with geographic, economic, population, and other factors influencing the needs and develop- ment of local communities; and WHEREAS, it is the purpose of Chapter 1, Title 76 of Montana Codes Annotated, Planning Boards, to encourage local units of government to improve the present health, safety, convenience, and welfare of their citizens and to plan for the future development of their communities to the end that highway systems be carefully planned; that new community centers grow only with adequate highway, utility, health, educational, and recreational facilities; that the needs of agriculture, industry, and busi- ness be recognized in future growth; that residential areas provide healthy surroundings for family life; and that the growth of the community be commensurate with and promotive of the efficient and eco- nomical use of public funds; and WHEREAS, subsection (g) of 76-1-601 Montana Codes Annotated requires an adopted growth policy to include: (g) A statement of how the governing bodies will coordinate and cooperate with other juris- dictions that explains: (i) If a governing body is a city or town, how the governing body will coordinate and cooperate with the county in which the city or town is located on matters related to the growth policy; Page B-1 AppendixB (ii) Section 1.0 Policies: Bozeman 2020 Community Plan If a governing body is a county, how the governing body will coordinate and cooperate with cities and towns located within the county's boundaries on mat- ters related to the growth policy; 1.1 That the City and County shall establish the Bozeman Urban Land Use Area (ULUA) surrounding the City of Bozeman and mutually agree that said area is appropriate for the location and development of urban land uses and urban residential densities in accordance with adopted growth policies. For the purposes of this agreement, development refers to any subdivision or site development with the exception of single-family homes on existing lots, accessory buildings on existing lots or agricultural buildings on existing lots. 1.2 That urban level development is permitted to take place outside of the ULUA only in areas designated for that use in the duly adopted and approved Gallatin County Growth Policy. 1.3 That within the ULUA, the County will approve only urban level developments as de- fined in the City and County growth policies, neighborhood plans or supplemental regulations, except for those areas otherwise specified in the adopted City and County growth policies and agreed to by the City and County. 1.4 That properties within the ULUA seeking to develop must annex to the City if the City determines that municipal water and sanitary sewer can be made available. The availability of municipal water and sewer shall be determined by the City's Director of Public Service, within twenty (20) working days of the receipt of a properly submitted annexation petition, on a case-by-case basis based on adopted water and sewer facility plans. If municipal water and sanitary sewer cannot be made available, the County shall impose City of Bozeman street, water, sewer, access, parking and landscaping standards and require waivers of right to protest to annexation and special improvement or mainte- nance districts as part of development approvals. The City shall participate in the review of the design and inspection of construction for all infrastructure to ensure compliance with City standards and to facilitate the eventual connection to City services. 1.5 That the Policy of the City is to consider the annexation of all properties within the unincorporated area of the ULUA as soon as said property becomes eligible (as defined by State law) for annexation and municipal water and sanitary sewer can be made available. Water and sanitary sewer can be made available to property designated as an urban land use classification on the City growth policy Land Use Map, and this property is consid- ered to have satisfied the requirements set forth in Section 1.4 and can proceed directly to the formal annexation process. 1.6 That the City agrees not to annex property outside the ULUA without first amending the ULUA boundary through the established amendment procedure. WHEREAS, in order to effectuate the policies agreed upon by the County and the City, it is appropriate that an Intergovernmental Agreement be entered into. PageB-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Appendix:B Section 2.0 Agreements: NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the covenants and obligations herein expressed, it is agreed by and between the parties hereto as follows: 2.1 Establishment of the ULUA: There is hereby established a ULUA surrounding the City of Bozeman. Gallatin County and the City of Bozeman shall amend their official Growth Policy Maps to reflect the ULUA boundary as set forth on Map One, attached hereto and by this reference incorporated herein. 2.2 Referral Policy: When subdivision proposals or publicly funded projects such as CTEP or CDBG are located with the ULUA, the County agrees to refer such development propos- als to the Bozeman Planning Board for review and comment. Such referrals shall be for- warded to the Board for recommendation at least twenty (20) working days prior to final action thereon by the County. The City agrees that after review of the development proposals by the Bozeman Plan- ning Board and the recommendation for approval, approval with conditions, or disap- proval is forwarded to the Gallatin County, that final authority regarding approval or disapproval of development proposals rests with the Board of County Commission- ers. The County acknowledges that riothing herein shall prevent the City of Bozeman from adopting and exercising control over its own utility extension plans and proce- dures. 2.3 Establishment of Growth Policy for the ULUA: The County and the City agree to follow the policies included in the Gallatin County Growth Policy, or any applicable neigh- borhood plan, for the ULUA. 2.4 Establishment of Supplemental Regulations for the ULUA: The County shall establish supplemental Subdivision and Zoning Regulations for the ULUA incorporating the policies and agreements contained herein. 2.5 Building Codes: To ensure that adequate urban level services can be provided to protect life, safety and welfare in the ULUA, the County shall take steps pursuant to 50-60 M.C.A. - Building Construction Standards to establish a building code enforcement program for the ULUA. 2.6 Development Within the ULUA: A. The County agrees not to approve any rezoning or development application, as defined in the supplemental regulations, for property which is eligible for annex- ation to the City and for which the City has determined that municipal water and sanitary sewer can be made available. If an annexation petition is filed and is suLsequently denied by formal action of the City Commission, the County may Page B-3 AppendixB Bozeman 2020 Community Plan accept a rezoning or development proposal on the property and, if appropriate, approve it in accordance with the developmental criteria contained in this agree- ment. B. Both parties reserve the right, under this agreement, to review and comment on development proposals which propose waiver requests to City of Bozeman street, water, sewer,· access, parking and landscaping standards or to requirements for waivers of right to protest to annexation and special improvement or mainte- nance districts otherwise required as part of development approvals within the ULUA. Either party shall extend to the other the opportunity to comment upon such waiver requests at least twenty (20) working days prior to final action on the proposal by relevant governing authority. Such waivers shall only be granted for good cause, and shall be supported by written findings of fact. C. The County and City agree that, except as modified by this agreement, all County regulations and procedures, including the authority to disapprove, approve, or approve with conditions, shall continue to apply to developments within the ULUA. D. The County and City agree to coordinate any technology applicable to the ULUA including GIS mapping and that an equitable cost-share of any ULUA specific updates will be developed between the City and the County. 2.7 Park Acquisition, Development and Maintenance: A. EsLablishmenl of a Park Fund for the ULUA. The County hereby establishes a park fund within the ULUA to be funded by any cash-in-lieu of parkland pay- ments accepted by the County in lieu of required parkland dedication within the ULUA. The City and County agree to use such fund for the acquisition and devel- opment of parks to benefit the area from which the fee is collected, either within the City or within the ULUA. The location, timing and development of parks within the ULUA shall be acceptable to and approved in writing by the City, and shall be consistent with any applicable elements of the adopted Gallatin County and City of Bozeman Growth Policies. B. Establishment of a City Parks Maintenance District. Due to significant usage of City parks and recreational facilities by non-City residents of the ULUA, all dwell- ings within the ULUA shall participate in a City parks maintenance district should the City elect to form such a district. 2.8 Development Outside of the Bozeman ULUA. Gallatin County agrees to use the Gallatin County Growth Policy as a guideline for development outside the ULUA. Subsequent revisions to said Growth Policy affecting the ULUA or property within one mile of the ULUA bound- ary, shall be forwarded to the City for recommendations at least twenty (20) working days prior to final action by the County Planning Board and/ or County Commission. PageB-4 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Appendix B 2. 9 Annexations. A . The City shall notify the County in writing about the receipt of any annexation petition, for land within the ULUA, within ten (10) working days of the receipt of said petition. B. The City agrees to consider the annexation of any parcel or parcels of land lo- cated in the ULUA. Every effort will be made by the City to take formal action on annexation proposals within sixty (60) working days of receipt of a complete annexation petition. C. The City agrees to consider for annexation any Annexation Petition for undevel- oped or developed parcel or parcels of land, which qualify for voluntary annex- ation pursuant to State law. The City also agrees to the annexation of all County road rights-of-way, easements, etc., adjacent to a voluntary annexation, provided that the right-of-way, easement, or other basis for roadway is eligible for annex- ation under Sections 7-2-42 through 7-2-47 MCA, and further, that the County requests such annexation. However, the City reserves the right not to annex such County roads and rights-of-way if such road is primarily used by County develop- ment. In the event the City shall determine not to annex such roads or rights-of- way, it shall provide a written explanation in the annexation impact reports pro- vided to the County outlining the City's reasons for determining not to annex such roads or rights-of-way. D. The City agrees to pursue involuntary annexation of any undeveloped parcel or parcels, or any undeveloped, partially developed, or developed subdivision, planned unit development, or any other development located within the ULUA, when State statutory requirements for involuntary annexations have been met and City development standards are met or funded by a special improvement or mainte- nance district or other funding mechanism. E. The County agrees that the City may annex outside the ULUA. When the annex- ation is for the purpose of accommodating uses that have a positive regional economic benefit, or any other such uses as mutually agreed to by the City and County, or if otherwise specifically agreed to by the County, the ULUA boundary amendment procedure may be waived. The City agrees that proposed annex- ations outside the ULUA will be sent by certified mail to the Board of County Commissioners for review and comment at least twenty (20) working days prior to scheduled public hearing. F. The City and County agree that the City is not obligated to annex any develop- ment approved by Gallatin County Commissioners, which does not conform to the supplemental regulations, unless a variance, waiver or modifications to such standards was granted by the Commissioners and the City Commission recom- mended approval of the variance, waiver or modification. Page B-5 AppendixB G. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan The City and County shall consider the establishment of annexation districts as allowed by State law. 2.10 Improvement to County Roads. The City agrees to apply appropriate off-site street im- provement requirements to any development within the City limits, which has an identifiable impact on the County road system. The City agrees to send the plans of said improvements to the Gallatin County Planning Department and Gallatin County Road Department for review and comment. If improvements are to be made to County roads outside of the City limits, such improvements must conform to the Transportation Plan as adopted by TCC. 2. 11 Amendments to the ULUA Boundary. The City and County agree that amendments to the ULUA boundary will be in accordance with adopted City and County growth policies and shall be considered an amendment to this agreement. The ULUA boundary shall be reviewed and updated as necessary and at least once every two years. 2.12 Enforcement. It is the intent of both the City and the County that this Agreement will be binding upon both the City and the County, and that either party hereto shall be permitted to specifically enforce any provision of this Agreement through arbitration or mediation. 2.13 Term. This Agreement shall remain in force and effect for a period of ten (10) years from the date of its execution. Thereafter, it shall be automatically renewed for successive six-year terms unless at least six (6) months prior to its scheduled expiration, either party should notify the other party of its decision that the Agreement not be renewed. Such notification shall be sent by certified letter, with a return receipt requested. In addition, the City and County agree to a biennial review of all elements of the ULUA Agreement and prepare a joint staff report to the respective legislative bodies. 2.14 Applicability. The provisions of Gallatin County Zoning Regulations and Subdivi- sions Regulations, which pertain to development within the ULUA, shall be in compli- ance with this agreement, provided that in no event shall the provisions of this Agreement take precedence over the Gallatin County Flood Plain Regulations. 2.15. Amendments. This Agreement may be amended at any time if both parties concur on the need for amendments and the proposed content of the amendments. 2.16 Termination. In the event either party makes unilateral changes to regulations or prac- tices that materially changes the intent of this agreement, then after giving the other party six (6) months notice of intent to terminate, the aggrieved party shall have the option of terminating this Agreement. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement this day and year first above written. PageB-6 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan AppendixB GALLATIN COUNTY, MONTANA By ___________ _ ATTEST: Clerk APPROVED AS TO FORM: County Attorney CITY OF BOZEMAN, MONTANA ATTEST: Clerk of the Commission APPROVED AS TO FORM: City Attorney Page B-7 AppendixB Bozeman 2020 Community Plan PageB-8 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan AppendixC APPENDIX C Public Participation/Education Program Overview I. Community Characteristic and Opinion Survey Description: A statistically valid mail-back survey of community characteristics and opinions was used in October of 1999. The survey was sent to a sample of approximately 1,200 households. The ad- dresses were randomly selected, via a computer program, from the City water and sewer bill records. Approximately 444 surveys were returned. The survey information was used to describe current condi- tions in Bozeman, and for projections, estimates, and trend analysis. The first page of the survey con- tained information regarding the Community Plan, the planning process, and who to contact for more information. The Planning Board gave away donated prizes, including two lift tickets to Bridger Bowl, a lunch for two at John Bozeman's Bistro, dinner for two at Mackenzie River Pizza, a 6-month family pass to the Swim Center, and a free use of the Lindley Center. Costs: Paper for survey - $93.44 Copying and folding survey - $240.00 Preparation of mailing list, labels and tabs - $120.00 Return postage account - $100.00 Outgoing postage (bulk rate) - $210.00 Return postage - $250.00 Total Costs=$1,013.00 Publicity: There were two articles in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle regarding the survey. The Board sent public service announcements to the local radio stations. The Board asked the Billings Gazette to include a News Brief in their Bozeman Section regarding the survey. Finally, the Board had interview spots on the local TV news on Channels 6/ 42 and 7. II. Community Logo Design Contest Description: The Planning Board sponsored a community-wide logo design contest in 1999. There was a $100.00 prize for the best logo. The Board did not receive any logos, and no prize was ever awarded. Costs: Paper - $14.00 Copying - $120.00 (1,000 copies at $0.12 a piece) Ad in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle - $117.26 Total Costs=$251.26 Page C-1 AppendixC Publicity: Ad in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle PSAs sent to local radio stations Flyers posted all over town Sent flyers home with kids through schools III. Kick-Off Events/ Open Houses Description: These events were held in 1999 as follows: Emily Dickinson School - November 15 Hawthorne School - November 16 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Morning Star School - November 17 Irving School - November 18 There were four goals for these events, including 1. Make people aware of the fact that the Community Plan is currently being prepared, and that there will be on-going opportunities for public participation, 2. Provide information about how the City uses its Community Plan, 3. Provide some information about different plan "elements" (such as housing, public services/ facilities, parks, etc.), and 4. Collect infor- mation regarding citizen issues, concerns, preferences and visions. Approximately 300 people attended the events. Attendees were asked to participate in a visual preferencing activity. Four $50 gift certificates, to the Gallatin Valley Mall, were awarded as prizes. Costs: Paper for flyers - $100.00 Copying for flyers - $960.00 (8,000 flyers at $0.12 a piece) Insert flyers in water bills - $75.00 (7,500 flyers at $0.01 a piece) Ads in Bozeman Daily Chronicle - $350.00 School rental fee - $126.50 Cooler rental - $24.00 Passports - $65.10 Slide film- $14.42 Serving trays - $30.00 Foam core display boards - $239.70 Miscellaneous supplies - $388.66 Miscellaneous copy services - $15.00 Photocopying for Bozeman Bucks - $50.00 Printing on color laser printer - $60.00 Prizes - $200.00 Copies of visual preferencing survey report - $266.70 Color maps on plotter - $15.00 ($1.00 per square foot) Total Costs=$2,980.08 Publicity: Two display ads in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle Editorial in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle PageC-2 Open hou.re at Irving School Elementary School Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Two articles in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle PSAs on the local radio stations Interview on Yellowstone Public Radio Interviews on TV news on Channels 6/42 and 7 Press release sent to the Billings Gazette for Bozeman Section Flyers mailed to everyone receiving a City water bill Flyers posted around town IV. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Brochures AppenclixC Description: Staff prepared two new "tip sheets" or brochures regarding the Bozeman 2020 Commu- nity Plan, and Growth Policies in general. Approximately 400 copies of both have been made to date. Costs: Paper - $12.00 Copying - $90.00 Total Costs=$102.00 Publicity: These brochures have been available at all Bozeman 2020 Community Plan events and presentations. They are also available at the Planning Department. V. Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Speakers Bureau Description: Early in 2000, the Planning Board sent letters to 113 local clubs, groups and/ or organiza- tions. The Board extended an offer to these groups for a speakers bureau. In other words, the Planning Board would send a Board member and/ or a staff member to present information to any group regarding the Community Plan. The presentations were generally about 15 minutes, with questions and answers if the group desired. Several handouts were provided, including survey results, newsletters, business cards, and brochures. To date, the Board had attended approximate 30 speakers bureau engagements, including the following: Chamber of Commerce Board of Directors, Bozeman Parks and Recreation Advisory Board, Bozeman Beautification Board, Gallatin Association of Realtors, League of Women Voters, In- teragency Council, HI Case Management, and Gallatin area real estate appraisers and lenders. Costs: Letters - $7.00 Postage - $37.29 Copying of handouts Publicity: Letters sent to the groups Speakers bureau presentation Page C-3 AppendixC Bozeman 2020 Community Plan VI. Bozeman Area Planning News Newsletter Description: This newsletter provided updates on the planning process. It was prepared and distributed as needed. To date, four issues were distributed on the following dates November 1998, January 1999, March 1999, and February 2000. The newsletters were also available on the City's web site. Planning staff maintains a mailing list of approximately 300 people or groups. Beginning with the February 2000 issue, e-mail messages were sent to people with e-mail addresses to notify them that a new issue of the newsletter was available at the web site. This reduced printing and postage costs. Costs: Newsletter 1 - $78.75 (175 copies, printing and postage) Newsletter 2 - $90.00 (200 copies, printing and postage) Newsletter 3- $171.00 (300 copies, two pages, printing and postage) Newsletter 4 - $72.00 (160 copies, printing and postage) Postcard mailer regarding e-mail - $100.00 (printing and postage) Total Costs:::::$511.75 Publicity: The Board had sign-up sheets, to get on the newsletter mailing list, at several Bozeman 2020 Community Plan events. The newsletters are posted on the City's web site VII. Focus Group Session #1 Description: This event was held on Wednesday, February 9, 2000 at the Bozeman Senior High School from 7:00 to 9:30 pm. The purpose of the event was to gather more detailed information, from the public, about the following topics: transportation; land use; community character; economic develop- ment; public services and facilities; parks, trails, and open space; housing; natural resources; and historic preservation. Participants were asked to respond to the following questions: What are specific problems in Bozeman relating to the topic? What are some solutions to those problems? What aspects of the topic are working well in Bozeman? The Planning Board use the gathered information for the preparation of goals and objectives. The information was also used later for the development of implementation policies for the plan. Approxi- mately 65 people attended the focus group session. Costs: Office supplies and copying - $275.00 Invitation letters - $40.00 (printing and postage) Ads in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle - $350.00 Color maps on plotter - $50.00 Printing final report - $15.00 Total Costs:::::$730.00 Publicity: Invitations to people who signed up at the open houses PageC-4 Foms group session # 1 - economic development Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Two ads in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle PSAs to local radio stations VIII. BACC II Booth AppendixC Description: The Planning Board had a booth at the 2000 Bozeman Area Home, Garden and Local Services show at the Brick Breeden field house at MSU. Approximately, 5,000 people attended the show that year. At the booth, the Board featured the following: Map showing changes in the City limits over time (1890 to present) Map showing annexations to the City since 1988 Display of historic population and economic booms in Bozeman PA Bluprints software on two computers Survey and fun quiz with drawing for prizes (t-shirts and night at Lehrkind Mansion B&B) Handouts (brochures, survey results, newsletters, business cards) 2020 Community Plan bookmarks Census 2000 freebies Candy The booth was staffed at all times by staff or Planning Board members. Approximately 150 surveys were completed and tabulated. Costs: BACC II booth rental - $425.00 Ad in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle - $100.00 Bozeman 2020 t-shirts - $500.00 Bozeman 2020 bookmarks - $625.00 Bozeman 2020 banner - $90.00 PA Bluprints - $15.00 Copies - $45.00 (paper and printing) Table - $25.00 Candy - $10.00 Total Costs - $1,835.00* Bozeman 2020 Community Plan booth at BACC II *Approximately 50 t-shirts remained after BACC II to give away at other events. After BACC II, approxi- mately 2,200 bookmarks were left to giveaway at other events. Finally, the banner was used again at later events. Publicity: The Chamber of Commerce does most of the publicity work for BACC II, and they use a variety of media. The City placed a display ad in the BACC II insert in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle. IX. Land Use Alternative Charrette Description: This was a three-day event held on June 2, 3 and 4, 2000. On June 2, there was a public event commencing at 7:00 pm. A brief overview of the planning process was provided. People broke into smaller working groups to graphically address issues such as: parks, trails, and open space; natural Page C-5 AppendixC Bozeman 2020 Community Plan resources and critical lands; central business districts and the historic core; commercial and economic development; service centers; transportation; housing; and the University-City interface. The objective of these groups was to develop maps, diagrams, and drawings exploring various alternatives. A social mixer followed the Friday evening work session. On Saturday, the design team assembled the ideas, concepts, and alternatives that were gathered during Friday night's session. The design team prepared maps. Another public orientation was provided for people who were unable to attend the Friday night orientation. At 4:00 pm, the public was invited to an informal review of the work in progress. The option maps were commented on and critiqued by the design team, staff, and the public. On Sunday, the design team again worked on the maps. 'l'hey revised the drawings based on Saturday's informal comment and critique session. At 2:00 pm a wrap-up session was held. Public input was collected on the options and alternatives. Next steps in the planning process were discussed. Approxi- mately 80 members of the public attended over the course of three days. Cost: Office supplies - $290.00 Facility rental and food - $1,884.84 Ads in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle - $350.00 Color maps on plotter - $132.00 Copying services - $11.88 Slide preparation - $150.00 Small color maps - $18.00 Flyers for water bills - $348.83 Insert flyers in bills - $7 5 .UU Color posters - $75.00 Total Costs=$3,335.55 Publicity: Color posters displayed around town Two ads in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle PSAs to local radio stations Article in the Chronicle Local TV news Radio talk show Design vo/11nteers prepan·ng maps al the cham:tte Design team volunteers working 1vith members of the public Handing out flyers door-to-door in residential neighborhoods Handing out flyers door-to-door to downtown businesses (about 60) X. Mass Mailing of Preliminary Goals and Objectives Description: Once the preliminary goals and objectives were prepared, they were sent to everyone on the long-range planning mailing list (approximately 300 people/ groups) . They were also sent to an additional 50 people/ groups who were not on the mailing list. People were asked to provide comments on the goals and objectives. Page C-6 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Costs: Photocopies - $294.00 Postage - $115.50 Total Costs- $409.50 Xl. Visual Preferencing Activity at Schools/Senior Center AppendixC Description: The visual preferencing activity was conducted at various elementary school classes and at the senior center. In all, approximately 100 people participated in these sessions. There was no cost because the boards and other materials were already prepared. XII. Focus Group Session #2 Description: The second round of focus groups was held on September 25, 26 and 27, 2000 at the Professional Building. The topics were the same as the topics of the first focus group session. In all, 60 people participated in these sessions. The focus groups reviewed the preliminary goals and objectives. Bozeman 2020 t-shirts were given away as prizes. Invitations to participate in the focus groups were sent to everyone who participated in the first focus group session. Invites were also sent to people on the mailing list. Two ads ran in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle (Sunday and This Week) inviting the rest of the community to participate. Costs: Photocopies- $25.55 Postage-$120.45 Newspaper ads-$350.00 Carafe rentals-$58.00 Food-$88.96 Misc.-$6.77 Total Costs-$649.74 Publicity: Mailed invitations Ads in Chronicle Focus group session #2 - community character Notices posted at Professional Building XIII. Wrap Up Open Houses Focus group session #2 - transportation Description: A series of five open houses were held during January 2001. The first open house was held on January 17 from 7:00 to 9:00 pm at Irving School. The second open house was held on January 18 from 7:00 to 9:00 pm at Emily Dickinson School. The third open house was held on January 22 from 7:00 to 9:00 pm at Morning Star School. The fourth open house was held on January 23 from 7:00 to 9:00 pm at Hawthorne School. The fifth and final open house was held on January 26 from 9:00 am to 6:00 pm at the Gallatin Valley Mall. Approximately 150 people attended the school open houses. Page C-7 AppendixC Bozeman 2020 Community Plan These open houses featured the finalized goals and objectives, as well as community plan maps such as the future land use map, the current land use inventory, the parks and trails map, and maps from the transportation plan. The open house displays were organized into three major categories - public out- reach/planning process, community plan products and elements, and implementation techniques. Costs: B&W Photocopies- $750.00 Color Prints -$100.00 Newspaper ads-$350.00 Printing services -$120.00 Food-$38.59 Supplies -$180.00 Photographic supplies - $11.00 Total Costs-$1,549.59 Publicity: Flyers in water/ sewer bills Ads in Chronicle Notices posted at Professional Building PSAs Local TV news interview Flyers posted around town XIV. Draft Document Public Meeting Wrap up open house at Irving Elementary School Description: Two public question and answer sessions were held at the Bozeman Public Library to field questions the public might have regarding the draft plan. The first session was held from 12:00 to 2:00 pm on Tuesday, March 20, 2001 and the second session was held from 7:00 to 9:00 pm on Wednesday, March 21, 2001. Approximately 25 people attended the first session, and about 15 attended the second. Two planning staff members, representing the Bozeman Planning Board, provided a short overview of the plan and answered any questions. Costs: Plan summaries - $120.00 Advertising - $2,000.00 Postcards- $56.81 Posters - $20.00 Total Costs - $2,196.81 Publicity: Series of 9 1 /4 page advertisements in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle E-mail to people on mailing list Postcards send to people on the mailing list without e-mail Posters PageC-8 Bozeman 2020 Conununity Plan AppenclixC XV. Public Hearings Description: Two public hearings were held before the Planning Board on April 12 and 14, 2001 at the Bozeman Holiday Inn. A third public hearing was held before the Planning Board on May 17, 2001 at City Hall. The Planning Board used public comments and feedback to modify the plan as needed before forwarding the document on to the City Commission. The Bozeman City Commission held a public hearing on the plan on September 10, 2001 at City Hall. Costs: Advertising - $800.00 Postcards- $100.00 Posters - $20.00 Rentals - $45.00 Holiday Inn - $750.00 Displays - $50.00 Copies - $25.00 Total Costs - $1,790.00 Publicity: Sent e-mails to mailing list Hung posters around town Postcards send to people on the mailing list without e-mail Display ads in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle Public notice ads in the Bozeman Daily Chronicle April 12, 2001 Planning Board public hearing April 12, 2001 Planning Board public hearing Page C-9 AppendixC Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Page C-10 0 "' ~ 0 55 -< This map is for informational purposes only, and is not an exhaustive inventory of all installations. The official, and current record of water main locations and plans for future installations are available at the City Engineering Office. ;~~~ .= . .... ---..-. -~ ---·--" ----1 t ;~ I h 1 '! ; ~....:w. '?: ., E N~ ' LEGEND EXISTING WA lER LINE FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS I \i ' 1 P yl ii j1; <L I ;". ' f ! ' "fl ' I µ l ~ EXISTING AND PLANNED WATER SYSTEM CITY OF BOZEMAN MAY 31, 2001 r~- This map Is for Informational purposes only, and Is not an exhaustive Inventory of all installations. The offlclol, and current record of sewer main locations and plans for future installations are available at the City Engineering Offlce. ll 'l L-'l -··-==--~~~=-== .. ,,;---,...,=·"' " 0 eoale - -- - -1/2 - I Jiiiiiiiiair- N -3!!!!!aa- 1 LEGEND mn, --- EXISTING SEWER LINE - ~ - FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS v-:.. -:~.:.~~ ·- ·· : . .• --· S. IIIIL ll !• ~ - ::;.· ·.· ~ ... ~ ..·~··".,,,,..-= ~~t '= r =.,.·111 ,,1- :, ~("'--- _, !>~JdH'l'"ft-'-- ·:..) ~! ~, 11no-i~ ----=------"""'""""""'·'---------Ji"~., -~ "" Ln, . -- '· EXISTING AND PLANNED WAS7FWA TER SYS7FM CITY OF BOZEIJAN MAY Jf, 2001 -Ir-I .. :-; · :'· Ji '" 0:: :,... a, ~ "a, ' :";tl , :i:: Ht1/bert ;.:.:, . .r_~ I ' ··~ j I ~ ~ .~ t ;; f ~ \ 11 Map Not to Scale I !~I l f ......... ~ I --·-.. I .«. .. · I . I I = CD n ~ Q - 3 3 Cb' ~ ~ ...... = CCI N C. CD = CQ -.,.· , ~ ~ §::~ 3 : m :Cl) 3 CD C. C """I "~~ -.l :b. = 3 CD -- --.§:.1:1> ~ )::Iii "'CS C) :§} ~ """' """I I Cb' "1:::j m CD c:,l'J cil' ~ - < :::?' CD c:i· 3 ~ ~ ,CD = .... ~ en ··-··-: 1. N. 19'"- Baxter to Springhill, widen to 5-lane uiban arterial. 2. S. 19'"- College to W. Main, widen to 5-lane urban arterial. 3. S. 19" · Kagy to College, widen to 5-lane urban arterial. 4. Kagy. S. 19"to Willson, widen to 3-lane urban arterial. 5. S. 3'" • Graff to Kagy, widen lo 3-lane urban collector. 6. Rouse - E. Main to Story Mill, widen to 3-lane urban arterial. 7. College· W. Main to S. 19th, widen to 5-lane urban arterial. 8. College - S 19'"to S. a••, widen lo 3-lane urban arterial. 9. Cottonwood . Stucky to Valley Center, construct 3-lane urban arterial. 10. Fowler/Davis - Stucky to Valley Center, construct 2-iane urban arterial. 11 . Hulbert-Valley Center to Cottonwood, construct 2-lane urban collector. 12. Deadmans Gulch· N. 19"to Cottonwood, construct 2-lane urban collector. 13. Kagy/Stucky- S. 19'"to Cottonwood, construct 2-lane urban arterial. 14. Durston -N. 19'"to Cottonwood, widen to 3-lane urban arterial. 15. Oak - N. 19'"to Cottonwood, construct 3-lane urban arterial. 16. Graff- S. 3"' to S. 19'", connect with paved 2-lane urban collector. 17. S. 11'" • Kagy to Graff, connect with 2-lane urban collector. 18. N.11'"- Durston to Baxter, connect with a 2-lane urban collector. 19. N. 15'" - Durston to Baxter, connect with a 2-lane urban collector. 20. N. 27'" • Durston to Valley Center, connect with 2-lane urban collector. 21. Kagy/Bozeman Trail • Highland to 1-90, upgrade to 2-lane rural arterial and realign. 22. W. Babcock-W. Main to Ferguson, widen to 3-lane urban collector. 23. W. Babcock-11'"to 19'", upgrade to 2-lane urban collector. Bridger Canyo11 Drive \\_ .. • Jl2 • • ·'~! ,g \ \ I I I I I I I I :g I I I I I 1 I :?~ : I ----' ~-I I 6 --Hulbert ------- e I e I I 'I • • • • • • • •: J';,l2_rn_:~s.G~l';_h. - I I I I • I m >< Baxte_rLane a., cii' ~ :c.:::s . = .-...· . ~ ~ ~ - .,.,cc t:t:, = CICI n = .c .... ::=::=::- . .,., ~ Cti ~ = N :"::"::I !:. "C "I-a., ·= -• re ""::~ :i ~ c.,eD QC "->~ ::J C ::::ic,""' ""I ~ctl m :::s 2= ""I -· .en .... m - -- §=Q;~ j ::a::- el) ::r ci; - ~ ~ m = ""I en c.el) ..".o :."." . ~ .el) .... -.• .J ~{ttsc:~ 3 :, ........ c:c:I :::: : .el) a:..:.;. ;. c:~ :::5 :;· ~ :Q e ~ :::i ""I :::i=- ~~ ~ ,~ ~-I J --·· .J G ·trn . \ • t ~ ··-· ,··\.. .. •• ' . .:,<,. !: l ·r-··----: I . ~ \ ~ , ~rs map preserlt:s me l"'i.ecu111 11t::1 1ueJ 1v1a1u1 v lTeta l u :,L -,1,v ~-, ,uw the street network should develop over time and is intended to be used as a planning tool. It will assist in the evaluation of long-term traffic needs when planning future developments. The route alignments shown are conceptual in nature. The actual alignments may vary based on development patterns, geographic features, and other issues unknown at this time. The community planners will strive to design the roads to fit the character of the landscape and minimize impacts on natural features such as wetlands, mature trees, and riparian corridors. g "' z 55 CJ -< • 1 a d is not an exhaustive inventory This map is for informat1on~l purp~ses on{' re~ord of water main locations and of all installations. The ~fficiol, on '?1 plans for future installations ore ava1 u~:a n at the City Engineering Office. . ! I ---- 1 ! _____ .............. _ - . i ! ! l j . I .... _ ... __ .. _. _______ . . . . i . _ • i '?: a !7 8' -=""""-,:, ~ LEGEND EXISTING WA lER LINE FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS l s. Jr,l ,. .... "'? ' ~ 5; :.i ~ " ~ g OJ ; c; " -< Rd. ~ "-- "p. ' l,..L«f ~,!!,-~ ==!=,== . i: ··- ~ ' !IO ! EXISTING AND PLANNED WATER SYSTEM CITY OF BOZEMAN MA Y 31, 2001 l t I 2 O • 2 0 .\IH:Purf ; -;..ir .' ;:,{IU<: ]>fO'thr This map Is for Informational purposes only, and ts not an exhaustive Inventory of all installations. The offlclol, and current record of sewer main locations and plans for future installations ore ovolloble ot the City Engineering Office. ,.,.~· -i; 0"9 ' ~~ g :0 ~~ t[,ll -<~ '.),' ~ ~~~"-,..,. '~-'(II; "'·' . Ffr..-0-ft!!:::£:l 0 ecale - -- - -1/2 - :Jiiiiiiiiiiiiia- N I ~!!9o- 1 LEGEND EXISTING SEWER LINE ~~- FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS _ . :;-.-:. = ·:- ii C<rtl.onwood R ~ I· 1, I :111 j{ ii I, "g ' z ! Cl EXISTING AND PLANNED WASTEWATER SYSTEM CITY OF BOZEMAN MAY JI, 2001 r ' '~-.'\ - .. j , ·11•"-' -~· _I, 'Niooi, Rd. "ci a:: "' ~ t ~ i <:Hulbert .~I ~ .J . I I I '- - I · . • I I __ ] l._ , i .'..:'\J~ . I ··...,..; . . ~ . I 1 - I -~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ i "' Map Not to Scale ; r·· - ··-\·-··-··-··-·u I i Bridqer Canyon Drive ,_.L :.1 :\ 'R. ~~ ·• ;~ '. ~~. , .. \ .. _ ··~ ... ----. ·-... r-··-··-··-·· Ir 0 • i • :1. i , ·1 .or,ww,.w". I • i I · , I i ' .' ,,.. u 0 Kagy Blvd. "®)l Stuck\lRd. r®-.. ~I V I j:±:t:::±-t::.:~,a~ [ 'ti a:: "b 0 ! 0 .§ 0 Cl "' c:::.::::.:::: Legend City Limits :::,c n (D Q 3 Recommended Improvement @ Recommended Improvement Reference Number ,-·i "ti Cl:'. ~ I I I # I ' l I I I I I I I I I I 1 _ 1 ~ ----~-I -Hulbert -------- :i:: I I I I I I I ~ I ; • I I ________ .I .. _ Deadmans ... _____Gulch ____ ,,, ... --··-----' ·-r-: !""9-1 ·1£ i ! : ~ : i.. •• -..1 Baxt~r Lane i • al t I .i - :_ : I r1 :.... •. I • I I I : I 1.}-.·- ··-: I I I ti'! ~ "" c:_ ~ :,:i1..!j I ··...-: I I I I I I I Bozeman 2020 Community Plan AppendixF APPENDIX F Other Documents DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE INTO THE BOZEMAN 2020 COMMUNITY PLAN (In the event of a conflict between a document incorporated by reference and the text or figures of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, the text or figures of the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan shall con- trol.) Greater Bozeman Area Transportation Plan 2001 Update Water Facility Plan Wastewater Facility Plan Bozeman Area Recreation, Parks, Open Space and Trails Master Plan Downtown Bozeman Improvement Plan North 19th/Oak Street Corridor Master Plan (adopted as a subarea plan) Critical Lands Study for the Bozeman Area DOCUMENTS TO BE REVISED OR CREATED AFTER THE COMPLETION AND ADOPTION OF THE BOZEMAN 2020 COMMUNITY PLAN (For a full listing of implementation actions see Section 13.2) Revision of the Subdivision Regulations (to be completed within one year of plan adoption) Revision of the Zoning Regulations (to be completed within one year of plan adoption) Preparation of mechanisms and guidelines for neighborhood and subarea plans Quly 2003) Creation of an updated Recreation, Parks, Open Spaces, and Trails comprehensive plan (Process underway by January 2002) Begin semiannual reporting of land use inventory in Bozeman Update the Entryway Corridor Overlay guidelines Prepare illustrated urban design guidelines Create an urban forest comprehensive plan Prepare a neighborhood plan for Downtown Prepare an Affordable Housing Strategic Plan Update the Stormwater Control Plan Prepare an Urban Open Space Plan Update the Critical Lands Study Prepare a Bozeman Economic and Business Development Plan Page F-1 AppendixF Bozeman 2020 Community Plan PageF-2 Bozeman 2020 Community Plan AppendixG APPENDIX G Relationship With Existing Zoning Categories Table of Correspondence Between Bozeman 2020 Community Plan Land Use Designations and Existing City of Bozeman Zoning Districts Established by Title 18 of the Bozeman Municipal Code (BMC) Title 18 Zoning Districts as of October 15, 2001 Land Use 1li R1 R2 R2a R3 R3a R4 RO RMH B1 B2 BJ BP Ml M2 PU Deszj,__nation Future Urban X Suburban X X Residential Residential X X X X X X X X X Neighborhood X X Commercial Community X X Commercial Regional X Commercial Business Park X X Industrial X X X Public X Institutions Parks/Open X Space Other Public X Lands Golf Course X HMU X X X X X X X X X X X X 1Subsequent to the adoption ef the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan, Title 18, Zoning, BMC will be reviewed and revised to comply with the Bozeman 2020 Community Plan. During that review changes may occur to names, standards, and other elements ef the zoning code. Such changes may result in modifications to this table. PageG-1 AppendixG Bozeman 2020 Community Plan PageG-2 I ----I • I ·---- ~ ' ----• ~----,..,..: --~-I •• I I : I I 1 "'·--·-t- I h= . !I • ·· I nth I : I ~-! ·1 I [ I I !! .. -[ ~ ,g :, I I I I I I I I : : I . t.._; ~ 13 ":e :' , i2:'. I I I : I I : I I I I : I I • I I I j : I j I . I I . 1 Dur:*toh8g. 1 ! .. J I I I ' :~, § I j -j --J --i J I I' i ' .Of::IJ':: "f,_ t6'. 11 !£'3 I i i 1 'L __ 1' ] ~ J flnhG9"~ kS[: / 1 I 11 I , .....I . _C:: . I 11 I I I I '-H 8 "ti Cl:'. ~ C'.' ..9 (/) Map Not to Scale I NOTE: The potential future right-of-way corridor locations are not exact and should be viewed as broad corridors. Br/dqer Ca11von D1ive - ··--.. .. ~ ........ . --. ... ___ _ r··-··-··-··-··· ... ··-· I I I ffi I t ' I • I P""""'C I w ~o,rywpr. I I I I 5 c:4 Ll I I I I I I .. I . J I ... ] I I I I 11 ~~, O -,I -, I "ti (.l:,, '. 0 g ,0 :: 8 I I I I I . I Kagy Blvd. I · _..-••••••••~•••m~•••• ,, I I : # I I # I I ,, t Stucf(y! Rd. l I I I I I I I I ••••••--..--...a.--,a•••• ...... Graf e I I I ......I .. • I I :S I :::, I I ' I I I I -- I I • I L. .. - .. - .& 11 I: ~ ~ ··-· - .. J; I : ; I ............... ~ :S~ ---;! ,-----~-I --··t , Cl) ··-··-·····-··? ...... ......... --------- ----.m . ------------- ...... ..... ... C: I ._._..,._ -' I ...... l!,, I "§: I ------ I ;i <·-··-·.1 i .., C: .!!: ~· 5: ~ a 0 C: a:, ~. l Ii / ( / / : Kagy Blvd. !""'- : & I I --..I . ••-•••••• .a • L ,. . ............... u ............ l!..,,_.._• _ ' I•••-' I I- ' -•••--•--•••••••• m >< s::u en -· ~ = ..... ~ c.. =· i:i;' - ca ne: ..,.,ccz s ~ ~ ~ Cl Cl..... "'l"I '.::'.'::~ N ""'I C: S::U -· m q:, CD ""'I ""'I -· ccz ..., :::s 3 C.:CD o c: ~::t:.. = m J:I 2= Cl "CD "'I :~en ::r CD .""."".'I 'I .. "CD - - "'I 'C5 s:~~ si._Q) :.::Q::~ :i i ..... I Qj~ ""'I CD• CD .....i ci;'"t:i CD c.C...+ ~ s::u en .... 2 ~ - :§E • .CD .... !:i::":1- 5· s s::u ~ ~ < Cl ~ ""'I :::i=- I Interpretation of Map This map presents the Recommended Major Street Network. It shows how the street network should develop over time and is intended to be used as a planning tool. It will assist in the evaf uation of long-term traffic needs when planning future developments. The route alignments shown are conceptual in nature. The actual alignments may vary based on development patterns, geographic features, and other issues unknown at this time. The community planners will strive to design the roads to fit the character of the landscape and minimize impacts on natural features such as wetlands, mature trees, and riparian corridors. Most of these routes are not recommended for construction at this time. The development of these conceptual routes will take decades to become reality, and will only become roads if traffic needs materialize as a result of development in the area. Many of the existing roads identified as arterial routes are currently functioning as collectors or local streets and will be upgraded as traffic needs increase. It is important to note that although this major street network is recommended as part of the Transportation Plan, it does not reflect the federally approved functional classification criteria. Legend Interstate Principal Arterial Minor Arterial Collector Future* - - - - • • Principal Arterial - - - - - - Minor Arterial - - - - - - Collector =-·:=::.-::::= City Limits NOTE: * Future links identified where no road currently exists will be constructed as the surrounding area develops. @ Committed Major Road Improvement Number Committed Major Road Improvement Major Recommended Improvements 1. N. 19'"- Baxter to Springhill, widen to 5-lane uiban arterial. 2. S. 191h-Co11ege to W. Main, widen to 5-lane urban arterial. 3. S. 19'h- Kagy to Co11ege, widen to 5-lane urban arterial. 4. Kagy - S. 19'"to Wilison, widen to 3-lane urban arterial. §;) Cti Q) ttl' 5. S. 3'" -Graff to Kagy, widen to 3-lane urban co11ector. 6. Rouse -E. Main to Story Mi'I, widen to 3-lane urban arterial. 7. College - W. Main to S. 19th, widen to 5-lane urban arterial. - ca (3 D "Tl ~ ~ ~ 8. College -S 19'"to S. 8'', widen to 3-lane urban arterial. 9. Cottonwood - Stucky to Valley Center, construct 3-lane urban arterial. = 3 m m C) N :a.- c.(3 :D s . cc C --(_D ,: .· . 1\~;c:~~ ~ ~ :.:::. 1:::;~ :Q) t::,:=I t . ):iii "'C "t:::i Qj - m m ""' -Q < ,: Q N I Cb'~ §}- ci;~ ~ ' (D ~· 3 :::, (D ~ ::s ~ ..... en 10. Fowier/Davis - Stucky lo Va 11ey Center, construct 2-lane urban arterial. 11 . Hulbert- Valley Center lo Cottonwood, construct 2-lane urban coflector. 12. Deadmans Gulch- N. 19'hto Cottonwood, construct 2-lane urban collector. 13. Kagy/Stucky- S. 19'hto Cottonwood, construct 2-'ane urban arterial. 14. Durston -N. 19'hto Cottonwood, widen to 3-lane urban arterial. 15. Oak- N. 19'hto Cottonwood, construct 3-lane urban arterial. 16. Graff- S. 3'" to S. 19'h, connect with paved 2-lane urban collector. 17. S. 11'h - Kagy to Graff, connect with 2-lane urban collector. 18. N .11' h - Durston to Baxter, connect with a 2-lane urban collector. 19. N. 15'h-Durston to Baxter, connect with a 2-lane urban collector. 20. N. 27'"- Durston to Valley Center, connect with 2-lane urban collector. 21. Kagy/Bozeman Trail - High'and to 1-90, upgrade to 2-lane rural arterial and realign. 22. W. Babcock - W. Main to Ferguson, widen to 3-lane urban collector . 23. W. Babcock -11'hto 19'~ upgrade to 2-lane urban collector. V'.I 0 C: a. 0 C: =- / ·~ 24. Lincoln - S. 11'hto S·. 19'~ upgrade to 2-Jane urban collector. 25. Sourdough -Kagy to Goldenstein, upgrade to 2-lane rural collector. 26. S. Church -Upgrade to 2-lane urban collector. 27. W. Main - 7'"to 19'~ install raised median, landscape median where possible. 28. Frontage Road -N7th to Belgrade, widen to 3-lane rural arterial. 29. Springhill Road- Frontage Road to Sypes Canyon, widen to 3-lane rural arterial. 30. Baxter Lane -N 11th to N 19th, upgrade to 2-lane urban arterial. 31. Baxter Lane -19th to Cottonwood upgrade to 2-lane urban arterial. 32. Haggerty Lane/Bozeman Trail -East Main to Kagy, upgrade to 2-lane urban arterial. 37. Griffin Drive/Railroad Underpass. 38. Cedar Street - Upgrade to 2-lane urban collector and connect to Rouse. 39. Ferguson -Main to Va11ey Center, connect with 2-lane urban collector. 40. Highland Trail Improvements - Construct a trail along Highland Ridge from Kagy to Go'denstein. Committed Major Road Improvements C-1 Reconstruct Durston as a three-lane road from N. 7'"to N. 19th. C-2 Upgrade traffic signal and make geometric improvements at Main and N. 19'h including: widen south approach, add double left on west approach, extend left tum Jane on north approach, and modifying the S. 19'~Babcock intersection to restrict some movements. C-5 Upgrade old traffic signals and coordinate entire traffic signal system (not shown on figure). Most of these routes are not recommended for construction at this time. The development of these conceptual routes will take decades to become reality, and will only become roads if traffic needs materialize as a result of development in the area. Many of the existing roads identified as arterial routes are currently functioning as collectors or local streets and will be upgraded as traffic needs increase. It is important to note that although this major street network is recommended as part of the Transportation Plan, it does not reflect the federally approved functional classification criteria. "ti Ck: ~ c .9 U) Map Not to Scale I NOTE: The potential future right-of-way corridor locations are not exact and should be viewed as broad corridors. rlcloar C'a11yon Drive ,\ .• J.Q : I ,'li ~-\ - ----------- - ------ :s \ ""lrhe, Stene Principal Arterial Minor Arterial Collector Future* Principal Arterial Minor Arterial Collector c:=:::::::: City Limits NOTE: * Future links identified where no road currently exists will be constructed as the surrounding area develops. • "~ i4. UllCOlll l ·., • .\ ::,. ,~ i-ro.:,, 1:1 , UJJYJaUt> .. I 1u L'\,= ;(1'1 , 11:\ •• " u ouc"r \N11,:;,AVl, 25. Sourdough - Kagy to Goldenstein, upgrade to 2-lane rural collector. 26. S. Church - Upgrade to 2-/ane urban collector. 27. W. Main-7'"to 19'", install raised median, landscape median where possible. 28. Frontage Road -N7th to Belgrade, widen to 3-lane rural arterial 29. Springhill Road- Frontage Road to Sypes Canyon, widen to 3-lane rural arterial. 30. Baxter Lane -N 11th to N 19th, upgrade to 2-lane urban arterial. 31. Baxter Lane -19th to Cottonwood upgrade to 2-lane urban arterial. 32. Haggerty Lane/Bozeman Trail -East Main to Kagy, upgrade to 2-lane urban arterial. 37. Griffin Drive/Railroad Underpass. 38. Cedar Street - Upgrade to 2-lane urban collector and connect to Rouse. 39. Ferguson -Main to Valley Center, connect with 2-lane urban collector. 40. Highland Trail Improvements -Construct a trail along Highland Ridge from Kagy to Goldenstein. Committed Major Road Improvements C-1 Reconstruct Durston as a three-lane road from N. 7'"to N. 19th. C-2 Upgrade traffic signal and make geometric improvements at Main and N. 19'" including: widen south approach, add double left on west approach, extend left turn lane on north approach, and modifying the S. 19'1Babcock intersection to restrict some movements. C-5 Upgrade old traffic signals and coordinate entire traffic signal system (not shown on figure). NIA N'A NIA N/A NIA N/A o.ixr llihr-d:pm; 3 mdimte Terri; 1 a:ut fff 2,00J J) 16 J) J) 25 23 ZJ VdleyWI 1 fff 5,00J 3 6 8 8 10 9 12 Page9-22 20 miles from ::-0 population center, .r') n r') .. Pools for general Sil tl. 0 Teaching - community u se ? yards Minimum x 45' of even 25 should for teaching, be planned "' .Sil .. depth of 3 to 4 ft. None-altogether 1 per 20,000 competitive and ::r :,: Varies on size of Competitive - care must be taken (Pools should rec re a tiona I Sil I pool and amenities. l\finimum of 25 m in siting of accommodate 3 to 15 to 3d minutes purposes with '< Swimming pools .Y' Usually 'Ii to 2 X 16 m. l\Iinimum lifeguard stations 5 percent of the travel time enough depth Sil :, acre site of 27 square feet in relation to total population at (3.4m) to ~ of water surface a ftcrnoon sun one time .) accommodate 1 m 0 "O per swimmer. and 3m diving "<:l t.) r') IJQ Ratios of 2:1 deck boards. Loca tcd in :, ti) community park or er, \Q vs. water. "<:l I school site. Sil n - N r') 1.5 to 2.0 acres Radius from plate - Same as baseball also used for youth 1/. - 1 /2 mile 225' between foul lines baseball) Slow pitch 275' (men) and 250' (women) Long axis of courts with 9,840 sq. ft_ 120' X 80' primary use rn 1 per 10,000 1-2miles north-sou th Well-defined head maximum 10' width, maximum average grade is N/A 5%, not to exceed N/A 1 system per N/A 15%. Capacity - region rural trails 40 hikers/ day/ mile. Urban trails - 90 hikers/ day/ mile , 300' lenght x minimum 1 O' wide between targets. Roped clear space 1\rcher facing Minimum O 65 on side of range north, or 45 1 per 50,000 30 minutes travel acres minimum 30' time Clear space behind degrees targets mrnimum of 90' x 45' with bunker. Location Notes Usually part of high school, or in community park complex in combination with football, soccer, etc Slight differences in dimensions for 16" slow pitch , l\foy also be used for youth baseball. Part of n:gional or metro park complex. 0 ~ Q) ~ C'l i:i... clearance all sides. Long axis 13 .5 acres for 900' x 690' wide. southwest- 30 minutes travel minimum of 25 .c\dd 12' withth for northeast with 1 per 50,000 tees each additional tee golfer driving time towards northeast Location Notes Part of neighborhood complex. Lighted fields part of commuruty complex. Usually part of baseball, football, soccer comples in community park or adjacent to high school. Same as field hockey. Number of units depends on popularity. Youth soccer on smaller field adjacent to schools or neighborhood parks. Part of a golf course complex. As separate unit may be privately owned. t;c 0 N s n, ~ ~ ~ (i s s 0 = ::, ~· "O iii" ::, "C ~ ~"' .(n, ~ .".) . :l>:l r. 0 ::, "O l>f l ~ rr, p.~ . -c, 0 n, ::, en -c, "("' ) n, (2 acres for complex) Iviinimum of 4,000 sq. ft. Table 9-3: NRPA Recreation Facility Standards Recommended Recommended No. of Size and Units Per Dimensions Orientation Population Singles - 17'X44' Long axis north- 1 per 5,000 Doubles - 20'X44' south 46-50' X 84' 50' X 84' Long axis north- 1 per 5,000 50' X 94' south with 5' unobstructed space on all sides 20' X 40' - [vfinimum of 1 O' to Long axis north- rear of 3-wall south. court. rvfinimum Front wall at north 1 per 20,000 20' overhead end. clearance. Rink - 85' X 200' (minimum 85' x Indoor - 1 per 185'). Additional Long axis north- 100,000 south if outdoor Outdoor - depends 5000 sq. ft. on climate support area. 36' X 78' 12' clearance on both sides; 21' Long axis north- 1 court per 2,000 clearance on both south ends. 30' X 60' l\.1inimum 6' Long axis north- 1 clearance on all south per 5,000 sides Service Radius 1/. - 1/2 mile 1/• - 1/2 mile 15-30 minute travel time 1/2 - 1 hour travel time '/. - 1/2 mile 1/• - 1/2 mile Location Notes Usually in school, rec re a tton center or church facility. Safe walking or bike access. Same as badminton. Outdoor courts in neighborhood and community parks, plus active recreation areas in other park settings. 4-wall usually indoor as part of multi-purpose facility. 3-wall usually outdoor in park or school facility. Climate important consideration· affecting no. of units. Best as part of multi-purpose facility. Best in groups of 2-4. Located in neighborhood or community park, or adjacent to school. Same as other court activities ( e.g. badminton) .00 ... 0-. QJ OJ) ,,: ~ Year 2020 City of Bozeman Galli,tin County Population- Bozemm1 Area 46,600 Zoning District' Population - 58,169 Park Park Needed Needed 11.65 - 23.3 acres 14.54 - 29.08 acres 46.6 - 93 2 acres 58.17 - 115.34 acres 233 0 - 372 8 acres 290,85 - 4(,5.35 acres 3This number includes the population of the City of Bozeman. The hes! estimates for population outside the Bozeman city limits, but in close proximity to Bozeman, are estimates for the Gallatin County Bozeman Area Zoning Distn'ct. Before the summer of 1999, this same area was the Bozeman Extraterritorial Zoning District. The last time the City prepared population estimates for this area was 1998. This number (7,752 people) was used as a startingpoint. The number of buildingpermits for new dwelling units issued for this area in 1999 UJas determined and multiplied by 2.3, which is the average household size in the Bozeman area (44 DUX 2.3 people per unit= 101.2 people). This number was added to 7,752 to estimate a total population for the Gallatin County Bozeman Area Zoning District at the end of 1999. The prqjections for 2010 and 2020 1/Jere prepared in the same manner as projections for the City of Bozeman. 9.3 RECREATION 9.3.1 Introduction Access to recreational lands, amenities, and programs is a major reason why people move to Bozeman and choose to stay in Bozeman. Providing recreation programs to enhance 'the quality of life in Bozeman is the mission of the Recreation Department. It serves the community with activities at local parks, the Swim Center, the Lindley Center, and, during the summer months, at Bogert Pool. Page 9-15 N N N N N N N N N Type N N N N N L L N N N N s N N N N 432.24 \0 d,, Q. Oll CII ~ S = Specialty Parle L = Linear Park T = Tot Lot Restrooms Fountain Sidevv-alk N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N y N N N N N N y y y N N N y N y N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N y y y N N N y Type N N N L N N N N N N C L N N N s C s s N l:!i 0 N s I:l'I> ,) ;:I ~ ~ n § 0 § ~- :g ~ e; "ti F ~ l'I> ,(.') . .l'I> , 0 ~- ? "'"d f I:,) ~ .Y' p.I:= ,) . .~ g' = l'I> I:,) (') l'I> y N 2.2 y y y N N 6.8 y tennis, pool y y N 16.5 y N y y y 4.8 N N N N N 0.5 N N N N N 40.0 N N N y N 2.4 y N N N N 6.5 y baseball N N N 4.1 y N N N N 0.17 y N N N N 82.96 y y y y y 0.58 y y N N N 0.44 y N N N N 2.9 N N N y N 8.44 N N N N N 15.4 N N N y N S = Specialty Park L = Linear Park T = Tot Lot Irrigation Restrooms Fountain N N N y N N N N N N N N y y N y y N N y N N N N N N N N N N y N y y y N y N y y N N y y N y N N y N N N N N N N N N N N Sidewalk N y N N y y y N N N y N y y N y y N N y Type N N N N N C C N N C N s N N C T N L N N l QJ OJI Oil i:... Page 7-6 'r~. 12111,1111111,a 2 0 • 2 0 _<:buoiI>ur"ur"'l»furs~ Figure 6-2 Page 6-23 D CHAPM AN R D D E E R C R E E K D R D E E R C R E E K D R FRONTAGE RD BOZEMAN T R A I L RD BOZEMAN T R A I L RD HIDDEN VALLEY RD F S 7 1 2 F S 7 1 2 JAGAR L N JAGAR L N WATTS LN B E C K D R B E C K D R LANE DR SI M M O N S L N SI M M O N S L N K E L L Y C A N Y O N R D K E L L Y C A N Y O N R D S 3 R D AVE S 3 R D AVE PATTERSON RD STA R R I D G E R D STA R R I D G E R D S 19TH AVE F I S H HAT C H ER Y R D F I S H HAT C H ER Y R D BIS O N T RL BIS O N T RL LAKE DR BAXTER LN E BA XTER LN E RO S E C R E E K R D RO S E C R E E K R D LO O K F A R W A Y LO O K F A R W A Y S T A R R I D G E R D S T A R R I D G E R D FRONTAGE RD S 19TH AVE COTTONWOOD RD GOOCH HILL RD W MAIN ST FOWLER LN DAVIS LN STUCKY RD PATTERSON RD W OAK ST HUFFINE LN N 7TH AVE SOURDOUGH RD S T O R Y M IL L R D S T O R Y M IL L R D S 3RD AVE BAXTER LN E BLACKWOOD RD W COLLEGE ST W KOCH ST E MAIN ST S 11TH AVE L ST BOZEMAN TRAIL RD W BABCOCK ST HIGHLAND BLVD FORT ELLIS RD HAGGERTY LN B I G G U L CH D R B I G G U L CH D R MANLEY RD TAYABESHOCKUP RD S 4TH AVE S 5TH AVE E K A G Y B L V D E K A G Y B L V D BRIDGER DR M C I L H A T T A N R D M C I L H A T T A N R D S 6TH AVE S WILLSON AVE S C H URCH AVE S C H URCH AVE S GRAND AVE KELL Y C A NYON RD KELL Y C A NYON RD INTERSTATE 90 HWY N 2 5 T H AVE N 2 5 T H AVE W STORY ST B AXT E R LN B AXT E R LN RED WING DR FRO N T A G E R D FRO N T A G E R D N 5TH AVE E L L I S S T E L L I S S T S 8TH AVE CANARY LN S 15TH AVE N 1 9 T H AVE N 1 9 T H AVE CEDAR ST BO H A R T L N BO H A R T L N ANNIE S T ANNIE S T W OLIVE ST T R O O P E R T R L T R O O P E R T R L E G R I F F I N D R E G R I F F I N D R W KAGY BLVD D U RST ON R D D U R ST ON R D E LAMME ST W CURTISS ST S 7TH AVE F R O N T S T F R O N T S T FL ANDERS MILL R D FL A NDERS MILL R D S ROUSE AVE R O B I N LN R O B I N LN W LAMME ST W GRANT ST W BEAL L ST W BEAL L ST KAGY RD G R A F S T G R A F S T H I L L SI D E L N H I L L SI D E L N HARPER PUCKETT RD BLUE B I R D L N BLUE B I R D L N N TRACY AVE FALLON ST N GRAND AVE S BLACK AVE N 1 7 T H AVE N 1 7 T H AVE W LINCOLN ST N WALL A CE AVE N WALL A CE AVE P E A C E P I P E D R P E A C E P I P E D R V ALL E Y DR V ALL E Y DR RAVAL L I S T RAVAL L I S T O L D F A R M R D O L D F A R M R D S 20TH AVE R O SE ST R O SE ST MEAGHER AVE C H E R R Y D R C H E R R Y D R OAK ST W E S T R I D G E D R W E S T R I D G E D R THOMAS DR WE S T E R N D R WE S T E R N D R A R NOLD ST A R NOLD ST N 2 0 T H AVE N 2 0 T H AVE FOWLER AVE W A G O N W H E EL R D W A G O N W H E EL RD NEL S O N RD NEL S O N RD TETON AVE N 22 N D A V E N 22 N D A V E W MENDENHALL ST N 15TH AVE R O C K Y CRE E K R D R O C K Y CRE E K R D N CH U RCH AVE N CH U RCH AVE E V A L L E Y C E N T E R R D E V A L L E Y C E N T E R R D S FERGUSON AVE ROCKY RD ROCKY RD HOL L Y D R HOL L Y D R S 14TH AVE F A I R WAY D R F A I R WAY D R MINERAL AVE C A M P B E L L R D C A M P B E L L R D W GRIFFIN DR D R R I V E R S I D E D R R I V E R S I D E D R GOLDENSTEIN GOLDEN LN STEIN LN S TRACY AVE G A R D N E R P A RK DR G A R D N E R P A RK DR B O Y L A N R D B O Y L A N R D R I D G E T R L R I D G E T R L W HAYES ST ST R EA M SIDE LN S T R EA M SIDE LN N R O U S E A V E N R O U S E A V E S I R A R T H U R D R S I R A R T H U R D R S T O N E G A T E D R S T O N E G A T E D R W TAMARACK ST W TAMARACK ST N BR OADWA Y AV E N BROADWA Y AV E STORY HILL RD STORY HILL RD N FERGUSON AV E N FERGUSO N AV E TEXAS WAY B O UL DER BLV D B O UL DER BLV D E HI T C H I N G POST RD E HI T C H I N G POST RD DAISY DR D R CATR ON S T CATR ON S T LUC I L L E LN LUC I L L E LN W H E AT DR W H E AT DR E O A K S T E O A K S T STUCKY RD E VALLEY CENTER RD S BL A C K A V E S BL A C K A V E G R AF S T G R AF S T S 3RD AVE FRONTAGE RD W BABCOCK ST N 7TH AVE S 7TH AVE N ROUS E AVE N ROUS E AVE I N T E R S T A T E 9 0 H W Y I N T E R S T A T E 9 0 H W Y FRONTAGE RD W BABCOCK ST BAXTER LN E GOLDENSTEIN LN DURSTON RD HUFFINE L N HUFF INE L N MANLEY RD S 3 RD AVE S 3 RD AVE INTERSTATE 90 HWY Future Land Use Map 0 0.5 1 Miles Figure 6-2 Note: This map is provided for the reader's convenience. The Official Master Plan Land Use map is housed at the City of Bozeman, Department of Planning and Community Development. Please consult with Planning Staff before making development decisions. 160 acres 40 acres 10 acres Acreage AcreageScale Scale Page 6-23 Legend City Limits 2020 Boundary Capital Facilities Overlay District Roads Business Park Community Commercial Golf Course Industrial Neighborhood Commercial Other Public Lands Parks, Open Space and Recreational Lands Public Institutions Regional Commercial and Services Residential Future Urban Suburban Residential Gallatin County 21.45% 18.93% 17.02% 11.68% 11.16% 7.83% 11.93% 0.00% 25.09 Gallatin County2 11.63% 15.93% 20.48% 13.77% 15.93% 9.89% 12.34% 0.00% 31.28 Page 3-19 °' °' 0 ...., 0 0 0 N Iii City of Bozeman D Gallatin County Year . - " , ,, I - • #, I ,I __, / I 0 °' 00 ...... ' °' °' 0 ...... ' 0 0 0 N City of Bozeman Gallatin County Gallatin County 21.45% 18.93% 17 .02% 11 .68% 11.16% 7.83% 11.93% 0.00% 25.09 Gallatin County 2 11.63% 15.93% 20.48% 13.77% 15.93% 9.89% 12.34% 0.00% 31.28 Page 3-19